Module extract from NCIt OBO Edition (Plus) based on the NCIt Neoplasm Core. This module is based on the SLME BOT algorithm, starting with the list of Neoplasm Core terms.
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
part of
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
has part
X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
preceded by
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
precedes
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs in
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
contains process
x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer
x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal).
x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y.
x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines.
Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer.
X in_left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion.
X in_left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion.
X in_right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion.
X in_right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion.
X posterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the posterior portion.
X anterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the anterior portion.
X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion.
x in_proximal_side_of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part_of the proximal portion.
X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion.
x in_distal_side_of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part_of the distal portion.
X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure
X superficial_part_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two superficial and deep portions, X is part_of the deep portion.
X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is in_proximal_side_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y
X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y
This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold.
x immediately_deep_to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y.
X distalmost_part_of Y <=> X is in_distal_side_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y
X distalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y
X intersects_median_plane of iff X crosses the midine plane of Y.
x immediately_superficial_to y iff x superficial_to y and x is contiguous with y.
A role used to relate a disease to the general site, structure or system where the specific pathological process is located. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
The role, Disease_Has_Associated_Anatomic_Site, is more general than the role, Disease_Has_Primary_Anatomic_Site. Furthermore, when viewed with the role, Disease_Has_Metastatic_Anatomic_Site, there emerges a role hierarchy, where one role specializes the meaning of another, more general role. Roles relating disease to anatomy start with a general assertion of association, often at very high level (e.g. Skin Disorder and Skin), and then add more specific primary/metastatic associations where appropriate for more specific concepts.
A role used to relate a disease to the anatomical site where the originating pathological process is located. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
This role can be viewed as a specialization of Disease_Has_Associated_Anatomic_Site.
A role used to relate a disease to the site of a metastatic lesion associated with the disease. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
The role can be viewed as a specialization of Disease_Has_Associated_Anatomic_Site.
A role used to relate a disease to the type of normal tissue in which the disease process began. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
This non-defining role represents non-essential characteristics which are true in some, but not all, cases, yet have an association frequent enough to be of interest.
A role used to relate a disease to the type of normal cell in which the disease process begins. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A role used to relate a disease to the type of neoplastic cell present in and characteristic of the disease. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Abnormal Cell', respectively.
A role used to relate a disease to a molecular abnormality that is present in the specified disease state. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
A role used to relate a disease to the type of chromosomal abnormality present in the specified disease state. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
A role used to relate a disease to a clinical observation, sign or symptom present in and characteristic of the disease. Both the domain and range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding'.
A role used to relate a disease to a grading system which classifies the cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Property or_Attribute', respectively.
A role used to represent that a normal cell type will only be the type of origin in some cases of the disease. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A role used to represent that particular neoplastic cell types will only be present in some cases of the disease. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Abnormal Cell', respectively.
A role used to represent that a particular cytogenetic abnormality will only be present in some cases of the disease. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
A role used to represent that a clinical observation, sign or symptom will only be observed in some cases of the disease. Both the domain and range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding'.
A role used to represent that another disease or disorder will only be observed in some cases of the specified disease. Both the domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding'.
A role used to relate a disease to another disease or disorder, but without specification or limitation of the relationship (causality or timing for example). Both the domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding'.
A role used to assert a relationship between a gene product and a biochemical pathway in which it participates. This relationship is used only when a gene product has been implicated in a pathway by the curated source (Biocarta, KEGG or PID). The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Biochemical Pathway', respectively.
In NCI Thesaurus, pathways are derived from BioCarta and KEGG and are associated with genes and proteins that comprise these pathways.
A role used to establish a link between a gene and the genetic or molecular abnormalities that have been observed in human cells and tissues associated with cancers (e.g., over- or under-expressed, amplified, translocated). The domain and range for this role are 'Gene' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
A role used to establish a link between a gene product and the molecular abnormalities that are observed in human cells and tissues in association with diseases such as cancers (e.g., over or under-expression of gene product). The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
A specializing role which may be used to override Disease_Has_Associated_Anatomic_Site. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A specializing role which may be used to override Disease_Has_Normal_Tissue_Origin. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A specializing role which may be used to override Disease_Has_Normal_Cell_Origin. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A specializing role which may be used to override Disease_Has_Abnormal_Cell. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Abnormal Cell', respectively.
A specializing role which may be used to override Disease_Has_ Molecular_Abnormality. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
A specializing role which may be used to override Disease_Has_Cytogenetic_Abnormality. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
A specializing role which may be used to override Disease_Has_Finding. Both the domain and range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding'.
A role used to assert a direct relationship between a cytogenetic abnormality and a chromosome. The domain and range for this role are 'Cytogenetic Abnormality' and 'Chromosome', respectively. The range for this role excludes chromosomal bands and physical locations.
A role used to assert a relationship between a disease, disorder or finding and a chromosome. This restriction should be used when a disease or disorder maps to a chromosome. It is not meant to be used when a specific cytogenetic abnormality is known (e.g. translocation, inversion). The domain and range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Chromosome', respectively. The range for this role excludes chromosomal bands and physical locations.
A role used to assert a direct relationship between a gene and a disease. This restriction should only be used when an abnormality in a gene a causative event for a disease. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene' and 'Disease or Disorder', respectively.
A role used to assert a direct relationship between a disease, disorder or finding and a gene. This restriction can be used when a polymorphism or an abnormality in a gene is either a clinical marker for, a causative event for, or predisposes a subject to a disease. The domain and range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Gene', respectively.
A role used to assert a direct relationship between a molecular abnormality and a gene. The domain and range for this role are 'Molecular Abnormality' and 'Gene', respectively.
A role used to indicate that a specific molecular variation or mutation in a gene encodes a gene product sequence variant. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Mutant' and 'Gene Product Sequence Variation', respectively.
A role used to indicate that a gene product sequence variation is encoded by a specific gene mutant. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product Sequence Variation' and 'Gene Mutant', respectively.
A role used to indicate that a gene product sequence variation is related to a wild-type gene product. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product Sequence Variation' and 'Gene Product', respectively.
A role used to assert that the initiation of the stated biological process is dependent on the progression or completion of another process. The role implies a direct physical and functional interaction of an element from the preceding biological process with a target molecule or complex involved in the initial stages of the stated process. Both the domain and the range for this role are 'Biological Process'.
A role used to assert that the endpoint of a biological process is the creation of a drug, chemical or biomedical material. The domain and range for this role are 'Biological Process' and 'Drug, Food, Chemical or Biomedical Material', respectively.
A role used to indicate the organ, organ system, cellular or subcellular location where a process occurs in a living system. The domain and range for this role are 'Biological Process' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A role used to assert that some biological event results in the formation of a subcellular complex, structure, cell, tissue or organ. This role is used to establish this relationship between the biological process and the anatomical factor formed. The domain and range for this role are 'Biological Process' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A role used to assert the relationship between a biological process and a drug or chemical that stimulates the process. The role implies the direct physical interaction of a chemical or drug with a target molecule or complex that results in the initiation of the process. The domain and range for this role are 'Biological Process' and 'Drug, Food, Chemical or Biomedical Material', respectively.
A role used to assert that the end result of a biological process initiates a subsequent biological process. Both the domain and the range for this role is 'Biological Process'.
A role used to assert that a biological process operates as a component of another biological process. Both the domain and the range for this role is 'Biological Process'.
A role used to assert a relationship between a gene and a biological process in which its encoded gene product(s) participate. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene' and 'Biological Process', respectively.
A role used to indicate that molecular abnormalities in a gene may be associated with the manifestation of a disease. The role is used to assert a link between a gene and a disease when the association is considered to have clinical relevance. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene' and 'Disease, Disorder or Finding', respectively.
A role used to assert that expression or alteration of a gene is correlated with a particular disease or disease state or is predictive of the disease or disease state. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene' and Findings_and_Disorder_Kind, respectively.
A role used to assert a relationship between a gene and its general location, specified by chromosomal band position (infrequently by chromosome number or chromosome arm). The domain and range for this role are 'Gene' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A role used to specify the organism of origin for a gene. It may be used to differentiate genes with the same name and functions that originate from different organisms. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene' and 'Organism', respectively.
Currently, we only model human genes, but this role has obvious utility in future, if other organisms are modeled as well.
A role used to designate the type of biomarker a gene product is; it points to a small tree of biomarker types (e.g., Disease Marker, Metabolic Marker, Prognostic Marker). The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Diagnostic or Prognostic Factor', respectively.
A role used to specify the physical structure type of a protein molecule (e.g. metalloprotein, transmembrane protein). Both the domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product'.
The role was originally intended for protein structure tagging (e.g., Phosphoprotein, Lipoprotein). Was extended to also tag for Membrane Protein, Protein Complex Subunit, etc.
A role used to differentiate homologous proteins from different organisms. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Organism', respectively.
A role used to specify physical structures or typical subcellular locations of a gene product. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
A role used to indicate that molecular abnormalities in a gene product may be associated with the manifestation of a disease. The role is used to assert a link between a gene product and a disease when the association is considered to have clinical relevance. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Disease, Disorder or Finding', respectively.
A role used to specify that a normal tissue is the normal location for the expression of a gene product. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
This information is often useful to researchers. However, we no longer curate this information and now favor linking out to externally curated databases. Source database for the link has yet to be decided.
A role used specify information about protein domains or motifs present in a protein that can give insight into protein function. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance', respectively.
We no longer curate this information and now favor linking out to externally curated databases. The source database for the link has yet to be decided.
A role used to indicate that a gene product normally functions as a component of a "functional complex". Both the domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product'.
A role used to denote the biochemical activity of a gene product. Both the domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product'.
A role used to assert that a gene product participates in a specific biological process. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Biological Process', respectively.
Considered by most researchers to be essential, definitional information about a gene product.
A role used to assert a relationship between a gene product and the gene that encodes it. The domain and range for this role are 'Gene Product' and 'Gene', respectively.
The reciprocal relationship is represented in the property Gene_Encodes_Product
A role used to indicate the physical location of an anatomic structure in the body. Both the domain and range for this role are 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance'.
A role used to indicate that an anatomic structure has a physical association with a broader system or organ. Both the domain and range for this role are 'Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance'.
A role used to specify the disease stage of a disease, the extent to which a cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Property or_Attribute', respectively.
A role used to represent that a molecular abnormality will only be present in some cases of the disease. The domain and the range for this role are 'Disease, Disorder or Finding' and 'Molecular Abnormality', respectively.
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
inheres in
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
bearer of
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates in
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
has participant
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
quality of
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has quality
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
location of
contained in
contains
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
located in
a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
2D boundary of
a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
has 2D boundary
innervated_by
X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000
A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane.
bounding layer of
before or simultaneous with
Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries.
simultaneous with
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251].
immediately preceded by
immediately precedes
Relation between an anatomical structure (including cells) and a neuron that chemically synapses to it.
synapsed by
Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure (including cells) that it chemically synapses to.
synapsed to
Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R.
innervates
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
continuous with
S only_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only T
x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z.
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship.
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship.
c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system.
this is currently used for both structural relationships (such as between a valve and the chamber it connects) and abstract relationships (anatomical lines and the entities they connect)
connects
a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b.
attached to part of
Relation between an arterial structure and another structure, where the arterial structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy.
relation between an artery and the structure is supplies with blood.
supplies
Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure.
drains
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
has component
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
develops from
develops into
Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of y comes from x, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y
directly develops from
directly develops into
process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
regulates
Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
negatively regulates
Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
positively regulates
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y
surrounded by
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary
adjacent to
surrounds
temporally related to
Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with.
starts
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y
develops from part of
x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing
This relation take from EHDAA2 - precise semantics yet to be defined
develops in
Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with.
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has start location
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has end location
p has direct input c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p.
has output
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
t1 developmentally_induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T.
t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor anatomical structure type T to T', where T' develops_from T
sources for developmentally_induced_by relationships in Uberon: Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F)
developmentally induced by
Inverse of developmentally induced by
developmentally induces
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
developmentally preceded by
c involved in regulation of p if c enables 'p' and p' causally upstream of p
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables 'p' and p' causally upstream of or within p
x developmentally replaces y if and only if there is some developmental process that causes x to move or to cease to exist, and for the site that was occupied by x to become occupied by y, where y either comes into existence in this site or moves to this site from somewhere else
developmentally replaces
developmentally succeeded by
part of developmental precursor of
confers advantage in
contributes to
enables
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
output of
a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a
attached to
m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attached_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to.
m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to.
The origin is the end of a muscle that attaches to the more fixed part of the skeleton, which is the proximal end in limb muscles
has muscle origin
m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone.
The insertion is the point of attachment of a muscle that moves the most when the muscle shortens, or the most distal end of limb muscles
has muscle insertion
A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network.
in branching relationship with
x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein.
tributary of
x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y
we need to check if FMA branch_of implies part_of. the relation we intend to use here should - for example, see vestibulocochlear nerve
branching part of
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q.
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some 'p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
involved in or involved in regulation of
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d
p contributes to morphology of w if and only if a change in the morphology of p entails a change in the morphology of w. Examples: every skull contributes to morphology of the head which it is a part of. Counter-example: nuclei do not generally contribute to the morphology of the cell they are part of, as they are buffered by cytoplasm.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities and are executing molecular processes that are directly causally connected.
Holds between molecular entities a and b when the execution of a activates or inhibits the activity of b
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
x composed_primarily_of y iff: more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s.
x existence starts during y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts and before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y).
Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p.
x starts ends with y if and only if the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts with y iff α(x) = α(y).
x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y))
Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely.
x existence ends during y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends and after or equivalent to the point at which y starts. Formally: x existence ends during y iff ω(x) <= ω(y) and ω(x) >= α(y).
Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p.
x existence ends with y if and only if the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence ends with y iff ω(x) = ω(y).
x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships
x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t
x existence starts during or after y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts during or after y iff α (x) >= α (y).
x existence ends during or before y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q.
causal relation between material entities
A relation between a segment or subdivision of an organism and the maximal subdivision of material entities that provides structural support for that segment or subdivision.
A relation between a subdivision of an organism and the single subdivision of skeleton that provides structural support for that subdivision.
Holds between materal entities a and b if the activity of a is causally upstream of the activity of b, or causally upstream of a an activity that modifies b
A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs.
m1 has_muscle_antagonist m2 iff m1 acts in opposition to m2, and m2 is responsible for returning the structure to its initial position.
m1 has_muscle_antagonist m2 iff m1 has_muscle_insertion s, m2 has_muscle_insection s, m1 acts in opposition to m2, and m2 is responsible for returning the structure to its initial position.
x lumen_of y iff x is the space or substance that is part of y and does not cross any of the inner membranes or boundaries of y that is maximal with respect to the volume of the convex hull.
s is luminal space of x iff s is lumen_of x and s is an immaterial entity
Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y.
x is a conduit for y iff y passes through the lumen of x.
x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y.
Relationship between a fluid and a material entity, where the fluid is the output of a realization of a filtration role that inheres in the material entity.
Relationship between a fluid and a filtration barrier, where the portion of fluid arises as a transformation of another portion of fluid on the other side of the barrier, with larger particles removed
a indirectly_supplies s iff a has a branch and the branch supplies or indirectly supplies s
x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y.
x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y.
c site_of p if c is the bearer of a disposition that is realized by a process that has p as part
placeholder relation. X = 'subdivision of A' and subdivision_of some B means that X is the mereological sum of A and B
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment).
To accommodate unicellular organisms better, 'cell in vivo' has been re-labeled 'native cell' to better represent its intended meaning - that is, that it is a cell in the context of a multicellular organism or in a natural environment. 'Native' is intended to contrast with 'in vitro', which refers to cells or other biological entities that have been intentionally placed in a controlled, non-natural setting for the purpose of study or manipulation. (MAH 1.12.12).
A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete.
A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.
A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis.
Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.
An apocrine cell is a secretory cell characterized loss of part of the cytoplasm during the process of secretion - secretions are budded off through the plasma membrane producing membrane bound vesicles containing the secreted substance.
A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type.
A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.
Markers differ between species, and two sets of markers have been described for mice. HSCs are reportedly CD34-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-negative, CD150-positive, CD133-positive, and CD244-negative.
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage.
A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.
Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children.
A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus.
Morphology: mononuclear cell, diameter 12-20 _M, non-granular, N/C ratio 3/1 - 4/1; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; fetal: liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
Neural stem cell is characterized as an undifferentiated cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate common myeloid progenitor. For mammalian CMP known to be CD34-positive, please use the term 'common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive' (CL_0001059).
A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte
MEPs are reportedly CD19-negative, CD34-negative, CD45RA-negative, CD110-positive, CD117-positive, and SCA1-negative and reportedly express the transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2.
A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage.
CLP are CD7-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-negative, CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD79a-negative, CD127-positive, AA4.1-positive, RAG-negative, Sca-1-low, sIgM-negative, sIgD-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Expression of transcription factors include E2A-positive, EBF-positive, Ikaros-negative, PU.1-negative, and Pax5-negative.
A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form.
A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates.
define using PATO mulit-potent or oligopotent?
A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair.
A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped.
These cells may be vimentin-positive, fibronectin-positive, fsp1-positive, MMP-1-positive, collagen I-positive, collagen III-positive, and alpha-SMA-negative.
Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.
Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell.
legacy def: One of the cells forming the outer surface of dental pulp that produces tooth dentin.
Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell.
non-encoded relationships from VSAO - capable_of_producing VSAO:0000020
A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.
A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen.
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.
cuboidal endothelial cell of vascular tree
A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity.
A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium.
A cell found predominately in the blood.
A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development.
Mast cells are generally integrin beta-7-negative and positive for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, C3aR, C5aR, CR3, CR4, VEGF, FGF2, and renin. They can express MHC Class I and II on their surface. Activated murine mast cells (IgE+Antigen) were capable of expressing the following co-stimulatory molecules: CD95 (Fas), CD120b, CD137 (4-1BB), CD153 (CD30L), CD154 (CD40L), GITR, ICOSL, OX40L, PD-L1, and PD-L2. Note that there was some mouse strain variation. Mast cells have also been demonstrated to produce bFGF, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-25, IL-18, MIP-1, prostaglandin D2, SCF, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TSLP, VEGF, and XCL1. They express the transcription factors Transcription factors AP-1, GATA1, MITF, Notch2, PIAS3, PU.1, and STAT5.
A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and neurecto-epithelial cell (CL:0000710).
Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.
Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
A neruon whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm.
From FMA: 9.07.2001: Endothelial cell has always been classified as a kind of epithelial cell, specifically a squamous cell but that is not true. First, endothelial cell can either be squamous or cuboidal (e.g. high-endothelial cell) and secondly, it has different embryological derivation (mesodermal) than a true epithelial cell (ectodermal and endodermal). The basis for present classification is the fact that it comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures (location-based) but a better structural basis for the differentia is the cytoskeleton of the cell. Endothelial cell has vimentin filaments while an epithelial cell has keratin filaments. [Onard].
Large intrinsic neuron located in the granule layer of the cerebellar cortex that extends its dendrites into the molecular layer where they receive contact from parallel fibers. The axon of the Golgi cell enters ramifies densely in the granule layer and enters into a complex arrangement with mossy fiber terminals and granule cell dendrites to form the cerebellar glomerulus. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004.
neuron associated cell (sensu Vertebrata)
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury.
Astrocytes are reportedly CD68-negative, CD121a-positive, CD184-positive, CD192-positive, CRF-positive, EGFR-positive, GFAP-positive, GLUT1-positive, MBP-negative, and NGFR-positive.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes are reportedly MDP-positive and CD4-negative.
A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. This cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.
Many but not all mesenchymal cells derive from the mesoderm. MSCs are reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8-negative, CD11a-negative, CD11b-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD29-positive, CD31-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-negative, CD49-positive, CD54-positive, CD66b-negative, CD79a-negative, CD80-negative, CD102-positive, CD106-positive, CD117-positive, CD121a-positive, CD121b-positive, CD123-positive, CD124-positive, CD133-negative, CD146-positive, CD166-positive, CD271-positive, B220-negative, Gr1-negative, MHCI-positive, MHCII-negative, SSEA4-negative, sca1-positive, Ter119-negative, and glycophorin A-negative. Cultured MSCs are capable of producing stem cell factor, IL7, IL8, IL11, TGF-beta, cofilin, galectin-1, laminin-receptor 1, cyclophilin A, and MMP-2.
A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides.
Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell.
A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response.
Note change of name; nearly all somatic cells can present antigens to T cells via MHC Class I complexes leading to effector responses, but professional antigen presenting cells constitutively express MHC Class II as well as costimulatory molecules, and thus can initiate immune responses via T cells.
A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance.
A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules.
A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct.
A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans.
A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung.
Epithelial progenitor cell of the lung. Clara cells are dome-shaped with short microvilli but no cilia. They function to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. Clara cells also multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium.
A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.
An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas.
An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals.
A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.
A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans.
Pancreatic beta cells are also reportedly CD284-positive. Upon activation, they upregulate their CD14 expression.
A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon.
A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.
A cell whose primary function is intermediary metabolism.
The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.
Hepatocytes are reportedly MHC Class I-positive and MHC Class II-positive.
A cell whose primary function is to shorten.
Contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament.
An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.
Myofibroblasts are alpha-SMA-positive, CD34-negative, CD45-negative. They are reportedly capable of secreting IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast).
A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
A cell type found in the spherical or ovoid clusters of receptor cells found mainly in the epithelium of the tongue and constituting the end organs of the sense of taste.
A cell specialized to detect and transduce light.
A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal.
A cell that takes up and metabolizes substances.
A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism.
A meso-epithelial cell that lies between the cartilaginous fibers in the synovial membrane of a joint and produces hyaluronic acid.
A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments.
A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier.
A cell that moves by its own activities.
A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.
A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo.
A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.
A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Platelets are reportedly CCR1-positive, CCR2-negative, CCR3-positive, CCR4-positive, CCR5-negative, CCR6-negative, CCR7-negative, CCR8-negative, CCR9-negative, CCR10-negative, CD16-positive, CD23-positive, CD32-positive, CD40-positive, CD41-positive CD42-positive, CD61-positive, CD62P-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD102-positive, CD147-positive (activated platelets), CD154-positive (activated platelets), CD162-positive, CD209, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD181-negative, CD182-negative, CD183-negative, CD184-positive, CLEC2-positive, GPVI-positive, JAMC-positive, PAR1-positive, PAR2-negative, PAR3-positive, PAR4-positive, TSP1-positive, and TXA2R-positive. Platelets can reportedly produce CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17, CD40L, CXCL1, CXCL4, CXCL4L1, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, EGF, factor V, factor VII, factor XI, factor XIII, bFGF, histamine, IGF-1, IL-1beta, PAI-1, PDGF, plasminogen, protein S, serotonin, TGF-beta, TFPI, VEGF, and vWF.
Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis.
A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
Morphology: Diameter 30_M-80 _M, abundant cytoplasm, low N/C ratio, eccentric nucleus. Irregular shape with pseudopods, highly adhesive. Contain vacuoles and phagosomes, may contain azurophilic granules; markers: Mouse & Human: CD68, in most cases CD11b. Mouse: in most cases F4/80+; role or process: immune, antigen presentation, & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
A modified epidermal cell located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute. Merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber.
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
A cell characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium.
A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
An epithelial cell found in the trachea.
This class is for the vertebrate tracheal structure. For the analagous insect cell type, see 'respiratory tube epithelial cell'
An epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
Keratinocytes are reportedly CDw210a-negative, CDw210b-positive, CD281-positive, CD282-positive, CD285-positive, IL22Ra1-positive, Human keratinocytes are reportedly capable of secreting BD-2, BD-3, hCAP-18, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, elafin, MMP-3, NGAL, PDGF-A, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9. Transcription factors: STAT3-positive.
Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid.
A cell secreting sebun, an oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands, composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris.
An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.
A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s).
A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body.
A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors.
A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation.
medullary chromaffin cell of adrenal gland
An embryonic cell that develops into a nerve cell or neuron.
An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube.
A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface.
A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation.
An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote).
A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.
Multi-potency demonstrated ex vivo. At the time of writing, it is unclear whether the endogenous population differentiates into multiple cell types in vivo.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a sphincter. A sphincter is a typically circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
A smooth muscle cell assocatiated with the vasculature.
An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.
A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
A cell whose nucleus, or nuclei, each contain more than two haploid genomes.
A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome.
Large, stellate fibroblast found along the network of collagen fibers of the reticulum of the spleen; synthesize the matrix components of the reticulum.
A secretory cell that discharges its product without loss of cytoplasm.
A rounded cell that is usually situated next to sinusoids; secretes follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
follicle stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell pituitary that produces luteinizing hormone.
A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.
A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone.
melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell
A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response.
Due to its unique lineage and distinct function, this is not a type of dendritic cell; CL:0000451.
An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone.
A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative).
Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000021 )(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD1a-high, CD14-negative, CD207-positive (langerin), CD324-positive (E-cadherin), and DCIR-positive. They reside in the epidermis.
A cell capable of producing epinephrine. Epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme, which is expressed in the adrenal glands, androgenic neurons, and in other cell types.
A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell
adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell
A cell whose primary function is to protect the organism.
A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center.
thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cell
Mast cell subtype whose granules contain both the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. These cells are primarily found in connective tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity, skin, and intestinal submucosa. Their development is T-cell independent.
They are CD88-positive. The cytoplasmic granules contain high levels of histamine and heparin (mouse) or major neutral proteases, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A, and cathepsin G (humans). Reportedly, they cannot produce leukotrienes (LTC4) and IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype.
A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light.
A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.
A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.
An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin.
An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.
A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers.
A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.
A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma.
A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.
Derived from UBERON:0002342 neural crest.
A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
Editors note: consider adding taxon constraint to vertebrata (PMID:18025161)
An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated.
The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).
Lineage negative is described here as CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, Ly6g-negative, and Ter119-negative.
A giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow; mature blood platelets are released from its cytoplasm.
Megakaryocytes are reportedly CD181-positive and CD182-positive.
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata1 or Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
colony forming unit granulocyte macrophage
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000042)(PMID:19243617). GMPs are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.
A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules.
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter 14-18 _M, fine azurophilic granules; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; Fetal: Liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium.
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, CD309-positive, and TAL1-positive.
A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. This cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell.
amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell
A neuroepithelial cells that occurs singly or in small groups, close to the outer follicular borders but within the follicular basement membrane of the thyroid. Expresses a form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) on their surface. Secretes calcitonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.
Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells.
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter, 14 to 20 _M, N/C ratio 2:1-1:1. Nucleus may appear in variety of shapes: round, kidney, lobulated, or convoluted. Fine azurophilic granules present; markers: CD11b (shared with other myeloid cells), human: CD14, mouse: F4/80-mid,GR1-low; location: Blood, but can be recruited into tissues; role or process: immune & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen.
The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.
A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter
A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells.
Granule cell that is part of the olfactory bulb.
A cell involved in transporting nutrients, minerals, water, gases and other chemicals between cells for a variety of purposes including conveying nutrition to other tissues, removing waste products from the tissues, conveying gases for respiration, distributing heat and repelling invasion of foreign substances.
A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.
A cell that stains readily in the anterior pituitary gland.
chromophil cell of anterior pituitary gland
An acidophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland.
acidophil cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
acidophil of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
acidophil of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
acidophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
A basophillic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland.
basophil cell of anterior lobe of hypophysis
basophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
A supportive cell of the vertebrate pituitary that provides macromolecular transport and secretes hormones.
Undifferentiated; mitotic stem cell for other epithelial cell types; rounded or elliptical with little cytoplasm and few organelles; contain cytokeratin intermediate filament.
This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation.
A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen.
An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.
Pericytes are CD10-positive, CD13-positive, CD31-negative, CD45-negative, CD106-positive, CD117-negative, CD140-positive, CD144-negative, CD146-positive, CD271-positive, CD325-positive, NG2-positive, RGS5-positive, SMA-positive, and desmin-positive. A subpopulation is CD248-positive. They are also capable of producing angiopoietin 1, CXCL12, TGF-beta, and VEGF-A.
A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells.
Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell.
A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.
Specialized ependymal cell that produces the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood and secretes it into the lumen of the brain and spinal chord.
Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and sensory epithelial cell (CL:0000098).
A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.
transitional epithelial cell of urinary bladder
urinary tract transitional epithelial cell
Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres.
An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve.
Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei.
This class encompasses the muscle cells responsible for heart* contraction in both vertebrates and arthropods. The ultrastucture of a wide range of arthropod heart cells has been examined including spiders, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans (see Sherman, 1973 and refs therein) and insects (see Lehmacher et al (2012) and refs therein). According to these refs, the cells participating in heart contraction in all cases are transversely striated. Insects hearts additionally contain ostial cells, also transversely striated muscle cells, but which do not participate in heart contraction.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.
Note that in FMA erythropoietic cells are types of nucleated erythrocytes and thus don't include erythrocytes.
A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.
A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection.
A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen.
Mature B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-negative, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD84-positive, CD127-negative, CD352-positive, RAG-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Plasma cells develop in the spleen and migrate to the bone marrow. Plasma cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD22-negative, CD23-negative, CD24-negative, CD25-negative, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-low, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-positive, CD95-positive, CD196-negative, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative. Transcription factors: BLIMP1-positive, IRF4-positive, PAX5-negative, SpiB-negative, Ets1-negative, and XBP1-positive.
A memory B cell is a mature B cell that is long-lived, readily activated upon re-encounter of its antigenic determinant, and has been selected for expression of higher affinity immunoglobulin. This cell type has the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, MHC Class II-positive, and CD138-negative.
Memory B-cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD23-negative, CD24-positive, CD25-positive, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-negative, CD86-positive, and CD196/CCR6-positive.
A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD20-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive B cell'. Per DSD: Naive B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD138-negative, CD150-positive, CD184/CXCR4-positive, CD185/CXCR5-positive, CD196/CCR6-positive, CD200-positive, CD229-positive, CD243-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD352-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, cadherin 9-positive, and sIgH-positive, Transcription factors: Pax5-positive, ETS1-positive, FOXO1A-positive, KLF4-positive, KLF9-positive, MiTF-positive, OBF1-positive, PLZF-positive, and SpiB-positive.
A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
Note that gamma-delta T cells have both thymic and extrathymic differentiation pathways.
A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
This cell type may express FoxP3 and CD25 and secretes IL-10 and TGF-beta.
An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.
Immature B cells are also reportedly CD5-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD24-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD79a-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD127-negative, CD138-negative, CD185-positive, CD196-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and preBCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive.
An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'transitional B cell'.
A conventional B cell subject to antigenic stimulation and dependent on T cell help and with a distinct surface marker expression pattern from B-1 B cells. These cells are CD43-negative.
B-2 B cells are reportedly CD48-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A lymphoid progenitor cell that is committed to the natural killer cell lineage, expressing CD122 (IL-15) receptor, but lacking many of the phenotypic characteristics of later stages of natural killer cell development such as expression of NK activating and inhibitory molecules. In human this cell has the phenotype CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD10-positive, CD117-negative, and CD161 negative.
Most markers only described for human pro NK cells.
A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs.
Human pro-B cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD127-positive, CD184-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-positive, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-negative, IgD-negative, and IgM-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive, EBF-positive, E2A-negative, Ikaros-negative, and PU.1-negative.
A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage.
A progenitor cell of the mast cell lineage. Markers for this cell are FceRIa-low, CD117-positive, CD9-positive, T1/ST2-positive, SCA1-negative, and lineage-negative.
MCP are CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD45-positive, integrin beta-7-positive, and lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD27, integrin alpha-M, ly6c, ly6g, NCAM-1, and ter119). These cells also express the transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, and MITF, but not C/EBPa.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans.
hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.
Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type.
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage.
myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
Follicular B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A rapidly cycling mature B cell that has distinct phenotypic characteristics and is involved in T-dependent immune responses and located typically in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. This cell type expresses Ly77 after activation.
Germinal center B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD38-positive, CD44-low, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD95-positive, CD352-positive, and HLA-DR-positive. Transcription factors: BCL6-positive, Ets1-positive, IRF8-positive, MTA3-positive, OBF1-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, and STAT3-positive.
A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.
MZ B cells are reportedly CD1-positive (mice), CD20-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
Olfactory epithelial support cell is a columnar cell that extends from the epithelial free margin to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. This cell type has a large, vertically, elongate, euchromatic nucleus, along with other nuclei, forms a layer superficial to the cell body of the receptor cell; sends long somewhat irregular microvilli into the mucus layer; at the base, with expanded end-feet containing numerous lamellated dense bodies resembling lipofuscin of neurons.
sustentaculocyte of olfactory epithelium
A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the central nervous system.
A central nervous system macrophage found in small blood vessels in the brain. Markers include CD14+CD16+CD163+.
Markers: Human/monkey, mice: CD163. Human: CD14+CD16+CD163+.
An immature T cell located in the thymus.
A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive.
A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response.
A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.
A lymphocyte of B lineage is a lymphocyte that expresses CD19 on the cell surface. An additional defining characteristic is the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex.
Types of B lineage lymphocytes include B cells and antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts and plasma cells). Lymphocytes of B cell lineage can be distinguished from those of T cell lineage by their lack of CD3e (as part of the T cell receptor complex).
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin.
A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes.
Small pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain.
pre-B-II cell are also reportedly CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-positive, and CD48-positive.
An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'plasmablast'. Plasmablasts are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD63-positive, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD319-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative.
Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000003)(PMID:19243617) These cells are also CD20-negative, MHCII-positive.
CD71-positive common myeloid precursor OR CD7-negative lymphoid precursor OR CD7-positive lymphoid
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1100000)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1110000)(PMID:19243617).
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor OR granulocyte monocyte progenitor
A common lymphoid progenitor that is CD10-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD34-positive and CD38-positive.
CD10-positive common lymphocyte precursor
CD10-positive common lymphocyte progenitor
These markers are associated with human common lymphoid progenitors. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000032)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell that is CD34-positive, CD90-positive, and CD133-positive.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic stem cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000035)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-negative hematopoietic stem cell
A common myeloid progenitor that is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3ra-low, CD10-negative, CD7-negative, CD45RA-negative, and IL-5Ralpha-negative.
Markers are associated with human cell type. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000038)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-negative and CD45RA-negative.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000039)(PMID:19243617).
Granule cell that is part of the cerebellum.
Granule cell that is part of the cerebral cortex.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. These cells are CD34-positive, and express Gata1, Gata2, C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
CMP are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, lineage-negative
A lymphocyte that lacks characteristic T cell, B cell, myeloid cell, and dendritic cell markers, that functions as part of the innate immune response to produce cytokines and other effector responses.
An innate lymphoid cell that is capable of producing the type 1 cytokine IFN-gamma, but not Th2 or Th17 cell-associated cytokines.
A group 1 innate lymphoid cell that is non-cytotoxic.
A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages.
A cell type that can give rise to basophil and mast cells. This cell is CD34-positive, CD117-positive, CD125-positive, FceRIa-negative, and T1/ST2-negative, and expresses Gata-1, Gata-2, C/EBPa
There may be an intermediate cell type. These cells also CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, and integrin beta 7-positive. Transcription factors: GATA1-positive, MCP-1-positive, mitf-positive, PU.1-positive, and CEBP/a-low.
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells.
hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell. For mammalian hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cells known to be lineage-negative, please use the term 'hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell' (CL_0001060).
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD45RA-negative, and CD90-negative.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cells.
CD34-positive, CD38-negative multipotent progenitor cell
A type I pneumocyte is a flattened, branched pneumocyte that covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange.
A type II pneumocyte is a pneumocyte that modulates the fluid surrounding the alveolar epithelium by secreting and recycling surfactants. This cell type also contributes to tissue repair and can differentiate after injury into a type I pneumocyte. Thicker than squamous alveolar cells, have a rounded apical surface that projects above the level of surrounding epithelium. The free surface is covered by short microvilli.
A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules.
An enterocrine cell that produces glucagon.
Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter.
Columnar cell which populate the epithelium of large intestine and absorb water. This cell is the most numerous of the epithelial cell types in the large intestine; bear apical microvilli, contain secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm; secretion appears to be largely mucins, but is also rich in antibodies of the IgA type.
enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine
A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery.
Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes.
The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides).
An epithelial cell derived from endoderm.
An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm.
Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme.
Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH.
A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types.
A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces epinephrine.
adrenal secreting cell of the adrenal medulla
epiniphrine secreting cell of the adrenal medulla
A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces norepinephrine.
A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart.
This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise.
Some argue this cell type is of mesenchymal origin.
A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells.
MH consider whether bone marrow cells are bone cells in the structural sense vs. being part of bone organ sense.
A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens.
A cell of the adrenal cortex. Cell types include those that synthesize and secrete chemical derivatives (steroids) of cholesterol.
A T cell with a receptor of limited diversity that is capable of immediate effector functions upon stimulation.
A endothelial cell of a lymphatic vessel. The border of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell of initial lymphatics are joined by specialized buttons. The discontinuous feature of buttons distinguishes them from zippers in collecting lymphatics, but both types of junctions are composed of proteins typical of adherens junctions and tight junctions found in the endothelium of blood vessels. Buttons seal the sides of flaps of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell, leaving open the tips of flaps as routes for fluid entry without disassembly and reformation of intercellular junctions.
An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
cubodial endothelial cell of vascular tree
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, TAL1-positive.
A sebum secreting cell of the skin that secretes sebum into the hair follicles.
An endothelial cell found in capillaries.
A ciliated columnar cell found in the trachea and bronchus. Vary from low to tall columnar; possesses up to 300 cilia at its surface, interspersed with long irregular microvilli with the cilia varying in length from about 6um in the trachea to about 4um in the terminal bronchioles; driving force of the ciliary current in the bronchial tree.
ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes.
An epithelial cell that remains from the disintegration of the epithelial root sheath involved in the development of teeth.
A specialized cell involved in sensory perception of smell.
An epithelial cell located on the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium.
A keratinized cell located in the hard palate or gingiva.
A supporting cell of the anterior pituitary gland involved in trophic and catabolic processes; expresses a broad spectrum of cytokeratins indicative of their epithelial nature.
folliculostellate cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
folliculostellate cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.
A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach.
A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit.
A basally situated, mitotically active, columnar-shaped keratinocyte attached to the basement membrane.
A cell involved in the formation of a granulocyte.
A cell involved in the formation of a monocyte (monopoiesis).
A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver.
A large epithelial cell with an extremely acidophilic and granular cytoplasm, containing vast numbers of mitochondria; such cells may undergo neoplastic transformation. From the Greek word onkos meaning swelling, this cell type is found in parathyroid, salivary and thyroid glands.
An oncocyte located in the parathyroid gland.
An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree.
epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree
An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells.
undifferentiated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
A cell located between the pinealocytes.
A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye.
A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.
A cell that constitutes the basal layer of epithelium in the prostatic duct.
A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells.
smooth muscle fiber of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle fibre of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil
A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells).
A pluripotent stem cell has the ability to form cells from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). However, unlike totipotent stem cells, they cell can not generate all the cells of the whole organism such as placenta.
An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
An epithelial cell of the large intestine.
An epithelial cell of the small intestine.
An epithelial cell that regulates growth and differentiation of the overlying epithelium.
A cell type that varies from squamous to columnar, depending on their activity with microvillus directed luminally. This cell produces and secretes thyroid hormones.
An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland.
An endothelial cell found in the mucosa associated with the facial skeleton.
endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver.
A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon.
A PP cell located in the islets of the pancreas.
The term PP cell of pancreatic acinus was obsoleted due to a lack of evidence, making PP cell of pancreatic islets synonymous with pancreatic PP cell.
An epithelial cell of the thymus. Epithelial reticular cells are pleomorphic, stellate, non-phagocytic cells which seem to be supportive in function and are held together by desmosomes. They replace the fibroblastoid reticular cells found in other lymphoid organs. Other epithelial cells in the medulla have the ultrastructure of secretory cells. Although different epithelial cells throughout the thymus appear alike by light microscopy their ultrastructure and function varies.
An epithelial cell with a well defined Golgi apparatus that makes up the continuous layer of cells bordering the thymic tissue beneath the capsule.
A basophil chromphil cell of the anterior pitiutary gland that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and lipotropin. This cell type is irregular in shape and has short dendritic processes which are inserted among other neighboring cells;
An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
An ecto-epithelial cell of the prostate gland that secretes hormones.
endocrine-paracrine cell of prostate gland
A cell that is part of the nervous system.
A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone.
The milk-producing cell of the alveolar unit that emerges during pregnancy.
luminal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland
An epithelial cell of the mammary gland.
A fat cell derived from a neural crest cell.
An endothelial cell that lines the oral cavitiy including the mucosa of the gums, the palate, the lip, and the cheek.
A prostate epithelial cell that is CD133-positive, CD44-positive, integrin A2beta3-high. This cell is a stem cell for the prostate epithelium.
An undifferentiated cell of the prostate epithelium that lacks secretory activity.
An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin.
A multi-fate stem cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.
A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis.
A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells.
A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate.
An epithelial cell of the cortical portion of the thymus. Epithelial cells in this region are required for positive selection of CD8-positive T cells.
An epithelial cell of the medullary thymus. This cell type expresses a diverse range of tissue-specific antigens. This promiscuous gene expression is a cell-autonomous property of medullary epithelial cells and is maintained during the entire period of thymic T cell output.
A smooth muscle cell of the myometrium that enlarges and stretches during pregnancy, and contracts in response to oxytocin.
An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract.
A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell).
A transversely striated, synctial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts.
A neurecto-epithelial cell found in the arachnoid villi of dura mater. This cell type facilitates flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the blood.
A T cell that expresses a T cell receptor complex and has completed T cell selection.
A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.
A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles.
The cell type from which oligodendrocytes develop. This cell originates from multiple structures within the developing brain including the medial ganglion eminence and the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells migrate throughout the central nervous system and persist into adulthood where they play an important role in remyelination of injured neurons.
The flattened smooth myoepithelial cells of mesodermal origin that lie just outside the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule.
A melanocyte that produces pigment in the dermis.
A melanocyte that produces pigment within the hair follicle.
A melanocyte that produces pigment in the epithelium.
The text defintion reference to the MP term appears to reference an epidermal melanocyte term. This term represents any melanocyte in any epithelium.
A melanocyte of the retina. This cell type is distinct from pigmented retinal epithelium.
A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception.
A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells.
From Onard of the FMA: Cardiac muscle cell or cardiac myocyte is a striated muscle cell. Cardiocyte on the other hand is any cell in the heart which includes cells other than muscle cells (e.g. endothelial cell of endocardium). Unless there is a consensus among anatomists that cardiocytes refer only to muscle cells, we will treat them as a general class of cells in the heart.
A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc
A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
cervical canal of uterus epithelial cell
epithelial cell of cervical canal of uterus
An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct.
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow.
mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow
A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane.
chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the vein.
An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development.
embryonic blood vessel endothelial progenitor cell
A fibroblast that is part of the choroid plexus.
A fibroblast that is part of the conjuctiva of the eye.
A fibroblast that is part of the mammary gland.
An animal cell that is part of a hair follicle.
An epithelial cell that is part of the outer root sheath.
A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord.
A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue.
A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae.
A glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and are necessary for their maintainance and function.
A pericyte of the central nervous system.
A myofibroblast that lies in the connective tissue of the spinal cord that has a distinctly lamellar arrangement.
An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina.
A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brachiocephalic vasculature
A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature
A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery.
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery
A smooth muscle of the internal thoracic artery.
smooth muscle cell of the internal thoracic artery
A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery.
smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery
A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery.
smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery
Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery.
Adipocytes found in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of breast. The breast consists of three main components, the skin, the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the functional glandular tissue that comprises both parenchyma and stroma.[CALOHA]
A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium.
epithelial cell of upper respiratory tract
epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract
An epithelial cell of the anal canal that is keratinized. This cell type is found towards the lower, rectal end of the anal canal.
keratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal
A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium.
A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus.
A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine.
A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach.
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium.
A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells.
A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue.
A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell.
A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord.
Is_a interneuron, part_of UBERON:0002240.
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the cells apical membrane is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals these cells are located in the renal collecting ducts.
A ciliated epithelial cell with many cilium.
Lymphatic progenitor cells, derived from the veins, that give rise to lymphatic endothelial cells.
Multi fate stem cell that gives rise to to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes as descendants.
Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized).
Needs logical definition. Should be capable_of skeletal system morphogenesis? or skeletal tissue development? needs to be added to GO. NOTES:a cell type of the early embryo (see also: mesenchymal cells) that will give rise to mineralized connective tissue. Scleroblasts can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells), odontoblasts (dentin-forming cells), ameloblasts (enamel-forming cells). The mesenchymal cells developing into osteoblasts and chondroblasts are derived from the mesoderm. Those developing into odontoblasts are neural crest cells. Those developing into ameloblasts are derived from the ectoderm. (http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=scleroblasts)
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a cementoblast.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to form an odontoblast, deposits predentine, and arises from a cranial neural crest cell.
Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to transform into an osteoblast, and develops from neural crest or mesodermal cells.
Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres.
Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type.
A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle
A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration.
An endocrine cell that is part of the pancreas.
A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.
Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
a stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow
a epithelial cell that is part_of a umbilical artery
a epithelial cell that is part_of a alveolus of lung
a mononuclear cell that is part_of a bone marrow
a GABAergic interneuron that is part_of a cerebral cortex
a neuron that is part_of a cerebral cortex
A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
An interneuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter.
A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites.
A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells.
Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.
A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types.
Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell.
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine.
non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine.
non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the cecum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ascending colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of ascending colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the transverse colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of transverse colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the descending colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of descending colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum.
An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater.
A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue.
A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery.
fibroblast of tunica adventitia of artery
A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue.
fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue
A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat.
A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle.
adipocyte of epicardial fat of right ventricle
A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle.
adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus.
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole.
serous cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole.
serous cell of epithelium of lobular bronchiole
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus.
enterocyte of epithelium of intestinal villus
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of duodenal gland.
enterocyte of epithelium of duodenal gland
A columnar cell of the colon that is part of the colonic epithelium.
vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium of colon
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum.
transitional myocyte of interatrial septum
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
transitional myocyte of interventricular septum
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
Purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum
A melanocyte that is part of the eyelid.
An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid.
An epithelial cell that is part of the appendix.
A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node.
An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium.
An endothelial cell that is part of the venule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland alveolus.
basal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland
myoepithelial cell of lactiferous alveolus
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the lactiferous duct.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal gland.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal cortex.
Not clear this cell type exists. Can't call it a cortical adrenal cell because of different germ layer origin.
A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis.
An epithelial cell that is part of the conjunctiva.
An epithelial cell that is part of the external acoustic meatus.
epithelial cell of external acoustic meatus
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball.
mesothelial cell of anterior chamber of eye
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the dilatator pupillae.
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of esophagus.
epithelial cell of stratum germinativum of esophagus
An epithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland.
An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron.
An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule.
epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum.
A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the ovary.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the right ovary.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the left ovary.
A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum.
myocardial endocrine cell of interventricular septum
A basal cell that is part of the urothelium.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the prostate gland.
An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura.
An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
This needs to be further defined as a juxtamedullary nephron. Will request the juxtamedullary nephron tubule class from UBERON.
kidney medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas.
A neuron residing in the olfactory bulb that serve to process and refine signals arising from olfactory sensory neurons
the various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract
Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels.
nasopharynx respiratory epithelial cells
Squamous cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
cervix, uterine squamous epithelial cells
uterine cervix squamous epithelial cells
oral cavity mucosa squamous epithelial cell
Glandular cell of appendix epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of mammary epithelium. Example: glandular cells of large and intermediate ducts, glandular cells in terminal ducts.
Glandular cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of duodenal epithelium. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Brunner's gland cell.
Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium.
Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells.
Glandular cell of gall bladder epithelium.
Glandular cell of parathyroid epithelium. Example: Parathyroid chief cell and parathyroid oxyphil cells.
Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of salivary gland. Example: Serous cells, mucous cells, cuboidal epithelial cells of the intercalated ducts, simple cuboidal epithelium of the striated ducts, epithelial cells of excretory ducts.
Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium.
A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) .
Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts.
Hormone secreting cell located in the cortex of adrenal gland. Glandular cells in the adrenal cortex secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens.
Endothelial cells forming the walls of the capillaries within the cerebral cortex.
Circulating macrophages and tissue macrophages (alveolar macrophages) of lung.
Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
Any melanocyte that is part of a epidermis.
These cells are found primarily, but not exclusively, in primates including humans
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood.
Any cell that is part of a pituitary gland.
Any macroglial cell that is part of a brain.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis.
Any endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel that is part of a dermis.
dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a upper leg skin.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a arm.
Any fibroblast that is part of a periodontal ligament.
Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass.
Any native cell that is part of a sebaceous gland.
Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum.
Any oligodendrocyte that is part of a spinal cord.
Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.
Any neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.
Any basal cell of epidermis that is part of a limb.
Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.
Any pericyte cell that is part of a brain.
Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem.
Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen.
Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver.
Any trophoblast cell that is part of a placenta.
Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta.
placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.
placental villus capillary endothelial cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad.
Any epithelial cell that is part of a female gonad.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder.
Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid.
Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.
Splenocytes is a vague term that refers to any one of the different white blood cell types in the spleen. This name is seen many references as such and is not explained further, necessitating a need for this terminology.
Any vein endothelial cell that is part of a hindlimb stylopod.
Any pericyte cell that is part of a placenta.
Any mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow that is part of a femur.
mesenchymal stem cell of femoral bone marrow
Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose that is part of a abdomen.
mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose
Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of face.
Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any keratinocyte that is part of a hair follicle.
Any fibroblast of lung that is part of a bronchus.
Any hematopoietic stem cell that is part of a umbilical cord blood.
branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
neurological system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process
organ or tissue specific immune response
cell activation involved in immune response
lymphocyte activation involved in immune response
T cell activation involved in immune response
T cell differentiation involved in immune response
B cell activation involved in immune response
mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response
B cell proliferation involved in immune response
leukocyte activation involved in immune response
negative regulation of immune system process
positive regulation of immune system process
negative regulation of leukocyte activation
positive regulation of leukocyte activation
negative regulation of immune effector process
positive regulation of immune effector process
negative regulation of peptide secretion
positive regulation of peptide secretion
developmental process involved in reproduction
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal
renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
positive regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
negative regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion
transmembrane signaling receptor activity
regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
regulation of glycogen catabolic process
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
movement of cell or subcellular component
regulation of striated muscle contraction
positive regulation of cell proliferation
negative regulation of cell proliferation
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching
negative regulation of biosynthetic process
positive regulation of biosynthetic process
negative regulation of metabolic process
positive regulation of metabolic process
negative regulation of catabolic process
positive regulation of catabolic process
positive regulation of signal transduction
negative regulation of signal transduction
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process
positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
positive regulation of organelle organization
negative regulation of organelle organization
positive regulation of cell communication
negative regulation of cell communication
regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion
positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glucose metabolic process
regulation of glucan biosynthetic process
negative regulation of serotonin secretion
positive regulation of serotonin secretion
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds
phenol-containing compound metabolic process
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis
positive regulation of blood coagulation
negative regulation of blood coagulation
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of B cell proliferation
positive regulation of B cell proliferation
regulation of cellular metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular metabolic process
regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
regulation of cellular catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular catabolic process
positive regulation of cellular catabolic process
regulation of neurological system process
negative regulation of neurological system process
positive regulation of neurological system process
regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
positive regulation of insulin secretion
regulation of response to external stimulus
negative regulation of response to external stimulus
positive regulation of response to external stimulus
negative regulation of hormone metabolic process
positive regulation of hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of homeostatic process
positive regulation of homeostatic process
regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process
regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of organic acid transport
positive regulation of organic acid transport
regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation
negative regulation of catecholamine secretion
positive regulation of catecholamine secretion
cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process
regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
cellular carbohydrate biosynthetic process
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
positive regulation of embryonic development
indole-containing compound metabolic process
indole-containing compound biosynthetic process
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process
regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy
regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process
regulation of cellular carbohydrate catabolic process
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
negative regulation of multi-organism process
positive regulation of multi-organism process
regulation of respiratory system process
negative regulation of molecular function
positive regulation of molecular function
cellular polysaccharide catabolic process
cellular macromolecule metabolic process
cellular polysaccharide metabolic process
cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process
negative regulation of B cell differentiation
positive regulation of B cell differentiation
negative regulation of T cell differentiation
positive regulation of T cell differentiation
negative regulation of cell differentiation
positive regulation of cell differentiation
regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process
positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process
negative regulation of heart contraction
positive regulation of heart contraction
negative regulation of lipid metabolic process
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of muscle contraction
positive regulation of muscle contraction
negative regulation of steroid metabolic process
positive regulation of steroid metabolic process
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction
negative regulation of striated muscle contraction
positive regulation of striated muscle contraction
negative regulation of embryonic development
negative regulation of insulin secretion
regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of hormone secretion
negative regulation of hormone secretion
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of biological process
negative regulation of biological process
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
regulation of post-embryonic development
negative regulation of post-embryonic development
positive regulation of post-embryonic development
positive regulation of response to stimulus
negative regulation of response to stimulus
multicellular organismal reproductive process
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube
positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
negative regulation of protein secretion
positive regulation of protein secretion
regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of T cell activation
negative regulation of B cell activation
positive regulation of T cell activation
positive regulation of B cell activation
neuromuscular process controlling balance
multicellular organismal water homeostasis
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception
detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste
sensory perception of mechanical stimulus
detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception
negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of developmental process
positive regulation of developmental process
regulation of cellular component organization
negative regulation of cellular component organization
positive regulation of cellular component organization
regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
positive regulation of protein transport
negative regulation of protein transport
regulation of multicellular organismal process
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process
negative regulation of lymphocyte activation
positive regulation of lymphocyte activation
regulation of cellular component movement
negative regulation of cellular component movement
positive regulation of cellular component movement
visual perception involved in equilibrioception
regulation of nervous system development
negative regulation of nervous system development
positive regulation of nervous system development
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear
smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
embryonic process involved in female pregnancy
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
positive regulation of gastric acid secretion
negative regulation of gastric acid secretion
positive regulation of digestive system process
negative regulation of digestive system process
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation
regulation of vesicle-mediated transport
regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure
cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development
positive regulation of cartilage development
negative regulation of cartilage development
negative regulation of glucagon secretion
positive regulation of glucagon secretion
regulation of establishment of protein localization
extracellular matrix constituent secretion
negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation
positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation
regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process
regulation of glycogen metabolic process
negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process
positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process
cellular component organization or biogenesis
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation
monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process
regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process
negative regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process
positive regulation of somatostatin secretion
negative regulation of somatostatin secretion
positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion
negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
positive regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
plasma membrane bounded cell projection part
regulation of flagellated sperm motility
negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility
negative regulation of vasculature development
organic cyclic compound metabolic process
organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process
organonitrogen compound metabolic process
organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process
organic hydroxy compound metabolic process
organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility
negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation
positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation
negative regulation of sperm capacitation
positive regulation of sperm capacitation
negative regulation of response to wounding
positive regulation of response to wounding
regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
regulation of extracellular matrix organization
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization
negative regulation of blood circulation
positive regulation of blood circulation
negative regulation of secretion by cell
positive regulation of secretion by cell
negative regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
positive regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
positive regulation of vasculature development
regulation of bile acid metabolic process
negative regulation of bile acid metabolic process
positive regulation of bile acid metabolic process
regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition
negative regulation of calcitonin secretion
positive regulation of calcitonin secretion
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of epithelial tube formation
positive regulation of epithelial tube formation
regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium
positive regulation blood vessel branching
negative regulation of mesoderm formation
positive regulation of mesoderm formation
negative regulation of lipid localization
positive regulation of lipid localization
regulation of multicellular organismal development
regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis
negative regulation of reproductive process
positive regulation of reproductive process
negative regulation of receptor activity
positive regulation of receptor activity
negative regulation of mesoderm development
positive regulation of mesoderm development
negative regulation of ectoderm development
positive regulation of ectoderm development
regulation of thyroid hormone generation
negative regulation of thyroid hormone generation
positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation
regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
negative regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
positive regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
negative regulation of steroid hormone secretion
positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion
regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion
negative regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion
positive regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion
regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion
negative regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion
positive regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion
negative regulation of aldosterone secretion
positive regulation of aldosterone secretion
negative regulation of renal water transport
positive regulation of renal water transport
Renal cell carcinoma that develops in patients who are long-term survivors of childhood neuroblastoma.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Neuroblastoma
Renal Cell Cancer Associated with Neuroblastoma
Germ cell tumors of the central nervous system other than germinoma. This category includes teratoma, choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.
Central Nervous System Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Nongerminomatous germ cell tumor of the CNS
Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining practitioner (sign) and subjective evidence of disease perceived by the patient (symptom).
Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examiner (sign) and subjective evidence of disease perceived by the subject (symptom).
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal inversion inv(2)(p23q35) which fuses the first 7 exons of the ATIC gene with exon 20 of the ALK gene. This rearrangement is associated with rare cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal inversion inv(16)(p13q22) which fuses the 5' portion of the CBFB gene with the 3' part of the MYH11 gene. This rearrangement is associated with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.
The CBFB/MYH11 fusion gene can result from other chromosomal aberrations involving chromosome 16, including t(16;16)(p13;q22), and del(16)(q22). This fusion gene is associated with a better prognosis than other acute myeloid leukemia-related fusions. (Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology)
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(7;8)(p22;q13) which fuses the 5' promoter region of the COL1A2 gene upstream of the entire coding region of the PLAG1 gene. This rearrangement is associated with both aberrant expression of the transcription factor zinc finger protein PLAG1 and lipoblastoma.
A fusion gene that results from an intrachromosomal rearrangement of the q arm of chromosome 8 which fuses the 5' promoter region of the HAS2 gene upstream of the entire coding region of the PLAG1 gene. This rearrangement is associated with both aberrant expression of the transcription factor zinc finger protein PLAG1 and lipoblastoma.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal rearrangement involving chromosomes 11 and 16 which fuses the first 6 or 9 exons of the FUS gene with exon 5 of the CREB3L1 gene. This rearrangement is associated with fibrosarcoma.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) which fuses the first 7 exons of the MLL gene to most of the coding sequence of the ELL gene. This rearrangement is associated with treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(X;2)(q11;p23) which fuses most of the coding sequence of the MSN gene with the 3' portion of the ALK gene. This rearrangement is associated with rare cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal inversion inv(X)(p11.2;q12) which fuses exon 9 of the NONO gene with exon 6 of the TFE3 gene. This rearrangement is associated with one case of renal cell carcinoma.
A fusion gene (~1.9 kb) that results from a chromosomal translocation t(5;17)(q35;q21) which fuses the first 442 nucleotides of the NPM1 gene to exon 3 of the RARA gene. This rearrangement is rare and is associated with acute myeloid leukemia.
A fusion gene (~2.1 kb) that results from a chromosomal translocation t(5;17)(q35;q21) which fuses the first 484 nucleotides of the NPM1 gene to exon 3 of the RARA gene. This rearrangement is rare and is associated with acute myeloid leukemia.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(2;3)(p23;q21) which fuses a portion of the 5' part of the TFG gene to the last 10 exons of the ALK gene. This rearrangement is associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(1;2)(q25;p23) which fuses most of the coding sequence of the TPM3 gene to the last 10 exons of the ALK gene. This rearrangement is associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(1;2)(q25;p23) which fuses most of the coding sequence of the TPM4 gene to the last 10 exons of the ALK gene. This rearrangement is associated with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.
This gene plays a role in the repression of gene transcription.
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein, Epsilon Polypeptide Gene
This gene is involved in both DNA binding and transcription.
Calmodulin Binding Transcription Activator 1 Gene
A molecular genetic abnormality that refers to a change in the nucleotide sequence of the PALB2 gene.
Fanconi Anemia, Complementation Group N Gene Mutation
Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 Gene Mutation
An extremely rare adenosarcoma that arises from the uterine ligament.
A malignant germ cell tumor other than dysgerminoma that arises from the ovary.
Ovarian Non-Dysgerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Ovarian Nondysgerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Ovarian nondysgerminomatous germ cell tumor, NOS
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the pharynx.
Pharyngeal (including Hypopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal) squamous cell carcinoma
An anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III astrocytic tumor) or glioblastoma (grade IV astrocytic tumor).
Any of the major arteries or veins attached to the cardiac atria or ventricles. This includes the aorta, superior and inferior vena cava and the pulmonary arteries and veins.
A laboratory test result that indicates the status of a molecular genetic or cytogenetic event in a pathologic process.
Loss of vascularization and tissue death caused by the disruption in the arterial access. Common causes include trauma due to accidents, insect or reptile bites, severe cold exposure or pathological conditions such as infarctions or blood dyscrasias.
A low-grade, well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis. It is characterized by the presence of papillary architectural patterns and hyperkeratosis. It is not associated with human papillomavirus infection.
Papillary Carcinoma of the Penis, Not Otherwise Specified
Prostate carcinoma that has developed in relatives of patients with a history of prostate carcinoma.
A disorder of the blood that is present at birth.
A rapidly growing serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of high grade cytologic features and frequent mitotic figures.
High Grade Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma
High-Grade Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma
A slow-growing serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary. It usually originates from borderline neoplastic processes or adenofibromas. It is characterized by the presence of low grade cytologic features and infrequent mitotic figures.
This gene is involved in epidermal integrity.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(7;12)(q36;p13) which fuses the first exon of the MNX1 gene with exon 3 of the ETV6 gene. This aberration is associated with infant acute myeloid leukemia.
The presence of this fusion is associated with poor prognosis.
A variation in the amino acid sequence for the tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 protein.
Tyrosine-Protein Kinase JAK2 Protein Variant
A genetic profile indicating low expression of cellular tight junction proteins, including E-cadherin, which is often associated with triple-negative breast cancer and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
This gene plays a role in the development of epidermal appendages.
A chromosomal abnormality in that is characterized by an addition of chromosomes that results in a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number.
A category of diseases that involve muscles and bones.
A variation in the amino acid sequence for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha protein.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Protein Variant
Damage to the muscles, bones and their supportive structural attachments.
Classification of glioblastoma into molecular subtypes as defined by gene expression profiling.
A molecular subtype of glioblastoma that is associated with younger age at presentation and is characterized by p53 mutations and PDGFRa amplifications.
A molecular subtype of glioblastoma characterized by the expression of the neural markers NEFL, GABRA1, SYT1, and SLC12A5.
A molecular subtype of glioblastoma characterized by lack of p53 mutations, chromosome 7 amplifications or deletions, and high levels of EGFR amplification.
A molecular subtype of glioblastoma characterized by the presence of NF1 mutations.
A carcinosarcoma of the uterus characterized by the presence of sarcomatous elements that arise from the tissues of the uterus.
A carcinosarcoma of the uterus characterized by the presence of sarcomatous elements composed of tissues that are not found in the uterus (e.g., bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle).
Uterine Carcinosarcoma, Heterologous Type
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation which fuses the 5' end of the TMPRSS2 gene upstream of the coding region of an ETS family gene. This rearrangement is associated with prostate carcinoma and androgen-dependent expression of this fusion gene results in overexpression of ETS transcription factor family proteins.
TMPRSS2-ETS Transcription Factor Family Fusion Gene
TMPRSS2-ETS Transcription Factor Gene Fusion Gene
TMPRSS2/ETS Transcription Factor Family Fusion Gene
TMPRSS2/ETS Transcription Factor Gene Fusion Gene
A plasma cell myeloma-derived cell found in the peripheral blood.
An infrequent malignant neoplasm that occurs during childhood.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs during childhood.
An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that occurs during adulthood.
Adult Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
A rare endometrial carcinoma characterized by the presence of both malignant glandular and malignant squamous cellular components.
An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Childhood Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Childhood Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
An undifferentiated high grade pleomorphic sarcoma that arises from the bone and occurs during childhood.
Childhood Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Childhood Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Childhood Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone
Childhood Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma
A gliosarcoma that arises from the brain stem and occurs during childhood.
A mixed glioma that arises from the brain stem and occurs during childhood.
An oligodendroglioma that arises from the brain and occurs during childhood.
A supratentorial embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified that occurs in childhood.
Childhood Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Childhood Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
A supratentorial, primitive, neuroectodermal tumor that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, NOS
Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
A neuroblastoma that arises from the cerebral hemispheres and occurs during childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Neuroblastoma
A neuroblastoma that arises from the cerebral hemispheres during childhood.
A germ cell tumor that occurs during adulthood.
A germ cell tumor that arises within the cranium and occurs during adulthood.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Primary Central Nervous System Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
An undifferentiated high grade pleomorphic sarcoma that arises from the bone and occurs during adulthood.
Adult Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Adult Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Adult Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone
Adult Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during pregnancy.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during pregnancy.
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
A germ cell tumor that arises from the testis or ovary and occurs during childhood.
A pineoblastoma that occurs during childhood.
A B-cell acute leukemia that occurs during adulthood. It is characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts that carry a translocation between the BCR gene on chromosome 22 and the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9. It results in the production of the p190 kd or p210 kd fusion protein. It has an unfavorable clinical outcome.
Adult B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
Adult B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
A melanoma that arises from a mucosal site.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the soft tissues from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to Soft Tissues
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Soft Tissues
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Soft Tissues
A central nervous system embryonal neoplasm that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Neoplasm
An embryonal neoplasm that arises from the central nervous system during childhood.
Central Nervous System Embryonal Neoplasm
The reemergence of childhood central nervous system embryonal neoplasm after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Neoplasm
Recurrent Central Nervous System Embryonal Neoplasm
An epithelioid hemangioendothelioma that occurs during adulthood.
An epithelioid hemangioendothelioma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs during adulthood.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the cardiovascular system.
A Hodgkin lymphoma that has metastasized to the central nervous system following the initial presentation in another nodal or extranodal site.
Secondary Central Nervous System Hodgkin Lymphoma
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that has metastasized to the central nervous system following the initial presentation in another nodal or extranodal site.
Secondary Central Nervous System Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the central nervous system.
The reemergence of a childhood astrocytic tumor after a period of remission.
A fibrillary astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
A gemistocytic astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
A giant cell glioblastoma that occurs during childhood.
A diffuse astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
A gliosarcoma that occurs during childhood.
Gliomatosis cerebri that occurs during childhood.
A pilomyxoid astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
A pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
A protoplasmic astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
An anaplastic oligoastrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
An oligoastrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
A combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma that occurs during adulthood.
Adult Combined Hepatocellular Cancer and Cholangiocarcinoma
Adult Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma
A hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrolamellar variant that occurs during adulthood.
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage I: Involvement of a single lymph node region (I); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in the absence of any lymph node involvement (IE).
Stage I Childhood Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in association with regional lymph node involvement with or without involvement of other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE).
Stage II Childhood Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage III: Involvement of lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm (III), which also may be accompanied by extralymphatic extension in association with adjacent lymph node involvement (IIIE) or by involvement of the spleen (IIIS) or both (IIIE,S).
Stage III Childhood Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Stage III Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage IV: Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional lymph node involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant site(s); or any involvement of the liver or bone marrow, lungs (other than by direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid.
Stage IV Childhood Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage II Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage II Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage II Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage II Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage III Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage III Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage III Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage III Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage III Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0);. IVB (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a (lip): Tumor invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face, i.e., chin or nose. T4a (oral cavity): Tumor invades adjacent structures (e.g., through cortical bone, into deep [extrinsic] muscles of tongue, maxillary sinus, skin of face). T4b: Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases internal carotid artery. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2a: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in dimension. N2b: Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2c: Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage IV Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage IV Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage IV Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage IV Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage IV Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Maxillary sinus: Tumor limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa with no erosion or destruction of bone. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Maxillary sinus: Tumor causing bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and/or middle nasal meatus, except extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th ed.)
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Maxillary sinus: Tumor invading any of the following: bone of the posterior wall of maxillary sinus, subcutaneous tissues, floor or medial wall of orbit, pterygoid fossa, or ethmoid sinuses. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading the medial wall or floor of the orbit, maxillary sinus, palate, or cribriform plate. T1: Maxillary sinus: Tumor limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa with no erosion or destruction of bone. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. T2: Maxillary sinus: Tumor causing bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and/or middle nasal meatus, except extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Maxillary sinus: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades anterior orbital contents, skin of cheek, pterygoid plates, infratemporal fossa, cribriform plate, sphenoid or frontal sinuses. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: anterior orbital contents, skin of nose or cheek, minimal extension to anterior cranial fossa, pterygoid plates, sphenoid or frontal sinuses. T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: orbital apex, dura, brain, middle cranial fossa, cranial nerves other than maxillary division of trigeminal nerve, nasopharynx, or clivus. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage IV Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage I Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Cancer
Stage I Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma AJCC v6
Stage I Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma AJCC v7
Stage I Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Stage I Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage I Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage I Undifferentiated Oropharyngeal Throat Cancer
Stage II Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Cancer
Stage II Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma
Stage II Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma AJCC v6
Stage II Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma AJCC v7
Stage II Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Stage II Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage II Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II Undifferentiated Oropharyngeal Throat Cancer
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 centimeters in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Cancer
Stage III Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage III Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma
Stage III Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma AJCC v7
Stage III Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Stage III Undifferentiated Oropharyngeal Throat Cancer
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Tumor with moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades the larynx, extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible. Mucosal extension to lingual surface of epiglottis from primary tumors of the base of the tongue and vallecula does not constitute invasion of larynx. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 centimeters in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis. T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease. Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Cancer
Stage IV Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma
Stage IV Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma AJCC v7
Stage IV Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Stage IV Undifferentiated Oropharyngeal Throat Cancer
The reemergence of oropharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Recurrent Oropharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma
Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Microscopically confirmed peritoneal tumor outside pelvis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th Ed.)
Stage III Primary Peritoneal Cancer AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis (excludes peritoneal metastasis). (AJCC 7th Ed.)
Stage IV Primary Peritoneal Cancer AJCC v7
Grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis that occurs in adulthood.
Adult Grade III Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Myelodysplastic syndrome that occurs in adulthood.
Nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma that occurs in adulthood.
Adult Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
An ependymal tumor that occurs during childhood.
A mixed glioma that occurs during childhood.
A pineal parenchymal cell neoplasm that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Pineal Parenchymal Cell Neoplasm
Angiofollicular lymphoid hyperplasia that presents with localized lymphadenopathy.
Localized Angiofollicular Lymphoid Hyperplasia
A cerebellar anaplastic astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Cerebellar Anaplastic Astrocytoma
A cerebral anaplastic astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Cerebral Anaplastic Astrocytoma
An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered
An ependymoblastoma that occurs during childhood.
Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered
Grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Grade III Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
A carcinoma that arises from the distal part of the urethra.
Germ cell tumor that arises from the testis and is diagnosed in at least two relatives.
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in a patient who has at least one first degree relative with either Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia or another B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.
Neuroblastoma inherited from a parent and caused by mutations in the ALK or PHOX2B genes. Familial neuroblastomas have a higher incidence of multiple primary tumors and are diagnosed at an earlier age.
A well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the digestive system and has spread to other anatomic sites.
Metastatic Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor G1
Metastatic Digestive System Neuroendocrine Tumor G1
Metastatic Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor
A mixed glioma that occurs during adulthood.
A myxopapillary ependymoma that occurs during adulthood.
A soft tissue sarcoma that occurs during childhood and has not spread beyond its original site of growth.
Non-Metastatic Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma
A soft tissue sarcoma that occurs during childhood, and has not spread beyond its original site of growth.
A pineal gland astrocytoma that occurs during adulthood.
A carcinoma that arises from the proximal part of the urethra.
The part of the urethra that is closer to the bladder.
The part of the urethra that is close to the bladder.
The part of the urethra that is closer to the external urethral orifice.
The reemergence of grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis in adulthood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Adult Grade III Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Recurrent Grade III Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
The reemergence of undifferentiated high grade pleomorphic sarcoma of bone in adulthood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Adult Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Recurrent Adult Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Recurrent Adult Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Recurrent Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
The reemergence of borderline ovarian epithelial tumor after a period of remission.
Recurrent Borderline Ovarian Surface Epithelial-Stromal Tumor
The reemergence of anaplastic astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Anaplastic Astrocytoma
The reemergence of anaplastic large cell lymphoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Recurrent Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
The reemergence of anaplastic oligoastrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma
The reemergence of anaplastic oligodendroglioma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
The reemergence of diffuse astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of fibrillary astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Fibrillary Astrocytoma
The reemergence of gemistocytic astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Gemistocytic Astrocytoma
The reemergence of giant cell glioblastoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Giant Cell Glioblastoma
The reemergence of glioblastoma in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of gliosarcoma in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of gliomatosis cerebri in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Grade III Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
The reemergence of undifferentiated high grade pleomorphic sarcoma of bone in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Recurrent Childhood Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Recurrent Childhood Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma
The reemergence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
The reemergence of oligoastrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of oligodendroglioma in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of pilocytic astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Pilocytic Astrocytoma
The reemergence of pilomyxoid astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
The reemergence of pineoblastoma in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
The reemergence of protoplasmic astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Protoplasmic Astrocytoma
The reemergence of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Recurrent Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
The reemergence of supratentorial embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Recurrent Childhood Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Recurrent Childhood Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, NOS
Recurrent Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
The reemergence of olfactory neuroblastoma after a period of remission.
The reemergence of malignant extragonadal germ cell tumor after a period of remission.
Recurrent Malignant Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor
The reemergence of malignant extragonadal non-seminomatous germ cell tumor after a period of remission.
Recurrent Malignant Extragonadal Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
The reemergence of extragonadal seminoma after a period of remission.
The reemergence of fallopian tube carcinoma after a period of remission.
The reemergence of grade I lymphomatoid granulomatosis after a period of remission.
Recurrent Grade I Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
The reemergence of grade II lymphomatoid granulomatosis after a period of remission.
Recurrent Grade II Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
The reemergence of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Cancer
Recurrent Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
The reemergence of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome after a period of remission.
Recurrent Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome
Recurrent Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
The reemergence of Merkel cell carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Skin
The reemergence of primary peritoneal carcinoma after a period of remission.
The reemergence of lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Recurrent Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The reemergence of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus squamous cell carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Cancer
Recurrent Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The reemergence of combined thymic epithelial neoplasm after a period of remission.
Recurrent Combined Thymic Epithelial Neoplasm
The reemergence of renal neoplasm in childhood after a period of remission.
Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood and is resistant to treatment.
A subependymoma that occurs during adulthood.
Infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder which is associated with the presence of in situ or infiltrating urethral carcinoma.
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Cancer Associated with Urethral Cancer
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Associated with Urethral Carcinoma
An undifferentiated high grade pleomorphic sarcoma of bone that occurs in adulthood and has not spread to other anatomic sites.
Localized Adult Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Localized Adult Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Localized Adult Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
An undifferentiated high grade pleomorphic sarcoma of bone that occurs in childhood and has not spread to other anatomic sites.
Localized Childhood Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Localized Childhood Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone
Localized Childhood Undifferentiated High Grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Histologically it resembles intestinal carcinoma or adenoma. It is associated with lengthy occupational exposure to dust.
Intestinal-Type Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma
A very rare small cell carcinoma that arises from the kidney. The prognosis is poor.
A very rare small cell carcinoma that arises from the nose and paranasal sinuses.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Small Cell Neuroendocrine Cancer
A grade I or grade II astrocytic tumor. This category includes pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (grade I), and diffuse astrocytoma (grade II).
Neurological conditions resulting in abnormal voluntary or involuntary movement, which may impact the speed, fluency, quality and ease of movement.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the male reproductive system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the female reproductive system.
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of an FGF family gene.
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the FGFR gene.
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the TP53 gene.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the ears, nose, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, or throat.
A plasmacytoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells with anaplastic features.
A rare carcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic bile ducts and is composed of malignant glandular cells and malignant squamous cells.
The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, giving a bulging appearance.
The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit.
A rare colorectal carcinoma that occurs during childhood.
A colorectal carcinoma occurring during childhood.
A rare breast carcinoma that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoid tumor that occurs during childhood.
A carcinoid tumor that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the larynx that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the esophagus that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the stomach that occurs during childhood.
A gastric carcinoma occurring during childhood.
A rare non-small cell carcinoma of the lung that occurs during childhood.
A rare small cell carcinoma of the lung that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the bladder that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the nasal cavity that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the paranasal sinus that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the parathyroid gland that occurs during childhood.
A carcinoma of the penis that occurs during adulthood.
A rare malignant neoplasm of the penis that occurs during childhood.
A rare pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Adrenal Gland Pheochromocytoma
A rare carcinoma of the rectum that occurs during childhood.
A rare carcinoma of the salivary gland that occurs during childhood.
A carcinoma of the salivary gland that occurs during adulthood.
A rare malignant small intestinal neoplasm that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Malignant Small Intestinal Neoplasm
A rare carcinoma of the thyroid gland that occurs during childhood.
Malignant tumor occurring in the thyroid gland in children. There are 3 types: papillary, follicular and medullary.
A papillary or follicular thyroid gland carcinoma with a genetic component that develops within the same family. Current studies suggest that it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. It is often multifocal and bilateral and usually affects younger patients.
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Bleeding originating from any part of the digestive system.
An inherited syndrome characterized by the development of several cancers, particularly colon and rectal cancers. It includes Lynch syndrome which is associated with germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes and familial colorectal cancer type X which is characterized by the absence of germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes.
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
An inherited disorder in which affected individuals have a higher-than-normal chance of developing colorectal cancer and certain other types of cancer, often before the age of 50.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer characterized by the absence of germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes.
A malignant neoplasm that does not respond to treatment.
Cancer that does not respond to treatment. The cancer may be resistant at the beginning of treatment, or it may become resistant during treatment.
The development of normal male puberty due to testosterone effect or the abnormal development of male secondary sexual characteristics in children and females due to excessive androgens.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the renal parenchyma but not the pelvis.
Malignant Neoplasm of Kidney Except Pelvis
An infiltrating lipoma that affects skeletal muscle. It has a higher rate of local recurrence.
An adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
A non-malignant pituitary tumor that produces follicle stimulating hormone.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone-Producing Adenoma
An adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces luteinizing hormone (LH).
A non-malignant pituitary tumor that produces luteinizing hormone.
A rapidly growing, poorly circumscribed, mass-forming proliferation that arises from the skeletal muscle. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, round ganglion-like cells, myxoid to collagenous stroma formation, and high mitotic activity. It recurs only rarely following local excision and does not metastasize.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of the short arm (p11) of chromosome 11 and the short arm (p11) of chromosome 16. It results in a FUS-CREB3L1 fusion.
A fibrohistiocytic neoplasm that metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
A rare leiomyosarcoma that arises from the deep soft tissue in the retroperitoneum or abdominal cavity.
A leiomyosarcoma arising from an anatomic site other than skin.
A term that refers to germinoma, seminoma, or dysgerminoma.
A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of primitive, large germ cells and lymphocytes. These tumors (germinoma, seminoma, or dysgerminoma) are histologically identical, and are distinguished only by their location.
A term that refers to teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, or mixed forms of these tumors.
A germ cell tumor other than a pure germinoma. These tumors (choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and mixed germ cell tumor) are histologically distinct from one another.
Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Including Central Nervous System
An uncommon variant of rhabdomyosarcoma with spindle cell or sclerosing morphology. It affects both children and adults and it is more common in males.
Spindle Cell/Sclerosing Rhabdomyosarcoma
An uncommon variant of rhabdomyosarcoma with sclerosing morphology. It usually arises from the limbs.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of a mixture of embryonal and alveolar components in a rhabdomyosarcoma.
Mixture of Embryonal and Alveolar Features Present
An intermediate, rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm that more frequently affects young adult males and usually arises in the lower limbs. In approximately half of the affected patients the tumor is painful and in two-thirds of the patients the tumor is multifocal. Morphologically it is characterized by the presence of sheets and fascicles of spindle cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei. Cytologic atypia is usually mild. Approximately 60% of the patients develop local recurrences or additional tumors in the same anatomic region.
Epithelioid Sarcoma-Like Hemangioendothelioma
Pseudomyogenic (Epithelioid Sarcoma-Like) Hemangioendothelioma
A fusion protein that results from a t(1;3)(p36;q23-25). This fusion protein expression is seen in virtually all cases of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and is unique to this neoplasm.
An angiosarcoma that arises from the soft tissues, usually in the deep muscles of the lower extremities, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, and mesentery.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(1;3)(p36;q23-25) which fuses the first 2, 3 or 4 exons of the WWTR1 gene to the upstream side of either exon 8 or exon 9 of the CAMTA1 gene. This fusion is associated with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.
The WWTR1/CAMTA1 fusion has not been detected in any of the morphological mimics of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, such as epithelioid hemangioma, epithelioid angiosarcoma, or pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma. The reciprocal CAMTA1/WWTR1 transcript has not been described.
WW Domain Containing Transcription Regulator 1-Calmodulin Binding Transcription Activator 1 Fusion Gene
WW Domain Containing Transcription Regulator 1/Calmodulin Binding Transcription Activator 1 Fusion Gene
A common, usually encapsulated benign nerve sheath tumor composed of well-differentiated Schwann cells.
A pituitary gland microadenoma not associated with a hormonal syndrome.
Non-Functioning Pituitary Gland Microadenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor with diameter less than 10 millimeters that does not secrete pituitary hormone(s).
A pituitary gland microadenoma associated with a hormonal syndrome.
Functioning Pituitary Gland Microadenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor with diameter less than 10 millimeters that secretes pituitary hormone(s).
A usually painless, slow growing benign tumor that most often arises from the extremities. It is characterized by the presence of abundant myxoid matrix and small epithelioid neoplastic Schwann cells.
A benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor characterized by the presence of Schwann cells, axons, and perineurial fibroblasts. It usually arises from the skin of the head and neck or the oral mucosa. It presents as a solitary and painless nodular mass.
A benign nerve sheath tumor characterized by the combination of histologic features seen in schwannomas, neurofibromas, and perineuriomas.
Nerve Sheath Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
A pituitary gland macroadenoma associated with a hormonal syndrome.
Functioning Pituitary Gland Macroadenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor with diameter 10 millimeters or greater that secretes pituitary hormone(s).
A pituitary gland macroadenoma not associated with a hormonal syndrome.
Non-Functioning Pituitary Gland Macroadenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor with diameter 10 millimeters or greater that does not secrete pituitary hormone(s).
A soft tissue tumor of uncertain differentiation which is locally aggressive but rarely metastasizes.
Intermediate Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation
Intermediate Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Uncertain Differentiation
Expression of fusion protein EWSR1-CREB1 resulting from a t(2;22)(q33;q12). It is present in the vast majority of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma cases.
A benign myoepithelioma characterized by the presence of a minor ductal component.
A malignant myoepithelioma characterized by the presence of a minor ductal component.
Malignant Mixed Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
A term that refers to a heterogeneous group of uncommon soft tissue sarcomas that do not show an identifiable line of differentiation using currently available technologies. This is a diagnosis of exclusion and includes undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (also known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma), undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma, undifferentiated round cell sarcoma, and undifferentiated epithelioid sarcoma.
Undifferentiated/Unclassified Soft Tissue Sarcoma
An undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the presence of a malignant spindle cell infiltrate with amphophilic or palely eosinophilic cytoplasm.
An undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the presence of a malignant cellular infiltrate with epithelioid morphology.
An undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma which cannot be further characterized.
Undifferentiated Sarcoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A laboratory finding indicating that the line of differentiation in a cellular infiltrate cannot be identified.
A group of lesions that affect the bone and have the appearance and cytogenetic or molecular characteristics of neoplasms but the clinical behavior is suggestive of a non-neoplastic process.
Bone Tumor of Undefined Neoplastic Nature
A benign lesion that usually affects the proximal small bones of the hands or feet. Grossly it consists of a cartilage cap and a bony stalk. Microscopically it is characterized by the presence of spindle cells, cartilage, and bone, usually in a disorganized pattern compared to subungual exostosis. Enlarged (bizarre) chondrocytes are present in the cartilage. Swelling with or without pain is present. Recurrences following resection have been reported in approximately half of cases.
Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation
A locally aggressive or rarely metastasizing cartilaginous matrix-producing neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic chondrocytes.
An intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of increased cellularity and a greater degree of nuclear atypia and hyperchromasia as compared to grade I chondrosarcoma. Mitotic figures can be detected.
A high-grade chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of higher cellularity and a greater degree of nuclear atypia and pleomorphism as compared to grade II chondrosarcoma. Mitotic figures are easily detected.
A chondrosarcoma that arises in a pre-existing enchondroma.
A rare tumor-like lesion of the hands and feet characterized by the presence of hemorrhagic fibrous tissue, hemosiderin deposition, osteoclast-like giant cells which are irregularly distributed, and reactive bone formation. Pain and swelling are the most frequent symptoms. It may recur following curettage, but is usually cured after a second procedure.
An intraosseous benign tumor of notochord origin that arises in the bones of the base of the skull, vertebral bodies, sacrum or coccyx. It contains vacuolated tumor cells without atypia, but lacks myxoid matrix, necrosis, and lobular architecture, which are features that characterize its malignant counterpart, chordoma. Most lesions are incidental findings.
Intraosseous Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal rearrangement involving 8q21.1 and 8q13.3 which fuses the first 4 exons of the HEY1 gene in frame with exon 13 of the NCOA2 gene. This fusion is associated with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
An osteoma that develops on the surface of the bone.
An osteoma that develops in the medullary cavity of the bone.
A non-metastasizing, locally aggressive, bone-forming neoplasm.
A locally aggressive or rarely metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the bone.
A tumor histologically indistinguishable from, but larger than, benign fibrous histiocytoma of bone. It usually arises from the metaphysis of long bones.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the bone, without lymph node or other extranodal involvement. The femur, spine, and pelvic bones are the most frequently affected areas. The majority of cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Most patients present with pain in the affected area. Systemic symptoms are rare.
Primary Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Bone
A benign but locally aggressive giant cell tumor that arises from the bone.
Intermediate Osteoclastic Giant Cell-Rich Tumor of Bone
Intermediate Osteoclastic Giant Cell-Rich Tumor of the Bone
A benign but locally aggressive tumor that arises from the bone and is composed of mononuclear cells admixed with macrophages and osteoclast-like giant cells. It usually arises from the ends of long bones or the vertebrae. Clinical presentation includes pain, edema, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.
A benign neoplasm of bone comprised of giant cells (osteoclast-like) and mononuclear cells.
A giant cell tumor that arises from the bone and is characterized by the presence of a malignant cellular component.
Malignant Osteoclastic Giant Cell-Rich Tumor of Bone
A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm arising from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells. The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.
A benign, unilateral tumor that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of conspicuous microcystic changes, cellular areas, and a fibrous stroma.
A very rare, nonrhabdoid, intraventricular tumor with relatively favorable prognosis. It is characterized by the presence of neuroepithelial cells forming cribriform patterns, trabeculae, epithelial membrane antigen immunopositivity on epithelial surfaces, and loss of nuclear INI 1 expression.
An immunohistochemical finding indicating negative staining of tumor cells for INI 1 protein, resulting from the inactivation of the INI 1 tumor suppressor gene.
Loss of SWI/SNF-Related Matrix-Associated Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin Subfamily B Member 1 Protein Expression
A rare vascular malformation in the cerebral cortex and overlying leptomeninges. It can occur sporadically or in association with neurofibromatosis type 2.
Gene expression-based patient cluster groups in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Gene Expression Profile
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Gene Expression Subtype
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Gene Expression Signature
A leukemia subtype characterized by a gene-expression profile similar to that of BCR-ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, alterations of lymphoid transcription factor genes, and a poor outcome.
A subtype of high risk B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in which patients have a gene-expression profile similar to that of BCR-ABL1 positive ALL, but who all lack the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Similar to patients with BCR-ABL1 positive ALL, patients with Ph-like ALL frequently harbor alterations in lymphoid transcription factors. This is clinically important because of the presence of kinase-activating alterations that are amenable to treatment with currently available tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This subtype occurs in 10-15% of pediatric ALL patients and increases in frequency with age.
Philadelphia-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
BCR-ABL1-like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
A gene expression subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia characterized by its expression level of the DDIT4L gene.
Unique gene expression-based patient cluster groups in high-risk B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia determined by Recognition of Outliers by Sampling Ends (ROSE).
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by ROSE Cluster
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Gene Expression Cluster
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ROSE Cluster
A human biological structure, fluid or other substance; excludes single molecular entities.
Anatomic Structure, System, or Substance
The roof of the oral cavity. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
The roof of the mouth. The front portion is bony (hard palate), and the back portion is muscular (soft palate).
A fusion gene that results from a heterozygous deletion in chromosome 19 that fuses the first 1 or 2 exons of the DNAJB1 gene in frame with exon 2 of the PRKACA gene. This fusion is associated with fibrolamellar carcinoma.
A finding indicating the involvement of sites other than the bone marrow by a hematopoietic neoplasm.
A finding indicating the involvement of the bone marrow and other anatomic sites, which may include the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and/or extranodal sites, by a hematopoietic neoplasm.
Bone Marrow and Extramedullary Involvement
An acute lymphoblastic or acute myeloid leukemia that occurs in infancy.
Leukemia diagnosed at less than one year of age.
A benign or malignant lesion that occurs in infancy.
An acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs in infancy.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurring in children less than one year of age. The majority of the cases are associated with t(11q23)/MLL (Mixed Lineage Leukemia) gene rearrangements.
An acute lymphoblastic leukemia with rearrangement of the MLL gene that occurs in infancy.
Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with MLL Rearrangement
A type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is seen more frequently in infants younger than six months of age, as compared to those between six months of age and one year; it is characterized by very high white blood cell counts and increased incidence of central nervous system involvement.
Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with MLL Gene Rearrangement
An acute lymphoblastic leukemia without rearrangement of the KMT2A gene that occurs in infancy.
Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia without KMT2A Gene Rearrangement
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) occurring in children less than 1 year of age; leukemic blasts show germline MLL gene configuration.
Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia without MLL Gene Rearrangement
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the KMT2A gene.
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the MLL gene. MLL gene rearrangements occur in approximately 20% of children with acute myeloid leukemia.
Lysine (K)-Specific Methyltransferase 2A Gene Rearrangement
Myeloid/Lymphoid or Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (Trithorax Homolog, Drosophila) Gene Rearrangement
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs in childhood and does not respond to treatment.
Refractory Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute myeloid leukemias that occur in childhood and do not fulfill the criteria for inclusion in the group of acute myeloid leukemias which have recurrent genetic abnormalities or myelodysplastic changes, or are therapy-related. This category includes entities classified according to the French-American-British classification scheme.
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia Not Otherwise Specified
Acute myeloid leukemias that occur during childhood and do not fulfill the criteria for inclusion in the group of acute myeloid leukemias that have recurrent genetic abnormalities, myelodysplastic changes, or are therapy-related. This category includes entities classified according to the French-American-British classification scheme.
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Not Otherwise Specified
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Not Otherwise Characterized
A congenital pouch in the distal ileum. It may cause painless rectal bleeding and bowel obstruction.
Myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by decreased cellularity in the bone marrow.
Acute myeloid leukemia not associated with cytogenetic abnormalities.
Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia characterized by the presence of t(8;21)(q22;q22) or inv(16)(p13q22)/t(16;16)(p13;q22). These cytogenetic abnormalities result in disruption of the transcription factor CBF, which is a regulator of normal hematopoiesis.
Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia
A chromosomal translocation involving the ETV6 gene on chromosome 12p13 and HLXB9 gene on chromosome 7q36.
An acute myeloid leukemia in infancy characterized by t(7;12)(q36;p13) and fusion of the homeobox gene HLXB9 (MNX1) with the ETV6 gene.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(7;12)(q36;p13); HLXB9-ETV6
An acute myeloid leukemia in infancy characterized by t(7;12)(q36;p13) and fusion of the homeobox gene HLXB9 with the ETV6 gene. This is seen in 3% of children with AML.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(7;12)(q36;p13); MNX1-ETV6
An acute myeloid leukemia associated with inv(3)(q21.3q26.2) resulting in the reposition of a distal GATA2 enhancer to activate MECOM expression. It may present de novo or follow a myelodysplastic syndrome. The clinical course is aggressive.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with inv(3) (q21.3;q26.2); GATA2, MECOM
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with inv(3)(q21q26.2); RPN1-EVI1
An acute myeloid leukemia associated with t(3;3)(q21.3;q26.2) resulting in the reposition of a distal GATA2 enhancer to activate MECOM expression. It may present de novo or follow a myelodysplastic syndrome. The clinical course is aggressive.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(3;3) (q21.3;q26.2); GATA2, MECOM
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(3;3)(q21;q26.2); RPN1-EVI1
A rare acute myeloid leukemia that occurs in childhood and is characterized primarily by deletions of 5q.
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Abnormalities of Chromosome 5q
Childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized primarily by deletions of 5q(-5/5q-). This subtype occurs in 2% of children with AML.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with Abnormalities of Chromosome 5q
Childhood AML with Abnormalities of Chromosome 5q
A rare acute myeloid leukemia that occurs in childhood and is characterized by deletion of chromosome 7.
Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Abnormalities of Chromosome 7
Childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by deletion of chromosome 7. This subgroup occurs in 4% of children with AML.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with Abnormalities of Chromosome 7
Childhood AML with Abnormalities of Chromosome 7
The upper part of the larynx, including the epiglottis; the area above the vocal cords.
The upper part of the larynx (voice box), including the epiglottis; the area above the vocal cords.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal rearrangement involving 12q13.3 and 12q13 which fuses the first 6 exons of the NAB2 gene in frame with exon 3, 17, or 18 of the STAT6 gene. This fusion is associated with solitary fibrous tumors.
The back of the abdomen where the kidneys lie and the great blood vessels run.
The region of the abdomen outside the peritoneum, where the kidneys lie and the great blood vessels run.
A lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of mildly and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma cells across the alveolar walls with at least one focus of invasive carcinoma measuring more than 5 mm in greatest dimension.
The accessory structures of the uterus, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, broad ligament, and the ovarian and uterine ligaments.
The failure of one or both testes of a male fetus to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during the late part of pregnancy. If not surgically corrected in early childhood, males may be at increased risk for testicular cancer later in life.
A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Undescended testicles may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer.
The persistent failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum.
A rare, autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the DICER1 gene. People with this syndrome are at an increased risk of developing pleuropulmonary blastoma, cystic nephroma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary, and multinodular goiter.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by mutation of the RET gene. It includes the following neoplastic processes: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, and hereditary thyroid gland medullary carcinoma.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of an invasive component of carcinoma cells that measures more than 5 mm in greatest dimension.
Invasive Focus of Carcinoma Cells Measuring More Than 5 mm Present
A rare, low-grade carcinoma of the salivary gland with favorable clinical outcome. It usually arises from the parotid gland and less often from the minor salivary glands. It shares the same histopathologic features and molecular characteristics (ETV6 gene rearrangement) with secretory breast carcinoma.
Mammary Analog Secretory Carcinoma of Salivary Gland
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis that occurs during childhood.
An Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in children that nearly always affects the lungs, with skin involvement in 50% of the cases. Morphologically, three grades are recognized: grade I, II, and III.
The reemergence of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
An extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Childhood Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of MALT
Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs during childhood and involves the bone marrow, spleen, liver, or lung.
Childhood Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis with Risk Organ Involvement
Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs during childhood, and involves the bone marrow, spleen, liver, or lung.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs during childhood and does not involve the bone marrow, spleen, liver, or lung.
Childhood Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis without Risk Organ Involvement
Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs during childhood, and which does not involve the bone marrow, spleen, liver, or lung.
A periosteal osteosarcoma occurring in childhood.
A periosteal osteosarcoma occurring during childhood.
Any one of three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Any one of three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. (NCI)
The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
The glandular tissue of the breast. In females, it is composed of numerous lobules with alveolar ducts and alveoli. In males, it is composed of rudimentary glands.
An alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of chromosomal translocation t(1;13)(p36;q14) that results in PAX7-FOXO1 gene fusion; or translocation t(2;13)(q35;q14) that results in PAX3-FOXO1 gene fusion. Approximately 80% of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas are fusion-positive.
Fusion-Positive Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
A subtype of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma associated with translocations between the FOXO1 gene on chromosome 13, and either the PAX3 gene on chromosome 2 (t(2;13)(q35;q14)) or the PAX7 gene on chromosome 1 (t(1:13)(p36;q14)).
Fusion Gene Positive Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
An alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the absence of chromosomal translocation t(1;13)(p36;q14) or t(2;13)(q35;q14) and therefore the absence of PAX7-FOXO1 or PAX3-FOXO1 gene fusion.
Fusion-Negative Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
A subtype of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma that is not associated with translocations of the FOXO1 gene. Fusion gene-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is clinically and molecularly indistinguishable from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
Fusion Gene Negative Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
A rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of chromosomal translocation t(1;13)(p36;q14) that results in PAX7-FOXO1 gene fusion; or translocation t(2;13)(q35;q14) that results in PAX3-FOXO1 gene fusion.
A rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the absence of chromosomal translocation t(1;13)(p36;q14) or t(2;13)(q35;q14) and therefore the absence of PAX7-FOXO1 or PAX3-FOXO1 gene fusion.
Malignant germ cell tumor resistant to treatment.
An immature teratoma occurring in children.
A mature teratoma occurring in children.
A germinomatous germ cell tumor occurring in children.
A nongerminomatous germ cell tumor occurring in children.
Childhood Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
A non-germinomatous germ cell tumor occurring in children.
Childhood Non-Germinomatous Germ Cell Tumor
A nongerminomatous germ cell tumor that arises in the ovary and occurs in children.
Childhood Ovarian Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
A non-germinomatous germ cell tumor that arises from the ovary during childhood.
Childhood Ovarian Non-Germinomatous Germ Cell Tumor
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of a malignant tumor composed of germinoma, dysgerminoma, or seminoma germ cells.
Germinomatous Malignant Cellular Infiltrate
A papillary thyroid gland carcinoma occurring in childhood. RET/PTC gene rearrangements are more common in children than adults.
Childhood Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma
A papillary thyroid carcinoma occurring during childhood. The RET/PTC gene rearrangements are more common in children than adults.
A follicular thyroid gland carcinoma occurring in childhood.
Childhood Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma
A follicular thyroid carcinoma occurring during childhood.
A medullary thyroid gland carcinoma occurring in childhood.
Childhood Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
A medullary thyroid carcinoma occurring during childhood.
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) occurring in childhood. Pediatric GISTs differ biologically from adult GISTs in that only 11% of pediatric GISTs have activating mutations of KIT and PDGFRA.
Childhood Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor occurring during childhood. Pediatric GIST differ biologically from adult GIST in that only 11% of pediatric GIST have activating mutations of KIT and PDGFRA.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the kidney and occurs in childhood.
A malignant renal tumor occurring during childhood.
A small intestinal leiomyosarcoma occurring in childhood.
Childhood Small Intestinal Leiomyosarcoma
A small intestinal leiomyosarcoma occurring during childhood.
Childhood Small Intestine Leiomyosarcoma
A small intestinal carcinoma occurring in childhood.
A small intestinal carcinoma occurring during childhood.
A small endocrine gland in the brain, situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum, that secretes melatonin.
A small endocrine gland that arises from the central posterior aspect of the diencephalon.
A tiny organ in the cerebrum that produces melatonin.
The organs involved in the creation and excretion of urine.
The organs involved in the creation and excretion of urine. (NCI)
The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
A pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation
A myxopapillary ependymoma that occurs during childhood.
A neuroblastoma that occurs during childhood.
A ganglioneuroblastoma that occurs during childhood.
A cerebral ganglioneuroblastoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Ganglioneuroblastoma
Central Nervous System Ganglioneuroblastoma
An intermixed ganglioneuroblastoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Ganglioneuroblastoma, Intermixed
Childhood Intermixed Ganglioneuroblastoma
A nodular ganglioneuroblastoma that occurs during childhood.
An astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
An atypical choroid plexus papilloma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma
A choroid plexus carcinoma that occurs during childhood.
An anaplastic ependymoma that occurs during childhood.
Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels or other supporting tissue of the body.
Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body.
A neoplastic cell containing cytoplasmic mucin. The presence of mucin pushes the nucleus of the cell to the periphery, assuming a configuration resembling a signet ring.
The portion of the skull that forms the floor on which the brain lies. The internal surface of the cranial base has three large depressions that lie on different levels known as the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.
A region in the brain that is located below the tentorium cerebelli and contains the cerebellum.
The part of the brain below the tentorium cerebellum. (NCI)
The part of the brain above the tentorium cerebellum.
The part of the brain above the tentorium cerebellum. (NCI)
A general term describing the three cellular components of blood (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets), all which are made in the bone marrow. (Lymphoma Information Network Glossary)
A type of white blood cell that helps stimulate immune system reactions. Helper T cells help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages by secreting cytokines. They also stimulate B cells to make antibodies.
A subset of T-lymphocytes that express the CD8 surface glycoprotein and bind epitopes that are part of class I histocompatibility molecules. CD8-positive T-lymphocytes include cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.
A non-epithelial cell of mesodermal origin that is found in mesenchymal tissue and functions to support, surround, or protect other structures or organs in the body.
A type of macrophage that ingests low-density lipoproteins found in fatty deposits on blood vessel walls, resulting in a foamy appearance.
The reemergence of myelodysplastic syndrome after a period of remission.
Recurrent Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes
Relapsed or Refractory High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome
A morphologic variant of glioblastoma characterized by the presence of a highly proliferative and monotonous population of malignant small glial cells.
A rare B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is characterized by the abnormal rearrangement of two genes, MYC gene and either BCL2 or BCL6 genes. Patients with this type of lymphoma usually respond poorly to standard treatments and have a poor prognosis.
High Grade B-Cell Lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 or BCL6 Rearrangements
A large cell-like structure formed by the joining together of two or more cells. The plural is syncytia.
An abnormally large cell with more than one nucleus, generally seen in the testis. (INHAND)
An urothelial carcinoma which has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.
Metastatic Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract
An acute undifferentiated leukemia that occurs in infancy.
An acute biphenotypic leukemia that occurs in infancy.
A T acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs in infancy.
Infant Precursor T Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Infant Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia
The reemergence of glioblastoma after a period of remission.
The reemergence of bladder urothelial carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs in adulthood and does not respond to treatment.
Refractory Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
A non-metastasizing cystic mixed epithelial neoplasm that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of more than one epithelial cell type, most often serous and endocervical-type mucinous.
A non-metastasizing mixed epithelial neoplasm that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of more than one epithelial cell type, most often serous and endocervical-type mucinous and prominent fibrous stroma..
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the gastroesophageal junction. It is characterized by the presence of malignant large cells.
Gastroesophageal Junction Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the gastroesophageal junction. According to the size of the malignant cells, the prominence of the nucleoli, and the amount of cytoplasm, it is classified either as small or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
Gastroesophageal Junction Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the gastroesophageal junction. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Gastroesophageal Junction Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A rare benign mesothelial tumor that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of gland-like structures.
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia characterized by the rearrangement of the PDGFRA gene, most often resulting in the formation of FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion transcripts.
Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia with FIP1L1-PDGFRA
A serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the lining of the peritoneum. It is characterized by high grade histopathologic features.
Primary Peritoneal High Grade Serous Adenocarcinoma
Primary Peritoneal High-Grade Serous Adenocarcinoma
A serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the lining of the peritoneum. It is characterized by low grade histopathologic features.
Primary Peritoneal Low Grade Serous Adenocarcinoma
Primary Peritoneal Low-Grade Serous Adenocarcinoma
A desmoplastic small round cell tumor that occurs in the abdominal and/or pelvic peritoneum.
Peritoneal Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
A rare, usually benign fibroblastic neoplasm that arises from the peritoneum. It is characterized by the presence of prominent hemangiopericytoma-like vessels.
Fibromatosis that occurs in the pelvis. It affects almost always females. It is characterized by the presence of elongated spindle-shaped fibroblasts, collagenous stroma formation, and an infiltrative growth pattern. It recurs if incompletely resected but lacks metastatic potential.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that arises from the abdominal cavity.
Abdominal Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
A non-invasive serous carcinoma arising from the fallopian tube.
A rapidly growing serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of high grade cytologic features and frequent mitotic figures.
High Grade Fallopian Tube Serous Adenocarcinoma
A slow-growing serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of low grade cytologic features and infrequent mitotic figures.
Low Grade Fallopian Tube Serous Adenocarcinoma
An exceedingly rare lymphoma that arises from the fallopian tube.
A carcinoma that arises from the head and neck and has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the uterine ligament.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the uterine ligament.
Chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 95 Gene
A recently proposed term intended to replace the existing term of noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid gland carcinoma. The nomenclature change results in removal of the term carcinoma from this group of neoplasms. These neoplasms are characterized by the absence of capsular or vascular invasion; a follicular growth pattern with less than 1% papillae; no evidence of high mitotic activity (3 or less mitoses/10HPF); nuclear features of papillary thyroid gland carcinoma; and the absence of tumor necrosis or psammoma bodies. The prognosis is good.
Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features
A benign or malignant thyroid tumor arising from follicular cells.
Noninvasive Encapsulated Follicular Variant Papillary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Noninvasive Encapsulated Follicular Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma
Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Gland Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features
A type of cell that appears in people with Hodgkin's disease. The number of these cells increases as the disease advances.
The two mucous secreting glands on either side of the vaginal opening.
A high-grade carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells which bear minimal resemblance to the cells from which they arose.
Oropharyngeal Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Oropharyngeal Throat Cancer
A high-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx. It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.
An epithelial neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the uterine corpus. It includes carcinoid tumor, small cell carcinoma pulmonary type, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A high grade neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the endometrium. It is composed of large polygonal cells arranged in well-demarcated nests, trabeculae or cords with peripheral palisading.
Endometrial Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A very rare and well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the uterine corpus.
Uterine Corpus Well Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor, Grade 1
The system that transports bile from the hepatocytes in the liver to the small intestine. It is comprised of the intrahepatic bile ducts, hepatic ducts, common bile duct, cystic duct, and the gallbladder.
The duct system that transports bile from its origination by hepatocytes in the liver to the small intestine. It is comprised of the common bile duct that connects the liver and gall bladder to the small intestine and the cystic duct that connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct. (NCI)
The organs and ducts that make and store bile (a fluid made by the liver that helps digest fat), and release it into the small intestine. The biliary tract includes the gallbladder and bile ducts inside and outside the liver.
A variation in the amino acid sequence for the mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit protein.
Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit Protein Variant
Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Kit Protein Variant
Stem Cell Factor Receptor Protein Variant
Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Kit Protein Variant
A rare, high grade sarcoma that arises from the endometrial stroma. It is characterized by round cell morphology. It was previously also known as undifferentiated uterine sarcoma. In 2014, high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma was reclassified and is currently considered a distinct and rare neoplasm. It appears to have a prognosis that falls between low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma.
Uterine Corpus High Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
A usually benign neoplasm that arises from the uterine corpus. It resembles ovarian sex cord tumors. It lacks a component of recognizable endometrial stroma and the JAZF1-SUZ12 fusion which is characteristic of the endometrial stromal neoplasms.
Uterine Corpus Tumor Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumor
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of the long arm (q22) of chromosome 10 and the short arm (p13) of chromosome 17. It results in an YWHAE-FAM22 fusion. It has been described in high grade endometrial stromal sarcomas and a subset of clear cell sarcomas of the kidney.
Expression of fusion protein YWHAE-FAM22 transcripts resulting from a t(10;17)(q22;p13). The translocation results in rearrangement of the YWHAE gene on chromosome 17 and FAM22 gene on chromosome 10. It has been described in high grade endometrial stromal sarcomas and a subset of clear cell sarcomas of the kidney.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(10;17)(q22;p13) which fuses the exon 5 the YWHAE gene with exon 2 of the FAM22A (NUTM2A), FAM22B (NUTM2B), or FAM22E (NUTM2E) gene. These fusions are associated with high grade endometrial stromal sarcomas and clear cell sarcomas of the kidney.
A rare malignant heterologous neoplasm with skeletal muscle differentiation arising from the uterine corpus. It usually manifests with vaginal bleeding. The prognosis is poor.
A benign or malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the uterine corpus. Representative examples include teratoma and yolk sac tumor.
A malignant solid neoplasm that has recurred after a period of remission.
A malignant solid neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A pituitary gland adenoma composed of acidophilic cells that produce both growth hormone and prolactin. It is characterized by the detection of growth hormone and prolactin within the same acidophilic cell, or an admixture of acidophilic and chromophobic cells that produce growth hormone and prolactin respectively.
Growth Hormone and Prolactin-Producing Adenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor that produces growth hormone and prolactin.
An immunohistochemical finding indicating the presence of growth hormone and prolactin producing cells in a tumor.
Growth Hormone and Prolactin Producing Neoplastic Cells Present
A cranial nerve extending between the retina and optic chiasma, which innervates the eye.
The nerve that carries messages from the retina to the brain.
The glandular or anterior lobe of the pituitary gland which secretes several hormones.
A group of malignant gliomas that includes anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, and anaplastic ependymoma.
The reemergence of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia after a period of remission.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the endocervix. It is the most common type of endocervical adenocarcinoma. The neoplastic epithelium shows a pseudostratified architecture and the malignant cells have enlarged, elongated, and hyperchromatic nuclei.
A carcinoma that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of a cervical adenocarcinoma variant and a neuroendocrine carcinoma component.
Cervical Adenocarcinoma Admixed with Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
The division of the body lying between the neck and the abdomen.
The division of the body lying between the neck and the abdomen. (NCI)
A neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the cervix. This category includes low grade neuroendocrine tumor, grade 1 (carcinoid tumor), low grade neuroendocrine tumor, grade 2 (atypical carcinoid tumor), and neuroendocrine carcinoma (small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma).
An extremely rare low grade neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of neuroendocrine cells with abundant cytoplasm, granular chromatin, and visible nucleoli arranged in organoid, spindled, or trabecular growth patterns. Significant atypia or increased mitotic activity are not present.
Cervical Low Grade Neuroendocrine Tumor, Grade 1
An extremely rare low grade neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of greater degree of nuclear atypia and mitotic activity as compared to low grade neuroendocrine tumor, grade 1.
Cervical Low Grade Neuroendocrine Tumor, Grade 2
A malignant, high grade neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the cervix. This category includes small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
Cervical High Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
An uncommon benign smooth muscle neoplasm that arises from the cervix.
A malignant neoplasm with smooth muscle differentiation arising from the cervix.
A rare malignant neoplasm with skeletal muscle differentiation arising from the cervix.
A highly aggressive malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the cervix and shows endothelial cell differentiation.
A rare malignant neoplasm with nerve sheath differentiation arising from the cervix.
Cervical Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
A rare benign mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix.
A rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix.
A yolk sac tumor that arises from the cervix. Patients present with abnormal vaginal bleeding and a polypoid, friable mass, protruding into the vagina.
A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vagina resembling transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract.
Vaginal Squamotransitional Cell Carcinoma
A rare neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the vagina. This category includes small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
Vaginal High Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Vaginal High Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
A rare, aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of malignant cells with abundant cytoplasm, large nuclei, and prominent nucleoli.
Vaginal Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with skeletal muscle differentiation arising from the vagina.
A germ tumor that arises from the vagina.
A rare benign cystic teratoma that arises from the vagina. It presents with a slow growing cyst in the vaginal wall that contains sebaceous material and hair. The cyst is lined by squamous epithelium. Skin adnexal structures and sometimes smooth and skeletal muscle are present.
A rare adenocarcinoma arising from vulvar skin sweat glands.
Vulvar Adenocarcinoma of Sweat Gland Type
A low or high grade malignant phyllodes tumor arising from specialized anogenital glands.
A rare adenocarcinoma of intestinal type that arises from the vulva. The morphological features are those of a mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Primary Villoglandular Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Arising in the Surface Epithelium of the Vulva
Vulvar Adenocarcinoma of Intestinal Type
A keratoacanthoma that arises from the vulva. It grows rapidly and may regress spontaneously. In some cases it is associated with prior trauma. Many cases diagnosed as keratoacanthomas show some degree of atypia and metastases have been reported. In such cases, the neoplasm is referred as squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma type.
An adenoma that arises from the colon. It is characterized by the presence of severe epithelial dysplasia.
A benign glandular neoplasm that arises from the vulva. It presents as a mass or cystic lesion in or adjacent to the interlabial sulcus. It is characterized by the presence of complex branching papillae with fibrovascular stalks, lined by uniform columnar epithelial secretory cells and myoepithelial cells.
A benign epithelial-stromal neoplasm that arises from the vulva and resembles the breast fibroadenoma.
A neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the vulva. This category includes small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Most small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the vulva are Merkel cell carcinomas.
Vulvar High Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Vulvar High Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
A neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. Most small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the vulva are Merkel cell carcinomas.
A high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of malignant large cells with neuroendocrine differentiation.
Vulvar Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A Merkel cell carcinoma that arises from the vulva. It usually presents as a cutaneous nodular lesion. Most small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the vulva are Merkel cell carcinomas.
An uncommon benign neoplasm of the vulva, composed of lobules of mature adipocytes.
A lipoma of the vulva with a predominant fibrous component.
An extremely rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the vulva exhibiting skeletal muscle differentiation with an alveolar pattern.
A rare germ cell tumor that arises from the vulva.
A rare yolk sac tumor that arises from the vulva.
The rostral extensions of the ventricular system of the brain consisting of two cavities, one on each side of the brain within the central regions of each cerebral hemisphere. Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricles into the centrally third ventricle via the foramen of Monroe.
The rostral extensions of the ventricular system of the brain consisting of two cavities, one on each side of the brain within the central regions of each cerebral hemisphere. Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricles into the centrally third ventricle via the foramen of Monroe. (NCI)
A neurofibroma that grows along small branches of nerves in the dermis in patients with neurofibromatosis. It presents as a solid cutaneous tumor.
The reemergence of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor after a period of remission.
Recurrent Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Flat cell that looks like a fish scale under a microscope. These cells cover inside and outside surfaces of the body. They are found in the tissues that form the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body (such as the bladder, kidney, and uterus), and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
A precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) which does not have the cytogenetic abnormality t(9;22)(q34;q11.2). Most cases of ALL do not have this translocation.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Philadelphia Chromosome Negative
B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Philadelphia Chromosome Negative
Ph1-Negative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Philadelphia Chromosome Negative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Philadelphia-Negative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Precursor B Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Philadelphia Chromosome Negative
Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Philadelphia Chromosome Negative
A rare disease caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly types 6 and 11, that affects tissue along the respiratory tract with the majority of cases affecting the larynx. The disease has a bimodal distribution and manifests in those younger than age 5, juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP), and those older than age 40, adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (AORRP). JORRP is more common and more severe in presentation than AORRP. In a small percentage of patients, respiratory papillomas may undergo malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinomas that have a poor prognosis.
Cells that vary in shape depending on whether the tissue is being stretched. The cells may be stretched without breaking apart. They line hollow organs such as the bladder.
Epithelia of lung alveoli. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles.
A very rare peripheral T-cell lymphoma with pathologic and clinical features posing difficulty in its exact diagnosis and classification.
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable
A very rare NK-cell lymphoma with pathologic and clinical features posing difficulty in its exact diagnosis and classification.
A lesion that has overlapping histopathologic features that make its exact diagnosis and classification difficult.
An autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CDKN2A gene, encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A. The condition is characterized by cutaneous malignant melanoma associated with this genetic alteration.
The reemergence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Indicates that expression of the BCR/ABL1 fusion has not been detected in a sample.
Indicates that the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality, t(9;22)(q34;q11), has not been detected in a sample.
An abnormal human cell type which can occur in either disease states or disease models.
Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.
An anatomical structure that consists of organs and organ subclasses responsible for certain body functions. Representative examples are the gastrointestinal system, urinary system, and hematopoietic system.
A family of genes that encode enzymes that catalyze the decarboxylation of isocitrate yielding alpha-ketoglutarate and carbon dioxide. Alpha-ketoglutarate is a precursor used in the synthesis of alanine, glutamine and pyruvate, and is an important intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which is an essential metabolic pathway used by cells to produce energy through aerobic respiration. Mutations in the IDH1 and IDH2 genes are associated with several types of brain tumors.
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the IDH1 or IDH2 gene.
Diffuse astrocytoma carrying IDH mutations.
Gemistocytic astrocytoma carrying IDH mutations.
Diffuse astrocytoma lacking mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 genes.
Diffuse astrocytoma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes status.
Diffuse Astrocytoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A finding indicating that there is no information regarding the presence or absence of IDH1 or IDH2 gene mutations in a tumor sample.
A poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the gingiva. It is characterized by the presence of malignant pleomorphic spindle cells.
Anaplastic astrocytoma carrying IDH mutations.
Anaplastic astrocytoma lacking mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 genes.
Anaplastic astrocytoma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes status.
Anaplastic Astrocytoma, Not Otherwise Specified
Glioblastoma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes status.
A glioblastoma characterized by the presence of well-demarcated nodules which contain primitive cells exhibiting neuronal differentiation.
Glioblastoma with Primitive Neuronal Component
An oligodendroglioma carrying IDH gene family mutation and combined whole-arm losses of 1p and 19q (1p/19q codeletion).
Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted
An oligodendroglioma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes and 1p/19q codeletion status.
Oligodendroglioma, Not Otherwise Specified
A finding indicating that there is no information regarding the presence or absence of 1p/19q codeletion in a tumor sample.
An anaplastic oligodendroglioma carrying IDH gene family mutation and combined whole-arm losses of 1p and 19q (1p/19q codeletion).
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted
An anaplastic oligodendroglioma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes and 1p/19q codeletion status.
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma, Not Otherwise Specified
A diffuse glioma characterized by the presence of both an astrocytic and an oligodendroglial component and the absence of information on the IDH genes status.
Oligoastrocytoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A diffuse anaplastic glioma characterized by the presence of both an astrocytic and an oligodendroglial component and the absence of information on the IDH genes status.
Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A glioma that has diffusely infiltrated the surrounding central nervous system tissues.
A WHO grade III pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma characterized by the presence of five or more mitoses per 10 high-power fields. Necrosis may be present. Patients have shorter survival rates when compared to those with WHO grade II pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
Anaplastic Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
An ependymoma characterized by gene fusions involving RELA, a transcription factor involved in NK-kB pathway activity. It accounts for the majority of supratentorial ependymomas in children. It has an unfavorable outcome when compared to other ependymoma subtypes.
Expression of a fusion protein that results from the fusion of RELA and C11orf95 genes. It is present in the majority of supratentorial ependymomas in children.
A fusion gene that results from chromothripsis involving chromosome 11q13.1, which fuses the first 2, 3 or 4 exons of the C11orf95 gene to sequences that are located 5' of either exon 2 or 3 of the RELA gene. This rearrangement is associated with supratentorial ependymoma.
A family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinases. These enzymes transduce signals from certain cytokine receptors by phosphorylating and activating members of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of transcription factor proteins.
Humans express four Janus kinase family proteins.
A central nervous system neoplasm mostly occurring in the fourth ventricle region. It is characterized by the presence of neurocytes forming pseudorosettes and astrocytes which contain Rosenthal fibers. Cytologic atypia is minimal.
A medulloblastoma composed of sheets of large cells mixed with cells characterized by marked nuclear pleomorphism and high mitotic activity.
A genetic finding indicating that the WNT signaling pathway is activated.
A term that refers to the classification of medulloblastomas according to their molecular characteristics.
A molecular subtype of medulloblastoma associated with activation of the WNT pathway. TP53 mutations may be present or absent. WNT pathway activation in medulloblastomas is associated with good outcome.
WNT Signaling Pathway Aberrant Medulloblastoma
A molecular subtype of medulloblastoma associated with activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway. TP53 mutations may be present or absent. Patients in this group are young children and adults. Overall survival is variable and depends on the presence or absence of metastatic disease, histology, and the age at diagnosis.
Medulloblastoma associated with activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway and the presence of TP53 mutations.
Medulloblastoma, SHH-Activated, TP53-Mutant
Medulloblastoma associated with activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway and the absence of TP53 mutations.
Medulloblastoma, SHH-Activated, TP53-Wildtype
Medulloblastoma not associated with activation of the WNT pathway or sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway. TP53 mutations are absent. This molecular subtype includes medulloblastomas numerically designated as "group 3" and "group 4".
Medulloblastoma not associated with activation of the WNT pathway or sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway. MYC amplifications may be present. TP53 mutations are absent. Patients in this group are usually young children. The overall survival is the worst among all the molecular groups.
Medulloblastoma, Non-WNT/Non-SHH, Group 3
An adenocarcinoma composed of small malignant cells.
A genetic finding indicating the presence of amplification of the C19MC region on chromosome 19 (19q13.42).
A central nervous system embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of histological features consistent with embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes and absence of C19MC amplification.
Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, Not Otherwise Specified
Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, NOS
An immunohistochemical finding indicating negative staining of tumor cells for BRG1 protein, resulting from the mutation of the SMARCA4 gene.
A central nervous system embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of histological features consistent with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor and absence of mutations of the INI1 gene or SMARCA4 (BRG1) gene.
Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor with Rhabdoid Features
CNS Embryonal Tumor with Rhabdoid Features
A finding indicating the presence of STAT6 nuclear signal in tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. It results from the fusion of the NAB2 and STAT6 genes.
A mesenchymal, non-meningothelial neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It is characterized by a collagenous and low cellularity spindle cell and/or hemangiopericytomatous histopathological pattern, recurrent intrachromosomal rearrangement on chromosome 12q that results in the fusion of the NAB2 and STAT6 genes, high recurrence rates, and long-term risk of systemic metastasis.
Central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
CNS Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
A solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma that arises from the central nervous system. It most often corresponds to the tumor previously diagnosed as anaplastic hemangiopericytoma.
Central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma, Grade 3
CNS Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma, Grade 3
Central Nervous System Anaplastic Hemangiopericytoma
Central Nervous System Malignant Hemangiopericytoma
A solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma that arises from the central nervous system. It corresponds to the more cellular, less collagenous tumor with plump cells and staghorn vasculature which was diagnosed as central nervous system hemangiopericytoma in the past.
Central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma, Grade 2
CNS Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma, Grade 2
Central Nervous System Hemangiopericytoma
A solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma that arises from the central nervous system. It corresponds most often to the collagenous and low cellularity spindle cell tumor which was diagnosed as central nervous system solitary fibrous tumor in the past.
Central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma, Grade 1
CNS Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma, Grade 1
Central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumor
A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma that arises from the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm that arises from the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.
Central Nervous System Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
A rare Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor that affects the central nervous system either as a primary dural neoplasm or by direct extension from adjacent soft tissues or bone.
Central Nervous System Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Intracranial and/or spinal involvement by desmoid-type fibromatosis.
Central Nervous System Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
A benign fibrous histiocytoma involving the dura or cranial bone.
Intracranial Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
A rare undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma) involving the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Central Nervous System Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
A benign bone-forming neoplasm arising from the skull.
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, arising from the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Positive
Primary Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Positive
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, arising from the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Negative
Primary Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Negative
A primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma derived from mature or post-thymic T-cells or NK-cells.
Central Nervous System Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System
Primary Central Nervous System Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
A rare extranodal B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of lymphoma cells exclusively in the lumina of small vessels, particularly capillaries.
Central Nervous System Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
The supporting connective tissue of an organ.
A genetic finding indicating the presence of translocations involving the chromosome Xp11.2. These translocations result in the creation of gene fusions involving the TFE3 gene.
Xp11.2 Translocations/TFE3 Gene Fusions Present
A rare, de novo acute myeloid leukemia in which the blasts harbor BCR-ABL1 translocation in the absence of a history and clinical and laboratory features of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
De novo acute myeloid leukemia with RUNX1 gene mutation, not associated with myelodysplastic syndrome-related cytogenetic abnormalities.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Mutated RUNX1
Rare involvement of the central nervous system by Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Central Nervous System Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Rare involvement of the central nervous system by histiocytic sarcoma.
Central Nervous System Histiocytic Sarcoma
Rare involvement of the central nervous system by Erdheim-Chester disease.
Central Nervous System Erdheim-Chester Disease
A transitional cell carcinoma which has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of eosinophilia, PDGFRB gene rearrangement, and t(5;12)(q31;p12).
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia with Eosinophilia Associated with t(5;12)(q31;p12)
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia with Eosinophilia Associated with t(5;12)
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the gingival mucosa. It presents as an ulcerated lesion or exophytic mass. The prognosis is usually poor.
An aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the floor of the mouth. It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.
Floor of Mouth Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the CRLF2 gene.
Cytokine Receptor Crl2 Gene Rearrangement
Cytokine Receptor-Like Factor 2 Gene Rearrangement
Thymic Stromal-Derived Lymphopoietin Receptor Gene
A chronic myelomonocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of less than 5 percent blasts in the bone marrow and less than 2 percent blasts in the peripheral blood.
A myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts and dysplastic changes involving only one myeloid cell lineage in the bone marrow.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Ring Sideroblasts and Single Lineage Dysplasia
A term that refers to myelodysplastic syndromes, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute myeloid leukemias that are associated with germ line mutations and are familial.
Myeloid Neoplasm with Germline Predisposition
Myeloid Neoplasm with Germ Line Predisposition
A hematologic test result indicating dysplastic changes in two or more of the myeloid cell lineages in the bone marrow.
The junction of the common bile and main pancreatic ducts, which protrudes into the medial aspect of the descending duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. The flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum through the Ampulla of Vater is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi.
An enlargement of the ducts from the liver and pancreas at the point where they enter the small intestine.
An immature lymphocyte that has enlarged in response to antigenic stimulation.
A lymphocyte that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen. Lymphoblast also refers to an immature cell that can develop into a mature lymphocyte.
A rare childhood cancer predisposition syndrome caused by biallelic inheritance of mutations in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 genes. It is characterized by the development of childhood cancers, usually hematological malignancies and/or brain tumors, and colorectal cancers with multiple intestinal polyps. The majority of patients show signs of neurofibromatosis type 1.
Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency Syndrome
Constitutional Mis-Match Repair Deficiency Syndrome
Any component of the organ that constitutes the external surface of the body, including the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages.
Any component of the tissues capable of secreting hormones.
Any component of the central nervous system that is contained within the cranium.
Any component of the complex group of organs including the thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic system, hematopoietic system and cells like lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages that defends the body against infection or disease.
Any component of the organs involved in the creation and excretion of urine.
Any component of the female organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring.
The layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue that lines the luminal surface of the entire circulatory system.
The route in which a nerve impulse travels through a series of linked axons to connect different regions within the central nervous system or to convey information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
A cell that develops from hematopoietic stem cells. An immature lymphocyte represents of one of five stages of lymphocyte maturation. It is estimated 90% of immature lymphocytes die in the thymus and bone marrow.
The reemergence of gliosarcoma after a period of remission.
The reemergence of transitional cell carcinoma in the urethra after a period of remission.
Recurrent Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urethra
A variation in the amino acid sequence for breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein.
BRCA1/BRCA2-Containing Complex, Subunit 1 Protein Variant
Breast Cancer Type 1 Susceptibility Protein Variant
Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Protein 1 Protein Variant
Fanconi Anemia, Complementation Group S Protein Variant
A variation in the amino acid sequence for breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein.
BRCA1/BRCA2-Containing Complex, Subunit 2 Protein Variant
Breast Cancer 2 Tumor Suppressor Protein Variant
Breast Cancer 2, Early Onset Protein Variant
Breast Cancer Type 2 Susceptibility Protein Variant
Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Protein 2 Protein Variant
The reemergence of a primary malignant neoplasm after a period of remission.
The return of an original malignancy after a period of remission.
The reemergence of a malignant neoplasm other than the original one, after a period of remission.
The return of a malignancy, other than the original one, after a period of remission.
A melanoma that occurs during childhood.
An ependymal tumor that arises from the spinal cord.
An ependymal tumor affecting the cerebellum.
An ependymal tumor affecting the cerebellum and brain stem.
Cerebellar and Brain Stem Ependymal Tumor
An ependymal tumor affecting the cerebellum, brain stem, and the cervical region of spinal cord.
Cerebellar, Brain Stem, and Cervical Spinal Cord Ependymal Tumor
An ependymal tumor arising from the cervical region of spinal cord.
An ependymal tumor arising from the thoracic region of spinal cord.
An ependymal tumor affecting the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracic regions.
Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord Ependymal Tumor
An ependymal tumor affecting the brain and spinal cord.
Ependymal Tumor of Brain and Spinal Cord
An ependymal tumor arising from the supratentorial region of the brain.
An ependymal tumor arising from the infratentorial region of the brain.
An ependymal tumor affecting the infratentorial region of the brain and the spinal cord.
Infratentorial and Spinal Cord Ependymal Tumor
The reemergence of an ependymal tumor after a period of remission.
The sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain.
The arrangement of amino acids in a protein. Proteins can be made from 20 different kinds of amino acids, and the structure and function of each type of protein are determined by the kinds of amino acids used to make it and how they are arranged.
The reemergence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
The reemergence of T acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
A rare Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder which presents as an ulcerative mucocutaneous lesion. It is associated with immune suppression, including age-related and drug-induced immunosuppression.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer
A rare B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is characterized by the abnormal rearrangement of MYC gene, BCL2 gene, and BCL6 gene. Patients with this type of lymphoma usually respond poorly to standard treatments and have a poor prognosis.
High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 Rearrangements
High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma with MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 Rearrangements
A body within the cell, surrounded by a membrane, within which lie the chromosomes, one or more nucleoli, combined with proteins, and exhibits mitosis.
A body within the cell, surrounded by a membrane, within which lie the chromosomes, one or more nucleoli, combined with proteins, and exhibits mitosis. (NCI)
In biology, the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes. The nucleus has a membrane around it, and is where RNA is made from the DNA in the chromosomes.
The genetic material of the nucleus, consisting of deoxyribonucleoprotein, which occurs in two forms during the phase between mitotic divisions: 1) as heterochromatin, seen as condensed, readily stainable clumps; 2) as euchromatin, dispersed lightly staining or nonstaining material. During mitotic division the chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the MYC gene.
v-myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Cellular Homolog Gene Rearrangement
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the BCL2 gene.
B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 2 Gene Rearrangement
B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 2 Gene Rearrangement
BCL2, Apoptosis Regulator Gene Rearrangement
One of the bodies in the cell nucleus that is the bearer of genes, has the form of a delicate chromatin filament during interphase, contracts to form a compact cylinder segmented into two arms by the centromere during metaphase and anaphase stages of cell division, and is capable of reproducing its physical and chemical structure through successive cell divisions.
Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes.
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the BCL6 gene.
B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 6 Gene Rearrangement
Zinc Finger Protein 51 Gene Rearrangement
A structure found in the nucleus of human cells that is comprised of a strand of linearized double-stranded DNA plus proteins that package the DNA in a condensed coil form and regulate chromosomal function.
Normal human somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The designation for each member of the largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 1 spans about 247 million nucleotide base pairs and represents about 8% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the tenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 10 spans about 135 million base pairs and represents between 4 and 4.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the eleventh largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 11 spans about 134.5 million base pairs and represents between 4 and 4.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
A grade I or grade II glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, and angiocentric glioma.
The designation for each member of the twelfth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 12 spans about 143 million base pairs and represents between 4 and 4.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the thirteenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 13 spans about 113 million base pairs and represents between 3.5 and 4% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the fourteenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 14 spans about 105 million base pairs and represents between 3 and 3.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the fifteenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 15 spans about 106 million base pairs and represents between 3 and 3.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
A rare acute myeloid leukemia that occurs in childhood. It is characterized by t(10;11)(p12;q23) which results in MLL-MLLT10 fusion. It is associated with an unfavorable prognosis.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(10;11)(p12;q23); MLL-MLLT10
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of chromosome 10p12 with chromosome 11q23. It is associated with acute myeloid leukemia in childhood.
The designation for each member of the sixteenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 16 spans about 90 million base pairs and represents just under 3% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the seventeenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 17 spans more than 81 million base pairs and represents between 2.5 and 3% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the eighteenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 18 spans about 76 million base pairs and represents about 2.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the nineteenth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 19 spans more than 63 million base pairs and represents between 2 and 2.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
A malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include carcinomas and sarcomas. Hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue malignancies are not considered solid neoplasms.
The designation for each member of the second largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 2 spans more than 237 million base pairs and represents almost 8% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the third smallest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 20 spans around 63 million base pairs and represents between 2 and 2.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the second smallest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 21 spans around 47 million nucleotides and represents about 1.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the smallest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 22 spans about 49 million base pairs and represents between 1.5 and 2% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the third largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 3 spans almost 200 million base pairs and represents about 6.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the fourth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 4 spans more than 186 million base pairs and represents between 6 and 6.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the fifth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 5 spans about 181 million base pairs and represents almost 6% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the sixth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 6 spans more than 170 million base pairs and represents between 5.5 and 6% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the seventh largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 7 spans more than 158 million base pairs and represents between 5 and 5.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
The designation for each member of the eighth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 8 spans about 145 million base pairs and represents between 4.5 and 5.0% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
A cancer stage defined according to the AJCC 8th edition criteria.
The designation for each member of the ninth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 9 spans about 145 million base pairs of nucleic acids and represents between 4 and 4.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.
That portion of the cell contained within the plasma membrane but excluding the nucleus.
The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. Most chemical reactions in a cell take place in the cytoplasm.
The reemergence of endometrial serous adenocarcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Endometrial Serous Adenocarcinoma
Recurrent Uterine Corpus Serous Carcinoma
A usually aggressive and invasive pituitary gland adenoma characterized by excessive p53 immunoreactivity, increased mitotic activity, and MIB-1 proliferative index greater than 3%.
A glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes diffuse astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma.
The reemergence of a glioma after a period of remission.
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Mitochondria contain distinctive ribosomes, transfer RNAs, amino acyl t-RNA synthetases, and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus for many essential messenger RNAs. Mitochondria consist of two sets of membranes, a smooth continuous outer coat and an inner membrane arranged in tubules or more often in folds that form platelike double membranes (cristae). Mitochondria are the principal energy source of the cell and contains the cytochrome enzymes of terminal electron transport and the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP.
Small structures in a cell that are found in the cytoplasm (fluid that surrounds the cell nucleus). Mitochondria make most of the energy for the cell and have their own genetic material that is different from the genetic material found in the nucleus. Many diseases are caused by mutations (changes) in the DNA of mitochondria. Mitochondria are cell organelles.
The double-layer membrane structure enclosing the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. It separates the DNA of the cell from the cytosol. For exchange of material, for example, proteins and mRNA, it is punctured with numerous nuclear pores.
Cell part which consists of macromolecules aggregated into discrete structures in the protoplasm. (Digital Anatomist Foundational Model)
A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function. Examples of organelles are the nucleus (a structure that contains the cell's chromosomes and is where RNA is made), mitochondria (structures that make energy for the cell), and lysosomes (sac-like containers filled with enzymes that digest and help recycle molecules in the cell).
A translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome.
A term that refers to the staging of lip and oral cavity carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Lip and Oral Cavity Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension and 5 mm or less depth of invasion (DOI). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v8
Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, DOI greater than 5 mm and equal or less than 10 mm or tumor greater than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension and 10 mm or less DOI. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage II Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II Lip and Oral Cavity Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor size greater than 4 cm or any tumor greater than 10 mm DOI. T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension and 5 mm or less DOI. T2: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, DOI greater than 5 mm and equal or less than 10 mm or tumor greater than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension and 10 mm or less DOI N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE (extranodal extension)(-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage III Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III Lip and Oral Cavity Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a (lip): Tumor invades through cortical bone or involves the inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face (i.e., chin or nose). T4a (oral cavity): Tumor invades adjacent structures only (e.g., through cortical bone of the mandible or maxilla, or involves the maxillary sinus or skin of face). Note: Superficial erosion of bone/tooth socket (alone) by a gingival primary is not sufficient to classify a tumor as T4. T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension and 5 mm or less DOI. T2: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, DOI greater than 5 mm and equal or less than 10 mm or tumor greater than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension and 10 mm or less DOI. T3: Tumor size greater than 4 cm or any tumor greater than 10 mm DOI. T4b: Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases the internal carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or larger than 3 cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE (-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension, ENE(-). N3: Metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE (-); or in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral lymph nodes any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage IV Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV Lip and Oral Cavity Carcinoma AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of lip and oral cavity carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th and 7th editions.
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer by AJCC v6 and v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of major salivary gland cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Major Salivary Gland Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of major salivary gland cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Major Salivary Gland Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. Extraparenchymal extension is clinical or macroscopic evidence of invasion of soft tissues. Microscopic evidence alone does not constitute extraparenchymal extension for classification purposes. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v8
Stage I Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v8
Stage 0 Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm, but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, and/or tumor having extraparenchymal extension. T0: No evidence of primary tumor. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm, but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T0, N2, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced disease. Tumor invades skin, mandible, ear canal, and/or facial nerve. T0: No evidence of primary tumor. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm, but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, and/or tumor having extraparenchymal extension. T4b: Very advanced disease. Tumor invades skull base and/or pterygoid plates and/or encases carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-), or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N3: Metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or in a single ipsilateral node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or multiple ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral nodes any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of pharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
A term that refers to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal involvement. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal involvement. T0: No tumor identified, but EBV-positive cervical node(s) involvement is present. T2: Tumor with extension to parapharyngeal space, and/or adjacent soft tissue involvement (medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, prevertebral muscles). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), and/or unilateral or bilateral metastasis in retropharyngeal lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T0, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0). T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal involvement. T0: No tumor identified, but EBV-positive cervical node(s) involvement is present. T2: Tumor with extension to parapharyngeal space, and/or adjacent soft tissue involvement (medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, prevertebral muscles). T3: Tumor infiltrating bony structures at skull base, cervical vertebrae, pterygoid structures, and/or paranasal sinuses. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), and/or unilateral or bilateral metastasis in retropharyngeal lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. N2: Tumor with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
An anatomical element found within cells or tissues that are smaller than cells and are at or below the size that can be resolved by light microscopy.
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVB (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor with intracranial extension, involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, parotid gland, and/or extensive soft tissue infiltration beyond the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), and/or unilateral or bilateral metastasis in retropharyngeal lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. N2: Tumor with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. N3: Tumor with unilateral or bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension, and/or extension below the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
The sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females.
The reemergence of a germ cell tumor after a period of remission.
A malignant germ cell tumor which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
The y-shaped sex chromosome. In mammals, its presence or absence determines male or female sex.
A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to the soft tissues.
Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma in the Soft Tissue
One of three structural motifs observed in DNA binding domains of zinc proteins. Domains in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins that contain amino acids which are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom that links two cysteines and two histidines. Each finger is postulated to recognize a specific sequence of about five nucleotide pairs. Originally identified in the TFIIIA transcription factor, it is also known as the C2H2 zinc finger.
A term that refers to the staging of hypopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor invading more than one subsite of hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without fixation of hemilarynx. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus. T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor invading more than one subsite of hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without fixation of hemilarynx. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE (-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades thyroid/cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, thyroid gland, or central compartment soft tissue. Central compartment soft tissue includes prelaryngeal strap muscles and subcutaneous fat. T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor invading more than one subsite of hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without fixation of hemilarynx. T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus. T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE (-). N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or larger than 3 cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral lymph nodes any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8
The amino acids and their 3-D arrangement in constituting a protein.
A term that refers to the staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Maxillary sinus: Tumor limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa with no erosion or destruction of bone. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v8
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Maxillary sinus: Tumor causing bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and/or middle nasal meatus, except extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Maxillary sinus: Tumor invading any of the following: bone of the posterior wall of maxillary sinus, subcutaneous tissues, floor or medial wall of orbit, pterygoid fossa, or ethmoid sinuses. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading the medial wall or floor of the orbit, maxillary sinus, palate, or cribriform plate. T1: Maxillary sinus: Tumor limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa with no erosion or destruction of bone. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. T2: Maxillary sinus: Tumor causing bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and/or middle nasal meatus, except extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Maxillary sinus: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades anterior orbital contents, skin of cheek, pterygoid plates, infratemporal fossa, cribriform plate, sphenoid or frontal sinuses. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: anterior orbital contents, skin of nose or cheek, minimal extension to anterior cranial fossa, pterygoid plates, sphenoid or frontal sinuses. T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: orbital apex, dura, brain, middle cranial fossa, cranial nerves other than maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (V2), nasopharynx, or clivus. T1: Maxillary sinus: Tumor limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa with no erosion or destruction of bone. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. T2: Maxillary sinus: Tumor causing bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and/or middle nasal meatus, except extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. T3: Maxillary sinus: Tumor invading any of the following: bone of the posterior wall of maxillary sinus, subcutaneous tissues, floor or medial wall of orbit, pterygoid fossa, or ethmoid sinuses. Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading the medial wall or floor of the orbit, maxillary sinus, palate, or cribriform plate. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes , none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N3: Metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral nodes, any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Stage IV Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma AJCC v8
A very rare benign neoplasm that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of a stromal and an epithelial component. It resembles the adenofibromas that arise from the organs of the female reproductive system.
The reemergence of breast angiosarcoma after a period of remission.
A molecular abnormality characterized by rearrangement of a gene sequence that results in either aberrant gene expression or the translation of a novel protein.
A term that refers to the staging of laryngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the subglottis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades the mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of the tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx. Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility. Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades any of the following: postcricoid area, preepiglottic space, paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of thyroid cartilage. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and /or invades the paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades the paraglottic space and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage. T1: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the subglottis. T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades the mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of the tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx. Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility. Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, cricoid cartilage, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). T3: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades any of the following: postcricoid area, preepiglottic space, paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of thyroid cartilage. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and /or invades the paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades the paraglottic space and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage. T1: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the subglottis. T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades the mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of the tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx. Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility. Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. T4b: Supraglottis: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Glottis: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Subglottis: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N3: metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral lymph nodes and any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stratified epithelium that changes shape from cuboidal to squamous when stretched without losing strength or consistency. This type of epithelium is found in the urinary tract.
A term that refers to the staging of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition. No prognostic stage grouping is proposed in the 8th edition.
Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck by AJCC v7 Stage
A melanoma that arises in the mucosa of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx.
A carcinoma of the thyroid gland that has spread to another anatomic site.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the skin of the head and neck.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
A term that refers to the staging of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck by AJCC v8 Stage
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells. It includes the clear cell and papillary variants of squamous cell carcinoma.
Stage 0 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v8
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor smaller than 2 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor 2 cm or larger, but smaller than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor 4 cm or larger in greatest dimension or minor bone erosion or perineural invasion or deep invasion. Deep invasion is defined as invasion beyond the subcutaneous fat or larger than 6 mm; perineural invasion for T3 classification is defined as tumor cells within the nerve sheath of a nerve lying deeper than the dermis or measuring 0.1 mm or larger in caliber, or presenting with clinical or radiographic involvement of named nerves without skull base invasion or transgression. T1: Tumor smaller than 2 cm in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor 2 cm or larger, but smaller than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); (T4, Any N, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T1: Tumor smaller than 2 cm in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor 2 cm or larger, but smaller than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor 4 cm or larger in greatest dimension or minor bone erosion or perineural invasion or deep invasion. Deep invasion is defined as invasion beyond the subcutaneous fat or larger than 6 mm; perineural invasion for T3 classification is defined as tumor cells within the nerve sheath of a nerve lying deeper than the dermis or measuring 0.1 mm or larger in caliber, or presenting with clinical or radiographic involvement of named nerves without skull base invasion or transgression. T4: Tumor with gross cortical bone/marrow, skull base invasion and/or skull base foramen invasion. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N3: Metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral lymph nodes, any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of esophageal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
A term that refers to the staging of esophageal adenocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of esophageal adenocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
A variation in the amino acid sequence for the ALK tyrosine kinase receptor protein.
ALK Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Protein Variant
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Protein Variant
A large B-cell lymphoma typically affecting the Waldeyer ring and/or cervical lymph nodes. It occurs most commonly in children and young adults and is low stage. It is characterized by a follicular, follicular and diffuse, or pure diffuse growth pattern resembling follicular lymphoma grade 3B or a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Most cases have IG/IRF4 rearrangements. BCL2 rearrangements are not present. Some cases that belong in this category lack an IRF4 rearrangement but have strong IRF4/MUM1 expression. This lymphoma is more aggressive than pediatric-type follicular lymphomas.
Large B-Cell Lymphoma with IRF4 Rearrangement
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the IRF4 gene.
The reemergence of an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor after a period of remission.
Recurrent Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
A carcinoma that has spread to the central nervous system from its original site in the breast, through the hematogenous route.
Breast Carcinoma Metastatic in the Central Nervous System
A carcinoma that has spread to the central nervous system from its original site in the lung, through the hematogenous route.
Lung Carcinoma Metastatic in the Central Nervous System
A melanoma that has spread to the central nervous system from its original site of growth, through the hematogenous route.
Melanoma Metastatic in the Central Nervous System
A term that refers to the staging of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Under the microscope chromosomes appear as thin, thread-like structures. They all have a short arm and long arm separated by a primary constriction called the centromere. The short arm is designated as p and the long arm as q.
The reemergence of classical Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.
A term that refers to the staging of gastric cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
The reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region after a period of remission.
Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Genes encoding enzymes that catalyze the third step in the ubiquitination reaction via the transfer of ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to the final protein substrate.
The IUBMB has recategorized E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases as transferases (EC 2). (2015)
A paraganglioma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A term that refers to the staging of small intestinal cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Small Intestinal Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage
Small Intestinal Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of appendiceal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition. Carcinoid tumors are staged separately. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.
A malignant solid neoplasm that does not respond to treatment.
The 3-D organization of histones and other proteins on chromosomal DNA in the nucleus and allow for its form and function during cellular growth and division.
A term that refers to the staging of anal canal cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th and 7th editions. This staging system applies to carcinomas arising in the anal canal only; melanomas, carcinoid tumors, sarcomas, and perianal tumors are not included. (from AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)
Anal Canal Cancer by AJCC v6 and v7 Stage
Anal Canal Carcinoma by AJCC v6 and v7 Stage
A structurally or functionally defined protein region.
A specific physical region or amino acid sequence in a protein which is associated with a particular function or corresponding segment of DNA.
A term that refers to the staging of anal cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to all carcinomas arising in the anal canal, including carcinomas that arise within anorectal fistulas and those arising in the perianal area (anal margin). High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma) are staged using this system. There is no AJCC staging system for anal mucosal melanomas and anal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Anal Canal and Perianal (Anal Margin) Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (previously termed carcinoma in situ, Bowen disease, anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III, high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Anal Canal and Perianal (Anal Margin) Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Anal Canal and Perianal (Anal Margin) Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: IIA: T2, N0, M0; IIB: T3, N0, M0. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but equal to or smaller than 5 cm. T3: Tumor larger than 5 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Anal Canal and Perianal (Anal Margin) Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0); IIIC: (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N1, M0). T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but equal to or smaller than 5 cm. T3: Tumor larger than 5 cm. T4: Tumor of any size invading adjacent organ(s), such as the vagina, urethra, or bladder. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in inguinal, mesorectal, internal iliac, or external iliac nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Anal Canal and Perianal (Anal Margin) Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Anal Canal and Perianal (Anal Margin) Carcinoma AJCC v8
A carcinoma that arises from the gastrointestinal tract and has metastasized to other anatomic sites.
A term that refers to the staging of small intestinal adenocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. Nonadenocarcinomas arising in the small intestine should have a TNM assigned but are not assigned a stage classification. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: High grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: T1-2, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or submucosa. T2: Tumor invading the muscularis propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: IIA: T3, N0, M0; IIB: T4, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or extending into nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue (mesentery or retroperitoneum) without serosal penetration. For T3 tumors, the nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue is, for the jejunum and ileum, part of the mesentery and, for the duodenum in areas where serosa is lacking, part of the interface with the pancreas. T4: Tumor perforating the visceral peritoneum or directly invading other organs or structures (e.g., other loops of small intestine, mesentery of adjacent loops of bowel, and abdominal wall by way of serosa; for duodenum only, invasion of pancreas or bile duct). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: Any T, N1, M0; IIIB: Any T, N2, M0. N1: Metastasis in one or two regional lymph nodes. N2: Metastasis in three or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8
A cytogenetic abnormality that involves a translocation between 8q22 and 21q22. It is associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia with RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion protein expression.
The structure of a DNA molecule, consisting of its primary nucleotide sequence as well as its secondary and tertiary arrangement in space.
The portion of an integral membrane protein crossing through the plasma lemma (cell membrane) or that of an internal vesicle. This region is highly hydrophobic, approximately 20 amino acids long, and bordered by charged amino acids.
A term that refers to the staging of appendiceal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to carcinomas of the appendix, including high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas, and goblet cell carcinoids. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) are staged according to the classification for neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ (intramucosal carcinoma; invasion of the lamina propria or extension into but not through the muscularis mucosae). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 includes: Tis(LAMN), N0, M0. Tis(LAMN): Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm confined by the muscularis propria. Acellular mucin or mucinous epithelium may invade into the muscularis propria. T1 and T2 are not applicable to LAMN. Acellular mucin or mucinous epithelium that extends into the subserosa or serosa should be classified as T3 or T4a, respectively. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Low-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm (LAMN) AJCC v8
Stage 0 Low-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm (LAMN)
Stage I includes: (T1, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0). T1: Tumor invades the submucosa (through the muscularis mucosa but not into the muscularis propria). T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II includes: IIA: T3, N0, M0; IIB: T4a, N0, M0; IIC: T4b, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa or the mesoappendix. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum, including the acellular mucin or mucinous epithelium involving the serosa of the appendix or serosa of the mesoappendix. T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); IIIB: (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N1, M0); IIIC: (Any T, N2, M0). T1: Tumor invades the submucosa (through the muscularis mucosa but not into the muscularis propria). T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa or the mesoappendix. T4: Tumor invades the visceral peritoneum, including the acellular mucin or mucinous epithelium involving the serosa of the appendix or mesoappendix, and/or directly invades adjacent organs or structures. N1: One to three regional lymph nodes are positive (tumor in lymph node measuring 0.2 mm or more) or any number of tumor deposits is present, and all identifiable lymph nodes are negative. N2: Four or more regional lymph nodes are positive. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, N0, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b, G1); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1b, G2, G3, or GX); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1c, Any G). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M1a: Intraperitoneal acellular mucin, without identifiable tumor cells in the disseminated peritoneal mucinous deposits. M1b: Intraperitoneal metastasis only, including peritoneal mucinous deposits containing tumor cells. M1c: Metastasis to sites other than peritoneum. G1: Well differentiated. G2: Moderately differentiated. G3: Poorly differentiated. GX: Grade cannot be assessed. (AJCC 8th ed.)
A neuroblastoma that does not respond to treatment.
A lymphoma that does not respond to treatment.
The reemergence of a lymphoma after a period of remission.
A histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasm that does not respond to treatment.
Refractory Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
The reemergence of a histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasm after a period of remission.
Recurrent Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
The reemergence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis after a period of remission.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis that does not respond to treatment.
Refractory Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
A term that refers to the staging of colorectal cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to adenocarcinomas, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Appendiceal carcinomas, anal carcinomas, and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) are not covered by this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ, intramucosal carcinoma (involvement of lamina propria with no extension through muscularis mucosae). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II includes: IIA: T3, N0, M0; IIB: T4a, N0, M0; IIC: T4b, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum (including gross perforation of the bowel through tumor and continuous invasion of tumor through areas of inflammation to the surface of the visceral peritoneum). T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1-T2, N1/N1c, M0); (T1, N2a, M0); IIIB: (T3-T4a, N1/N1c, M0); (T2-T3, N2a, M0); (T1-T2, N2b, M0); IIIC: (T4a, N2a, M0); (T3-T4a, N2b, M0); (T4b, N1-N2, M0). T1: Tumor invades the submucosa (through the muscularis mucosa but not into the muscularis propria). T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum (including gross perforation of the bowel through tumor and continuous invasion of tumor through areas of inflammation to the surface of the visceral peritoneum). T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N1: One to three regional lymph nodes are positive (tumor in lymph nodes measuring 0.2 mm or more), or any number of tumor deposits are present and all identifiable lymph nodes are negative. N1c: No regional lymph nodes are positive, but there are tumor deposits in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic, or perirectal/mesorectal tissues. N2: Four or more regional lymph nodes are positive. N2a: Four to six regional lymph nodes are positive. N2b: Seven or more regional lymph nodes are positive. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, Any N, M1a); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1b); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1c). M1a: Metastasis to one site or organ without peritoneal metastasis. M1b: Metastasis to two or more sites or organs without peritoneal metastasis. M1c: Metastasis to the peritoneal surface alone or with other site or organ metastases. (AJCC 8th ed.)
A region of a protein that interacts with DNA. Among the various recognized structural motifs present in DNA binding domains are the helix-loop-helix and the zinc-finger.
A term that refers to the staging of colon cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to adenocarcinomas, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas of the colon. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
A term that refers to the staging of rectal cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to adenocarcinomas, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas of the rectum. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Protein Binding Domains are structural motifs responsible for the peptide/protein binding activity of proteins.
Zinc-binding, DNA-binding motifs in proteins contain amino acids that are folded into a single DNA-binding structural unit around a zinc atom.
The Zinc Finger Domain is found in many proteins that bind nucleic acids, typically DNA binding transcription factors. There are several classes of Zn finger proteins. Some bind Zn with only Cys residues (e.g., nuclear receptor superfamily) while others coordinate Zn with Cys and His residues. In the 25-amino acid C2H2 type motif, Zn2+ is held between a pair of anti-parallel beta strands and a single alpha helix by a pair of invariant Cys and His residues. The Cys/His type proteins generally contain repeated units and bind DNA as a monomer, while Cys/Cys proteins contain two units that bind inverted DNA repeats as homo- or heterodimers. In some Cys/Cys types the Zn ion folds the involved region into a globular structure that binds DNA.
Acute myeloid leukemia that does not respond to treatment.
Chromosomal bands observed after staining with specific dyes. The band pattern is the result of differential interactions between the dye and nonadjacent chromosomal regions.
When chromosomes at a particular stage in cell division are stained using one of several laboratory techniques, a specific pattern of light and dark stripes (bands) appears when the chromosomes are viewed through a microscope; the banding pattern assists in assigning each chromosome its particular number and evaluating its structure.
The structural elements that comprise a gene or transcription unit. Gene structures include the transcription initiation site, the protein coding sequences, intervening sequences, and the transcription termination or polyadenylation sites as well as the regulatory elements (enhancers, silencers, and the promoter) that lie outside the boundaries of the transcribed unit.
Represents, in general, what would be a GenBank Feature Table annotation for a sequence. (caMAGE)
Any structures that are enclosed within nucleus are considered nuclear structure, including any macromolecular structures. (NCI)
A term that refers to the staging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of hepatocellular carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to hepatocellular carcinomas and fibrolamellar carcinomas (fibrolamellar variant of hepatocellular carcinoma). Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas, and sarcomas of the liver are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: IA (T1a, N0, M0); IB (T1b, N0, M0). T1a: Solitary tumor equal to or less than 2 cm. T1b: Solitary tumor larger than 2 cm without vascular invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Solitary tumor larger than 2 cm with vascular invasion, or multiple tumors, none larger than 5 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0). T3: Multiple tumors, at least one of which is larger than 5 cm. T4: Single tumor or multiple tumors of any size involving a major branch of the portal vein or hepatic vein, or tumor(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, N1, M0); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v8
The specific parts of a protein molecule that directly participate in its interactions with a metal ion.
Primitive blood cells residing in the bone marrow, derived from embryonic mesenchyme, and capable of differentiating into any of the blood cell line progenitor cells (erythroblasts, young granulocytic series cells, megakaryocytes, etc.)
A term that refers to the staging of intrahepatic bile duct cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas (mixed hepatocholangiocarcinomas), and primary neuroendocrine tumors of the liver. Primary sarcomas of the liver, pure hepatocellular carcinomas, hilar cholangiocarcinomas, and gallbladder carcinomas are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ (intraductal tumor). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage 0 Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: IA (T1a, N0, M0); IB (T1b, N0, M0). T1a: Solitary tumor equal to or less than 5 cm without vascular invasion. T1b: Solitary tumor larger than 5 cm without vascular invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage I Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Solitary tumor with intrahepatic vascular invasion, or multiple tumors, with or without vascular invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0). T3: Tumor perforating the visceral peritoneum. T4: Tumor involving local extrahepatic structures by direct invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of gallbladder cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to gallbladder carcinomas. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and sarcomas are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or muscular layer. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II includes: IIA: T2a, N0, M0; IIB: T2b, N0, M0. T2a: Tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the peritoneal side, without involvement of the serosa (visceral peritoneum). T2b: Tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the hepatic side, with no extension into the liver. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIIB: (T1-3, N1, M0). T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or muscular layer. T2: Tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the peritoneal side, without involvement of the serosa (visceral peritoneum); or tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the hepatic side, with no extension into the liver. T3: Tumor perforating the serosa (visceral peritoneum) and/or directly invading the liver and/or one other adjacent organ or structure, such as the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, omentum, or extrahepatic bile ducts. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastases to one to three regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV includes: IVA: T4, N0-1, M0; IVB: (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invading the main portal vein or hepatic artery or invading two or more extrahepatic organs or structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastases to one to three regional lymph nodes. N2: Metastases to four or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
A term that refers to the staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. Hilar well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and sarcomas are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ/high grade dysplasia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage 0 Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the bile duct, with extension up to the muscle layer or fibrous tissue. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2a-b, N0, M0. T2a: Tumor invading beyond the wall of the bile duct to surrounding adipose tissue. T2b: Tumor invading adjacent hepatic parenchyma. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0); IIIC: (Any T, N1, M0). T3: Tumor invading unilateral branches of the portal vein or hepatic artery. T4: Tumor invading the main portal vein or its branches bilaterally, or the common hepatic artery; or unilateral second-order biliary radicals with contralateral portal vein or hepatic artery involvement. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: One to three positive lymph nodes typically involving the hilar, cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatic artery, posterior pancreatoduodenal, and portal vein lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, N2, M0); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1). N2: Four or more positive lymph nodes involving the hilar, cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatic artery, posterior pancreatoduodenal, and portal vein lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: IA (T1a, N0, M0); IB (T1b, N0, M0). T1a: Solitary tumor equal or less than 5 cm without vascular invasion. T1b: Solitary tumor larger than 5 cm without vascular invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of distal bile duct cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Distal Bile Duct Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage
Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of distal bile duct cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to bile duct adenocarcinomas, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, and papillary carcinomas. Tumors arising in the ampulla of Vater, sarcomas, and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Distal Bile Duct Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ/high-grade dysplasia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading the bile duct wall with a depth less than 5 mm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: IIA: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); IIB: (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T1: Tumor invading the bile duct wall with a depth less than 5 mm. T2: Tumor invading the bile duct wall with a depth of 5-12 mm. T3: Tumor invading the bile duct wall with a depth greater than 12 mm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in one to three regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Distal Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0). T1: Tumor invading the bile duct wall with a depth less than 5 mm. T2: Tumor invading the bile duct wall with a depth of 5-12 mm. T3: Tumor invading the bile duct wall with a depth greater than 12 mm. T4: Tumor involving the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and/or common hepatic artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in one to three regional lymph nodes. N2: Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Distal Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV Distal Bile Duct Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV Distal Bile Duct Carcinoma AJCC v8
A sebaceous gland carcinoma affecting the eyelid. It arises from the meibomian glands, glands of Zeis, or glands associated with the caruncle. It usually affects elderly women and is characterized by high rate of local recurrence, regional, and distant metastases.
The reemergence of Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia after a period of remission.
Recurrent Ph-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia that does not respond to treatment.
Refractory Ph-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
A term that refers to the staging of ampulla of Vater cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.
Ampulla of Vater Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage
Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of ampulla of Vater cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system does not apply to well-differentiated neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors but does apply to high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, such as small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Ampulla of Vater Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: IA: (T1a, N0, M0); IB: (T1b, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0). T1a: Tumor limited to ampulla of Vater or sphincter of Oddi. T1b: Tumor invading beyond the sphincter of Oddi (perisphincteric invasion) and/or into the duodenal submucosa. T2: Tumor invading into the muscularis propria of the duodenum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: IIA: T3a, N0, M0; IIB: T3b, N0, M0. T3a: Tumor directly invading the pancreas (up to 0.5 cm). T3b: Tumor extending more than 0.5 cm into the pancreas, or extending into peripancreatic tissue or duodenal serosa without involvement of the celiac axis or superior mesenteric artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1a, N1, M0); (T1b, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a, N1, M0); (T3b, N1, M0); IIIB: (T4, Any N, M0); (Any T, N2, M0). T1a: Tumor limited to ampulla of Vater or sphincter of Oddi. T1b: Tumor invading beyond the sphincter of Oddi (perisphincteric invasion) and/or into the duodenal submucosa. T2: Tumor invading into the muscularis propria of the duodenum. T3a: Tumor directly invading the pancreas (up to 0.5 cm). T3b: Tumor extending more than 0.5 cm into the pancreas, or extending into peripancreatic tissue or duodenal serosa without involvement of the celiac axis or superior mesenteric artery. T4: Tumor involving the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and/or common hepatic artery, irrespective of size. N1: Metastasis to one to three regional lymph nodes. N2: Metastasis to four or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cancer including well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th and 7th editions.
Pancreatic Cancer by AJCC v6 and v7 Stage
Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer by AJCC v6 and v7 Stage
Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma by AJCC v6 and v7 Stage
Pancreatic Carcinoma by AJCC v6 and v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of exocrine pancreatic cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm with associated invasive carcinoma, intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm with associated invasive carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, mucinous cystic neoplasm with associated invasive carcinoma, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and pancreatoblastoma. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. This includes high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIn-3), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm with high-grade dysplasia, intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm with high-grade dysplasia, and mucinous cystic neoplasm with high-grade dysplasia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage 0 Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8
Stage 0 Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0); IB: (T2, N0, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm and 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8
Stage I Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: IIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIB: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm and 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in one to three regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm and 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor involving the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and/or common hepatic artery, regardless of size. N2: Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of a gastric neuroendocrine tumor according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to gastric "carcinoid" tumors (NET G1 and G2, and rare well-differentiated G3). Gastric high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma and gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma are not included in this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or submucosa and is less than or equal to 1 cm in size. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor invading the muscularis propria or is greater than 1 cm in size. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0). T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or submucosa and is less than or equal to 1 cm in size. T2: Tumor invading the muscularis propria or is greater than 1 cm in size. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa. T4: Tumor invading visceral peritoneum (serosa) or other organs or adjacent structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: (T1, N0, N1, M1); (T2, N0, N1, M1); (T3, N0, N1, M1); (T4, N0, N1, M1). T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or submucosa and is less than or equal to 1 cm in size. T2: Tumor invading the muscularis propria or is greater than 1 cm in size. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa. T4: Tumor invading visceral peritoneum (serosa) or other organs or adjacent structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of a duodenal neuroendocrine tumor according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum. Carcinomas of the duodenum, including high-grade (grade 3), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are not included in this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading the mucosa or submucosa only and is equal or less than 1 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor invading the muscularis propria or measuring more than 1 cm. T3: Tumor invading the pancreas or peripancreatic adipose tissue. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0). T4: Tumor invading the visceral peritoneum (serosa) or other organs. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A well differentiated, low or intermediate grade tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the duodenum.
A term that refers to the staging of an ampulla of Vater neuroendocrine tumor according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the ampulla of Vater. Carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater, including high-grade (grade 3), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are not included in this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Ampulla of Vater Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less and is confined within the sphincter of Oddi. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Ampulla of Vater Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor invading through the sphincter of Oddi into duodenal submucosa or muscularis propria, or measuring more than 1 cm. T3: Tumor invading the pancreas or peripancreatic adipose tissue. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Ampulla of Vater Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage III Ampulla of Vater Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV Ampulla of Vater Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of a digestive system neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Digestive System Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v7 Stage
Digestive System Neuroendocrine Neoplasm by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of an appendiceal neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Appendix Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of an appendiceal neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to appendiceal NETs (carcinoid tumors) (NET G1 and G2, and rare well-differentiated G3). High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC), goblet cell carcinoids, mixed adenocarcinomas, and adenocarcinomas of the appendix are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Appendix Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Appendix Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but less than or equal to 4 cm. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm or with subserosal invasion or involvement of the mesoappendix. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Appendix Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but less than or equal to 4 cm. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm or with subserosal invasion or involvement of the mesoappendix. T4: Tumor perforating the peritoneum or directly invading other adjacent organs or structures (excluding direct mural extension to adjacent subserosa of adjacent bowel), e.g., abdominal wall and skeletal muscle. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Appendix Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: (T1, N0, N1, M1); (T2, N0, N1, M1); (T3, N0, N1, M1); (T4, N0, N1, M1). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but less than or equal to 4 cm. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm or with subserosal invasion or involvement of the mesoappendix. T4: Tumor perforating the peritoneum or directly invading other adjacent organs or structures (excluding direct mural extension to adjacent subserosa of adjacent bowel), e.g., abdominal wall and skeletal muscle. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Appendix Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of a colorectal neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to colorectal "carcinoid" tumors (neuroendocrine tumor G1 and G2, and rare-well differentiated G3). High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Colorectal Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or submucosa and measuring 2 cm or less. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Colorectal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: (T1, Any N, M1); (T2, Any N, M1); (T3, Any N, M1); (T4, Any N, M1). T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or submucosa and measuring 2 cm or less. T2: Tumor invading the muscularis propria or measuring more than 2 cm with invasion of the lamina propria or submucosa. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa. T4: Tumor invading the visceral peritoneum (serosa) or other organs or adjacent structures. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Colorectal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A well differentiated, low or intermediate grade tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the colon.
A well differentiated, low or intermediate grade tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the rectum.
A term that refers to the staging of a colon neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to colon "carcinoid" tumors (neuroendocrine tumor G1 and G2, and rare-well differentiated G3). High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Colon Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I Colon Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV Colon Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of a rectal neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to rectal "carcinoid" tumors (neuroendocrine tumor G1 and G2, and rare-well differentiated G3). High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas of the rectum are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors arising in the pancreas. Carcinomas of the pancreas, including high-grade (grade 3), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor limited to the pancreas and measuring less than 2 cm. N0: No regional lymph node involvement. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor limited to the pancreas and measuring 2-4 cm. T3: Tumor limited to the pancreas and measuring more than 4 cm; or tumor invading the duodenum or bile duct. N0: No regional lymph node involvement. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage III includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0). T4: Tumor invading adjacent organs (stomach, spleen, colon, adrenal gland) or the wall of large vessels (celiac axis or the superior mesenteric artery). N0: No regional lymph node involvement. N1: Regional lymph node involvement. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of a thymic epithelial neoplasm, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to thymomas, thymic carcinomas, thymic neuroendocrine tumors, and combined thymic carcinomas. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Thymus Epithelial Neoplasm by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1a, b, N0, M0. T1a: Tumor with no mediastinal pleura involvement. T1b: Tumor with direct invasion of mediastinal pleura. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Thymus Epithelial Neoplasm AJCC v8
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor with direct invasion of the pericardium (either partial or full thickness). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Thymus Epithelial Neoplasm AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0). T3: Tumor with direct invasion into any of the following: lung, brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, phrenic nerve, chest wall, or extrapericardial pulmonary artery or veins. T4: Tumor with invasion into any of the following: aorta (ascending, arch, or descending), arch vessels, intrapericardial pulmonary artery, myocardium, trachea, esophagus. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Thymus Epithelial Neoplasm AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N0,1, M1a); IVB: (Any T, N2, M0, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in anterior (perithymic) lymph nodes. N2: Metastasis in deep intrathoracic or cervical lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1a: Separate pleural or pericardial nodule(s). M1b: Pulmonary intraparenchymal nodule or distant organ metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Thymus Epithelial Neoplasm AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of thymoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.
A term that refers to the staging of pleural malignant mesothelioma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of pleural malignant mesothelioma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma only. Localized pleural malignant mesotheliomas and other primary tumors of the pleura are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0); IB: (T2 or T3, N0, M0). T1: Tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal with or without involvement of visceral pleura, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura. T2: Tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle and/or extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. T3: Tumor is locally advanced but potentially resectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of the endothoracic fascia, extension into the mediastinal fat, solitary, completely resectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall, and/or nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T1: Tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal with or without involvement of visceral pleura, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura. T2: Tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle and/or extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. N1: Metastases in the ipsilateral bronchopulmonary, hilar, or mediastinal (including the internal mammary, peridiaphragmatic, pericardial fat pad, or intercostal) lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N1, M0); IIIB: (T1-3, N2, M0); (T4, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal with or without involvement of visceral pleura, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura. T2: Tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle and/or extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. T3: Tumor is locally advanced but potentially resectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of the endothoracic fascia, extension into the mediastinal fat, solitary, completely resectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall, and/or nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. T4: Tumor is locally advanced and technically unresectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: diffuse extension or multifocal masses of tumor in the chest wall, with or without associated rib destruction, direct transdiaphragmatic extension of tumor to the peritoneum, direct extension of tumor to the contralateral pleura, direct extension of tumor to mediastinal organs, direct extension of tumor into the spine, and/or tumor extending through to the internal surface of the pericardium with or without a pericardial effusion; or tumor involving the myocardium. N1: Metastases in the ipsilateral bronchopulmonary, hilar, or mediastinal (including the internal mammary, peridiaphragmatic, pericardial fat pad, or intercostal) lymph nodes. N2: Metastases in the contralateral mediastinal, ipsilateral, or contralateral supraclavicular lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8
Stage III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis present. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8
A malignant germ cell tumor that affects the peritoneum.
A term that refers to the staging of lung cancer, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system derives from analyses of the new retrospective and prospective databases of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC). These databases contain information on patients diagnosed with lung cancer from 1999 to 2010 originating from 35 different databases in 16 countries around the world. This staging system applies to carcinomas of the lung, including non-small cell and small cell carcinomas, and bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. It does not apply to sarcomas or other rare tumors of the lung. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCIS). Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS): adenocarcinoma with pure lepidic pattern, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I includes: IA1: (T1mi, N0, M0); (T1a, N0, M0); IA2: (T1b, N0, M0); IA3: (T1c, N0, M0); IB: (T2a, N0, M0). T1mi: Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma: adenocarcinoma (3 cm or less in greatest dimension) with a predominantly lepidic pattern and 5 mm or less invasion in greatest dimension. T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II includes: IIA: (T2b, N0, M0); IIB: (T1a, N1, M0); (T1b, N1, M0); (T1c, N1, M0); (T2a, N1, M0); (T2b, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2b: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension or directly invading any of the following: parietal pleura (PL3), chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium; or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. N1: Metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary nodes, including involvement by direct extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T1c, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); IIIB: (T1a, N3, M0); (T1b, N3, M0); (T1c, N3, M0); (T2a, N3, M0); (T2b, N3, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IIIC: (T3, N3, M0); (T4, N3, M0). T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2b: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension or directly invading any of the following: parietal pleura (PL3), chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium; or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary. T4: Tumor measuring more than 7 cm or tumor of any size invading one or more of the following: diaphragm, mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, or carina; separate tumor nodule(s) in an ipsilateral lobe different from that of the primary. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. N1: Metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary nodes, including involvement by direct extension. N2: Metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s). N3: Metastasis in contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, Any N, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1c). M1a: Tumor with separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural or pericardial nodules or malignant pleural or pericardial effusion. Most pleural (pericardial) effusions with lung cancer are a result of the tumor. In a few patients, however, multiple microscopic examinations of pleural (pericardial) fluid are negative for tumor, and the fluid is nonbloody and not an exudate. If these elements and clinical judgment dictate that the effusion is not related to the tumor, the effusion should be excluded as a staging descriptor. M1b: Tumor with single extrathoracic metastasis in a single organ (including involvement of a single nonregional node). M1c: Tumor with multiple extrathoracic metastases in a single organ or in multiple organs. (AJCC 8th ed.)
A localized non-invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung measuring 3 cm or less. It is characterized by a pure lepidic growth pattern and the lack of stromal, vascular, or pleural invasion.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia that does not respond to treatment.
Erdheim-Chester disease that does not respond to treatment.
A term that refers to the staging of lung adenocarcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
A term that refers to the staging of non-small cell lung carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage
Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of adenosquamous lung carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Adenosquamous Lung Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of large cell lung carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Large Cell Lung Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of squamous cell lung carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of small cell lung carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage
The reemergence of anaplastic astrocytoma after a period of remission.
A term that refers to the staging of bone cancer, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
A term that refers to the staging of appendicular skeleton, trunk, skull, and facial bones cancer, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, spindle cell sarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma/myofibroid sarcoma, chordoma, adamantinoma, and other cancers arising in the bone. It does not apply to primary malignant lymphoma of the bone and multiple myeloma. There are no AJCC prognostic stage groupings for spine and pelvis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Appendicular Skeleton, Trunk, Skull, and Facial Bones Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0, G1 or GX); IB: (T2, N0, M0, G1 or GX); (T3, N0, M0, G1 or GX). T1: Tumor measuring 8 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 8 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Discontinuous tumors in the primary bone site. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. GX: Grade cannot be assessed. G1: Well differentiated, low grade. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Appendicular Skeleton, Trunk, Skull, and Facial Bones Cancer AJCC v8
Stage II includes: IIA: (T1, N0, M0, G2 or G3); IIB: (T2, N0, M0, G2 or G3). T1: Tumor measuring 8 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 8 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Moderately differentiated, high grade. G3: Poorly differentiated, high grade. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Appendicular Skeleton, Trunk, Skull, and Facial Bones Cancer AJCC v8
Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0, G2 or G3. T3: Discontinuous tumors in the primary bone site. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Moderately differentiated, high grade. G3: Poorly differentiated, high grade. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Appendicular Skeleton, Trunk, Skull, and Facial Bones Cancer AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, N0, M1a, Any G); IVB: (Any T, N1, Any M, Any G); (Any T, Any N, M1b, Any G). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M1a: Metastasis in the lung. M1b: Metastasis in the bone or other distant sites. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Appendicular Skeleton, Trunk, Skull, and Facial Bones Cancer AJCC v8
A term that refers to the staging of bone sarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
A term that refers to the staging of osteosarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Primary Bone Osteosarcoma by AJCC v7 Stage
The reemergence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
Recurrent Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Relapsed Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The reemergence of cervical adenosquamous carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Cervical Adenosquamous Carcinoma
Relapsed Cervical Adenosquamous Carcinoma
The reemergence of cervical adenocarcinoma after a period of remission.
A term that refers to the staging of soft tissue sarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.
A term that refers to the staging of soft tissue sarcoma of the trunk and extremities, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.
Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0, G1, GX); IB: (T2, T3, T4, N0, M0, G1, GX). T1: Tumor measuring 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm and less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm and less than or equal to 15 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor measuring more than 15 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. GX: Grade cannot be assessed. G1: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 2 or 3. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8
Stage I Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities
Stage II includes: T1, N0, M0, G2, G3. T1: Tumor measuring 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 4 or 5. G3: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 6, 7, or 8. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8
Stage II Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T2, N0, M0, G2, G3); IIIB: (T3, T4, N0, M0, G2, G3). T2: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm and less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm and less than or equal to 15 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor measuring more than 15 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 4 or 5. G3: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 6, 7, or 8. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8
Stage III Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities
Stage IV includes: (Any T, N1, M0, Any G); (Any T, Any N, M1, Any G). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8
Stage IV Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities
A term that refers to the staging of soft tissue sarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
A term that refers to the staging of uterine corpus sarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
A Binding Site Domain is a region of protein that physically interacts stereospecifically, and usually at high affinity, with a specific ligand, substrate, or a specific domain of some complex target biomolecule, such as a protein, lipid, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid. Typically, but not necessarily, the interaction results in protein conformational alteration and functional modification.
A well-differentiated adenocarcinoma located in the lung periphery. It resembles colorectal adenocarcinoma with acinar and/or cribriform architecture and papillotubular structures.
Pulmonary Intestinal-Type Adenocarcinoma
Lung adenocarcinoma in situ characterized by the presence of type II pneumocyte and/or Clara cell differentiation. Almost all cases of lung adenocarcinoma in situ are non-mucinous.
Non-Mucinous Lung Adenocarcinoma In Situ
A very rare lung adenocarcinoma in situ variant characterized by the presence of tall columnar cells with basal nuclei and abundant cytoplasmic mucin.
A preinvasive bronchial neoplastic lesion affecting the squamous epithelium. It is characterized by the absence of progression of maturation from base to luminal surface, basilar zone expansion with cellular crowding throughout the epithelium, absence of the intermediate zone, and surface flattening confined to the most superficial cells. The nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio is often high and variable, the chromatin is coarse and uneven, and mitotic figures are present through full thickness. The cell size may be markedly increased. Anisocytosis and pleomorphism may be present. (Adapted from WHO, 2015)
A term that refers to the staging of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system does not apply to pediatric GIST, familial GIST (germline mutant KIT or PDGFRA), or syndromic GIST (no AJCC staging system available). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of small intestinal, esophageal, colorectal, mesenteric, and peritoneal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage
Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal GIST by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage I includes: T1 or T2, N0, M0, Low Mitotic Rate. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. Low Mitotic Rate: Five or fewer mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage I Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8
Stage I Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal GIST AJCC v8
Stage I Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Stage II includes: T3, N0, M0, Low Mitotic Rate. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but not more than 10 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. Low Mitotic Rate: Five or fewer mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage II Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8
Stage II Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal GIST AJCC v8
Stage II Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate); (T4, N0, M0, Low Mitotic Rate); IIIB: (T2, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate); (T3, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate); (T4, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but not more than 10 cm. T4: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. High Mitotic Rate: Over 5 mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. Low Mitotic Rate: Five or fewer mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8
Stage III Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal GIST AJCC v8
Stage III Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Stage IV includes: (Any T, N1, M0, Any Mitotic Rate); (Any T, Any N, M1, Any Mitotic Rate). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8
Stage IV Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal GIST AJCC v8
Stage IV Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
A term that refers to the staging of retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to common sarcomas in the retroperitoneum. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Retroperitoneal Sarcoma by AJCC v8 Stage
Stage II Retroperitoneal Sarcoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T2, N0, M0, G2, G3); IIIB: (T3, T4, N0, M0, G2, G3); (Any T, N1, M0, Any G). T2: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm and less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm and less than or equal to 15 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor measuring more than 15 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 4 or 5. G3: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 6, 7, or 8. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage III Retroperitoneal Sarcoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1, Any G. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Stage IV Retroperitoneal Sarcoma AJCC v8
A junctional or compound melanocytic neoplasm not fulfilling the histopathologic criteria of melanoma but with one of the following features: asymmetry, predominance of single melanocytes over nests in lesions 4 mm or larger, ulceration, large dermal sheets of melanocytes, lack of maturation in dermis, deep dermal mitotic figures, extensive involvement of subcutis, and nuclear pleomorphism. (Mod Pathol 2006;19: S21)
Atypical Spitz Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Melanocytic Tumor of Unknown Malignant Potential
Spindle and Epithelioid Cell Nevus with Atypia and Metastasis
Spitz Tumor with One or More Atypical Features
Spitzoid Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
A term that refers to the staging of Merkel cell carcinoma (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma), following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Skin by AJCC v7 Stage
A term that refers to the staging of Merkel cell carcinoma (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma), following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Skin by AJCC v8 Stage
The reemergence of lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Lymphocyte-Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
A translocation between chromosomes 12 and 21 involved in TEL-AML1 oncogene formation. The translocation produces a chimeric gene encoding a protein consisting of the N-terminal HLH domain of the TEL ETS-like transcription factor fused with a nearly complete AML1 protein. t(12;21) is the most frequent translocation causing ALL, accounting for 20% of ALL cases.
Any DNA sequence involved in the regulation of genetic processes such as transcription and replication.
The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell.
A term that refers to the staging of cutaneous melanoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system does not apply to melanoma of the conjunctiva, melanoma of the uvea, mucosal melanoma arising in the head and neck, and mucosal melanoma of the urethra, vagina, rectum, and anus. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Describes the morphologic appearance where a tumor meets the adjacent tissue.
A recently described aggressive subtype of classic lobular breast carcinoma in situ. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic large cells with irregular nuclei and prominent single or multiple nucleoli.
Pleomorphic Lobular Breast Carcinoma In Situ
Non-Invasive Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast
Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast
Anal carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.
Refractory Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
The reemergence of B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent B-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable, with Features Intermediate between Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.
Refractory B-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable, with Features Intermediate between Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
The reemergence of central nervous system lymphoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Central nervous system lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.
Refractory Central Nervous System Lymphoma
The reemergence of testicular lymphoma after a period of remission.
Testicular lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.
The reemergence of breast lymphoma after a period of remission.
Breast lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.
The reemergence of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.
Refractory Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Refractory Intravascular B-Cell Lymphoma
The reemergence of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type after a period of remission.
Recurrent Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type
Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type that is resistant to treatment.
Refractory Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type
A follicular neoplasia confined to the germinal centers of the lymph nodes, without evidence of disseminated disease. It is characterized by the replacement of a germinal center by neoplastic centrocytes with uniformly intense positivity for BCL2. The surrounding mantle cuff and lymphoid architecture are intact. It has a low rate of progression to follicular lymphoma, but is often associated with prior or synchronous overt lymphoma.
The reemergence of an abdominal neuroendocrine neoplasm after a period of remission.
Recurrent Abdominal Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Recurrent Abdominal Neuroendocrine Tumor
An abdominal neuroendocrine neoplasm that does not respond to treatment.
Refractory Abdominal Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Refractory Abdominal Neuroendocrine Tumor
A localized low-grade follicular lymphoma within the gastrointestinal tract, which is distinct from other gastrointestinal tract follicular lymphomas. It has features that overlap with in situ follicular neoplasia as well as some features resembling an extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The prognosis is excellent.
A predominantly diffuse, low-grade follicular lymphoma. It often presents as a large localized inguinal mass, lacks BCL2 rearrangement, and is associated with 1p36 deletion.
Predominantly Diffuse Follicular Lymphoma with 1p36 Deletion
A neoplastic lymphoid process characterized by the presence of cyclin D1 positive lymphoid cells, typically in the inner mantle zones of lymphoid tissue follicles, in cases that do not suggest the diagnosis of a mantle cell lymphoma. It is often found incidentally and has a low rate of progression.
Mantle cell lymphoma involving the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and often spleen. It usually has an indolent clinical course.
A rare B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is characterized by the abnormal rearrangement of MYC gene, BCL2 gene, and/or BCL6 gene. Patients with this type of lymphoma usually respond poorly to standard treatments and have a poor prognosis.
High Grade B-Cell Lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 Rearrangements
HGBL with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 Rearrangements
A term that refers to high grade B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified or high grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements.
A B-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of a diffuse proliferation of large, atypical HHV8-positive, EBV-negative neoplastic lymphocytes. Areas of multicentric Castleman disease are not present.
HHV8-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified
HHV8-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, NOS
Human Herpesvirus 8-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A soft tissue sarcoma that does not respond to treatment.
The reemergence of soft tissue sarcoma after a period of remission.
A peripheral T-cell lymphoma that arises from a lymph node.
Nodal Peripheral T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
An immunohistochemical finding indicating the presence of neoplastic lymphocytes manifesting a T follicular helper (TFH) phenotype.
Neoplastic Cells with TFH Phenotype Present
Neoplastic Cells with T Follicular Helper Phenotype Present
A nodal peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in which the neoplastic lymphocytes manifest a T Follicular Helper (TFH) Phenotype.
Nodal Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma with TFH Phenotype
Nodal PTCL with T Follicular Helper Phenotype
Nodal Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma with T Follicular Helper Phenotype
A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis which mimics primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8-positive cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma.
A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis characterized by the presence of atypical lymphocytes which exhibited distinct angioinvasion.
Angioinvasive Lymphomatoid Papulosis Type E
A rare nodal Epstein-Barr virus-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of Epstein-Barr virus in the majority of the neoplastic cells.
Node-Based EBV-Positive Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Node-Based Epstein-Barr Virus -Positive Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Breast cancer staging used in global regions where biomarker tests are not routinely available.
A term that refers to the staging of breast cancer, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. It applies to invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the breast and ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. It does not apply to breast sarcoma, phyllodes tumor, and breast lymphoma. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
A term that refers to the staging of breast cancer, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system should only be used in global regions where biomarker tests are not routinely available. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
Breast Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Anatomic Stage
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Ductal carcinoma in situ. Lobular carcinoma in situ is a benign entity and is removed from TNM staging in the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th Edition. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis is identified or isolated tumor cell clusters (ITCs) are identified only. M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastases. Imaging studies are not required to assign the M0 category. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Anatomic Stage 0 Breast Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0); IB: (T0, N1mi, M0); (T1, N1mi, M0). T0: No evidence of primary tumor. T1: Tumor measuring 20 mm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis is identified or isolated tumor cell clusters (ITCs) are identified only. N1mi: Tumor with micrometastases (approximately 200 cells, larger than 0.2 mm, but none larger than 2.0 mm). M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastases. Imaging studies are not required to assign the M0 category. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Anatomic Stage I Breast Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage II includes: IIA: (T0, N1, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); IIB: (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T0: No evidence of primary tumor. T1: Tumor measuring 20 mm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 20 mm, but not more than 50 mm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 50 mm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis is identified or isolated tumor cell clusters (ITCs) are identified only. N1: Tumor with micrometastases; or metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes; and/or clinically negative internal mammary nodes with micrometastases or macrometastases by sentinel lymph node biopsy. M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastases. Imaging studies are not required to assign the M0 category. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Anatomic Stage II Breast Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T0, N2, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IIIC: (Any T, N3, M0). T0: No evidence of primary tumor. T1: Tumor measuring 20 mm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 20 mm, but not more than 50 mm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 50 mm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor of any size with direct extension to the chest wall and/or to the skin (ulceration or macroscopic nodules); invasion of the dermis alone does not qualify as T4. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis is identified or isolated tumor cell clusters (ITCs) are identified only. N1: Tumor with micrometastases; or metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes; and/or clinically negative internal mammary nodes with micrometastases or macrometastases by sentinel lymph node biopsy. N2: Tumor with metastases in 4-9 axillary lymph nodes; or positive ipsilateral internal mammary lymph nodes by imaging in the absence of axillary lymph node metastases. N3: Tumor with metastases in 10 or more axillary lymph nodes; or in infraclavicular (level III axillary) lymph nodes; or positive ipsilateral internal mammary lymph nodes by imaging in the presence of one or more positive level I, II axillary lymph nodes; or in more than three axillary lymph nodes and micrometastases or macrometastases by sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically negative ipsilateral internal mammary lymph nodes; or in ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes. M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastases. Imaging studies are not required to assign the M0 category. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Anatomic Stage III Breast Cancer AJCC v8
Anatomic Stage III Breast Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastases detected by clinical and radiographic means and/or histologically proven metastases larger than 0.2 mm. (AJCC 8th ed.)
Anatomic Stage IV Breast Carcinoma AJCC v8
A benign epithelial-stromal neoplasm that arises from the anus and resembles the breast fibroadenoma.
A benign composite neoplasm that arises from the vulva and is characterized by mixed histopathologic features of papillary hidradenoma (hidradenoma papilliferum) and fibroadenoma.
Vulvar Composite Papillary Hidradenoma and Fibroadenoma
Vulvar Composite Hidradenoma Papilliferum and Fibroadenoma
A term that refers to the staging of vulvar cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to all carcinomas of the vulva. Melanoma of the vulva is staged according to the classification for melanoma of the skin. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the vulva and/or perineum. Multifocal lesions should be designated as such. The largest lesion or the lesion with the greatest depth of invasion will be the target lesion identified to address the highest pT stage. Depth of invasion is defined as the measurement of the tumor from the epithelial-stromal junction of the adjacent most superficial dermal papilla to the deepest point of invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor of any size with extension to adjacent perineal structures (lower/distal third of the urethra, lower/distal third of the vagina, anal involvement). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage III includes: T1-T2, N1-N2c, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the vulva and/or perineum. Multifocal lesions should be designated as such. The largest lesion or the lesion with the greatest depth of invasion will be the target lesion identified to address the highest pT stage. Depth of invasion is defined as the measurement of the tumor from the epithelial-stromal junction of the adjacent most superficial dermal papilla to the deepest point of invasion. T2: Tumor of any size with extension to adjacent perineal structures (lower/distal third of the urethra, lower/distal third of the vagina, anal involvement). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis with one or two lymph node metastases each less than 5 mm, or one lymph node metastasis =5 mm. N2a: Three or more lymph node metastases each less than 5 mm. It includes micrometastasis, N2mi. N2b: Two or more lymph node metastases =5 mm. N2c: Lymph node(s) metastasis with extranodal extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)
Stage IV includes: T1-T3, N3, M0-M1. T1: Tumor confined to the vulva and/or perineum. Multifocal lesions should be designated as such. The largest lesion or the lesion with the greatest depth of invasion will be the target lesion identified to address the highest pT stage. Depth of invasion is defined as the measurement of the tumor from the epithelial-stromal junction of the adjacent most superficial dermal papilla to the deepest point of invasion. T2: Tumor of any size with extension to adjacent perineal structures (lower/distal third of the urethra, lower/distal third of the vagina, anal involvement). T3: Tumor of any size with extension to any of the following-upper /proximal two thirds of the urethra, upper/proximal two thirds of the vagina, bladder mucosa, or rectal mucosa-or fixed to pelvic bone. N3: Fixed or ulcerated regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis (including pelvic lymph node metastasis). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)
BRCT domain was first identified in C-terminal domain of breast cancer associated protein and was found in many proteins that regulate the cellular response to DNA repair, where these domains act as multi-purpose protein-protein interaction modules. Crystallography study reveals that two ~95 amino acid BRCT repeats within the domain adopt similar structures that pack together in a head-to-tail arrangement. (NCI)
Any of the lipid bilayer membranes within a cell.
A Substrate Domain is a protein region that physically interacts stereospecifically, and usually at high affinity, with a specific target substrate. In enzymes, the substrate domain is often, though not necessarily, coincident with the catalytic domain. Typically, substrate interaction results in some protein conformational alteration and functional modification. (NCI)
A protein domain that binds a protein and catalyzes the covalent addition of a phosphate group specifically to a tyrosine residue.
The cysteine-rich N-terminal DAG/PE (Diacylglycerol/Phorbol Ester)-Binding (C1) Domain of PKC isoforms interacts with phorbol ester or with the phospholipid-derived second messenger diacylglycerol. C1 contains one or two copies of a Cys-rich domain about 50 amino-acid residues long; the domain binds two zinc ions, probably involving the conserved cysteines and histidines. Bound to DAG, C1 domains are involved in recruitment of proteins to the membrane via basic residues that interact with lipid head groups. Part of the domain contains two beta sheets that form a cavity and a short C-terminal alpha helix; another contains two zinc-binding sites that maintain the domain fold. Binding of diacylglycerol, or phorbol ester, to the domain results in modification of protein function. (NCI)
Protein Kinase C Conserved Region 1 Domain
Associated with binding and hydrolysis of GTP, the highly conserved GTP-Binding Domain is typically found in signaling RAS-related proteins of the small GTPase superfamily. (NCI)
An amino acid sequence that directs the post-translational transport of a protein to the nucleus. The sequence contains positively charged amino acids such as arginine and lysine.
Any very large complex molecule including, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, especially refering to the particular arrangement of its component atoms and groups.
The components of the cell and how they are arranged.
Used to describe tumor samples that exhibit poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cells. They are generally expected to be fast growing and aggressive.
A term used to describe cells that look abnormal under a microscope. These cells are more likely to grow and spread quickly than cells in low-grade cancer or in growths that may become cancer.
Used to describe tumor samples that exhibit well to moderately well differentiated cells. They are generally expected to be slow growing and less aggressive.
A term used to describe cells that look nearly normal under a microscope. These cells are less likely to grow and spread more quickly than cells in high-grade cancer or in growths that may become cancer.
A living organism that has membranous cell walls, requires oxygen and organic foods, and is capable of voluntary movement, as distinguished from a plant or mineral.
A non-human living organism that has membranous cell walls, requires oxygen and organic foods, and is capable of voluntary movement, as distinguished from a plant or mineral. EXAMPLE(S): dog, cat, mouse, microorganism.
The bipedal primate mammal, Homo sapiens; belonging to man or mankind; pertaining to man or to the race of man; use of man as experimental subject or unit of analysis in research.
A class of warm-blooded vertebrate animals having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk.
A living thing, such as an animal, a plant, a bacterium, or a fungus.
Any individual living (or previously living) being. EXAMPLE(S): animal, human being
The taxonomic order of mammals that includes man, monkeys, and lemurs.
A subphylum of animals consisting of those having a bony or cartilaginous vertebral column.
The absence of detectable estrogen receptor in a tissue sample.
Describes cells that do not have a protein to which the hormone estrogen will bind. Cancer cells that are estrogen receptor negative do not need estrogen to grow, and usually do not stop growing when treated with hormones that block estrogen from binding.
Describes cells that do not have a protein to which the hormone progesterone will bind. Cancer cells that are progesterone receptor negative do not need progesterone to grow, and usually do not stop growing when treated with hormones that block progesterone from binding.
Indicates the progesterone receptor level measured in a primary tumor or in metastases. (>=10 is positive if measured in fmols/mg cytosol protein; Otherwise use institutional standards)
The estrogen receptor level measured in a primary tumor or in metastases. There are essentially two distinct forms of breast cancer, one that tends to have an early onset and is characterized by an ER- status, and one that tends to have a late onset and is characterized by an ER+ status. However, these two variants tend to overlap with respect to age, so it is possible for a young woman to have a "late-onset" form of breast cancer and for an older woman to have an "early-onset" variant of the disease.
The presence or absence of Her2/Neu on a tissue sample.
The process of change in the structure and function of an organism that occurs with the passage of time.
A characteristic that can be objectively measured and serves as an indicator for normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, state of health or disease, the risk for disease development and/or prognosis, or responsiveness to a particular therapeutic intervention.
A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition.
A characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. (From: FDA Guidance for Industry: Pharmacogenomic Data Submissions.)
Progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan.
Any process by which signals are passed from one cell to another through a direct multicellular interaction. This process is involved widely in communication, and is seen in immune response, neuronal transmission, inflammation and other processes.
The transfer of information from one cell to another.
Cell to Cell Communication and Signaling
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cells. The stages of cell cycle includes G1-S-G2-M. The G1 stage stands for "GAP 1". The S stage stands for "Synthesis". This is the stage when DNA replication occurs. The G2 stage stands for "GAP 2". The M stage stands for "mitosis", and is when nuclear (chromosomes separate) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) division occur.
The process a cell goes through each time it divides. The cell cycle consists of a series of steps during which the chromosomes and other cell material double to make two copies. The cell then divides into two daughter cells, each receiving one copy of the doubled material. The cell cycle is complete when each daughter cell is surrounded by its own outer membrane.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
The complex series of phenomena occurring after cell division and before cell death.
Cell Motility consists of active translocation of a whole cell, or cell body, from one site to another; distinct from cell motion that involves movement of cell processes (e.g., axons, microvilli, etc.). (NCI)
A process that encompasses the viability of a cell and its ability to subsist and maintain the integrity of cellular processes. Survival mechanisms ensure that the cell will be able to adapt and carry on cellular activities such as replication, repair, and metabolism.
Process in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided after nuclear division (mitosis) is complete.
Enzymatic restoration of DNA structure after chemical, radiation, or spontaneous damage.
Decreased expression of some gene product.
Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis.
Any subcellular or molecular event, process, or condition concerned with storing and generating metabolic energy.
Molecules that catalyze a chemical reaction. They are usually proteins, although catalytic RNA and DNA molecules have been identified.
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.
A hematopoietic process that refers to the production of erythrocytes.
The process beginning with penetration of the secondary oocyte by the spermatozoon and completed by fusion of the male and female pronuclei.
Gametogenesis is the phase of sexual reproduction in which certain cells of a female or male individual (parent) are transformed into specialized reproductive cells (gametes) that will initiate development of a progeny individual (offspring) upon fertilization.
Typically involves transcription of genetically encoded information into an intermediary message (messenger RNA) and subsequent translation into a functional protein.
The process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins. Gene expression may be measured by looking at the RNA, or the protein made from the RNA, or what the protein does in a cell.
A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific position on a particular chromosome and serves as the template for a product that contributes to a phenotype or a biological function.
A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific position on a particular chromosome and serves as the template for a product that contributes to a phenotype or a biological function. (NCI)
The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
The gene as a functional unit consists of a discrete segment of a giant DNA molecule containing the purine (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidine (cytosine and thymine) bases in the ordered and correct sequence that encodes a specific functional product (i.e., a protein or RNA molecule).
A family of genes that encode major histocompatibility complex proteins and are involved in the presentation of cytoplasmic protein fragments to cytotoxic lymphocytes.
An increase is the size or mass of a tissue due to an increase in cell number.
Embryogenesis is the developmental process by which an embryo is formed and developed. The process begins following fertilization and involves cellular differentiation, leading to the completion of the embryonic stage.
Proteins that hydrolyze guanine triphosphate to yield guanine diphosphate. This is a class of proteins that belongs to a family of high energy phosphate hydrolases. Members of this family play major roles in biological signal transduction pathways.
A process of blood formation and more specifically formation of blood cells that are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells.
Enzymes (EC class 3) cleaving substrates with addition of H2O at the point of cleavage; e.g., esterases, phosphatases, nucleases, peptidases. SYN hydrolyzing enzymes.
A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is added to a compound. This addition often involves the splitting or cleavage of the molecule. The hydroxyl group is incorporated into one fragment of the compound and the hydrogen atom in the other.
A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound.
The protection against infectious disease conferred by the immune response. It encompasses the capacity to distinguish foreign material from self, and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize that which is foreign.
The condition of being protected against an infectious disease. Immunity can be caused by a vaccine, previous infection with the same agent, or by transfer of immune substances from another person or animal.
Those manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable. Interphase is considered the resting stage of the cell.
A group of linked loci, collectively termed H-2 complex in the mouse and HLA complex in humans, that codes for cell-surface histocompatibility antigens and is the principal determinant of tissue type and transplant compatibility.
The second phase of mitosis, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation.
The covalent chemical or biochemical addition of a methyl group(s) to a compound. (NCI)
A chemical reaction in which a small molecule called a methyl group is added to other molecules. Methylation of proteins or nucleic acids may affect how they act in the body.
The usual process of somatic reproduction of cells consisting of a sequence of modifications of the nucleus that result in the formation of two daughter cells with exactly the same chromosome and DNA content as that of the original cell. It is the process by which the body grows and replaces cells and is divided into four phases. In Prophase, paired chromosomes form, nuclear membrane disappears, the achromatic spindle appears, and polar bodies form. In Metaphase, chromosomes are arranged in the equatorial plane of the central spindle to form the monaster and chromosomes separate into exactly similar halves. In Anaphase, the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibers of the central spindle, each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster. In Telophase, the daughter chromosomes resolve themselves into a reticulum, the daughter nuclei are formed, and the cytoplasm divides forming two complete daughter cells.
The process by which a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell. This process allows the body to grow and replace cells.
The process of shape formation: the processes that are responsible for producing the complex shapes of adults from the simple ball of cells that derives from division of the fertilized egg.
This gene plays a role in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Cytogenetic aberrations in the gene are involved in cellular transformation and are associated with a variety of hematopoietic tumors, leukemias and lymphomas.
v-myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Cellular Homolog Gene
All electron-transfer reactions are considered oxidation/reduction reactions. The substance gaining electrons ("oxidizing agent" or "oxidant") is oxidizing the substance that is losing electrons ("reducing agent" or "reductant"). In the process, the "oxidizing agent" is itself reduced by the "reducing agent."
from Electrochemistry Dictionary; http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/dict.htm
A biologic function or a process having an abnormal or deleterious effect at the subcellular, cellular, multicellular, or organismal level.
The creation of a phosphate derivative of an organic molecule. This is usually achieved by transferring a phosphate group from ATP via the action of a kinase.
A process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, such as a sugar or a protein.
A class of enzymes that transfer phosphate or phosphate-containing molecules to organic substrates. These proteins play a role in the regulation of many cellular processes.
A class of phosphotransferase proteins that posttranslationally modify protein substrates through the addition of phosphate groups.
IUBMB designates protein kinases in EC 2.7.10.-, EC 2.7.11.-, EC 2.7.12.-, EC 2.7.13.- and EC 2.7.99.-.
The enzymatic processing of a polypeptide chain after translation from messenger RNA and after peptide bond formation has occurred. Examples include glycosylation, acylation, limited proteolysis, phosphorylation, isoprenylation.
Post-Translational Modification Alteration
Protein/Amino Acid Biochemistry, Post-Translational Modification
Kinases that phosphorylate protein tyrosine residues. These kinases play major roles in mitogenic signalling, and can be divided into two subfamilies: receptor tyrosine kinases, that have an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain; and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, which are soluble, cytoplasmic kinases. (Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology Online)
A group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains (linear polymers) of alpha-L-amino acids linked by peptide bonds and ranging in size from a few thousand to over 1 million Daltons. Proteins are fundamental genetically encoded components of living cells with specific structures and functions dictated by amino acid sequence.
A molecule made up of amino acids that are needed for the body to function properly. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and hair and of substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies.
This gene plays a role in signal transduction and cellular communication.
A gene that may cause cancer when it is mutated (changed). The Hras gene makes the HRAS protein, which is involved in cell signaling pathways, cell growth, and apoptosis (cell death). Agents that block the actions of the mutated Hras gene or its protein in cancer cells may stop the growth of cancer.
A receptor protein that is localized to the plasma membrane and may have exposure to the extracellular milieu.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (1210 aa, ~134 kDa) is encoded by the human EGFR gene. This protein plays a role in cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, cell proliferation and signal transduction.
The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor.
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor is a protein tyrosine kinase with two glycoprotein components of different molecular weight; both contain phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine but only the higher molecular weight form contains phosphoserine. The tyrosine kinase activity is required for internalization or degradation of EGF-EGFR receptor complexes. EGF stimulation of the receptor initiates DNA and protein synthesis in target cells. The receptor is not found on mitotically quiescent cells except the stomach where it controls synthesis and release of digestive enzymes and gastric acid. TGF alpha also binds to and activates the receptor.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
Any type of DNA sequence rearrangement involving possible exchange and frequent loss of segments of DNA by either homologous recombination or non-homologous end-joining of broken DNA strands. Recombination is involved in assorting genes during reproduction, in repairing broken DNA, and in maintaining cell viability at the expense of long-term genomic stability.
Reproduction or reconstitution of a lost or injured part. (NCI)
A reparative process to replace lost or damaged cells, commonly characterized by cellular basophilia, increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and/or irregular architecture.
This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and signal transduction through the nuclear factor kappa B NFKB signal transduction pathway.
v-REL Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene
The generation of offspring by living organisms.
Removal of introns from mRNA precursors and the reattachment or annealing of exons.
The process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (i.e., coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA. The latter serves as the template for synthesis of a specific protein.
An elaboration of the known or inferred interactions involved in a signal transduction pathway.
Describes a group of molecules in a cell that work together to control one or more cell functions, such as cell division or cell death. After the first molecule in a pathway receives a signal, it activates another molecule. This process is repeated until the last molecule is activated and the cell function involved is carried out. Abnormal activation of signaling pathways can lead to cancer, and drugs are being developed to block these pathways. This may help block cancer cell growth and kill cancer cells.
A cellular process that involves a chemical or mechanical stimulus and results in a specific cellular response. This process is a central feature of a broad variety of physiologic responses.
The process by which a cell responds to substances in its environment. The binding of a substance to a molecule on the surface of a cell causes signals to be passed from one molecule to another inside the cell. These signals can affect many functions of the cell, including cell division and cell death. Cells that have permanent changes in signal transduction molecules may develop into cancer.
Intracellular Communication and Signaling
The maturation and propagation of spermatozoa. The process consists of three phases, mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. This results in a specialized cell that is capable of traversing the male and female reproductive tracts, and has the capability of fertilizing an egg.
A genetic process in which single-stranded RNA with base sequence complementary to a region of plus strand DNA is synthesized by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Following the binding of RNA polymerase on DNA promoter regions, the RNA product is synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction, elongating RNA along the DNA strand as the polymerase proceeds, accompanied by unwinding and rewinding of the DNA template.
The process of synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA.
Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor: acceptor group transferase". (EC 2 class)
A substance present in or produced by a tumor or by the host, that can be used for differentiating neoplastic from normal tissue based on measurements in body fluids, secretions, cells, and/or tissues. Markers are used in diagnosis, staging and prognosis of cancer, provide an estimation of tumor burden, and serve for monitoring effects of therapy, detecting recurrence, localization of tumors, and screening in general populations.
A substance that may be found in tumor tissue or released from a tumor into the blood or other body fluids. A high level of a tumor marker may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (in ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (in breast cancer), CEA (in ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (in prostate cancer).
Restoration of diseased or damaged tissues naturally by healing processes.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. This pathway is thought to play a critical role in DNA repair, V(D)J recombination and cell cycle checkpoints. (from LocusLink)
A type of enzyme that transmits signals in cells and that helps control cell growth. Some tumors have higher-than-normal levels of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase.
A class of enzymes that transfer phosphate groups to serine or threonine residues in peptides or proteins. These proteins are involved in the progression of signal transduction pathways.
Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit (976 aa, ~110 kDa) is encoded by the human KIT gene. This protein is involved in cell survival, tyrosine phosphorylation and ligand-mediated signaling.
Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit
A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to biologic substance called stem cell factor (SCF). SCF causes certain types of blood cells to grow. The stem cell factor receptor is found at high levels or in a changed form on some types of cancer cells. This may cause these cells to grow rapidly when SCF is present. The stem cell factor receptor is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase.
Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Kit
v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 Feline Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog
This gene is involved in cell adhesion, differentiation, division and stress response.
ABL Proto-Oncogene 1, Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Gene
v-Abl Abelson Murine Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 1 Gene
Phase of the cell cycle preceding DNA synthesis (Gap 1 phase). The subphases of G1 include competence, entry (G1a), progression (G1b), and assembly (G1c), based on the effects of limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.
This gene plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation and has tumor suppressor activity.
Tumor Protein P53 (Li-Fraumeni Syndrome) Gene
This gene is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, growth and proliferation.
Retinoblastoma 1 (Including Osteosarcoma) Gene
Tumor Suppressor Genes encode proteins whose functions inhibit expression of tumorigenic phenotypes by holding cellular proliferation in check. When inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and deregulated growth is possible. (NCI)
A type of gene that makes a protein called a tumor suppressor protein that helps control cell growth. Mutations (changes in DNA) in antioncogenes may lead to cancer.
GTPase KRas (189 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human KRAS gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of GTP metabolism and in signaling.
There are at least 2 isoforms of GTPase KRas called K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B. These osoforms differ in the C-terminal region which is encoded by two alternative exons (IVA and IVB). UniProt considers K-Ras4A the canonical isoform.
GTPase NRas (189 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human NRAS gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of GTPase-dependent signaling.
Cellular protein encoded by the RAS genes. The protein has intrinsic GTPase activity and is involved in transmembrane signal transduction as a guanine nucleotide binding protein. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia.
Phase of the cell cycle following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated (Synthesis phase). It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.
This gene plays a role in signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling.
This gene plays a role in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal remodeling. It is also involved in suppression of cell growth.
FOS Family Genes encode nuclear leucine zipper FOS Family Proteins (FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, and FOSL2) that can dimerize with JUN Family proteins and bind DNA as the AP-1 transcription factor complex to regulate transcription in cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. (NCI)
A family of proteins and protein complexes involved in many signal transduction pathways; these proteins transduce signals through the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
The process of growing old and showing the effects of time.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (766 aa, ~84 kDa) is encoded by the human BRAF gene. This protein plays a role in protein phosphorylation, mitogenesis and neuronal signal transduction.
v-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1
The process by which an unexpressed gene is activated to serve as a transcription template for synthesis of RNA.
A form of programmed cell death that begins when a cell receives internal or external signals, then proceeds through a series of characteristic stages typically including rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopods, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and plasma membrane blebbing, and ends with the death of the cell.
A form of programmed cell death triggered by internal or external signals that results in a series of characteristic morphological changes.
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death. This is the body's normal way of getting rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of programmed cell death may be blocked in cancer cells.
Important in ontogenesis, tumorigenesis, tissue turnover, lymphocyte selection and function and hormone-induced atrophy.
This gene plays a role in signal transduction. It is involved in both adhesion and migration of cells.
APC, WNT Signaling Pathway Regulator Gene
A pathologic process in which alterations at the molecular level result in a more aggressive cytologic and phenotypic profile and clinical course of a neoplasm.
The process of tumor progression is thought to be driven by clonal evolution. The initiating event is a mutation that gives a cell the ability to divide when it shouldn't. As a result a small group of related cells, called a clone because they are identical to each other, grows. Clonal evolution occurs like a tree with mutations causing many clones to branch off continuously.
A class of membrane receptors that contain protein tyrosine kinase activity. This enzymatic activity is integral to the function of the receptor as a signal transducer; the phosphorylation event alters the functional activity of its protein substrate.
Transmembrane Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase
The event of providing fragments of foreign proteins, including viruses and bacteria, to the helper T cells. The presentation occurs through the display of the fragments of foreign proteins on the surface of the antigen-presenting cells (APC).
A class of cell surface proteins that bind to extracellular polypeptide molecules triggering intracellular signaling pathways that activate various cellular responses such as cell proliferation and/or differentiation. (NCI)
Any mutation that appears in the gametes and which will therefore be transmitted to the progeny with some frequency.
A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring.
Formation of a chemical compound by enzymes, either in the organism (in vivo) or by fragments or extracts of cells (in vitro).
A hematopoietic process that refers to the production of thrombocytes.
An intracellular or extracellular function, activity, or process principally involving intracellular or extracellular components.
General term for proteins that have binding as a major function.
In medicine, the course of a disease, such as cancer, as it becomes worse or spreads in the body.
This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
This gene plays a role in cellular proliferation and is involved in the oncogenic process through amplification and/or overexpression in several cancers.
V-ERB-B2 Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2, Neuro/glioblastoma Derived Oncogene Homolog (Avian) Gene
This gene is involved in the epidermal growth factor signal transduction pathway.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral (V-ERB-B) Oncogene Homolog, Avian) Gene
The act, or process, of natural progression in physical and psychological maturation from a previous, lower, or embryonic stage to a later, more complex, or adult stage.
Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (1863 aa, ~208 kDa) is encoded by the human BRCA1 gene. This protein plays a role in both the maintenance of DNA and the mediation of ubiquitin E3 ligase activity.
Breast Cancer Type 1 Susceptibility Protein
BRCA1, which functions as a tumor suppressor in human breast cancer cells, is a nuclear phosphoprotein which associates with RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Mutations in BRCA1 are predicted to be responsible for approximately 45% of inherited breast cancer and more than 80% of inherited breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 may function as a transcriptional regulator, due to an amino terminal DNA-binding ring finger motif, nuclear localization signals, and an acidic carboxy terminal domain. BRCA1 is also a granin-like protein that functions as a secreted growth inhibitory protein. BRCA1 may normally serve as a negative regulator of mammary epithelial cell growth. This function is compromised in breast cancer either by direct mutation or by alterations in gene expression. BRCA1 participates in transcription-coupled repair of oxidative DNA damage. (LocusLink)
Encoded by human BRCA1 Gene (Granin Family) and expressed in proliferating cells, 1863-amino acid 190-220 kD BRCA1 phosphoprotein contains a N-terminal DNA-binding RING finger, nuclear localization signals, an C-terminal acidic domain, and two C-terminal BRCT domains. Phosphorylation peaks in S/M. BRCA1 is involved in cell cycle arrest transcription, DNA repair, and recombination. CTIP/BRCA1/ZBRK1 regulates GADD45 transcription. BRCA1 inhibits ERA transcription and triggers apoptosis through JNK/SAPK. BRCA1 is part of the BASC DNA repair complex and the SWI/SNF complex. BRCA1 may associate with BRCA2, BARD1 (S phase), RNA Polymerase II via RNA helicase A, and RB1, RBBP7, RBBP4, HDAC1, and HDAC2 (via BRCT domain). CHK2 serine phosphorylates BRCA1. BRCA1 mutations occur in breast and ovarian cancers. (fSwiss-Prot, OMIM)
BRCA1/BRCA2-Containing Complex, Subunit 1
Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Protein 1
Protein Phosphatase 1, Regulatory Subunit 53
An activity occurring within an organism, between organisms or among organisms and the mechanisms underlying such events.
Breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein (3418 aa, ~384 kDa) is encoded by the human BRCA2 gene. This protein plays a role in both cell cycle regulation and DNA repair.
Breast Cancer Type 2 Susceptibility Protein
Encoded by human BRCA2 Gene, the highly charged 3,418-amino acid 384 kD putative tumor suppressor BRCA2 Protein is expressed (G1/S peak) in rapidly proliferating cells in breast, thymus, lung, ovary, and spleen. With no signal sequence, no membrane regions, and little similarity to other proteins, BRCA2 function is not known; a N-terminus similar to JUN activation domain is capable of activating transcription. BRCA2 may regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. BRCA2/BRCA1 may activate double-strand break repair or homologous recombination. BRCA2 may interact as a cofactor with RAD51 DNA-repair protein; the interaction with BRCA2 BRC3 or BRC4 regions blocks nucleoprotein filament formation. BRCA2 may also regulate the location and DNA-binding ability of RAD51. BRCA2 mutations are linked to elevated risk of breast cancer. (Swiss-Prot, OMIM)
BRCA1/BRCA2-Containing Complex, Subunit 2
Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Protein 2
Any immune system response of an organisms to an internal or invasive threat.
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).
A process that results in the development of new blood vessels.
Processes concerned with the synthesis, breakdown, and oxidation of carbohydrates in the tissues.
Metabolism, Carbohydrates/Storage/Polysaccharides
Any multicellular process of immune cells effecting or involved with the immune response or immune maintenance. (NCI)
Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection.
This gene is involved in apoptotic regulation. Overexpression of this gene promotes the pathogenesis of B-Cell lymphomas, due to anti-apoptotic activity.
A protein that helps control whether a cell lives or dies by blocking a type of cell death called apoptosis. The gene for BCL2 is found on chromosome 18, and transfer of the BCL2 gene to a different chromosome is seen in many B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. This causes the BCL2 protein to be made in larger amounts, which may keep cancer cells from dying.
This gene plays a role in cell cycle control, regulation of transcription and the maintenance of genomic stability. It is also involved in the inhibition of mammary cell growth.
This gene plays a crucial role in hematopoietic development and is involved in transcriptional activation.
LIM Domain Only 2 (Rhombotin-Like 1) Gene
The degree of abnormality of cancer cells, a measure of differentiation, the extent to which cancer cells are similar in appearance and function to healthy cells of the same tissue type. The degree of differentiation often relates to the clinical behavior of the particular tumor. Based on the microscopic findings, tumor grade is commonly described by one of four degrees of severity. Histopathologic grade of a tumor may be used to plan treatment and estimate the future course, outcome, and overall prognosis of disease. Certain types of cancers, such as soft tissue sarcoma, primary brain tumors, lymphomas, and breast have special grading systems.
A description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer.
A biological process that refers to the maturation of megakaryocytes and the release of platelets.
The T-cell antigen receptors consist of a heterodimer of integral membrane glycoproteins. Two distinct receptors exist, alpha/beta and gamma/delta. Alpha/beta receptors are found on helper and cytotoxic T-cells and are specific for antigenic peptides presented in association with MHC gene products. Gamma/delta receptors, found in association with CD3, directly recognize proteins and non-proteinacious phospho-ligands. Alpha/beta and gamma/delta are non-covalently associated with CD3-gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta proteins, forming the TCR-CD3 complex, which activate MAPKs and JNK1 through the CD3 antigens, the adaptor protein LAT, and tyrosine kinases LCK and ZAP70. The genes for T-cell receptor subunits are encoded by distinct gene elements that are assembled by somatic rearrangement during T-cell development. Translocations and inversions of these loci are observed in human T-cell leukemias and lymphomas.
This gene plays a role in the regulation of mitotic events.
This gene functions as a tumor suppressor and transcriptional regulator.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A Gene
Cell growth regulation controls the rate, or the mechanism, of complex coordinated cellular phenomena that promote cell metabolism, cell growth, and cell division.
Involves the growth and reproduction of similar cells by cell division, resulting in an increase in cell number.
An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.
Physiologic control of immune function. Includes all levels of regulation from gene expression mechanisms, through cell-cell interactions, to organism-wide responses.
Change in the body's immune system, caused by agents that activate or suppress its function.
Specific degradation of a protein - involving conjugation, transport, oxidation, and proteolysis - involved in signal transduction or cell communication events; not to be confuse with proteolysis, which applies only to peptide bond hydrolysis. (NCI)
Proteolysis typically involves hydrolysis of specific peptide bond(s) with formation of smaller polypeptides in a target protein during maturation or modification of functional activity. The process may be catalyzed by proteolytic enzymes, by acids, or by bases.
A protein located on the cell surface, or in the cytoplasm, that binds to a specific signaling factor, such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter, causing a conformational and functional change in the receptor molecule. The ligand-bound receptor then alters its interaction with target molecules, which leads to changes in cellular physiology through modification of the activity of one or more signal transduction pathways.
A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell.
A process by which cells internalize molecules or viruses. Receptors on the plasma membrane of the target cell bind to specific cell surface receptorson the endocytic cells, inducing formation of coated pits and endocytic invagination of the plasma membrane.
This gene is involved in cell cycle control, DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. It also plays a role in the proliferation of embryonic cells.
A gene on chromosome 13 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
A pathologic process that involves the transformation of normal cells to a neoplastic state and resulting in polyclonal or monoclonal neoplastic cell proliferation.
RNA transport is the translocation of RNA molecules from one cellular location to another, such as transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
This gene plays a regulatory role in transcription, cellular maintenance and hematopoiesis.
v-ETS Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene Like (Avian) Gene
The process of exchange of genetic material between autonomous replicons, which depends on regions of extensive sequence homology between the participating DNA strands. This process involves double-strand breakage of one participant, resection of the break, and strand invasion, followed by formation, displacement and resolution of the Holliday junction. This process is involved in repairing broken DNA and creating combinations of genes that may be unique from the parent duplexes. Disruptions in this process can result in inviability, premature aging and predisposition to cancers and degenerative diseases.
Any subcellular or molecular event, process, or condition involved in translocation of a biological macromolecule from one site or compartment to another, entirely within a cell. (NCI)
Cancer that is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity.
Cancer that is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity based on predetermined boundaries. (NCI)
Involves temporary, non-covalent binding of two or more molecules as a result of intermolecular physical forces and often involves spatial complementarity between the interacting objects.
Return to a former state; a subsidence of the symptoms of a disease process; in cancer, a decrease in the size of a tumor or in the extent of cancer in the body.
A decrease in the size of a tumor or in the extent of cancer in the body.
This gene plays a role in cell-cell adhesion and loss of function contributes to the progression of many carcinomas.
Cadherin 1, Type 1, E-Cadherin (Epithelial) Gene
This gene plays a role in cell cycle regulation. It is also putatively involved in glucose production.
This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and has tumor suppressor activity.
This gene is involved in tumor suppression and mutations in this gene have been associated with several cancers and cancer related diseases.
This gene plays a role in signal transduction and apoptosis. It is also involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression.
This gene plays an essential role in neural crest development, cellular growth and differentiation. Mutations in the gene are associated with a variety of neoplasias and carcinomas.
RET Proto-Oncogene (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma 1, Hirschsprung Disease) Gene
This gene plays a role in signal transduction and transcriptional activation. It is also involved in suppression of angiogenesis.
This gene is involved in transcriptional repression and protein degradation.
This gene plays a role in regulation of transcription. It is involved in the control of both cell differentiation and proliferation.
The pathologic, physiologic, or biochemical mechanism resulting in the development of a disease or morbid process.
A class of small GTP-binding regulatory proteins regulated by G protein coupled receptors that act as switches in signal transduction pathways. The nature of the nucleotide bound to the protein determines its activity: GTP in the active state, GDP in the inactive state. The prototype for this class of proteins is the cellular proto-oncogene RAS.
This gene is involved in cellular growth and proliferation. It is also plays a role in intercellular signaling.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Beta Polypeptide Gene
DNA Maintenance involves cellular mechanisms that maintain DNA integrity. In many organisms, maintenance of DNA integrity requires not only faithful DNA replication, but also DNA repair and recombination. (NCI)
This gene plays a regulatory role in transcription and in matrix metalloproteinase activity.
This gene plays a role in transcriptional activation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuroepithelioma.
Friend Leukemia Virus Integration 1 Gene
This gene may play a role in post-transcriptional regulation; however the function remains to be elucidated. Mutations in the gene result in Ewing sarcoma and other tumors.
This gene plays a regulatory role in the modulation of cell-surface receptors and hepatocyte growth factor interactions.
MET Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Gene
The Ets family of transcription factors includes nuclear phosphoproteins that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and oncogenic transformation. The family is defined by a conserved DNA-binding domain (the ETS-DBD), which forms a highly conserved, winged, helix-turn-helix structural motif. As targets of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway, Ets proteins function as critical nuclear integrators of ubiquitous signaling cascades. To direct signals to specific target genes, ETS proteins interact with other transcription factors that determine the binding specificity of ETS proteins to RAS-response elements in target genes.
Specific molecular signature of disease, physiological measurement, genotype structural or functional characteristic, metabolic changes, or other determinant that may simplify the diagnostic process, make diagnoses more accurate, distinguish different causes of disease, or enable physicians to make diagnoses before symptoms appear and to track disease progression.
This gene plays a role in several cellular processes related to cellular viability; including the cell cycle and apoptosis.
MDM2 Proto-Oncogene, E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Gene
This gene plays a role in glucose homeostasis and the inhibition of apoptosis.
v-akt MurineThymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 2 Gene
This gene is involved in transcriptional co-activation and signal transduction.
This gene is involved in cell organization/biogenesis and the inhibition of apoptosis.
A gene that makes a protein called B-RAF, which is involved in sending signals in cells and in cell growth. This gene may be mutated (changed) in many types of cancer, which causes a change in the B-RAF protein. This can increase the growth and spread of cancer cells.
B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase Gene
This gene plays a regulatory role in the cell cycle.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1C Gene
This gene plays a role in transcriptional activation. Retroviral activation of the gene plays an important role in the translocations leading to myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome.
This gene plays a role in chromatin remodeling and regulation of transcription.
SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin, Subfamily B, Member 1 Gene
This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and amplification of this gene is associated with a variety of tumors, most notably neuroblastomas.
V-Myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Neuroblastoma Derived Homolog Gene
This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and cellular differentiation.
This gene is involved in angiogenesis and cell proliferation.
This gene is involved in the regulation of B-cell differentiation and proliferation. It also plays a role in mediating the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated T cells.
Classification. Proto-oncogenes that code for G proteins.
This gene plays a role in signal transduction.
BCR, RhoGEF and GTPase Activating Protein Gene
Encoded by Regulatory Genes, Regulatory Proteins regulate or circumscribe the activity of many cellular functions.
Most sources would use this to represent only those proteins involved in regulation of transcription. We use it in a broader sense.
Temporary, non-covalent binding between protein molecules. Protein-protein interactions occur as a result of intermolecular physical forces and spatial complementation between domains or motifs. This interaction can be either homotypic or heterotypic and effect protein structure, conformation, and function.
This gene plays a role in DNA mismatch repair mutations in the gene result in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer-1.
This gene plays a role in DNA mismatch repair.
Protein phosphorylation is one of various post-translational protein modifications that regulates protein function and enzymatic activity. The major phosphoryl acceptors in proteins are serine, threonine, and tyrosine.
Tyrosine phosphorylation involves the introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between a tyrosine residue in the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
A family of cellular proteins encoded by the c-erbB genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor. They are normally expressed in a variety of tissues of epithelial, mesenchymal, and neuronal origin. They are overexpressed in a significant portion of adenocarcinomas found at various sites, especially in the breast. Gene amplification appears to be the predominant method leading to overexpression.
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family
Proteins or peptides that participate in signal transduction processes in the cell.
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22) which fuses intron 5 of the ETV6 gene with intron 2 of the RUNX1 gene. This gene fusion is associated with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma.
This gene is involved in nucleotide metabolism and cell cycle control.
Transcription Repressor/Corepressor Gene encodes Transcriptional Repressor/Corepressor, proteins that can regulate transcription by binding to the operator and causing repression. (from Glick: Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
This gene is involved in development and spermatogenesis.
MYC Family Genes encode MYC Family Proteins, class III bHLH leucine zipper transcription factors having cellular proliferative and apoptotic roles. Dimerization via leucine zippers of MYC proteins with bHLH/lz proteins, such as MAX, is required for efficient DNA binding. Leucine zippers are present in many gene regulatory proteins, including CREB proteins, Jun/AP1 transcription factors, and FOS-type proteins, as well as MYC proteins. The periodically repeated leucine side chains extending from one alpha helix interdigitate with leucine residues of another alpha helix, facilitating coiled-coil dimerization; like charge repulsion in this region perturbs homodimer formation; heterodimers are promoted by opposing charge attractions. c-MYC transcription factor binds to CAC(GA)TG DNA sites. MYC sequences have been highly conserved throughout evolution, from Drosophila to vertebrates. (NCI)
Small cellular monomeric proteins with GTPase activity, RAS Superfamily Proteins are involved in signal transduction in normal cellular growth, differentiation, and development.
This gene is involved in cellular differentiation and neurotrophic functions.
Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1 Gene
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Gene Family encodes Fibroblast Growth Factor peptides, potent mitogens that stimulate mesodermal cell growth, including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelia, and may be active in wound healing and regeneration. (NCI)
A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal inversion inv(10)(q11q21) which fuses the 5' part of the CCDC6 gene with the 3' part of the RET gene. This gene fusion is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and cytogenetic aberrations are associated with several leukemias.
Runt-Related Transcription Factor 1 Gene
This gene plays a role in cell cycle regulation.
This gene is involved in apoptosis, DNA repair and cell cycle regulation.
This gene is involved in hematopoiesis and osteogenesis.
This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and alterations in the gene are associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Lysine (K)-Specific Methyltransferase 2A Gene
This gene is involved in mismatch repair and mutations in the gene result in hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer 3.
PMS1 Postmeiotic Segregation Increased 1 (S. cerevisiae) Gene
This gene is involved in mismatch repair and mutations in the gene result in hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer 4.
PMS2 Postmeiotic Segregation Increased 2 (S. cerevisiae) Gene
The CDK Inhibitor Genes encode the CDK Inhibitor Proteins, a group of low molecular weight proteins that associate with cyclin-CDK complexes or CDKs alone and inhibit their activity. (From OMIM and NCI)
Used in reference to proteins or low molecular weight solutes (ligands) that interact specifically with DNA, in either a DNA-sequence dependent or independent fashion.
This gene plays a role in cellular hematopoiesis and differentiations. Mutations in the gene are associated with several diseases, including acute myelogenous leukemia, gastrointestinal tumors, and mast cell disease.
V-Kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 Feline Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene
An elaboration of the known steps and interactions for the metabolism of a compound.
Phases or points in the cell cycle at which a cell is prevented from progressing into the next phase of the cycle unless certain necessary and sufficient cellular conditions exist. The checkpoints help maintain the proper order and timing of cell transition events, especially important for DNA replication and chromosome segregation.
An interruption in the periodic biochemical and structural events occurring during proliferation of cells such as in tissue culture; the cycle is divided into periods called: G0, Gap1 (G1), synthesis (S1), Gap2 (G2), and mitosis (M). The period runs from one division to the next.
Host Defenses against pathology include physical barriers to pathogens, immediate nonspecific and constitutive (innate) defenses, specific inducible immune responses, metabolic and physiologic homeostatic mechanisms, detoxification, repair processes, and healing mechanisms.
Any subcellular or molecular event, process, or condition that regulates the processing of a gene transcription product.
Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction is a molecular interaction between protein and carbohydrate molecules.
Protein Kinase Protein Phosphorylation involves covalent linkage of a phosphate group (from a donor compound such as ATP) with a serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue of a Protein Kinase acceptor, often as a mechanism of kinase activity regulation.
Factors, produced by the body, which regulate some aspect of physiology.
An intercellular process that involves a cellular receptor binding to a cognate ligand and results in a specific cellular response.
Interactions responsible for the assembly and stability of protein-RNA complexes. Such complexes are of fundamental importance, affecting processes such as translation (ribosome), RNA processing (spliceosome), and DNA synthesis at telomeres (telomerase). Protein structural motifs involved in RNA binding include beta sheet surfaces, alpha helices, and beta turns.
T-Cell Activation involves stimulation of T lymphocytes by receptor interaction with mitogens or cell surface-displayed antigens resulting in biosynthesis of lymphokines, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and maturation to support immune activity.
Development of bone marrow-derived stem cells in the thymus through stages of positive selection under the influence of epithelial cells in the thymic cortex and negative selection under the influence of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells at the corticomedullary junction. Thymic T cell precursors (thymocytes) progress through phases expressing both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors to a single positive stage expressing only CD4 or CD8 in addition to the T cell receptor. They are then allowed to leave the thymus and enter the periphery via the lymphatics or venules of the circulatory system as mature T cells. (NCI/OSP)
Any process in which a specific pair of interactions is observed between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell, where the interactions include those between the T cell receptor and the major histocompatibility complex and those between CD28 and B7 family members. This process is involved in anergy and specification of the immune response to a particular antigen.
TCR Activation during T cell development and proliferation involves binding to specific antigen by Ig-like heterodimeric transmembrane surface alpha/beta (antigen/MHC) or gamma/delta (antigen) glycoprotein receptors non-covalently associated with CD3 complex on T lymphocytes. Antigen-bound TCRs activate MAPKs and JNK1 through CD3 antigens, adaptor protein LAT, and tyrosine kinases LCK and ZAP70.
Bone marrow-derived stem cells in the thymus become educated to recognize complexes of self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules plus self-peptides in a process called positive selection under the influence of epithelial cells in the thymic cortex. Positively-selected thymic T cell precursors (thymocytes) then progress through a process called negative selection under the influence of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells at the corticomedullary junction where self-reactive, and potentially autoimmunity-inducing, thymocytes are deleted. Thymocytes simultaneously progress through phases expressing both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors to a single positive stage expressing only CD4 or CD8 in addition to the T cell receptor. They are then allowed to leave the thymus and enter the periphery via the lymphatics or venules of the circulatory system as mature T cells.
The control of gene expression at the level of RNA transcription.
An organic or inorganic substance, element, isotope, food or other materials derived from microorganism, plant, or animal sources. They can be used for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment or research of disease states, for industrial purposes, or for the promotion or maintenance of organism viability or health.
Drug, Food, Chemical or Biomedical Material
Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.
An active natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic ingredient including endogenous body substance that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure or any function of the human body, but does not include intermediates used in the synthesis of such ingredient (21 CFR 314.3(b)).
An article other than food intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease; or intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. EXAMPLE(S): aspirin
Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
This category represents ingredients, not drug products.
Substances that are grouped or classified by chemical composition.
Any process by which signals are passed between two distinct cell types over a distance, typically through the circulatory system. This process is employed in most hormone-receptor communication, and is involved in metabolism, immune response, sexual development, behavior, nervous system function, regulation of mood and circadian rhythms, as well as other processes.
Environment to Cell Communication and Signaling
Environment-to-Cell Communication and Signaling
RNA degradation is a regulated cellular biochemical process that involves depolymerization of RNA macromolecules, which affects the RNA content of cells and regulates gene expression.
Any subcellular process that results in a specific change in the primary sequence of a biological macromolecule.
Macromolecular Sequence Alteration Process
This gene is involved in mismatch repair and plays a role in several cancers.
A set of events occurring in B lymphocytes following stimulation with cognate antigen. Crosslinking the B cell antigen receptor (surface immunoglobulin) leads to increased expression of MHC class II molecules, exit from the resting state (G0) into the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and in the case of a strong antigenic stimulus, proliferation.
Molecules, of an unidentified chemical nature, that participate in signal transduction processes in the cell.
The progression of T cell precursors in the thymus through many stages of maturation. These stages include regulated expression of the alpha and beta (or gamma and delta) chains of the T cell receptor, expression of both CD4 and CD8 molecules (double positive stage), down regulation to a single positive stage (CD4 or CD8), as well as allowing those thymocytes to die which are unable to bind to self MHC molecules (death by neglect), selecting those thymocytes with T Cell Receptors that are able to bind to self MHC molecules with moderate affinity (positive selection), and deleting those thymocytes having T Cell Receptors that bind with high affinity to self MHC (negative selection), before allowing mature T cells to emigrate to the periphery.
Modifications of primary RNA transcripts including: splicing, cleavage, base modification, capping and the addition of poly A (mRNA) or CCA (tRNA) tails. The primary transcript is the RNA molecule containing the exact sequence of bases (with U substituting for T in DNA) found in the nontemplate strand of transcribed DNA.
RNA Metabolism: Processing and Transport
Ubiquitin is a family of widely distributed proteins found in all eukaryotes that contain a highly conserved sequence of 76 amino acids identical in organisms from humans to insects. It participates in diverse cellular functions by conjugation to other proteins through its carboxy terminus. Ubiquitination is associated with many highly regulated biological events including protein degradation, chromatin remodelling, heat shock, cell cycle progression, differentiation, antigen presentation, retrovirus assembly, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, biological clocks, receptor down regulation, and endocytosis. Protein ubiquitination regulates the half-lives of many proteins by targeting them for degradation. Newly discovered families of ubiquitination and deubiquitination enzymes participate in these processes. Ubiquitination enzymes may provide new therapeutic targets and ways of intervention in many human diseases.
Neural Development involves proliferation, differentiation, and/or maturation of neural cells.
Growth and reproduction of B-lymphocytes.
The unregulated growth of cancer cells insofar as growth control and contact inhibition.
Control of the rate or manner of occurrence of the complex series of phenomena occurring after division and before death of cancer cells. (NCI)
Biosynthesis and catabolism of nucleic acids and their subunits
Metabolism, Purines/Pyrimidines/Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids
Anabolic and catabolic biochemical changes to lipids within a cell as materials needed for important life processes.
Metabolism, Lipids/Lipoproteins/Membrane Constituents
Biosynthesis and catabolism of proteins and their subunits
The transport of material in and out of the nucleus through the nuclear membrane.
Reference to a chemical group or moiety that can complex or chelate a metal ion.
The circulation of white blood cells from the blood stream to tissues or secondary lymphoid organs, to the lymphatics, and back to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct.
This gene plays a role in several cellular processes such as: proliferation, differentiation, and transformation.
v-FOS FBJ Murine Osteosarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene
Homologous recombination can operate at both double-strand breaks and free ends. The homologous chromosome serves as a template for DNA repair during recombination.
Organic processes in a cell or organism that are necessary to sustain life. Cellular metabolism can be divided into two categories. Anabolism entails the construction of complex organic molecules from simpler precursors, while catabolism involves the breakdown of complex substances into simpler molecules.
The biochemical alteration of substances introduced into the body.
The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others.
Normal genes, that when altered or inappropriately expressed, contribute to malignant transformation, tumor progression, or metastasis.
Development of the individual cell, as distinguished from phylogeny, which is evolutionary development of the species.
Control of the rate or manner of the periodic biochemical and structural events occurring during proliferation of cells; the cycle is divided into periods called: G0, Gap1 (G1), synthesis (S1), Gap2 (G2), and mitosis (M). The period runs from one division to the next.
Any process that controls the series of events by which a cell goes through the cell cycle. During the cell cycle, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and other contents, and divides in two. When cell cycle regulation doesn't happen correctly, cells may divide in an uncontrolled way, and diseases such as cancer can occur.
Cell Cycle Regulation, Including Apoptosis
Mechanisms of DNA repair associated with radiation damage.
A mutation that is typically a heritable, permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of the BRCA1 gene. Single nucleotide substitutions and small deletions or insertions (1-20 bases) account for the majority of mutations in the BRCA1 gene. Approximately 75% of these alterations result in a truncated form of the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein. Mutations in the BRCA1 gene predispose individuals to breast and ovarian cancers.
Breast Cancer 1, Early Onset Gene Mutation
Breast Cancer Type 1 Susceptibility Gene Mutation
A mutation that is typically a heritable, permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of the BRCA2 gene. Single nucleotide substitutions and small deletions or insertions (1-20 bases) account for the majority of mutations in the BRCA2 gene. Most of these alterations result in a truncated form of the breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein. Mutations in the BRCA2 gene predispose males to breast cancer.
Breast Cancer 2, Early Onset Gene Mutation
Breast Cancer Type 2 Susceptibility Gene Mutation
Any cellular process in which one cell attaches to another via cell adhesion molecules.
DNA Repair Genes encode DNA Repair Proteins, involved in enzymatic restoration of DNA structure after chemical, radiation, or spontaneous damage. (NCI)
An elaboration of the known or inferred interactions controlling the expression of a product.
Chromatin Remodeling involves alterations of the content or activity of DNA-binding and chromatin-associated proteins that affect the function and higher order conformational state of chromatin, as well as the activity of specific genes or functional DNA regions.
G1 Arrest consists of cellular biochemical mechanisms, responsive to diverse governing conditions (DNA damage, contact inhibition, growth factors, etc.), that control cellular progress through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. G1 progress is controlled by de/phosphorylated cyclin/CDK complexes. During G1, cycD/CDK phosphorylation of Rb/HDAC repressor permits E2F/DP1 transcription of genes that promote the G1/S switch and DNA replication. p53 induces p21 inhibition of cycD/CDK; Mdm2 inhibits p53/p21. TGF-b induces p15 inhibition of cycD/CDK. cAMP induces p27 inhibition of cycD/CDK. GSK3b induction of cycD degradation, and INK4, Kip, and Cdc25A regulate cycD/CDK activity.
SWI/SNF-Related Genes encode SWI2/SNF2 family proteins, which possess ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity that influences gene expression.
A chemical process, typically mediated by an enzyme, in which one or more substances (a substrate) are transformed by covalent modification into another substance(s) (a product) or in which the state of a substance is transformed.
In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow.
Post-Translational Regulation is controlled biochemical alteration of proteins involving generally reversible covalent modification or irreversible processing to regulate activity, location, or stability.
This gene plays a role in mitogenesis and differentiation.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FMS-Related Tyrosine Kinase 2, Pfeiffer Syndrome) Gene
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family Genes encode Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family proteins, cell surface receptors that react with (basic or acidic) fibroblast growth factors and frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity to elicit specific cellular responses to these growth factors. (NCI)
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family Gene
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family
This gene plays a role in mitogenesis and differentiation and mutations in the gene are associated with craniosynostotic syndromes and bone malformations.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Gene
Any cellular process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis.
ATP Hydrolysis is the cleavage of a high-energy phosphate bond of adenosine triphosphate by the addition of water. The energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive metabolic reactions including nucleic acid and protein synthesis, to move molecules against concentration gradients (active transport), and to produce mechanical motion (contraction of microfibrils and microtubules).
Any intracellular process that involves a chemical or mechanical stimulus and results in a cellular response that is specific to the stress.
Interdependent positional signaling by the apical ectodermal ridge, the posterior mesenchyme zone of polarizing activity, and the non ridge ectoderm coordinate limb bud outgrowth and patterning, Limb Development, by migrated lateral plate mesoderm and somite cells. Proximal-distal differentiating mesenchymal cells condense to form the limb skeletal primordia.
Epithelial Cell Proliferation involves multiplication or reproduction through cell division of joined cells covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities.
Any subcellular or molecular process involved in translocation of a biological molecule across a cell membrane from one site or compartment to another. (NCI)
Myeloproliferation involves both medullary and extramedullary proliferation of bone marrow constituents, such as erythroblasts, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and fibroblasts.
Pattern Formation is a developmental morphogenetic process that establishes basic configurations of cellular organization necessary for further and accurate development of the spatial arrangements of embryonic tissue.
Affecting biological factors or systems, a Biophysical Process is a subatomic, atomic, or molecular process that involves passive, physical movement; attraction or repulsion (electrostatic, van der Waals, gradient, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc.); radiation interaction; or non-enzymatic formation of covalent bonds.
A pathologic process in which alterations at the molecular level result in a more aggressive cytologic and phenotypic profile and clinical course of a malignant neoplasm.
Cancer that continues to grow or spread.
This concept is most often used for incurable cancers where the stage of the cancer is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
A biologic function, activity, or process involving either specialized organ functions, individual organs, organ systems, body parts, or whole organisms.
Processes that involve and promote the transfer or transmission of stimulatory (sensory) information from the periphery to more central organized structures and mechanisms involved in processing information. (NCI)
A characteristic of an organism that contributes to the diagnosis or treatment of a disease or to the prediction of clinical outcomes.
Receptor Genes encode cell surface or cytoplasmic receptor proteins that each bind to specific signaling factors (such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter) causing a conformational and functional change in the ligand-bound receptor, altering its interaction with target molecules and leading to changes in cellular physiology through modification of the activity of one or more signal transduction pathways.
Collection of proteins that are evolutionarily related. This is reflected in the structural and functional similarities as well as in the extent of sequence conservation or residue identity. (from SCOP)
Human Skeletal Development involves growth and differentiation of axial, limb, and cranial elements of the skeletal system. Axial vertebrae and ribs derive from cartilage precursors of the paired segmented paraxial mesodermal somite sclerotomes. Interdependent positional signaling by the apical ectodermal ridge, the posterior mesenchyme zone of polarizing activity, and the non ridge ectoderm coordinate limb bud outgrowth and patterning by migrated lateral plate mesoderm and somite cells. Proximal-distal differentiating mesenchymal cells condense to form the limb skeletal primordia. The skull forms by direct ossification of, or cartilage condensation from neural crest-derived, ectomesenchyme.
Ligand Binding is the tight and specific (high affinity) interaction between a small molecule (typically) and a macromolecule (usually protein) that ordinarily results in modification of its function, e.g., antigen-antibody binding, hormone- or neurotransmitter-receptor binding.
Peptide Metabolism involves cellular biotransforming chemical modifications of peptides.
The process whereby cellular proteins are positioned and sequestered in the correct cellular compartment for proper function. The process involves moving proteins from one cellular compartment to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Any cellular process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis.
Sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene silencing. It is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated by ribonuclease III cleavage from longer dsRNAs.
Sequence-Specific Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing
Used for classifying a protein or peptide that does not have a perceptible function before it is assembled into a functional complex.
A distinguishing quality or prominent aspect of a person, object, action, process, or substance.
Any cellular process in which a cell attaches to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.
Regulatory Genes encode products that regulate or circumscribe the activity of diverse cellular functions.
Most sources use "Regulatory Gene" to represent those involved only in regulation of transcription. We use it in a broader sense.
Apoptosis Inhibitor Genes encode Apoptosis Inhibitor proteins, which impede the initiation, progress, or rate of apoptosis.
The last cell cycle stage during which the replicated daughter chromosomes separate in to separate nuclei; cytokinesis then occurs to produce separate daughter cells. It is divided into Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
This anti-apoptotic gene regulates apoptotic activity. BIRC3 gene promotes tumor cell survival.
Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Gene
The BCL-2 Gene Family encodes proteins that contain Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains (1, 2, 3, or 4), involved in interactions among apoptotic protein factors that participate in programmed cell death.
Genes that code for transcription factors.
Initiation of transcription from eukaryotic protein-coding genes is a complex process requiring RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and a cadre of transcription factors. These factors can be divided into 2 classes on the basis of their function: the general factors that are required for transcription of all Pol II genes, and sequence-specific factors that are required for regulating expression. The general transcription factors and Pol II form a specific multiprotein complex near the transcription start site by interacting with core promoter elements. The most common core element is the TATA box, typically located 25-30 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site or initiator element. Sequence-specific transcription factors that bind to DNA-sequence elements located proximal and distal to the core promoter elements can dramatically enhance or repress transcription. (from OMIM 189962)
Apoptosis Regulation Genes encode Apoptosis Regulator proteins, which either promote or impede the initiation, progress, or rate of apoptosis.
Any process that takes place on the cellular level, though not necessarily restricted to a single cell.
Human HMG Family Genes encode ubiquitous non-histone HMG chromatin proteins originally named according to PAGE electrophoretic mobility, shared physical properties, and association with chromatin. Canonical HMG proteins are subdivided into 3 superfamilies with characteristic functional sequence motifs: HMGB (formerly HMG-1/-2), HMGN (formerly HMG-14/-17), and HMGA (formerly HMG-I/Y/C). DNA-binding HMG proteins appear to have roles in matrix stabilization, ssDNA protection, replication, and transcription that influence cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and death. (NCI)
Human HMGA Family Genes encode HMGA proteins that participate in many nuclear processes ranging from chromosome and chromatin mechanics to transcription factors that regulate gene expression. Hence, they influence diverse biological processes including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and death. HMGA proteins contain three AT-hooks that bind to minor groove AT-rich stretches. HMGA proto-oncogenes promote tumor progression and metastasis when overexpressed. High constitutive HMGA expression is consistently observed in cancers, with increasing concentrations being correlated with increasing malignancy. (NCI)
This gene plays a role in a number of cellular processes including apoptosis, chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation.
This gene is involved in chromatin organization and regulation of gene transcription. It also plays a role in development.
Involved in transcriptional activation of numerous genes, yeast SWI2/SNF2 contains a highly conserved domain among helicases required for transcriptional activity. Mammalian SWI/SNF complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes implicated in regulation of gene expression, cell cycle control, and oncogenesis. The SWI/SNF complex is thought to facilitate transcriptional activation of specific genes by antagonizing chromatin-mediated transcriptional repression. The complex contains an ATP-dependent nucleosome disruption activity that can lead to enhanced binding of transcription factors. During mitosis, the human protein is phosphorylated, excluded from condensed chromosomes, and the protein level is strongly reduced. (from OMIM 600014 and NCI)
Mating Type Switching/Sucrose Nonfermenting Protein
The catalyzed removal of phosphate groups from biological molecules, by phosphatases.
A series of biochemical reactions which occurs in a known sequence and can result in all or part of the initiation, progression or completion of a biological process or function.
A series of actions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain end point or cell function.
The mismatch repair (MMR) system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination. This function is critically dependent on the assembly of multimeric complexes involved in mismatch recognition and signal transduction to downstream repair events.
RNA polymerase II transcription of Class II genes involves the TFIID transcription complex comprised of general factors, including TBP, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIG/J, and TFIIH, as well as gene-specific factors that include TAFs, which interact with regulatory protein activation domains to enhance transcription. A second group of cofactors includes PC1, PC2, and PC3, which have a strong positive influence on transcription. The combined action of general and gene-specific regulators encoded by Transcription Coactivator Genes enhances gene expression. (NCI)
Serine/Threonine Phosphorylation involves covalent linkage of a phosphate group (from a donor compound such as ATP) with a serine or threonine residue of a Protein Kinase acceptor, often as a mechanism of kinase activity regulation.
RNA polymerase II transcription of Class II genes involves the TFIID transcription complex comprised of general factors, including TBP, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIG/J, and TFIIH, as well as gene-specific factors that include TAFs, which interact with regulatory protein activation domains to enhance transcription. Transcription Corepressor Genes encode a group of transcriptional repressor/co-repressor factors that suppress transcription by binding to the operator. (NCI)
Transcription Repressor/Corepressor Gene
Nuclear Receptor Genes (NR Superfamily) encode over 300 ligand-dependent Nuclear Receptor (NRs) transcription factors: steroid, retinoid, vitamin D, TH, and orphan receptors (unknown ligands). Transducing hormone signals into gene transcription, NRs regulate development, pattern formation, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and homeostasis in target tissues. NRs share a common organization: an (N) modulatory domain, a conserved central Cys-rich region of two C4 zinc fingers that bind to specific upstream ligand-responsive target DNA elements, and a (C) ligand-binding domain. Stabilizing hydrophobic zinc finger interactions contribute to DNA binding specificity, homodimerization, and interaction with other proteins. Ligand-bound NR conformation allows coactivator interaction with the hormone-binding domain that mediates interaction with heat shock proteins, cyclophilins, and hormone. (NCI)
RNA polymerase II transcription of Class II genes involves the TFIID transcription complex comprised of general factors, including TBP, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIG/J, and TFIIH, as well as gene-specific factors that include TAFs, which interact with regulatory protein activation domains to enhance transcription. A second group of cofactors includes PC1, PC2, and PC3, which have a strong positive influence on transcription. A third group of factors suppress transcription. The combined action of general and gene-specific regulators encoded by transcription coactivator genes determines appropriate gene expression. (NCI)
Transcription Coactivator/Corepressor Gene
Tyrosine kinase receptors (TRKs) are a family of genes encoding neurotrophin receptors that include trkA, trkB, and trkC, which are related to development, differentiation, and survival of neural crest-derived neurons and central cholinergic neurons in normal tissue. The genes encoding trkA, trkB, and trkC are designated NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 and map to chromosomes 1, 9, and 15, respectively. A member of the TRK gene family, trkE, encodes a non-neuronal receptor for nerve growth factor. (from OMIM 600408)
Protein Phosphatase Genes encode Protein Phosphatases, enzymes that remove tyrosine-, serine-, or threonine-bound phosphate groups from many phosphoproteins, including many enzymes phosphorylated by a tyrosine kinase or a serine/threonine kinase. (NCI)
RNA Binding is the molecular interaction between an RNA molecule and a macromolecule (usually protein or nucleic acid) for transport, catalysis, localization, or modification of function.
A gene that encodes a protein with a chief function as part of a physical structure within a cell. This is in contrast to genes that encode proteins with a function that is enzymatic or regulatory.
Cytoskeletal Genes encode Cytoskeletal Proteins, diverse structural proteins including polymerizable globular subunits (actin, tubulin), "motor ATPases" (myosin, dynein), membrane-supporting linkers (spectrin, clathrin), fibrous proteins (keratin, vimentin), and many more. As constituents of the cytoskeleton, Cytoskeletal Proteins form a flexible cellular framework that provides attachment points for organelles and formed bodies and makes communication between cell parts possible. (NCI)
Intracellular or extracellular processes that control, manage, or govern adoption or maintenance of sustained or transient changes in cell shape. (NCI)
Cell Proliferation Regulation involves intercellular, cellular, and subcellular mechanisms that determine when and whether cell division occurs.
Metastasis Suppression involves interference or restraint of the spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor (NCI)
Subcellular biological functions, activities, or processes that generate, maintain, or modify macromolecular cytoskeletal components. (NCI)
These genes encode proteins that function in the nuclear transport of protein and RNA. Signal-mediated nuclear import and export proceed through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which is comprised of approximately 50 unique proteins collectively known as nucleoporins. (from LocusLink 4928, OMIM 601021)
An adenine nucleotide comprised of three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety, found in all living cells. Adenosine triphosphate is involved in energy production for metabolic processes and RNA synthesis. In addition, this substance acts as a neurotransmitter. In cancer studies, adenosine triphosphate is synthesized to examine its use to decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength.
A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA. Adenosine triphosphate made in the laboratory is being studied in patients with advanced solid tumors to see if it can decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength.
Adenosine 5'-(Tetrahydrogen Triphosphate)
The production of fat, either fatty degeneration or fatty infiltration; also applied to the normal deposition of fat or to the conversion of carbohydrate or protein to fat.
Cell Cycle Genes encode Cell Cycle Proteins, which control the cell division cycle. This family of proteins, classified on the basis of related function, includes a wide variety of classes, including cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated kinases, cyclins, and phosphoprotein phosphatases, as well as their putative substrates, such as chromatin-associated proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors. (NCI)
Signaling Pathway Genes encode proteins or peptides that participate in intracellular signal transduction processes.
Mammalian IAP Family Genes encode conserved Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins with an N-terminal domain containing 1-3 repeats of a 65-70-aa Cys- and His-rich BIR motif and often a zinc-binding RING finger. Some IAPs inhibit apoptosis by regulating ICE-like protease activation signals and/or inhibit serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. Some IAP proteins may bind to TRAF1 and TRAF2. IAP proteins are frequently over expressed in cancers and associated with resistance to therapy. (NCI)
GTP Binding is a molecular interaction between specific proteins (containing a GTP binding site) and guanosine 5-prime triphosphate during diverse cellular processes, such as RNA synthesis, translation, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal assembly.
This gene is involved in signal transduction and regulation of transcription.
Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes encode diverse extracellular (e.g., laminin) and cell surface (e.g., NCAM) glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, recognition, activation, tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenesis, and cellular migration. (NCI)
This gene plays a role in cellular matrix adhesion and in lymphocyte activation.
The covalent chemical or post-translational biochemical removal of a phosphate group(s) from a peptide or protein, by phosphatases. (NCI)
Inhibition by malignant cells of infiltration and destruction of tissues proximal or distant to the primary cancer.
Post-translational enzymatic covalent addition of a methyl group(s) to a peptide or protein.
Any subcellular process that is initated by a chemical or mechanical stimulus and results in a specific cellular response.
Any type of stress response signaling that results in modification to the process of cell death.
Any subcellular or molecular event or process specifically, primarily, and directly designed for and involved in the production of mature functional biomolecular products encoded by a gene.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene expression at the level of transcription or translation.
The normal "downside" of protein steady state metabolism in cells, involving conjugation, transport, oxidation, and proteolysis; not to be confuse with proteolysis, which applies only to peptide bond hydrolysis.
Cellular or subcellular processes involved in disturbance or restoration of a homeostatic condition. (NCI)
Cellular or subcellular processes involved with significant disturbance from a homeostatic condition. (NCI)
Cellular or subcellular processes involved in restoration of a homeostatic condition.
Any subcellular process affecting molecular sequence that results in a specific and defined change in the primary sequence of a double-stranded DNA.
Any process affecting a DNA sequence that results in the gain, loss or exchange of DNA between chromosomes and/or autonomous replicons.
A biological function or activity involving the cells or tissue components of the nervous system.
The stimulus-response process involving the stimulation of peripheral pain-carrying nerve fibers (e.g., C-fibers, A-delta fibers) and the transmission of impulses along peripheral nerves of the central nervous system, where the stimulus is perceived as pain. (Taber's)
Any subcellular or molecular process involved in translocation of a biological entity, such as a macromolecule, from one site or compartment to another.
A cellular process that directly affects the ability of a cell to repair damaged cell components. (NCI)
Complex cellular phenomena occurring apart from cell division that support cell viability and differentiated cell function. (NCI)
A cellular mechanism directly involved in the process of cell division.
A biologic function or process involving coordinated groups or populations of single cell types, mixed cell types, or tissues.
A multicellular process involved in the formation of new, more mature, or differentiated cells or tissues. (NCI)
The hematopoietic process that refers to the production of myelocytes.
A process that promotes the formation of new, more mature, or differentiated tissues, organs, or organ systems. May be, and often is, part of general development, but is not restricted to occur only during general development. (NCI)
Any physiological aspect of aging; irreversible changes in an organism that occur over time and lead to a more mature condition.
A Reproductive System Process involves a function of cellular, cell, or tissue components of the organ system involved in generation of offspring that includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina in women or the prostate, testes, and penis in men.
Multimeric subcellular structures containing proteins, and possibly, RNA.
This gene is involved in the regulation of ribosomal assembly.
Nucleophosmin (Nucleolar Phosphoprotein B23, Numatrin) Gene
An event, process, or condition that supports, or results from, tumor development.
All the reactions in an organism concerned with storing and generating metabolic energy and with the biosynthesis of low-molecular weight compounds, energy-storage compounds, and basic materials needed for important life processes. It does not include nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. These changes make energy and the materials cells and organisms need to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy. Metabolism also helps get rid of toxic substances.
Calcium Binding consists of a biophysical interaction between one or more calcium ion(s) and a biological molecule, such as a protein. Calcium binding with proteins often involves interaction of the ion(s) with a specific region, domain, or motif (e.g., EF-Hand) that supports protein structure or induces an alteration of protein activity in enzymatic or cell signaling cascades.
This gene is involved in apoptosis, cell growth and angiogenesis.
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha Gene
A gene that encodes a proteolytic enzyme that depends on a metal ion to catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis.
Enzyme Genes encode Enzymes, biological molecules (usually proteins) that possess catalytic activity. Catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. (NCI)
Ligand Binding Protein Genes encode Ligand Binding Proteins, a large class of diverse proteins for which a major function appears to be (typically high affinity) binding of some ligand for solubility, transport, bioactivity regulation, or other nonenzymatic process. Ligand interaction often alters protein molecular conformation and function. (NCI)
This gene plays a role in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation.
Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit Gene
Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase Genes encode receptor proteins that each bind to specific signaling factors causing a conformational and functional change in the ligand-bound receptor, altering its interaction with target molecules, increasing the receptor kinase activity, and leading to changes in cellular physiology through modification of the activity of one or more signal transduction pathways.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Genes encode Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, activated by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, non-collagenous bone-growth regulatory factors synthesized as large precursor molecules that are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes and form an active homodimer or heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins that stimulate osteogenesis. (NCI)
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Gene
This gene plays a role in the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor, Type IA Gene
Cytokines are soluble glycoproteins released by cells of the immune system, which act nonenzymatically through specific receptors to regulate immune responses. Cytokines resemble hormones in that they act at low concentrations and bind with high affinity to a specific receptor.
Health On the Net Allergy Glossary; http://www.hon.ch/Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/allergy.html
This gene plays a role in transcription and retinoic acid receptor signal transduction.
A cellular process that initiates with the binding of a G protein-associated transmembrane receptor to its cognate ligand,and results in a specific cellular response. This process is involved in signaling related to neurotranmission, immune responses, and cellular metabolism, differentiation and proliferation.
Those anatomic structures that are generally only visible through the use of microscopy.
This gene is involved in transcriptional repression and plays a role in the modulation of B-cell responses.
B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 6 (Zinc Finger Protein 51) Gene
This gene is involved in RNA processing and regulation of chromatin organization.
This gene is involved in transcriptional activation and spinal cord development.
ETS Variant Gene 4 (E1A Enhancer Binding Protein, E1AF) Gene
This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and may play a role in myogenic growth and differentiation.
This gene is involved in erythropoiesis and signal transduction.
Janus Kinase 2 (A Protein Tyrosine Kinase) Gene
This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and translocations in the gene are associated with acute leukemia.
Myeloid/Lymphoid or Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (Trithorax Homolog, Drosophila); Translocated to, 1 Gene
This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and translocations in the gene are associated with leukemia.
Myeloid/Lymphoid or Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (Trithorax Homolog, Drosophila); Translocated to, 3 Gene
This gene is involved in the inactivation of peptide hormones.
Membrane Metallo-Endopeptidase (Neutral Endopeptidase, Enkephalinase, CALLA, CD10) Gene
This gene is involved in intercellular signal transduction that plays a key role in development.
This gene plays a role in neuronal development and cellular differentiation. Mutations in the gene are associated with medulloblastomas, secretory breast carcinomas and other cancers.
Neurotrophic Tyrosine Kinase Receptor 3 Gene
This gene plays an essential role in normal mitosis. It is also involved in cell organization/biogenesis.
Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein 1 Gene
This gene plays a critical role in nuclear transport and docking regulation. Alterations in the gene have been associated with several cancers and leukemias.
This gene plays a role in the transcriptional activation of target genes. It is involved in melanogenesis, neurogenesis and skeletal muscle development.
Paired Box Gene 3 (Waardenburg Syndrome 1) Gene
This gene is involved in the transcriptional regulation of target genes. It plays a role in B-cell differentiation, neural development and spermatogenesis.
Paired Box Gene 5 (B-Cell Lineage Specific Activator) Gene
This gene plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of target genes. It is involved in pattern formation during embryogenesis.
This gene plays a role in mitogenic activities affecting mesenchymal cells and is involved in receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor, Alpha Polypeptide Gene
This gene plays a role in mitogenic activities affecting mesenchymal cells and a translocation in the gene results in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor, Beta Polypeptide Gene
This gene plays a role in tumor suppression and is involved in the regulation of p53 in response to oncogenic signal transduction.
This gene plays a regulatory role in adipocyte differentiation.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Gene
This gene is involved in regulation of transcription. It is involved in fetal/neonatal cardiac and muscle development.
WW Domain Containing Transcription Regulator 1 Gene
This gene plays a role in regulation of transcription. It is involved in the control of tissue-specific cell fate during embryogenesis.
Transcription Factor 3 (E2A Immunoglobulin Enhancer Binding Factors E12/E47) Gene
This gene plays a role in transcriptional activation. It is involved in melanogenesis.
Transcription Factor Binding to IGHM Enhancer 3 Gene
An abnormal large leukocyte found in the blood in hairy cell leukemia; it has numerous irregular cytoplasmic villi that give it a flagellated or hairy appearance.
The transitional zone between the moist, hairless, modified skin of the anal canal and the perianal skin.
A natural hollow or sinus within the body.
A hollow area or hole. It may describe a body cavity (such as the space within the abdomen) or a hole in a tooth caused by decay.
A natural hollow or sinus within the body. (NCI)
Malignant hematopoietic cell originating in the clonal proliferation of myeloid or lymphoid precursor that undergoes an aberrant and poorly regulated process of organogenesis resulted in arrested maturation and cell capacity for unlimited self-renewal.
A neoplastic cutaneous melanocyte that characterizes benign and atypical cutaneous neoplastic lesions called nevi.
A term that refers to any anatomic structure that is part of the digestive system.
An acute myeloid leukemia secondary to a myelodysplastic syndrome or therapy-related. (WHO, 2001)
Any component of the system of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form.
A family of genes that encode structurally similar small GTPases involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways. Mutation of genes in this family is associated with cancer.
A family of genes that may cause cancer when they are mutated (changed). They make proteins that are involved in cell signaling pathways, cell growth, and apoptosis (cell death). Agents that block the actions of a mutated ras gene or its protein may stop the growth of cancer. Members of the ras gene family include Kras, Hras, and Nras.
This gene is involved in signal transduction and apoptosis.
A gene that may cause cancer when it is mutated (changed). The Kras gene makes the KRAS protein, which is involved in cell signaling pathways, cell growth, and apoptosis (cell death). Agents that block the activity of the mutated Kras gene or its protein may stop the growth of cancer.
This gene plays a role in signal transduction and cell cycle regulation.
Neuroblastoma RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene
Immunoprotein Genes encode proteins whose activities affect or play a role in immune system functions.
Immunoglobulin Family Genes encode structurally-related Immunoglobulin Family Proteins containing one, or more, 100-aa Immunoglobulin domain that includes a conserved intradomain disulfide bond and may be involved in protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions. Immunoglobulin Family members include hundreds of functionally diverse proteins, such as Immunoglobulins, the muscle kinase titin, and receptor tyrosine kinases. (NCI)
Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.
A gene that encodes an enzyme capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of chemical bonds.
Genes (superfamily) that encode GTP hydrolyzing enzymes, which cycle between the GDP-bound inactive state and the GTP-bound active state acting as intracellular switches in various cellular pathways, such as signal transduction. (NCI)
These genes encode member proteins of the highly conserved cyclin family. They are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. (From RefSeq Summary and NCI)
Processes that mark, promote, and sustain the commencement of, and commitment to continue, cellular processes involved in the S phase of the cell cycle, such as replication.
Transferase Genes encode enzymes (Transferases) that transfer a group, such as a methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). (NCI)
A Phosphotransferase Gene encodes one of a large group of enzymes that transfer phosphate, diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and other groups. Many phosphotransferases catalyze the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme or catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups to form triphosphates (e.g., ATP). Phosphotransferases have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group.
Kinase Family Genes encode Kinase enzymes that covalently transfer the terminal, gamma phosphate group from ATP to a variety of substrates and typically play key regulatory roles in diverse cellular functions.
Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Genes encode enzymes (Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases) that catalyze phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. (NCI)
Oxidoreductase Genes encode the class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions (Oxidoreductases). The oxidized substrate is regarded as a hydrogen donor. Systematic enzyme names employ dehydrogenase wherever possible, or reductase; oxidase is only used where O2 is the acceptor.
Esterase Genes encode Esterases that catalyze hydrolysis of ester bonds to produce alcohol and acid reaction products. (NCI)
Ribonuclease Genes encode (Ribo)nucleases that specifically catalyze the cleavage of phosphate ester linkages in ribonucleic acids; endoribonucleases cleave internal bonds and exoribonucleases cleave bonds at termini. (NCI)
Endoribonuclease Genes encode hydrolytic Endoribonucleases that hydrolyse internal ribonucleotide bonds of polynucleotides to yield oligonucleotides. (NCI)
This gene is involved in the RNA interference pathway.
Originally identified in the Rous sarcoma virus src transforming gene, Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Genes encode Protein Tyrosine Kinases, enzymes important in control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and transformation that do not function as receptors, but catalyze tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins with ATP, or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
Non-Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Genes encode Non-Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, one of the two main categories (soluble and transmembrane receptor) of enzymes that catalyze removal of a tyrosine-attached phosphate group and are important in control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Two cysteines in the catalytic domain (one absolutely required for activity) are generally conserved; other conserved residues in the vicinity are important. (NCI)
Non-Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Gene
Cytosolic Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Gene
Any environment-to-cell cummunication that involves cytokines. This process is involved in immune function.
Interleukin Genes encode Interleukins, soluble cytokine factors produced by leukocytes and other cell types that have broad functional activities, particularly in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses of a variety of cell types. Interleukins enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules, and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. (NCI)
The body's maintenance of a consistent internal environment within a narrow range of variation. It is important to the continuation of life.
A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly. In homeostasis, body levels of acid, blood pressure, blood sugar, electrolytes, energy, hormones, oxygen, proteins, and temperature are constantly adjusted to respond to changes inside and outside the body, to keep them at a normal level.
from http://www.usc.edu/dept/biomed/bme403/Section_1/homeostasis.html
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Family Genes encode dual function cytoplasmic Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins that are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to a large number of cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. After activation they form homodimers or heterodimers that translocate to the nucleus where they either bind directly to regulatory DNA cis-elements of specific target genes or act together with other DNA-binding proteins in multiprotein transcription complexes to direct transcription. (NCI)
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Family Gene
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
A class of genes that encode signaling pathway proteins that function to mediate the coupling of multiple cell surface receptors to downstream signaling pathways in the regulation of various cellular functions. (from Oncogene 2001;20:6315-21)
Extracellular Matrix Protein Genes encode mostly fibrous Extracellular Matrix Proteins (e.g., Collagen, Elastin, Fibronectins, and Laminin), typically located in the Extracellular Matrix and commonly involved in cell attachment, cell movement, cell growth, morphogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue repair, architecture, and organization. (NCI)
Collagen Genes encode different forms of Collagen, the principle fibrous protein of connective tissue, all consisting of triple helix alpha-polypeptide chains. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins by its content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by its absence of tryptophan; and by its high content of polar groups. Hydroxyproline residues likely promote the triple helical fibrous structure of collagen. (NCI)
A gene that encodes an enzyme that is capable of hydrolyzing the peptide bonds found between amino acids in proteins.
An Antibacterial Response is an induced humoral or cell-mediated reaction of the immune system to a bacterial antigen or infection.
Tumor suppression involves inhibition of tumor cell growth, proliferation, malignancy, or metastasis.
Retinoic Acid Binding consists of a biophysical interaction between retinoic acid (ligand) and a biological molecule, such as specific steroid receptor-like transcriptional regulator proteins containing an N-terminal modulating domain, a DNA-binding domain, and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The ligand-activated receptor complexes selectively bind as homodimers or heterodimers (with other steroid family receptors) to DNA response elements in target gene promoters, enhance transcriptional activity with coactivators, and mediate tissue growth and differentiation in embryogenesis, organogenesis, limb development, bone growth, and maintenance of normal epithelia.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Genes encode Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, enzymes that specifically remove tyrosine-bound phosphate groups from many phosphoproteins, including many enzymes phosphorylated by a tyrosine kinase. Together with protein tyrosine kinases, Tyrosine Phosphatases regulate tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. (NCI)
Phosphotransferase Genes encode Phosphotransferases (Phosphatases), a large group of enzymes subdivided according to acceptor group that transfer phosphate, diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and other phosphomoieties. Some phosphotransferases catalyze the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme; others transfer phosphate groups to form triphosphates (e.g., ATP). (NCI)
Human Phosphoinositol Kinase Family Genes encode Phosphoinositol Kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate at various positions the inositol group in membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol, often in response to extracellular signals through G-Protein Coupled Receptors or Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. The resultant phosphoinositides act as selective membrane docking sites for signal transduction proteins with diverse PH domains. Phosphorylated inositols are released as second messengers by enzymatic cleavage of the phosphoinositides.
Methyltransferase Genes encode Methyltransferases, a subclass of transferase class enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (NCI)
Heparin Binding involves a biophysical interaction between a biological molecule, such as a protein, and heparin, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan of mixed polysaccharide nature, varying in molecular weight, and released by mast cells and basophils in many tissues. Lipotrophic by activation of lipoprotein lipase, anticoagulant heparin also binds to and enhances antithrombin III activity and inhibits several coagulation factors.
A class of genes that encode cell surface proteins that bind to extracellular polypeptide molecules triggering intracellular signaling pathways that activate various cellular responses such as cell proliferation and/or differentiation. (NCI)
Cell Fate Control involves intercellular, cellular, and intracellular processes that regulate the generally irreversible commitment of a multipotent cell(s) to a specific ensuing cell development lineage among alternate potential lineage options.
Human Nervous System Development begins by differentiation of gastrula ectodermal cells into the neural plate, induced by signals from the mesoderm. Further development of this primordium forms the neural crest and neural tube. Neural crest cells become the peripheral nervous system while the neural tube forms the central nervous system. Cells in both structures differentiate into various glial cells and immature neurons that migrate; differentiate axons, dendrites, and synapses; and mature.
Cell Migration consists of active directed translocation of a whole cell, or cell body, from one site to another in response to a gradient; distinct from cell motion that involves movement of cell processes (e.g., axons, microvilli, etc.). (NCI)
Heterotrimeric G Protein Subunit Genes encode Heterotrimeric G Protein signal transducers, attached to the plasma membrane, that connect seven transmembrane cell surface G-protein coupled receptors to intracellular signal transduction effectors and pathways. Inactive G proteins consist of alpha/beta/gamma complexes that signal as dissociated GTP-bound alpha subunit or the beta/gamma complex. GTP hydrolysis by the inherent GTPase reverts the alpha subunit to its inactive (heterotrimeric) form. Receptors coupled to G proteins communicate signals from hormones, neurotransmitters, chemokines, and autocrine and paracrine factors. (NCI)
A protein that is involved in the regulation of transcription.
Immune Cell Activation involves cell interaction and cell signaling mechanisms that recognize or respond to the presence of foreign antigen and that induce responsive cells of the immune system to synthesize and secrete defensive products, to proliferate, to differentiate, or to attack the sources of foreign antigens.
A neoplastic or non-neoplastic disorder that affects the production and proliferation of the hematopoietic cells including lymphoid cells, the synthesis of hemoglobin, and/or the mechanisms of coagulation.
Non-Neoplastic Hematologic and Lymphocytic Disorder
A disorder of the blood. Some nonmalignant hematologic disorders may lead to leukemia.
Non-Malignant Hematologic and Lymphocytic Disorder
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the connective and soft tissue.
Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disorder
Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disease
Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Diseases
Non-Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Disorders
This gene plays a role in the regulation of cell signaling. It is involved in cell migration, metabolic control, mitogenic activation and gene transcription.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 (Noonan Syndrome 1) Gene
This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor beta locus. The beta locus includes V (variable), J (joining), diversity (D), and C (constant) segments. During T cell development, the beta chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several D and J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Chromosomal abnormalities involving the T-cell receptor beta locus have been associated with T-cell lymphomas. (from LocusLink)
This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor gamma locus. The gamma locus includes V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments. During T cell development, the gamma chain is synthesized by a recombination event at the DNA level joining a V segment with a J segment. The C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. (from LocusLink)
This region represents the germline organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. The locus includes V (variable), J (joining), diversity (D), and C (constant) segments. During B cell development, a recombination event at the DNA level joins a D segment with a J segment; a V segment is then joined to the D-J gene. The C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several D and J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase, and by somatic hypermutation, which occurs during B cell maturation in the spleen and lymph nodes. (from LocusLink)
This region represents the germline organization of the lambda light chain locus. The locus includes V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments. During B cell development, a recombination event at the DNA level joins a single V segment with a J segment; the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase, and by somatic hypermutation, which occurs during B cell maturation in the spleen and lymph nodes. (from LocusLink)
This region represents the germline organization of the kappa light chain locus. The locus includes V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant) segments. During B cell development, a recombination event at the DNA level joins a single V segment with a J segment; the C segment is later joined by splicing at the RNA level. Recombination of many different V segments with several J segments provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random additional of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase, and by somatic hypermutation, which occurs during B cell maturation in the spleen and lymph nodes. (from LocusLink)
This gene is involved in tyrosine phosphorylation and T-cell activation.
Zeta-Chain (TCR) Associated Protein Kinase 70kDa Gene
A protein, RNA or a complex that contains proteins and/or RNA.
In NCI Thesaurus: includes Proteins, Functional RNAs, Protein Complexes, and Riboprotein Complexes
Painful sensation in the abdominal region.
A disorder characterized by a sensation of marked discomfort in the abdominal region.
Discomfort in the central region of the body located between the chest and the groin.
A laboratory test result that falls outside of the normal, acceptable range.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder which results from exposure to radiation. Examples of non-neoplastic disorders include dermatitis, enteritis, stomatitis, pneumonitis, and cerebritis. Examples of neoplastic disorders include myelodysplastic syndromes, leukemias, and sarcomas.
Any disease affecting the adrenal gland.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the anal canal or anal margin. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hemorrhoids and anal ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma.
Lack of coordination of muscle movements resulting in the impairment or inability to perform voluntary activities. Causes include peripheral nerve disorders, posterior column injuries, cerebral and cerebellar disorders, basal ganglia disorders, and thalamic disorders.
A disorder characterized by lack of coordination of muscle movements resulting in the impairment or inability to perform voluntary activities.
A movement disorder characterized by a lack of coordination of muscle movements resulting in the impaired performance of voluntary activities.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the breast. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include fibrocystic disease, gynecomastia, and mastitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include fibroadenoma, lobular neoplasia, carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
An invasive adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Often, the infiltrating glandular structures are associated with mucoid stromal formation. It may arise from the large and small intestine, appendix, stomach, lung, ovary, breast, corpus uteri, cervix, vagina, and salivary gland.
A type of cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and produce mucin (the main component of mucus).
An adenocarcinoma comprising neoplastic glandular cells containing intracytoplasmic mucin.
An autoimmune genetic disorder with an unknown pattern of inheritance that primarily affects the digestive tract. It is caused by intolerance to dietary gluten. Consumption of gluten protein triggers an immune response which damages small intestinal villi and prevents adequate absorption of nutrients. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, diarrhea or constipation and weight loss. If untreated, the clinical course may progress to malnutrition, anemia, osteoporosis and an increased risk of intestinal malignancies. However, the prognosis is favorable with successful avoidance of gluten in the diet.
A digestive disease that is caused by an immune response to a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Celiac disease damages the lining of the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. A person with celiac disease may become malnourished no matter how much food is consumed.
An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the biliary tract.
A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the biliary tract.
A disorder characterized by inflammation of the colon.
A disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact.
A disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. (NCI)
Invasion and multiplication of germs in the body. Infections can occur in any part of the body and can spread throughout the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi. They can cause a fever and other problems, depending on where the infection occurs. When the body's natural defense system is strong, it can often fight the germs and prevent infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the natural defense system.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the connective tissue.
A disorder characterized by abnormalities in one or more of the elements of the connective tissues, typically associated with genetic defects.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the cornea. Representative examples include keratitis, bullous keratopathy, and squamous cell carcinoma.
A neoplastic or non-neoplastic disorder that affects one of the cranial nerves.
Impaired or altered function of one or more of the cranial nerves.
A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.
Diabetes mellitus caused by decreased insulin action in target tissues and insufficient production of insulin by pancreatic beta cells.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Non-Insulin Dependent
An often clinically aggressive neuroendocrine tumor located in the pancreas or small intestine. It is composed of cells containing vasoactive intestinal peptide. It may cause intractable diarrhea and metabolic disturbances.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Producing Neoplasm
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Producing Tumor
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Secreting Neoplasm
A pouch formed at a weakened area of wall in a hollow organ structure.
A sac-like protrusion in the wall of a hollow organ or tissue.
A small pouch or sac that bulges out from the wall of a hollow organ, such as the colon.
An uncomfortable, often painful feeling in the stomach, resulting from impaired digestion. Symptoms include burning stomach pain, bloating, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. Causes include gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, pancreatic disease, and gallbladder disease.
A disorder characterized by an uncomfortable, often painful feeling in the stomach, resulting from impaired digestion. Symptoms include burning stomach, bloating, heartburn, nausea and vomiting.
Upper abdominal discomfort associated with food intake characterized by post prandial fullness, early satiety and/or epigastric pain or burning.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the ear. Representative examples include infections, hearing disorders, benign neoplasms, and carcinomas.
A disorder characterized by bleeding from the nose.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the eye. Representative examples include conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataract, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, uveal melanoma, and retinoblastoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the fallopian tube. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include salpingitis and endometriosis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include papilloma, adenofibroma, carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma.
A disorder characterized by inflammation of the stomach.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
A chronic disorder characterized by reflux of the gastric and/or duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. It is usually caused by incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Symptoms include heartburn and acid indigestion. It may cause injury to the esophageal mucosa.
A disorder characterized by reflux of the gastric and/or duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. It is chronic in nature and usually caused by incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter, and may result in injury to the esophageal mucosal. Symptoms include heartburn and acid indigestion.
Reflux of stomach contents with symptoms and/or complications from the reflux act.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the testis or the ovary.
The flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel.
In medicine, loss of blood from damaged blood vessels. A hemorrhage may be internal or external, and usually involves a lot of bleeding in a short time.
The presence of extravascular erythrocytes.
Any substance, generally a protein, that stimulates the immune system and elicits an immune response. Recognition by the immune system elicits either a T-lymphocyte response, recognizing processed antigens, or a B-lymphocyte response, producing antibodies that bind to unprocessed antigens.
Any substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the small or large intestine.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the larynx. Representative examples include laryngitis, vocal cord polyp, squamous papilloma, and carcinoma.
A laboratory test result indicating a decreased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood.
A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood.
A finding based on laboratory test results that indicate an decrease in number of white blood cells in a blood specimen.
Abnormally low level of white blood cells in the blood.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the lips. Representative examples include inflammation and carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the structures of the mediastinum. Representative examples include mediastinitis, mediastinal lipoma, mediastinal schwannoma, thymoma, and mediastinal lymphoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.
Any condition related to a disturbance between proper intake and utilization of nourishment.
A group of usually autosomal dominant inherited disorders characterized by defective synthesis of collagen type I resulting in defective collagen formation. It is characterized by brittle and easily fractured bones.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the ovary. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include endometriosis and polycystic ovarian disease. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include ovarian surface epithelial-stromal tumors, germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pancreas. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include cystadenomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, and neuroendocrine neoplasms.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the paranasal sinuses. Examples include inflammation, polyps, and cancer.
A disorder characterized by involvement of the paranasal sinuses.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the parathyroid glands. Representative examples include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, adenoma, and carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the penis. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include phimosis, balanitis, and hypospadias. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the peritoneal cavity. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include peritonitis and panniculitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include adenomatoid tumor, primary peritoneal carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma to the peritoneum, and malignant mesothelioma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pharynx. Representative examples include pharyngitis and carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pituitary gland. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include pituitary gland hypoplasia and apoplexy. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include pituitary gland adenoma and carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pleura. Representative examples include pleural infection, pleural mesothelioma, and pleural solitary fibrous tumor.
Abnormally high mass or concentration of red blood cells in the blood, either due to an increase in erythropoiesis or a decrease in plasma volume.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the prostate gland. Representative examples include prostatitis, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the respiratory system. Representative examples include pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary failure, lung adenoma, lung carcinoma, and tracheal carcinoma.
An abnormal structure or function of the retina and its associated tissues.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic (benign or malignant) disorder involving a salivary gland.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the stomach. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include gastritis and gastric ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include adenomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the testis. Representative examples include torsion, infarction, germ cell tumor, sex cord-stromal tumor, lymphoma, and leukemia.
A disorder characterized by involvement of the testis.
The formation of a blood clot in the lumen of a vessel or heart chamber; causes include coagulation disorders and vascular endothelial injury.
Formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or the heart.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Representative examples include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, follicular adenoma, and carcinoma.
Red discoloration of the skin caused by infectious agents, inflammation, drug hypersensitivity, or underlying disease.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the urethra.
Urination at short intervals; it may result from increased urine formation, decreased bladder capacity, or lower urinary tract irritation.
A disorder characterized by urination at short intervals.
Urination occurring more often than normal.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the uterine corpus or the cervix. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include endometritis and cervicitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include endometrial carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and cervical carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the uvea. Representative examples include uveitis, chorioretinitis, and uveal melanoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the vagina. Representative examples include vaginal infection, vaginal polyp, and vaginal squamous cell carcinoma.
An inflammatory process involving the wall of the vessels (large, medium, or small-sized vessels). The inflammatory process may cause necrosis or formation of granulomas in the vascular wall. It may be the result of an autoimmune disorder, infection, or malignancy. Representative examples include polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis, Wegener granulomatosis, Kawasaki disease, Takayasu arteritis, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
A disorder characterized by inflammation involving the wall of a vessel.
An inflammatory process involving the wall of either arteries or veins, often classified by vessel size (large, medium, or small). The characteristic histopathology reveals inflammatory cells within the vessel wall accompanied by fibrinoid necrosis. Vasculitis may be the result of an autoimmune disorder, infection, or malignancy.
A wart in the plantar surface of the foot. It is caused by human papillomavirus.
A common wart on the plantar surface of the foot.
A disorder characterized by the inability of the liver to metabolize chemicals in the body. Causes include cirrhosis and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Signs and symptoms include jaundice and encephalopathy. Laboratory test results reveal abnormal plasma levels of ammonia, bilirubin, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.
A disorder characterized by the inability of the liver to metabolize chemicals in the body. Laboratory test results reveal abnormal plasma levels of ammonia, bilirubin, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.
A decreased level of serum immunoglobulins. It may be inherited or acquired. It is caused by decreased or inefficient production of immunoglobulins from B cells or by a decrease in the numbers of B cells themselves. Low levels of immunoglobulins will affect the immune system's ability to combat bacterial infection. Supplementation of immunoglobulins is needed to prevent worsening outcomes.
A condition in which the level of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood is low and the risk of infection is high.
Increase in the level of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase in the blood, which catalyzes the transfer of a gamma glutamyl group from a gamma glutamyl peptide to another peptide, aminoacids, or water.
A finding based on laboratory test results that indicate higher than normal levels of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase in the blood specimen. GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) catalyzes the transfer of a gamma glutamyl group from a gamma glutamyl peptide to another peptide, amino acids or water.
A disorder characterized by bleeding from the vagina.
An increase in the level of aspartate aminotransferase in the blood.
A finding based on laboratory test results that indicate an increase in the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) in a blood specimen.
An increase in the level of alanine aminotransferase in the blood.
A finding based on laboratory test results that indicate an increase in the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) in the blood specimen.
A disease or disorder affecting more than one nerve.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve).
A disorder characterized by involvement of the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve).
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the hypoglossal nerve (twelfth cranial nerve).
A disorder characterized by involvement of the hypoglossal nerve (twelfth cranial nerve).
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the thymus. Representative examples include thymic hyperplasia, thymoma, and thymic carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pinna and/or the ear canal. Representative examples include infection and carcinoma.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle cells and anaplastic morphologic features. Giant cells and a sarcomatous component may also be present.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle cells.
A type of cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs and that contains long spindle-shaped cells.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of spindle-shaped cells. This is a morphologic term which can be applied to a wide range of sarcomas.
A type of connective tissue cancer in which the cells are spindle-shaped when examined under a microscope.
A benign, acquired or congenital, usually single skin lesion. It can occur on any area of the body, but most commonly occurs on the face of children and the thighs of young females. It is characterized by a proliferation of large spindle, oval, or large epithelioid melanocytes in the dermal-epidermal junction. The melanocytic proliferation subsequently extends into the dermis.
A hemangioma that is not present at birth but develops later in life.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the male genital system. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include infection, testicular torsion, and undescended testis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include germ cell tumors, carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the female genital system. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include infection, endometriosis, and adenomyosis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include germ cell tumors, carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It includes neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
ALK tyrosine kinase receptor (1620 aa, ~176 kDa) is encoded by the human ALK gene. This protein is involved in ligand binding, tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction.
ALK plays an important role in the development of the brain and exerts its effects on specific neurons in the nervous system. (LocusLink)
A syndrome characterized by persistent eosinophilia, for which no underlying cause can be found, and which is associated with signs of organ involvement and dysfunction. This term has often been applied to cases of chronic eosinophilic leukemia. (WHO, 2001)
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the soft tissue.
A disorder characterised by persistent eosinophilia and acute endocardial lesions, which may progress to endomyocardial fibrosis; most cases are idopathic, but there is some association with malignant tumors.
Bleeding originating from the rectal wall and discharged from the anus.
A disorder characterized by bleeding from the rectal wall and discharged from the anus.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the middle ear. Representative examples include infection, cholesteatoma, and carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the endocrine pancreatic tissue (islets of Langerhans). Representative examples include diabetes mellitus and neuroendocrine neoplasms.
A pilocytic astrocytoma that occurs during adolescence.
A slow-growing type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord. Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma usually occurs in children and young adults. It forms in the brain more often than the spinal cord.
A poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells with spindle cell features.
Spindle Cell (Sarcomatoid) Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A wart caused by human papillomavirus. It can appear anywhere on the skin.
A disorder characterized by the progressive loss of function and/or structure of the affected tissues.
A disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time. Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer's disease are examples.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm confined to the squamous epithelium, without invasion of the underlying tissues.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm confined to the squamous epithelium, without invasion of underlying tissues.
CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL, IN SITU, MALIGNANT
Grade 3 Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade III Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A benign sweat gland neoplasm usually occurring in the scalp or the face. It may present as solitary or multiple papular or nodular lesions. It may be a sporadic lesion or part of Brooke-Spiegler syndrome. It arises from the dermis and has a multinodular, circumscribed appearance. The nodules contain basaloid cells with small, dark nuclei. Complete excision is usually curative.
A benign nevus characterized by the absence of melanin pigment in the melanocytes.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the nasal cavity. Representative examples include inflammatory disorders, papillomas, and carcinomas.
Inflammation of the stomach that is associated with Helicobacter Pylori.
Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastritis
A neoplasm with tricholemmal differentiation. It affects women more frequently than men. It usually presents on the scalp as a solitary, multilobular, large, exophytic mass. Morphologically, it may display benign cytological features and appear as a circumscribed solid-cystic neoplasm or it may display malignant characteristics and invasive features. Cases without malignant characteristics usually have an indolent course. Complete surgical excision is recommended in such cases to avoid recurrences and to allow complete examination of the specimen. Cases with malignant characteristics may have a locally aggressive clinical course, recur, or metastasize.
A benign vascular neoplasm that arises in the skin.
An invasive adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosa or mucosa and submucosa of the gastric wall. The regional lymph nodes may or may not be involved. It usually occurs in the lesser curvature. The 5-year survival rate following resection is between 80 percent and 95 percent, and remains high even when lymph node metastases are present.
A benign hair follicle neoplasm with trichoblastic differentiation. It usually presents as a solitary papular lesion It most often presents on the head and neck area, but it may develop in any anatomic site containing hair follicles. Because of its benign nature, treatment usually is not required, provided that the diagnosis has been established with certainty.
A benign hair follicle neoplasm with trichoblastic differentiation.
A neoplasm arising from hematopoietic cells found in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, lymph nodes and spleen (organs of the hematopoietic system). Hematopoietic cell neoplasms can also involve other anatomic sites (e.g. central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract), either by metastasis, direct tumor infiltration, or neoplastic transformation of extranodal lymphoid tissues. The commonest forms are the various types of leukemia, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Neoplasm
A cancer of the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia or lymphoma.
A malignant neoplasm composed of hemolymphoreticular cells.
Hematopoietic Neoplasms including Lymphomas
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the ureter.
A pathological increase in the effort and frequency of breathing movements.
Increased work of breathing with tachypnea and retractions.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the inner ear. Causes are inner ear infections, head injuries, and neoplasms (e.g., acoustic schwannoma). Symptoms include dizziness, imbalance, nausea, and vision problems.
A disorder characterized by dizziness, imbalance, nausea, and vision problems.
Polycythemia resulting from an elevated concentration of erythropoietin.
A histologic variant of basal cell carcinoma of the skin characterized by the presence of strands and nests of malignant cells that are embedded in a dense fibrotic stroma.
Skin Morphea-Type (Sclerosing) Basal Cell Carcinoma
Morphea-Type (Sclerosing) Basal Cell Carcinoma
A rare spinal tumor which is highly malignant and tends to be locally invasive of surrounding neural tissue. The tumor also tends to spread throughout the neuroaxis and is often rapidly progressive. Histologically the tumors are highly cellular with nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, endothelial proliferation, mitotic figures, and, often, necrosis. This tumor has a relatively poor prognosis. Clinical features may include pain followed by rapidly progressive neurologic deficits such as extremity weakness, sensory changes, spasticity, and incontinence. (From Innocenzi et al., Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997 Feb;99(1):1-5)
Adult Spinal Cord Glioblastoma Multiforme
Adenocarcinoma that is spread throughout the body.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the stomach. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
Inflammatory and degenerative diseases of connective tissue structures, such as arthritis.
A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat.
A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue.
An umbrella term used to encompass disorders characterized by autoimmunity, autoinflammatory processes, joint or connective tissue inflammation or degeneration.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the acoustic nerve.
A disorder characterized by involvement of the acoustic nerve (eighth cranial nerve).
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the olfactory nerve (first cranial nerve).
A disorder characterized by involvement of the olfactory nerve (first cranial nerve).
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the glossopharyngeal nerve (ninth cranial nerve).
A disorder characterized by involvement of the glossopharyngeal nerve (ninth cranial nerve).
An extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the stomach with the bulk of the mass located in the stomach. The vast majority of cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and B-cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
A medulloblastoma developing in patients with familiar adenomatous polyposis syndrome. It is observed in patients with Turcot syndrome, type 2.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Associated Medulloblastoma
A benign mesothelial tumor of the serosal surface of the uterine body and myometrium. It is characterized by the presence of gland-like structures.
Uterine Corpus Localized Epithelial Mesothelioma
A benign, well-circumscribed renal cortical neoplasm affecting females more often than males. Polycythemia has been reported in twelve-percent of patients.
An adenocarcinoma with eccrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands. It includes the following subtypes: ductal eccrine adenocarcinoma, papillary eccrine carcinoma, and eccrine porocarcinoma.
A malignant carcinoma with eccrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands.
A morphologic variant of angiofibroma characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells, collagenous or myxoid stroma, focal sclerotic areas, and angiectoid spaces.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm that usually arises in the superficial soft tissues of the vulva or inguinal and scrotal regions. It is characterized by the presence of a cellular fibroblastic proliferation in an edematous to fibrous stroma containing numerous vessels.
A dendritic cell neoplasm that does not fall into well-defined categories or shows hybrid features.
Dendritic Cell Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A category of clonal hematopoietic disorders that have both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features at the time of initial presentation.
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disease
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasm
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disorder
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disorders
Myeloproliferative/Myelodysplastic Disorders
Myeloproliferative/Myelodysplastic Syndromes
An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of multiple melanocytic nevi, some of which are atypical, and a family history of melanoma. Patients are at an increased risk of developing melanoma and pancreatic cancer.
Familial Atypical Mole Melanoma Syndrome
An inherited condition marked by the following: (1) one or more first- or second-degree relatives (parent, sibling, child, grandparent, grandchild, aunt, or uncle) with malignant melanoma; (2) many moles, some of which are atypical (asymmetrical, raised, and/or different shades of tan, brown, black, or red) and often of different sizes; and (3) moles that have specific features when examined under a microscope. FAMMM syndrome increases the risk of melanoma and may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer.
familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome
Glandular Cell Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A benign, well circumscribed sweat gland neoplasm with eccrine or apocrine differentiation. It usually presents as a solitary, dome-shaped papule, nodule, or plaque on acral sites. It is characterized by a proliferation of uniform basaloid cells in the dermis and it is associated with the presence of focal ductal and cystic structures. Complete excision is curative.
A hematologic disorder which does not display the morphologic and/or clinical characteristics of an overt malignancy. Representative examples include atypical lymphoproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes.
A pheochromocytoma that does not invade surrounding tissues and is confined to the adrenal glands.
Localized Adrenal Gland Pheochromocytoma
A myelodysplastic syndrome resulting from chemotherapy or radiation therapy treatment for other malignant disorders.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of glandular structures with endometrial-type well-differentiated cells in a fibrotic stroma.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by endometrial-type well-differentiated cells in a fibrotic stroma.
An epithelial neoplasm that arises from the ovary characterized by the presence of cystic spaces which are lined by atypical glandular epithelial cells resembling endometrial cells. The surrounding ovarian stroma is fibrotic. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Ovarian Endometrioid Cystadenofibroma
Borderline Malignancy Ovarian Endometrioid Cystadenofibroma
Low Malignant Potential Ovarian Endometrioid Cystadenofibroma
A spectrum of malignant tumors, affecting mostly males under age 20, characterized morphologically by the presence of small round cells. Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor represent the ends of a spectrum, with Ewing sarcoma lacking evidence of neural differentiation and the markers that characterize the peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor may share cytogenetic abnormalities, proto-oncogene expression, cell culture and immunohistochemical abnormalities. These tumors may occur in the soft tissues or the bones. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.
Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
A group of cancers that includes Ewing tumor of bone (ETB or Ewing sarcoma of bone), extraosseous Ewing (EOE) tumors, primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET or peripheral neuroepithelioma), and Askin tumors (PNET of the chest wall). These tumors all come from the same type of stem cell.
Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
A small round cell tumor with or without neural differentiation which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
Metastatic Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Metastatic Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
A spectrum of malignant tumors arising from the soft tissues, characterized morphologically by the presence of small round cells. Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor represent the ends of a spectrum, with Ewing sarcoma lacking evidence of neural differentiation and the markers that characterize the peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor may share cytogenetic abnormalities, proto-oncogene expression, cell culture and immunohistochemical abnormalities. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.
Extraosseous Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Extraosseous Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Localized Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
The reemergence of a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the central or the peripheral nervous system after a period of remission.
Recurrent Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the periampullary region.
A cancer that forms near the ampulla of Vater (an enlargement of the ducts from the liver and pancreas where they join and enter the small intestine).
A cholangiocarcinoma that has recurred after a period of remission.
An aggressive malignant neoplasm with a poor response to therapy, usually presenting as stage III/IV disease. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to those seen in mature histiocytes.
A malignant neoplasm composed of cells resembling histiocytes.
This subgroup of myeloproliferative neoplasms includes cases which do not meet the morphologic criteria of any of the defined myeloproliferative neoplasms, or which have characteristics that overlap at least two of the myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Unclassifiable
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disease, Unclassifiable
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorder, Unclassifiable
Unclassifiable Chronic Myeloproliferative Disease
Unclassifiable Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorder
A group of non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders resulting from the deregulation and/or deficiency of immune system functions. It includes autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis), congenital and acquired immunodeficiency syndromes including the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and neoplasms (e.g., lymphomas and malignancies secondary to transplantation).
Immunodeficiency and Immunosuppression Disorders
A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation which is confined to a specific area of the bone and has not spread to other parts of the skeleton.
Localized Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone
The reemergence of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the bone after a period of remission.
Recurrent Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone
A hematologic malignancy that is resistant to treatment.
A ganglioglioma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.
A ganglioglioma that occurs during childhood.
Adult Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Adult Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Adult Primary Cutaneous K-1+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Adult Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Adult Systemic CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Adult Systemic K-1+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Adult CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Adult K-1+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A benign or malignant neoplasm of the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
An aggressive rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in adults. The neoplasm is characterized by the presence of bizarre round, spindle, and polygonal cells. Clinical presentation includes a rapidly enlarging painful mass usually in the lower extremities.
A desmoplastic small round cell tumor occurring in children.
Childhood Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Pediatric Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
A desmoplastic small round cell tumor occurring in adults.
Adult Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring in children.
A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring during childhood.
A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring in adults.
An osteosarcoma arising from the soft tissue, and occurring during childhood.
An osteosarcoma arising in soft tissues, and occurring during childhood.
A myxoid chondrosarcoma occurring in children.
A myxoid chondrosarcoma occurring during childhood.
A myxoid chondrosarcoma occurring in adults.
An invasive adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells which produce mucin.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. According to the degree of differentiation, it is classified either as differentiated carcinoma (extensive evidence of follicular cell differentiation), or poorly differentiated carcinoma (limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation).
A carcinoma that has spread to the adrenal cortex from an adjacent or distal anatomic site.
Metastatic Carcinoma in the Adrenal Cortex
Metastatic Carcinoma to the Adrenal Cortex
A condition in which a carcinoma has spread extensively throughout the peritoneal cavity.
Diffuse spread of cancer to the meninges.
A serious problem that may occur in cancer in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). It can happen in many types of cancer, but is the most common in melanoma, breast, lung, and gastrointestinal cancer. The cancer may cause the meninges to be inflamed.
Carcinoma that has spread diffusely to the pleura.
Carcinoma that has spread diffusely to the pericardium.
An uncommon type of hepatocelluar carcinoma, morphologically characterized by significant fibrosis around the sinusoid-like spaces and atrophy of the tumor trabeculae.
A rare squamous cell carcinoma that either arises from or is associated with the presence of inverted papilloma in the nose.
Carcinoma Arising in Nasal Papillomatosis
A carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells. It includes small cell carcinoma, hypercalcemic type and small cell carcinoma, pulmonary type.
Ovarian Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A parathyroid gland adenoma composed predominantly or entirely of neoplastic cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm.
A primary malignant neoplasm of the vagina composed of malignant melanocytes.
An ependymoma of the spinal cord occurring in adults.
Adult Central Nervous System Mature Teratoma
Adult Central Nervous System Immature Teratoma
Adult Central Nervous System Mixed Germ Cell Tumor
A mature teratoma that arises from the central nervous system during childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Mature Teratoma
An immature teratoma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Immature Teratoma
An immature teratoma that arises from the central nervous system during childhood.
A somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the duodenum. It is characterized by the presence of tubulo-glandular structures.
Duodenal Somatostatin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
The spread of a carcinoma to the lung. This may be from a primary lung carcinoma, or from a carcinoma at a distant anatomic site.
A Burkitt lymphoma that arises from the small intestine.
Primary Small Intestinal Burkitt's Lymphoma
A morphologic variant of Burkitt lymphoma that arises from the small intestine. It is characterized by marked nuclear pleomorphism, abundant apoptotic debris, and the presence of tangible body macrophages.
Small Intestinal Atypical Burkitt/Burkitt-Like Lymphoma
Primary Small Intestinal Atypical Burkitt's/Burkitt's-Like Lymphoma
Small Intestine Atypical Burkitt's/Burkitt's-like Lymphoma
A mantle cell lymphoma that arises from the colon. It often presents as a polypoid lesion.
An intestinal-type adenoma arising from the ampulla of Vater. It is characterized by the presence of tubular and villous epithelial structures and it is associated with dysplasia.
An intramucosal malignant glandular epithelial infiltrate in a colonic adenoma. There is no evidence of submucosal invasion.
Adenoma of the Colon with Intramucosal Adenocarcinoma
Adenoma of Colon with Intramucosal Adenocarcinoma
Colonic Adenoma with Intramucosal Adenocarcinoma
A carcinoma with glandular differentiation arising from the ampulla of Vater. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of glycogen-rich cells with hyperchromatic nuclei.
Ampulla of Vater Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
A carcinoma with glandular differentiation arising from the ampulla of Vater. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of mucoid stroma formation.
Ampulla of Vater Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
A carcinoma with glandular and squamous differentiation arising from the ampulla of Vater. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Ampulla of Vater Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ampulla of Vater Adenosquamous Carcinoma
An aggressive carcinoma arising from the ampulla of Vater. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells without evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Ampulla of Vater Undifferentiated Carcinoma
An esophageal carcinoma characterized by the presence of distinguishable squamous and glandular carcinomatous components.
An esophageal carcinoma characterized by the absence of microscopic features of squamous differentiation. However, there is immunohistochemical evidence of squamous differentiation.
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities involve either the lower or both the lower and the upper half of the esophageal squamous epithelium.
Esophageal Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities involve either the lower or both the lower and the upper half of the esophageal glandular epithelium.
Esophageal Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities involve both the lower and the upper half of the esophageal mucosa. It includes lesions termed moderate dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia). (WHO, 2000) -- 2003
Esophageal High Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Esophageal High-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities involve both the lower and the upper half of the esophageal squamous epithelium.
High Grade Esophageal Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Esophageal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
High-Grade Esophageal Squamous Dysplasia
High-Grade Esophageal Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities are confined to the lower half of the esophageal squamous epithelium.
Low Grade Esophageal Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Esophageal Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities are confined to the lower half of the esophageal glandular epithelium.
Low Grade Esophageal Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Esophageal Low Grade Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Low Grade Esophageal Glandular Dysplasia
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities involve both the lower and the upper half of the esophageal glandular epithelium.
High Grade Esophageal Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Esophageal High-Grade Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia
High-Grade Esophageal Glandular Dysplasia
High-Grade Esophageal Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the esophagus. The majority are spindle cell tumors that exhibit high mitotic activity and affect the distal esophagus.
Esophageal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Esophageal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
A non-metastasizing mesenchymal neoplasm of the stomach. Representative examples include leiomyoma, lipoma, and hemangioma.
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Stomach
A metastasizing mesenchymal neoplasm of the stomach. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma.
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Stomach
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Stomach
A mantle cell lymphoma that affects the stomach. It may arise as a solitary mass or it may be a component of multifocal lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract. It usually has an aggressive clinical course.
A mantle cell lymphoma that arises from the small intestine. It may present as an isolated mass in the small intestine or as a part of the multiple lymphomatous polyposis.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma of the Small Intestine
An aggressive, high-grade, and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the small intestine. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Small Intestinal Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the small intestine. It is characterized by the presence of uniform cells that form pseudorosettes. The neoplastic cells have uniform nuclei and small amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm.
Small Intestinal Gastrin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
A somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the small intestine. It is characterized by the presence of tubulo-glandular structures.
Small Intestinal Somatostatin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
Small Intestinal Somatostatin Producing Tumor
Small Intestinal Somatostatin-Producing NET
A usually malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor producing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). It may or may not be associated with inappropriate secretion of VIP and an associated clinical syndrome.
Pancreatic VIP-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
Pancreatic Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Producing Neoplasm
Pancreatic Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Producing Tumor
A neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the small intestine and produces vasoactive intestinal peptide.
Small Intestinal VIP-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
Small Intestinal Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Producing Tumor
A usually polypoid neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the colonic and rectal mucosa. It is characterized by a tubular architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. It is characterized by the presence of moderate epithelial dysplasia.
Colorectal Adenoma with Moderate Dysplasia
An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. It is characterized by the presence of mild epithelial dysplasia.
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the colon or rectum. It is characterized by low or high grade dysplasia of the mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion.
Large Intestinal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the colon or rectum. It is characterized by moderate or severe epithelial dysplasia and complex architectural alterations of the mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion.
Colorectal High Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Colorectal High-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Large Intestinal High Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the small intestine. It is characterized by low or high grade dysplasia of the mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion.
Small Intestinal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the small intestine. It is characterized by mild epithelial dysplasia and mild architectural alterations of the mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion.
Small Intestinal Low Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the small intestine. It is characterized by moderate or severe epithelial dysplasia and complex architectural alterations of the mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion.
Small Intestinal High Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A rare Burkitt lymphoma that arises from the colon.
A malignant, ectopic ACTH secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, associated with Cushing's syndrome. The prognosis is usually poor.
Pancreatic ACTH-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
Pancreatic ACTH Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
Pancreatic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Producing Tumor
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
A plasma cell disorder in which an abnormal amount of a single immunoglobulin is present in the serum. Paraproteinemias may be seen in conjunction with various carcinomas, chronic inflammatory and infectious conditions, and other diseases. --2004
Carcinoma that is spread throughout the body.
Cancer that is spread throughout the body, a metastatic phenomenon.
A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation arising from the soft tissues.
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Soft Tissues
Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor of Soft Tissues
Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Soft Tissues
Peripheral Neuroepithelioma of Soft Tissues
Peripheral Neuroepithelioma of the Soft Tissues
A term used by urologists to describe an infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder that has not invaded into the muscularis propria of the bladder wall regardless of histologic type or grade.
A benign neoplasm which is composed of adipocytes and arises from the surface of the bone or the medullary cavity.
A giant cell tumor that arises from the bone and is characterized by the absence of local aggression and lack of metastatic potential.
Benign Osteoclastic Giant Cell-Rich Tumor of Bone
Benign Osteoclastic Giant Cell-Rich Tumor of the Bone
A benign neoplasm arising from the fibrous soft tissues of the gingiva. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and numerous dilated vascular channels.
A morphologic variant of fibroma arising from the nasopharynx. It is characterized by the presence of numerous dilated vascular channels.
A morphologic variant of fetal rhabdomyoma characterized by the presence of a prominent myxoid stroma and primitive skeletal spindle cells.
A chondrosarcoma that arises either in a pre-existing enchondroma or close to the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma.
A lipoma usually occurring in the extremities of young children (usually boys). It is characterized by lobules of adipose tissue, separated by fibrous septa. The adipose tissue is composed of mature adipocytes and lipoblasts. The lipoblasts may be scarce, depending on the age of the patient.
A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the pelvic region. Clinical presentation includes complaints of back and abdominal pain, urinary frequency, perineal pain and constipation. It predominately affects black males.
A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the face, upper middle back, and sternal region. It is associated with adrenocortical steroid therapy or an increase in endogenous adrenocortical hormone.
A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the mediastinum.
A morphologic variant of well differentiated liposarcoma characterized by the presence of bland spindle cells and lipoblasts within a myxoid or fibrous stroma.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of the long arm (q13) of chromosome 11 and the long arm (q32) of chromosome 14. It results in up-regulation of cyclin D1 and is the most common translocation detected in multiple myeloma.
A morphologic variant of leiomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate admixed with malignant spindle cells.
A benign multifocal proliferation of glomus cells forming clusters around dilated vascular spaces.
A glomus tumor that shows atypical characteristics and has borderline malignant potential.
Glomus Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
A Kaposi sarcoma affecting the lymph nodes.
A hemangioma characterized by the presence of hobnail endothelial cells.
A hemangioma arising from the peripheral nerves.
A lymphangioma arising from the organs of the abdominal cavity.
An intermediate, locally aggressive blood vessel neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle endothelial cells, and formation of capillary-sized and slit-like vascular channels. It is often associated with hemorrhage and hemosiderin deposition.
An intermediate, locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of hobnail endothelial cells and formation of arborizing vascular channels.
An angiosarcoma that develops in association with long standing lymphedema.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising in an anatomic site exposed to radiation therapy.
A rare benign soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of an abundant collagenous or myxocollagenous matrix, spindle-shaped, and stellate-shaped fibroblasts. It usually presents as an asymptomatic, slowly growing subcutaneous mass. The most common sites of involvement are the upper arm, shoulder, and lower limb.
A neoplasm that arises from the hair follicle and does not metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A benign neoplasm that arises from the hair follicle.
A cutaneous myxoma arising from the hair follicle.
A benign dermal adnexal neoplasm with apocrine differentiation. It usually occurs in the scalp and has a female predilection. It presents as an asymptomatic solitary nodule. It is characterized by a lobular architecture. The lobules are composed by tubular structures lined by epithelial cells. There is no cytologic atypia or mitotic figures present.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from blood vessels and lymphatics of the skin.
A benign well-circumscribed tumor, composed of lobules of mature adipocytes, that arises within subcutaneous tissue, deep soft tissues or on the surface of bones.
A variant of basal cell carcinoma morphologically characterized by the presence of thin strands of basaloid cells forming a reticulate pattern.
A morphologic variant of basal cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells.
A variant of basal cell carcinoma presenting as a pale, indurated plaque, usually in the upper trunk or face. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of strands, cords, and columns of basaloid cells infiltrating the dermis. Perineural invasion may be present and the basaloid cell infiltrate may extend into deeper tissues.
A morphologic variant of atypical fibroxanthoma characterized by the presence of atypical mitotic figures, high mitotic activity, and pleomorphic cells.
A morphologic variant of atypical fibroxanthoma characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibrohistiocytic cells and a storiform growth pattern.
Spindle Cell Type Atypical Fibroxanthoma
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract, anus, liver, biliary system, and pancreas. Representative examples include infections, ulcers, cirrhosis, and diverticulosis.
Non-Neoplastic Digestive System Disorder
Non-Neoplastic Gastrointestinal Disorder
Non-Neoplastic Gastrointestinal System Disorder
A term that refers to the classification of a disorder according to the anatomic site that is involved in the pathologic process.
A lobular hemangioma present in multiple anatomical sites.
A disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin, usually without inflammation.
A lung disorder not caused by a neoplasm. Representative examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atelectasis, lung infections, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumoconiosis.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the pleura. Representative examples include pleural infection and pneumothorax.
A group of signs, symptoms, and clinicopathological characteristics that result from the pathologic function of one or more endocrine organs.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the endocrine system. Representative examples include diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and adrenal gland insufficiency.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the testis or the ovary. Representative examples include gonadal agenesis, dysgenesis, and hypogonadism.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region. This category includes inflammatory disorders, benign neoplasms, precancerous conditions, and malignant neoplasms.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the bone or articular cartilage.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the connective and soft tissue.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system.
Non-Neoplastic Central Nervous System Disorder
Non-Neoplastic Central Nervous System Disease
Non-Neoplastic Peripheral Nervous System Disorder
Non-Neoplastic Peripheral Nervous System Disease
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve).
A disorder characterized by involvement of the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve).
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve).
A disorder characterized by involvement of the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve).
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the urinary system. Representative examples include urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, and acute kidney insufficiency.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the renal parenchyma and/or renal pelvis. Representative examples include glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the male reproductive system. Representative examples include prostatitis, balanitis, and phimosis.
Male Non-Neoplastic Reproductive System Disorder
Male Non-Neoplastic Reproductive System Disease
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the female reproductive system. Representative examples include endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and endometritis.
Female Non-Neoplastic Reproductive System Disorder
Female Non-Neoplastic Reproductive System Disease
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the male or female reproductive system. Representative examples include prostatitis, balanitis, phimosis, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Non-Neoplastic Reproductive System Disorder
Non-Neoplastic Reproductive System Disease
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the testis. Representative examples include infection, torsion, and infarction.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the penis. Representative examples include phimosis, balanitis, and hypospadias.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the vulva. Representative examples include infection, Bartholin gland adenoma, and vulvar carcinoma.
Transplant-Related Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Transplant-Related Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma
A hepatocellular carcinoma that develops following renal transplantation.
Transplant-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Transplant-Related Hepatocellular Cancer
Transplant-Related Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A lung carcinoma in a patient with a history of organ transplantation.
Transplant-Related Hematologic Malignancy
A Kaposi sarcoma that develops after organ transplantation.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the oral cavity.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Representative examples include inflammatory disorders, papillomas, and carcinomas.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Disorder
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the neck region. This category includes disorders of the pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects structures of the skull.
Any disorder involving the peritoneal and retroperitoneal space.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the respiratory system or the thorax including the mediastinum and the heart.
Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disease
Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorder
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the heart and/or vessels. Representative examples include myocardial infarction, endocarditis, arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and lymphedema.
This category currently includes only malignancies in which there is a well documented association between the neoplastic process and a specific virus as a causative agent.--2003
A carcinoma that arises from the cervix and is caused by human papillomavirus infection.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Cervical Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Cervical Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Cervical Carcinoma
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Related Cervical Cancer
A cervical squamous cell carcinoma associated with human papilloma virus infection. Histologic variants include papillary carcinoma, warty carcinoma, and squamotransitional carcinoma.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
HPV-Related Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
An endocervical adenocarcinoma that is caused by human papillomavirus infection.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Endocervical Adenocarcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Endocervical Adenocarcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Endocervical Adenocarcinoma
Human Papillomavirus-Related Verrucous Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Verrucous Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Verrucous Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vulva and is caused by human papillomavirus infection.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma
HPV-Related Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma
An anal squamous cell carcinoma related to infection with sexually transmittable human papillomavirus.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
HPV-Related Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis and is caused by human papillomavirus infection. Morphologic variants include basaloid carcinoma and warty carcinoma.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
HPV-Related Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papillomavirus-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma
An adenocarcinoma strongly associated with human papillomavirus infection.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Adenocarcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus Related Adenocarcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Adenocarcinoma
A hepatocellular carcinoma that develops following hepatitis virus exposure and injury of the liver parenchyma.
Hepatitis Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatitis Virus Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatitis Virus-Related Hepatocellular Cancer
A hepatocellular carcinoma that develops following hepatitis C virus exposure and injury of the liver parenchyma.
Hepatitis C Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatitis C Virus Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Malignant Neoplasm
Epstein-Barr Virus Related Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Hodgkin Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr Virus Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Burkitt Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Burkitt's Lymphoma
A clonal lymphoproliferative disorder that develops following an organ transplantation and is caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection.
EBV-Related Clonal Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Clonal Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
EBV-Related Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Human Herpes Virus 8-Related Malignant Neoplasm
A structure found in some benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer) tumor cells. Psammoma bodies look like hardened concentric rings when viewed under a microscope. They can be a sign of chronic inflammation.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 5. It is associated with the development of myelodysplastic syndrome with isolated deletion (5q), acute myeloid leukemia with multilineage dysplasia, and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes.
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the CCND1 gene in clonal populations of either lymphocytes or lymphocyte lineage neoplastic cells.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the translocation of 19p13.3 with 1q23, resulting in the fusion of the TCF3 (E2A) gene with the PBX1 gene.
A rare gastrointestinal stromal tumor that presents as a solitary mass outside the gastrointestinal tract.
Extragastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Human Papillomavirus-Related Malignant Neoplasm
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Malignancy
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Malignant Neoplasm
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from an area of skin exposed to radiation therapy.
Cutaneous Radiation-Related Angiosarcoma
Cutaneous Radiation-Induced Angiosarcoma
A low or intermediate grade well differentiated tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. According to the presence or absence of clinical syndromes that result from hormone hypersecretion, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are classified either as functional or nonfunctional.
A mass of abnormal cells that forms in the endocrine (hormone-producing) tissues of the pancreas. Islet cell tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm
Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation arising from the digestive system. It includes neuroendocrine tumors (well-differentiated endocrine tumors or carcinoid tumors and well differentiated endocrine carcinomas) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, small cell carcinomas, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas).
Digestive System Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Gastrointestinal System Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
A myelodysplastic syndrome caused by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
Therapy-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Therapy Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by bi-cytopenia or pancytopenia, dysplastic changes in 10% or more of the cells in two or more of the myeloid cell lines, and 15% or more ring sideroblasts in the bone marrow. (WHO, 2001)
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Ring Sideroblasts and Multilineage Dysplasia
Refractory Cytopenia with Multilineage Dysplasia and Ring Sideroblasts
Refractory Cytopenia with Multilineage Dysplasia and Ringed Sideroblasts
A Wilms tumor of the kidney which occurs in children.
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the colon or rectum. The majority of cases have spindle cell morphology. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the colon are usually advanced upon detection and tend to have a poor prognosis; gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the rectum usually have an aggressive clinical course.
Colorectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Colorectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
A carcinoma characterized by the presence of large adenocarcinoma cells.
Acute myeloid leukemias that do not fulfill the criteria for inclusion in the group of acute myeloid leukemias which have recurrent genetic abnormalities or myelodysplastic changes, or are therapy-related. This category includes entities classified according to the French-American-British classification scheme.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Not Otherwise Specified
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Not Otherwise Categorized
Acute myeloid leukemia occurring as late complication of prior therapy with alkylating agents.
Alkylating Agent-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Alkylating Agent Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemias arising as a result of the mutagenic effect of therapeutic agents targeting DNA-topoisomerase II. The vast majority of patients present without a preceding myelodysplastic phase. The acute myeloid leukemias are usually of the monoblastic or myelomonocytic type. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities are frequently present and usually involve chromosome 11q23 (MLL gene).
Topoisomerase II Inhibitor-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Topoisomerase II Inhibitor Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute Promyelocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of hypergranular promyelocytes and characteristic cells that contain bundles of Auer rods.
Hypergranular Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia in which the promyelocytes in the peripheral blood have paucity or absence of cytoplasmic granules and characteristic bilobed nuclei.
Microgranular Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Hypogranular Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
A chromosomal translocation associated with creation of a fusion between the PML and RARA genes. It is seen in variants of acute promyelocytic leukemia.
The translocation, well known as t(15;17)(q22;q21) or t(15;17)(q22;q12), should be re-named t(15;17)(q24;q21), since the PML gene is located in the vicinity of 15q24, and the RARA gene is located in the vicinity of 17q21. (Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology)
A chromosomal translocation that involves chromosome 16. It is often associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia CBFB-MYH11, acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils, and granulocytic sarcoma.
Helicobacter Pylori-Related Malignant Neoplasm
Helicobacter Pylori-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Helicobacter Pylori-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A low grade, indolent B-cell lymphoma that is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.
Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastric MALT
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the gastric mucosa and is caused by persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori.
Helicobacter Pylori-Related Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Schistosoma Hematobium-Related Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Immunodeficiency-Related Malignant Neoplasm
Immunosuppression-Related Malignant Neoplasm
A cavernous hemangioma characterized by the presence of hylanized vascular channels and is often associated with the presence of calcifications, fibrosis, and hemorrhage.
This entity includes cases that have clinical, laboratory, and morphologic features that support the diagnosis of both a myelodysplastic syndrome and a myeloproliferative neoplasm, but do not meet the criteria for any of the other entities included in the myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm category. (WHO, 2001)
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasm, Unclassifiable
Mixed Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disease, Unclassifiable
Mixed Myeloproliferative/Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Unclassifiable
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disease, Unclassifiable
Unclassifiable Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disease
Unclassifiable Myeloproliferative/Myelodysplastic Syndrome
A liposarcoma characterized by the presence of round non-lipogenic primitive mesenchymal cells and small signet ring lipoblasts within a myxoid stoma with a branching vascular pattern. This category includes hypercellular lesions with round cell morphology, formerly known as round cell liposarcoma.
Carcinoma of the penis which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A precancerous lesion that arises from the female reproductive system. Representative examples include atypical endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Female Reproductive System Precancerous Condition
A premalignant neoplastic process that affects the endometrial epithelium and glands. It is characterized by architectural glandular alterations and cytological abnormalities in the epithelial cells. The lesion exceeds 1 mm in maximum linear dimension.
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. cN0: No palpable or visibly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. pN0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the skin of the penis. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
Grade III Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade III Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of Penis
Grade III Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of the Penis
An increase in the concentration of red blood cells (hemoglobin) that is not caused by polycythemia vera.
Polycythemia (Excluding Polycythemia Vera)
Nodular Sclerosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Syncytial Variant
Hodgkin's Disease, Nodular Sclerosis, Syncytial Variant
Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma, Syncytial Variant
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic bile ducts, the hepatic ducts, or the extrahepatic bile ducts. Adenocarcinomas that arise from the intrahepatic bile ducts or the hepatic ducts are called cholangiocarcinomas.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile duct. Carcinomas that arise from the intrahepatic bile ducts and the hepatic ducts are called cholangiocarcinomas and are almost always adenocarcinomas. Carcinomas that arise from the extrahepatic bile ducts are adenocarcinomas, adenosquamous carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, small cell carcinomas, or mucoepidermoid carcinomas.
Cancer that forms in a bile duct. A bile duct is a tube that carries bile (fluid made by the liver that helps digest fat) between the liver and gallbladder and the intestine. Bile ducts include the common hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts. Bile duct cancer may be found inside the liver (intrahepatic) or outside the liver (extrahepatic).
Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the endometrium (mucous membrane that lines the endometrial cavity).
A nevus characterised by the presence of excessive pigment.
A premalignant condition morphologically characterised by the presence of the characteristic Paget cells in the intraepithelial tissue of the penis. It presents as a smooth raised reddish area that may or may not be painful. -- 2003
A primary malignant neoplasm of the ureter which has spread either into adjacent tissues or to a distant site.
A primary malignant neoplasm of the urethra which has spread either into adjacent tissues or to a distant site.
A high grade, aggressive adenocarcinoma arising from the endometrium. It is characterized by the presence of complex papillary patterns with cellular budding. Atypical mitoses, necrosis, and psammoma bodies may be present. It is classified as type II endometrial carcinoma and it is not associated with endometrial hyperplasia. It tends to invade deeply into the myometrium and spreads into the lymphatic vessels. Patients frequently present with spread of the tumor beyond the uterus at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis is usually poor.
An endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from the endometrium. Morphologically it is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells containing glycogen vacuoles which are usually subnuclear and reminiscent of early secretory endometrium.
Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma, Secretory Variant
Secretory Uterine Corpus Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A morphologic variant of endometrioid adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of large multinucleated clear cells.
Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with Clear Cell Change
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of a component with poorly differentiated carcinoma cells.
Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with a Poorly Differentiated Carcinomatous Component
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of a component with undifferentiated malignant cells.
Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with an Undifferentiated Carcinomatous Component
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of numerous finger-like villi lined by neoplastic columnar cells.
Villoglandular Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of eosinophilic malignant glandular epithelial cells.
Oxyphilic Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of spindled malignant epithelial cells.
Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with Spindled Epithelial Cells
Sarcomatoid Uterine Corpus Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
An infectious process caused by a human papillomavirus. This infection can cause abnormal tissue growth.
Angiofollicular Lymphoid Hyperplasia, Hyaline-Vascular Type
Castleman Disease, Hyaline-Vascular Type
Castleman's Disease, Hyaline-Vascular Type
Angiofollicular Lymphoid Hyperplasia, Plasma Cell Type
A successful invasion of a host by an organism that uses the host for food and shelter.
A broad classification of inherited disorders presenting at birth that affect both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of the immune response. Circulating numbers of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and NK cells are variable but where present do not function properly. Susceptibility to infection is the primary concern.
A papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, characterized by marked architectural and cytologic abnormalities and frequent mitotic figures (at all levels of the urothelium). This type of carcinoma is commonly associated with invasive disease at the time of presentation.
Non-Invasive Bladder Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma, High Grade
Neoplastic changes in the urinary tract transitional cell epithelium, characterized by cytologic and architectural abnormalities involving part or the entire thickness of the urothelium. It is classified as either low-grade or high-grade. -- 2003
Transitional Cell Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Intraurothelial neoplasia characterized by dysplastic changes which are not severe enough to warrant the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma in situ. -- 2003
Bladder Low Grade Intraurothelial Neoplasia
Low-Grade Bladder Intraurothelial Neoplasia
A neoplastic lesion of the urinary tract transitional cell epithelium characterized by papillary formations. -- 2003
Papillary Transitional Cell Neoplasm of the Urinary Tract
Urinary Tract Papillary Transitional Cell Neoplasm
An invasive transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the urinary bladder urothelium.
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Infiltrating Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Invasive Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Invasive Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
A papillary renal cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of papillae covered by small cells with scant amount of cytoplasm. The cells are arranged in a single layer on the basement membrane of the papillae.
A papillary renal cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of papillae covered by cells of a higher nuclear grade as compared to type 1 papillary renal cell carcinoma. The cells have eosinophilic cytoplasm and pseudostratified nuclei.
Classic Variant of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
Eosinophilic Variant of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
A papillary renal cell carcinoma that occurs in a patient who does not have a family history of papillary renal cell carcinoma nor is a carrier of an inherited DNA change that would increase the risk of developing this carcinoma.
A group of kidney carcinomas characterized by the presence of different translocations involving the chromosome Xp11.2. These translocations result in the creation of gene fusions involving the TFE3 gene. Patients are usually children and young adults. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells form papillary patterns.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Xp11.2 Translocations/TFE3 Gene Fusions
Renal Cell Cancer Associated with Xp11.2 Translocations/TFE3 Gene Fusions
Xp11.2 Translocation-Related Renal Cell Carcinoma
A renal cell carcinoma characterized by morphologic features that do not fit easily into one of the other well-defined categories of renal cell carcinoma. Examples of such features include mixtures of morphologic patterns, mucin production, and sarcomatoid morphology.
A high grade carcinoma of the kidney. It is not a distinct clinicopathological entity and includes a diverse group of renal cell carcinomas which have been transformed from a lower to a higher grade.
Renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid features
A T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with uncertain malignant potential. A representative example is lymphomatoid papulosis.
T-Cell Proliferation of Uncertain Malignant Potential
The reemergence of a small round cell tumor with or without neural differentiation after a period of remission.
Recurrent Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Recurrent Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
The reemergence of a small round cell tumor with neural differentiation after a period of remission.
Recurrent Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
The reemergence of Askin tumor after a period of remission.
A small round cell tumor with or without neural differentiation which is confined to a specific site without evidence of spread to another anatomic site.
Localized Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Localized Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
A small round cell tumor confined to a specific area of the thoracic cavity without evidence of spread to another anatomic site.
A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation, confined to a specific site without evidence of spread to another anatomic site.
Localized Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the retroperitoneum. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
An invasive prostate adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of well differentiated malignant glandular epithelial components.
Well Differentiated Prostate Adenocarcinoma
An invasive prostate adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells exhibiting moderate differentiation.
Moderately Differentiated Prostate Adenocarcinoma
A group of neoplasms composed of T-lymphocytes with a mature (peripheral/post-thymic) immunophenotypic profile and/or NK-cells.
A neoplasm that arises from mature B-lymphocytes or plasma cells. Representative examples include mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and plasma cell neoplasms.
An indolent, mature B-cell neoplasm composed of small, round B-lymphocytes. When the bone marrow and peripheral blood are involved, the term chronic lymphocytic leukemia is used. The term small lymphocytic lymphoma is restricted to cases which do not show leukemic involvement of the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found in the blood and bone marrow and/or in the lymph nodes. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are the same disease, but in CLL cancer cells are found mostly in the blood and bone marrow. In SLL cancer cells are found mostly in the lymph nodes. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Acute myeloid leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms arising as a result of the mutagenic effect of chemotherapy agents and/or radiation that are used for the treatment of neoplastic or non-neoplastic disorders.
Acute Myeloid Leukaemias and Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Therapy-Related
Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Acute myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes arising as a result of the mutagenic effect of alkylating agents that are used for the treatment of malignant tumors. Patients usually develop a myelodysplastic syndrome which may evolve to a higher grade myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia. A minority of patients present with an acute myeloid leukemia. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities are frequently present and usually are unbalanced translocations or deletions of chromosomes 5 and 7. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia usually do not respond to treatment and have an unfavorable clinical outcome.
Alkylating Agent-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Alkylating Agent Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome
A clinical variant of Burkitt lymphoma that occurs throughout the world. It affects both children and adults and is more frequently seen in males.
Immunodeficiency-Related Burkitt Lymphoma
Immunodeficiency Associated Burkitt Lymphoma
Immunodeficiency Associated Burkitt's Lymphoma
Immunodeficiency Related Burkitt Lymphoma
Immunodeficiency Related Burkitt's Lymphoma
Immunodeficiency-Associated Burkitt Lymphoma
Immunodeficiency-Associated Burkitt's Lymphoma
Immunodeficiency-Related Burkitt's Lymphoma
An invasive prostate adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells exhibiting poor differentiation.
Poorly Differentiated Prostate Adenocarcinoma
A hepatocellular carcinoma that develops following exposure to aflatoxin.
Aflatoxins-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Aflatoxins-Related Hepatocellular Cancer
A hepatocellular carcinoma that develops following alcohol-induced injury of the liver parenchyma.
Alcohol-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A carcinoma arising in the lung due to exposure to asbestos.
Malignant mesothelioma occurring in a patient exposed to asbestos.
An esophageal carcinoma that results from alcohol consumption. The alcohol-related esophageal carcinomas are always of squamous cell type. There is no association between alcohol consumption and esophageal adenocarcinomas.
Alcohol-Related Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Alcohol-Related Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer
A carcinoma that arises from the larynx and is caused by alcohol abuse.
A rare primary thymic adenocarcinoma, characterized by a papillary growth pattern. There are only a few published cases, and no good data regarding prognosis.
A spectrum of non-invasive neoplastic lesions that arise from the terminal ductal lobular units of the breast. There is atypical small epithelial cell proliferation. Pagetoid involvement of the terminal ducts may or may not be present. In the minority of cases, there is a risk for subsequent development of invasive ductal or invasive lobular carcinoma.
A variant of gastrointestinal stromal tumor with ultrastructural features of neural differentiation. It is composed of spindle or epithelioid neoplastic cells.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor with Neurogenic Differentiation
A group of non-invasive epithelial proliferations that occur in the ductal system of the breast. The vast majority of cases arise in the terminal ductal lobular units. This category includes atypical ductal hyperplasia, usual ductal hyperplasia, flat epithelial atypia, and ductal carcinoma in situ. There is an increased risk for subsequent development of invasive breast carcinoma.
Intraductal Proliferative Lesion of the Breast
Mammary Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Ductal Type
A breast papilloma characterized by the presence of predominant sclerosing architectural features.
Complex Sclerosing Papillary Lesion of the Breast
A general term used to describe carcinomas arising from epithelial cells that have been transformed into another cells type (metaplastic epithelial cells). A representative example is the adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett esophagus. This term is also used to describe carcinomas in which the malignant epithelial cells show differentiation towards another cell type. A representative example of the latter is the metaplastic breast carcinoma in which the malignant glandular cells show squamous, spindle cell, or chondroid/osseous differentiation.
A general term used to describe cancer that begins in cells that have changed into another cell type (for example, a squamous cell of the esophagus changing to resemble a cell of the stomach). In some cases, metaplastic changes alone may mean there is an increased chance of cancer developing at the site.
An adverse effect of a drug used therapeutically or diagnostically.
Cancer confined to the epithelium with formation of papillary structures without invasion of the basement membrane.
Cancer confined to the epithelium with formation of a flat surface without invasion of the basement membrane.
Invasive cancer confined to the original anatomic site of growth without lymph node involvement.
Locally advanced cancer that has spread to nearby organs but not to distant anatomic sites.
Cancer that has spread to distant anatomic sites beyond its original site of growth.
The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.
The extent to which something is poisonous or harmful.
An adjectival term used to specify and describe a disease appearance or processes.
Gross necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area, as in coronary thrombosis.
A disorder characterized by gross necrosis of the myocardium; this is due to an interruption of blood supply to the area.
Necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area.
Cancer confined to the epithelium without invasion of the basement membrane.
Invasive cancer more extensive than stage I, usually involving local lymph nodes without spread to distant anatomic sites.
Cancer that is localized in its original site of growth, or involves adjacent lymph nodes but has not spread to other anatomic sites.
A term used to describe cancer that is early in its growth, and may not have spread to other parts of the body. What is called early stage may differ between cancer types.
A term that refers to the cellular differentiation of a malignant cellular infiltrate. A cancer is defined through grades I-IV (or 1-4), or as well, moderately, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated.
A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is well differentiated.
A morphologic qualifier by the American Joint Cancer Committee (AJCC) indicating that a cancerous lesion is well differentiated. (American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010.)
A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is moderately differentiated.
A morphologic qualifier by the American Joint Cancer Committee (AJCC) indicating that a cancerous lesion is moderately differentiated. (American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010.)
A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is poorly differentiated.
A morphologic qualifier by the American Joint Cancer Committee (AJCC) indicating that a cancerous lesion is poorly differentiated. (American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010.)
A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is undifferentiated.
A morphologic qualifier by the American Joint Cancer Committee (AJCC) indicating that a cancerous lesion is undifferentiated. (American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010.)
Abnormal cutaneous sensations of tingling, numbness, pressure, cold, and warmth that an individual experiences without the presence of a stimulus. It results from functional disturbances of sensory neurons. Causes include peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, and nerve damage.
A disorder characterized by functional disturbances of sensory neurons resulting in abnormal cutaneous sensations of tingling, numbness, pressure, cold, and warmth that are experienced in the absence of a stimulus.
Abnormal cutaneous sensations of tingling, numbness, pressure, cold, and/or warmth.
Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus.
A group of signs, symptoms, and clinicopathological characteristics that may or may not have a genetic basis and collectively define an abnormal condition.
A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease.
A rare genetic syndrome with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. It is caused by a mutation in the FLCN gene which encodes the protein folliculin. Clinical signs include multiple benign growths of the skin and lungs that begin to manifest in the second or third decade of life. The clinical course is characterized by the progressive growth of new and existing neoplasms. In those with mutations in both copies of FLCN, the kidneys may also be affected by the growth of benign or malignant neoplasms.
An inherited condition in which benign tumors develop in hair follicles on the head, chest, back, and arms. People who have this disorder may be at increased risk of developing colon or kidney cancer.
An intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma involving the area of the nipple. -- 2003
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Nipple
Intraepidermal Squamous Carcinoma of Nipple
Intraepidermal Squamous Carcinoma of the Nipple
Nipple Intraepidermal Squamous Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of Nipple
A carcinoma that arises from the breast and has metastasized to the skin.
Cancer that has spread from the breast to the skin.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelium resembling the endocervical epithelium.
A usually malignant neuroendocrine tumor arising from the delta cells of the pancreas. It is not associated with a hormonal syndrome.
Non-Functional Pancreatic Delta Cell Neuroendocrine Tumor
Non-Functional Pancreatic Delta Cell NET
Non-Functioning Pancreatic Delta Cell Neoplasm
Non-Functioning Pancreatic Delta Cell Tumor
When radioactive material is used to examine the thyroid with a scanner, nodules that collect less radioactive material than the surrounding thyroid tissue are considered "cold." A nodule that is cold does not make thyroid hormone. Cold nodules may be benign or cancerous. Cold nodules are sometimes called hypofunctioning nodules.
In mammalian bone marrow, B-Cell Development consists of progressive differentiation from CD34+ progenitor cells to plasma and memory B cells by positive/negative selection in response to local signals, including antigens and cytokines. B cell development begins with immunoglobulin gene somatic recombination and pre-B cell receptor expression. Antigen-induced signal transduction via BCR-associated ITAM molecules activates B cell proliferation. Further differentiation involves additional immunoglobulin gene recombination and expression. Antigen-stimulated circulating (resting) B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma and memory B cell clones expressing immunoglobulins with the same antigen recognition site.
A usually malignant neuroendocrine tumor arising from the delta cells of the pancreas. It may be associated with inappropriate secretion of somatostatin and an associated clinical syndrome, or it may be hormonally inactive (non-functioning).
Pancreatic Delta Cell Neuroendocrine Tumor
A carcinoma that arises in the area of the nipple. Representative examples include Paget disease and skin squamous cell carcinoma.
A translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. It is the hallmark for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
An abnormality of chromosome 22 in which part of chromosome 9 is transferred to it. Bone marrow cells that contain the Philadelphia chromosome are often found in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Cell Movement involves translocation of a whole cell, or cell body, from one site to another; distinct from cell motion that involves movement of cell processes (e.g., axons, microvilli, etc.). (NCI)
Any abnormality, anatomical or biochemical, evident at birth or during the neonatal period.
A morphologic defect of an organ, part of an organ, or larger region of the body that results from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process during gestation.
Abnormal or anomalous formation or structure.
Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (1132 aa, ~131 kDa) is encoded by the human JAK2 gene. This protein is involved in immunity, tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction.
Janus kinases couple cytokine ligand binding to tyrosine phosphorylation of various known signaling proteins and of a unique family of transcription factors termed the signal transducers and activators of transcription, or STATs.
A linked series of non-equivalent biochemical interactions and enzymatic reactions, and/or a linked series of biochemical processes.
A hybrid gene created by joining portions of two different genes (to produce a new protein) or by joining a gene to a different promoter (to alter or regulate gene transcription). These can be created by chromosomal aberration or by laboratory methods.
A gene made by joining parts of two different genes. Fusion genes may occur naturally in the body by transfer of DNA between chromosomes. For example, the BCR-ABL gene found in some types of leukemia is a fusion gene. Fusion genes can also be made in the laboratory by combining genes or parts of genes from the same or different organisms.
A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm arising from glandular cells.
Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have gland-like (secretory) properties.
A morphologic variant of adenocarcinoma. It is characterized by the presence of a papillary growth pattern. Representative examples include thyroid gland papillary carcinoma, invasive papillary breast carcinoma, and ovarian serous surface papillary adenocarcinoma.
An adenocarcinoma with papillary growth pattern.
Transport Protein Genes encode a diverse group of proteins that function as carriers of ligands through solubility barriers such as aqueous body fluids or in active transport across cell membranes. (NCI)
An adenoma characterized by an oncocytic, often papillary, epithelial component, dense lymphoid stroma, and cystic spaces. It occurs primarily in the parotid gland, and is the second most common benign parotid salivary gland tumor. A strong association with smoking has been reported. It typically presents as a painless swelling in the lower portion of the parotid gland.
A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.
A benign neoplasm arising from epithelium.
A tumor that is not cancer. It starts in gland-like cells of the epithelial tissue (thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body).
Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the standard mitotic cell cycle. (From Gene Ontology)
This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and hematopoiesis.
Runt-Related Transcription Factor 1; Translocated to, 1 (Cyclin D-Related) Gene
This gene is involved in erythropoiesis and transcriptional activation.
A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) neoplasm affecting the adrenal cortex. (NCI05)
This gene is involved in immune responses and histocompatibility processes.
Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, A Gene
The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain in accordance with the sequence of the template or coding strand.
from http://www.blc.arizona.edu/marty/411/Modules/RNAelong.html
A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) neoplasm affecting the adrenal glands.
Processes that create, promote, and maintain a differentiated cellular phenotype. (NCI)
This gene plays a role in hematopoiesis and has neurotrophic activity.
Interleukin 3 (Colony-Stimulating Factor, Multiple) Gene
Encoded by Kinase Family Genes, Kinase enzymes covalently transfer the terminal, gamma phosphate group from ATP to a variety of substrates and typically play key regulatory roles in diverse cellular functions. (NCI)
A type of enzyme that causes other molecules in the cell to become active. Some kinases work by adding chemicals called phosphates to other molecules, such as sugars or proteins. Kinases are a part of many cell processes. Some cancer treatments target certain kinases that are linked to cancer.
A Transcription Process is any cellular event or activity directly involved in the synthesis a nascent RNA transcript.
A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, proliferation of atypical megakaryocytes and granulocytes in the bone marrow, anemia, splenomegaly, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. (WHO, 2001)
A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is made in organs such as the liver and the spleen, instead of in the bone marrow. This disease is marked by an enlarged spleen and progressive anemia.
A decrease in the number of mature granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) in the peripheral blood.
A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell).
This gene plays a role in apoptosis and regulation of transcription. It is also involved in cell organization/biogenesis and megakaryocytic development.
Zinc Finger and BTB Domain Containing 16 Gene
This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and NFKB signal transduction.
v-REL Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog A Gene
A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language.
A brain disorder that usually starts in late middle age or old age and gets worse over time. Symptoms include loss of memory, confusion, difficulty thinking, and changes in language, behavior, and personality.
This gene is involved in signal transduction and activation of transcription. It plays a role in the immune response via stimulation of T-cell proliferation.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5B Gene
The cell cycle is an ordered set of events. Progression through the stages of cell cycle, including G1-S-G2-M, culminates in cell growth and division into two daughter cells.
A reduction in the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed red blood cells. Clinically, anemia represents a reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of a designated volume of blood, resulting from an imbalance between blood loss (through hemorrhage or hemolysis) and blood production. Signs and symptoms of anemia may include pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, and fatigability.
A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal.
A disorder characterized by an reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in 100 ml of blood. Signs and symptoms of anemia may include pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, and fatigability.
Abnormally low level of hemoglobin in the blood.
A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized mainly by dysplasia of the erythroid series. Refractory anemia is uncommon. It is primarily a disease of older adults. The median survival exceeds 5 years. (WHO, 2001)
A chromosomal abnormality in which there is an addition or loss of chromosomes within a set (e.g., 23 + 22 or 23 + 24).
The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes leading to an unbalanced chromosome complement, or any chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (which is 46).
A disorder characterized by a loss of appetite.
An abnormal loss of the appetite for food. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, AIDS, a mental disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa), or other diseases.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anal canal or anal margin. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include squamous papilloma and papillary hidradenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma.
A tumor made up of cells with APUD properties. - 2002
Neoplasm of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System
Neoplasm of Diffuse Neuroendocrine System
An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain.
A disease that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
A disorder characterized by inflammation involving a joint.
Inflammation of the joint tissues of any etiology. Signs and symptoms may include pain, swelling, warmth, guarding, limited range of motion or overlying erythema.
A chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation in the synovial membranes and articular surfaces. It manifests primarily as a symmetric, erosive polyarthritis that spares the axial skeleton and is typically associated with the presence in the serum of rheumatoid factor.
A chronic, inflammatory condition manifesting primarily as a symmetric, erosive, polyarthritis that spares the axial skeleton and is typically associated with rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies.
An autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints, and may cause severe joint damage, loss of function, and disability. The disease may last from months to a lifetime, and symptoms may improve and worsen over time.
The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which may be serous, hemorrhagic, or the result of tumor metastasis to the peritoneum.
A disorder characterized by accumulation of serous or hemorrhagic fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen that may cause swelling. In late-stage cancer, tumor cells may be found in the fluid in the abdomen. Ascites also occurs in patients with liver disease.
Abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
INCREASING ABDOMINAL DISTENTION OR ASCITES
Rare hereditary disease characterized by extreme sensitivity to ionizing radiation or radiomimetic drugs because of a defect in DNA repair. AT heterozygosity is estimated to occur in more than 2% of the U.S. population; heterozygotes exhibit increased radiation sensitivity and are at increased risk for several types of cancer. The normal version of the gene that is defective in AT appears to activate the p53-dependent response to DNA damage.
A rare, inherited, progressive, degenerative disease of childhood that causes loss of muscle control, a weakened immune system, and an increased risk of cancer.
A disorder resulting from loss of function or tissue destruction of an organ or multiple organs, arising from humoral or cellular immune responses of the individual to his own tissue constituents. It may be systemic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), or organ specific, (e.g., thyroiditis).
A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them.
A disorder resulting from loss of function or tissue destruction of an organ or multiple organs, arising from humoral or cellular immune responses of the individual to his own tissue constituents.
A disorder that may result in abnormality, impaired function or damage of one or more organs or tissues, arising from autoreactive humoral or cellular immune responses.
An acute infectious disorder that is caused by gram positive or gram negative bacteria; representative examples include pneumococcal, streptococcal, salmonella, and meningeal infections.
Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)
A condition in which the cells lining the lower part of the esophagus have changed or been replaced with abnormal cells that could lead to cancer of the esophagus. The backing up of stomach contents (reflux) may irritate the esophagus and, over time, cause Barrett's esophagus.
Columnar Epithelial-Lined Lower Esophagus
An autosomal dominant genetic syndrome caused by abnormalities in the PTCH gene. It is characterized by multiple basal cell carcinomas at a young age, odontogenic keratocysts, and skeletal defects (bifurcated and splayed ribs, fusion of vertebrae, spinal bifida). Patients with this syndrome may also develop medulloblastomas and ovarian fibromas.
A genetic condition that causes unusual facial features and disorders of the skin, bones, nervous system, eyes, and endocrine glands. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of basal cell carcinoma.
A disorder characterized by behavioral and/or psychological abnormalities, often accompanied by physical symptoms. The symptoms may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of functioning. Representative examples include anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the wall of the colon.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the ovary. Representative examples include serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, clear cell adenofibroma, benign Brenner tumor, thecoma, and fibroma.
Abnormal growth of the cells that comprise the tissues of the skin, without any evidence of malignancy.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include bile duct adenoma and extrahepatic bile duct lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Tumor
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts or the gallbladder. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include cholangitis and cholecystitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include extrahepatic bile duct adenoma, intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the urinary bladder. A representative example of non-neoplastic bladder disorder is bacterial bladder infection. A representative example of neoplastic bladder disorder is bladder carcinoma.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the bladder. - 2003
A condition in which there is a deviation from or interruption of the normal coagulation properties of the blood.
A condition of abnormal blood clotting or bleeding.
Intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma, confined to the epidermis. There is no evidence of invasion.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Skin
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from or metastasizes to the brain.
An abnormal intracranial solid mass or growth.
The growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the breast. Representative examples include fibrocystic disease, gynecomastia, mastitis, and adenosis.
A benign or malignant neoplasm of the breast parenchyma. It can originate from the ducts, lobules or the breast adipose tissue. Breast neoplasms are much more common in females than males.
An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the bronchi.
A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the bronchi.
Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi.
A highly aggressive lymphoma composed of monomorphic medium-sized B-cells with basophilic cytoplasm and numerous mitotic figures. It is often associated with the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is commonly seen in AIDS patients. Three morphologic variants are recognized: classical Burkitt lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation, and atypical Burkitt/Burkitt-like lymphoma. All cases express the MYC translocation [t(8;14)]. (WHO, 2001)
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs most often in children and young adults. The disease may affect the jaw, central nervous system, bowel, kidneys, ovaries, or other organs. There are three main types of Burkitt lymphoma (sporadic, endemic, and immunodeficiency related). Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs throughout the world, and endemic Burkitt lymphoma occurs in Africa. Immunodeficiency-related Burkitt lymphoma is most often seen in AIDS patients.
Small Non-Cleaved Cell Lymphoma, Burkitt's Type
A slow growing neuroendocrine tumor, composed of uniform, round, or polygonal cells having monotonous, centrally located nuclei and small nucleoli, infrequent mitoses, and no necrosis. The tumor may show a variety of patterns, such as solid, trabecular, and acinar. Electron microscopy shows small secretory granules. Immunohistochemical studies reveal NSE, as well as chromogranin immunoreactivity. Malignant histology (cellular pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, necrosis, and mitoses) can occasionally be seen. Such cases may have an aggressive clinical course. Gastrointestinal tract and lung are common sites of involvement.
A slow-growing type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors may spread to the liver or other sites in the body, and they may secrete substances such as serotonin or prostaglandins, causing carcinoid syndrome.
A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas.
Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm which is confined to the epithelial layer without evidence of further tissue invasion.
A group of abnormal cells that remain in the place where they first formed. They have not spread. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm confined to the epithelial layer and without evidence of further tissue invasion.
A carcinoma that arises from the breast in females. It is the most common malignant tumor that affects females.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the prostate gland. It is one of the most common malignant tumors afflicting men. The majority of adenocarcinomas arise in the peripheral zone and a minority occurs in the central or the transitional zone of the prostate gland. Grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma predicts disease progression and correlates with survival. Several grading systems have been proposed, of which the Gleason system is the most commonly used. Gleason sums of 2 to 4 represent well-differentiated disease, 5 to 7 moderately differentiated disease and 8 to 10 poorly differentiated disease. Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) serum test is widely used as a screening test for the early detection of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen ablation and cryotherapy. Watchful waiting or surveillance alone is an option for older patients with low-grade or low-stage disease.
A primary or metastatic tumor involving the skin. Primary malignant skin tumors most often are carcinomas (either basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas that arise from cells in the epidermis) or melanomas that arise from pigment-containing skin melanocytes. Metastatic tumors to the skin include carcinomas and lymphomas.
Cancer that forms in the tissues of the skin. There are several types of skin cancer. Skin cancer that forms in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment) is called melanoma. Skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) is called basal cell carcinoma. Skin cancer that forms in squamous cells (flat cells that form the surface of the skin) is called squamous cell carcinoma. Skin cancer that forms in neuroendocrine cells (cells that release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system) is called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Most skin cancers form in older people on parts of the body exposed to the sun or in people who have weakened immune systems.
The most frequently seen skin cancer. It arises from basal cells of the epidermis and pilosebaceous units. Clinically it is divided into the following types: nodular, ulcerative, superficial, multicentric, erythematous, and sclerosing or morphea-like. More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck and the remaining 15% on the trunk and extremities. Basal cell carcinoma usually grows in a slow and indolent fashion. However, if untreated, the tumor may invade the subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle and bone. Distant metastases are rare. Excision, curettage and irradiation cure most basal cell carcinomas.
Cancer that begins in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). It may appear as a small white or flesh-colored bump that grows slowly and may bleed. Basal cell cancers are usually found on areas of the body exposed to the sun. Basal cell cancers rarely metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. They are the most common form of skin cancer.
A basal cell carcinoma which displays squamous differentiation. The neoplastic cells have more abundant cytoplasm with more marked keratinization than typical basal cell carcinomas. It usually has a more aggressive clinical course compared to typical basal cell carcinoma, and it may produce regional or widespread metastases.
A basal cell carcinoma (skin neoplasm) which displays squamous differentiation.
Skin Mixed Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A solitary adenocarcinoma arising from the lung measuring 3 cm or less. It is characterized by a predominantly lepidic pattern and 5 mm or less invasion in greatest dimension. It is usually a non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, but rarely may be mucinous.
A malignant lung neoplasm originating from the alveolar/bronchiolar epithelium.
Bronchioalveolar Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
Bronchiolo-Alveolar Carcinoma of the Lung
Bronchioloalveolar Adenocarcinoma of Lung
Bronchioloalveolar Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
CARCINOMA, BRONCHIOLOALVEOLAR, MALIGNANT
A carcinoma entirely confined to the mammary ducts. It is also known as DCIS. There is no evidence of invasion of the basement membrane. Currently, it is classified into three categories: High-grade DCIS, intermediate-grade DCIS and low-grade DCIS. In this classification the DCIS grade is defined by a combination of nuclear grade, architectural growth pattern and presence of necrosis. The size of the lesion as well as the grade and the clearance margins play a major role in dictating the most appropriate therapy for DCIS.
A noninvasive condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, ductal carcinoma in situ may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will become invasive.
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Adenocarcinoma of Breast
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Breast
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Breast Adenocarcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Breast Carcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Non-Infiltrating Intraductal Adenocarcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Intraductal Adenocarcinoma of Breast
Non-Infiltrating Intraductal Adenocarcinoma of the Breast
Non-Infiltrating Intraductal Breast Adenocarcinoma
Non-Invasive Ductal Adenocarcinoma of Breast
Non-Invasive Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Breast
Non-Invasive Ductal Breast Adenocarcinoma
Non-Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Non-Invasive Intraductal Adenocarcinoma of Breast
Non-Invasive Intraductal Adenocarcinoma of the Breast
Non-Invasive Intraductal Breast Adenocarcinoma
A group of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including non-small cell squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Non-small cell lung carcinomas have a poor response to conventional chemotherapy.
A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by a papillary growth pattern. A papillary carcinoma may be composed of glandular cells (papillary adenocarcinoma), squamous cells (papillary squamous cell carcinoma), or transitional cells (papillary transitional cell carcinoma). Bladder carcinoma is a representative example of papillary transitional cell carcinoma.
An infiltrating adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of desmoplastic stromal reaction.
A malignant neoplasm originating from glandular cells with a fibrous or fibroblastic component.
A carcinoma arising from squamous epithelial cells. Morphologically, it is characterized by the proliferation of atypical, often pleomorphic squamous cells. Squamous cell carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Well differentiated carcinomas are usually associated with keratin production and the presence of intercellular bridges between adjacent cells. Representative examples are lung squamous cell carcinoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, and cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm arising from squamous epithelial cells.
Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the transitional epithelium, usually affecting the urinary bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. It may or may not have a papillary configuration. It is graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of cellular differentiation and architectural patterns. Grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma is histologically benign but it may recur. Transitional cell carcinomas may also affect the upper respiratory tract and the ovaries.
A malignant neoplasm arising from transitional epithelium, usually affecting the urinary bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis.
A malignant neoplasm arising from transitional epithelium.
Cancer that forms in transitional cells in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis (the part of the kidney that collects, holds, and drains urine). Transitional cells are cells that can change shape and stretch without breaking apart.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder which affects the brain and/or spinal cord.
A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) tumor involving the cerebellum. -- 2003
A neoplasm that involves a brain ventricle. It may be a primary neoplasm arising from a brain ventricle, a metastasis from a distant anatomic site, or an extension of an invasive neoplasm from an adjacent brain structure.
A disorder resulting from inadequate blood flow in the vessels that supply the brain. Representative examples include cerebrovascular ischemia, cerebral embolism, and cerebral infarction.
A polyp that arises from the surface of the cervix.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the cervix. Representative examples include endocervical polyp, rhabdomyoma, carcinoma, and melanoma.
A benign, well-demarcated polypoid neoplasm arising from the bile duct epithelium. According to the growth pattern, it is classified as tubular, papillary, or tubulopapillary. Adenomas arising from the extrahepatic bile ducts usually produce symptoms related to biliary obstruction.
A benign neoplasm arising from/comprising cells resembling those of bile ducts.
A benign, chondroid-producing, well-circumscribed, lytic neoplasm usually arising from the epiphysis of long bones. It is characterized by the presence of chondroblasts, osteoclast-like giant cells, chondroid formation, calcification, and mitotic activity. In aggressive cases, there is rearrangement of the 8q21 chromosome band. It occurs most frequently in children and young adults and rarely metastasizes.
A malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the bone and soft tissue. It usually affects middle-aged to elderly adults. The pelvic bones, ribs, shoulder girdle, and long bones are the most common sites of involvement. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from cartilage-forming tissues.
A type of cancer that forms in bone cartilage. It usually starts in the pelvis (between the hip bones), the shoulder, the ribs, or at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs. A rare type of chondrosarcoma called extraskeletal chondrosarcoma does not form in bone cartilage. Instead, it forms in the soft tissues of the upper part of the arms and legs. Chondrosarcoma can occur at any age but is more common in people older than 40 years. It is a type of bone cancer.
A malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the fetal notochord. Although it can occur at all ages, it is more frequently seen in middle-aged adults. The most frequent sites of involvement are the sacrococcygeal area, spheno-occipital area, and cervico-thoraco-lumbar spine. Microscopically, chordomas are composed of cells that form cords and lobules, separated by mucoid intercellular tissue. Some of the cells are large (physaliphorous) and have vacuolated cytoplasm and prominent vesicular nuclei. Other tumor cells are small with small nuclei without visible nucleoli. Chordomas tend to recur and may metastasize. The most common sites of metastasis are the skin and bone.
A malignant bone neoplasm arising from the remnants of the fetal notochord.
A type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal column or at the base of the skull.
An aggressive malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic cells. The vast majority of cases arise in the uterus and represent gestational choriocarcinomas that derive from placental trophoblastic cells. Approximately half of the cases develop from a complete hydatidiform mole. A minority of cases arise in the testis or the ovaries. There is often marked elevation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood. Choriocarcinomas disseminate rapidly through the hematogenous route; the lungs are most frequently affected.
A malignant neoplasm arising from placental trophoblast cells. They generally arise in the uterus.
A malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblastic cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta). Almost all choriocarcinomas form in the uterus after fertilization of an egg by a sperm, but a small number form in a testis or an ovary. Choriocarcinomas spread through the blood to other organs, especially the lungs. They are a type of gestational trophoblastic disease.
An irregularity in the number or structure of chromosomes, usually in the form of a gain (duplication), loss (deletion), exchange (translocation), or alteration in sequence (inversion) of genetic material.
A disorder characterized by replacement of the liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules. It is usually caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Complications include the development of ascites, esophageal varices, bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.
A chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by parenchymal nodularity and fibrosis.
A type of chronic, progressive liver disease in which liver cells are replaced by scar tissue.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the colon. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Colonic adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.
A polypoid lesion that arises from the colon and protrudes into the lumen. This group includes adenomatous polyps, serrated polyps, and hamartomatous polyps.
Abnormal growths of tissue in the lining of the bowel. Polyps are a risk factor for colon cancer.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.
Cancer that develops in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus).
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the colon or rectum. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Colorectal adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.
Any disease or disorder that occurs during the course of, or because of, another disease, treatment, or procedure.
In medicine, a medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment. The complication may be caused by the disease, procedure, or treatment or may be unrelated to them.
A sexually transmitted papillary growth caused by the human papillomavirus. It usually arises in the skin and mucous membranes of the perianal region and external genitalia.
A raised growth on the surface of the genitals caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV in genital warts is very contagious and can be spread by skin-to-skin contact, usually during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner.
A wart of the perianal region or genitalia that is caused by sexual transmission of the human papillomavirus.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the conjunctiva. Representative examples include papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Sudden, involuntary skeletal muscular contractions of cerebral or brain stem origin.
A disorder characterized by a sudden, involuntary skeletal muscular contractions of cerebral or brain stem origin.
A paroxysmal surge of electrical activity in the brain that may result in physical or behavioral changes.
Convulsion; a sudden, involuntary movement of the muscles.
Abnormal growth of the cells that comprise the cranial nerves.
A gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic inflammation involving all layers of the intestinal wall, noncaseating granulomas affecting the intestinal wall and regional lymph nodes, and transmural fibrosis. Crohn disease most commonly involves the terminal ileum; the colon is the second most common site of involvement.
A chronic, transmural inflammation that can affect any location along the gastrointestinal tract.
A condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time. Crohn disease usually affects the small intestine and colon. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting, and weight loss. Crohn disease increases the risk of colorectal cancer and small intestine cancer. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
A condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time. Regional enteritis usually affects the small intestine and colon. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting, and weight loss. Regional enteritis increases the risk of colorectal cancer and small intestine cancer. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
A syndrome caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood either due to excessive production and secretion of corticosteroids secondary to pituitary or adrenocortical neoplasms, or intake of glucocorticoid drugs. Signs and symptoms include a round face, upper body obesity, fragile and thin skin, purple stretch marks in the skin, fatigue, muscle weakness, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertrichosis and amenorrhea in women, impotence in men, and osteoporosis.
A clinical condition characterized by variable degrees of central obesity, rounding of the face ("moon" face), hypertension, striae, and a number of other physical findings, as a result of prolonged exposure to supranormal cortisol concentration of any etiology.
A condition in which there is too much cortisol (a hormone made by the outer layer of the adrenal gland) in the body. Cushing syndrome may be caused by taking too many steroid drugs or by certain types of tumors. Tumors that make adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cause the adrenal gland to make too much cortisol. Symptoms of Cushing syndrome include a round face, thin arms and legs, severe fatigue and muscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, purple or pink stretch marks on the skin, and weight gain, especially in the abdomen.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells. Microscopically, the neoplastic epithelial cells form cylindrical spatial configurations (cribriform or classic type of adenoid cystic carcinoma), cordlike structures (tubular type of adenoid cystic carcinoma), or solid structures (basaloid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma). Adenoid cystic carcinomas mostly occur in the salivary glands. Other primary sites of involvement include the lacrimal gland, the larynx, and the lungs. Adenoid cystic carcinomas spread along nerve sheaths, resulting in severe pain, and they tend to recur. Lymph node metastases are unusual; hematogenous tumor spread is characteristic.
A rare type of cancer that usually begins in the salivary glands.
A malignant cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. The malignant epithelial cells invade the stroma. The cystic spaces contain serous or mucinous fluid. Representative examples include ovarian and pancreatic cystadenocarcinomas.
A malignant cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium.
A benign or borderline cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. The epithelial cells line the cystic spaces which contain serous or mucinous fluid. Representative examples include ovarian and pancreatic cystadenomas.
A benign cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium.
A benign or low malignant potential cystic epithelial neoplasm composed of cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. It may arise from the ovary, pancreas, appendix, and lung.
A benign, cystic epithelial neoplasm comprising cells containing intracytoplasmic mucin.
A serous or mucinous benign or low malignant potential cystic epithelial neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of glandular epithelial cells forming papillary structures.
A benign cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium exhibiting papillary structures.
A benign, borderline, or malignant fibroepithelial neoplasm arising from the breast and rarely the prostate gland. It may recur following resection. The recurrence rates are higher for borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors. In borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors metastases to distant anatomic sites can occur. The incidence of metastases is higher in malignant phyllodes tumors.
A type of tumor found in breast or prostate tissue. It is often large and bulky and grows quickly. It may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer) and may spread to other parts of the body.
A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material.
A sac or capsule in the body. It may be filled with fluid or other material.
A sac-like closed pocket of tissue that may be empty or may be filled with fluid, gas, semisolid, or amorphous material. It typically has an outer epithelial-lined capsule.
A laboratory test result indicating an abnormally low quantity of circulating blood cells.
A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of blood cells.
A symptom referring to difficulty in swallowing. It may be observed in patients with stroke, motor neuron disorders, cancer of the throat or mouth, head and neck injuries, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis.
A disorder characterized by difficulty in swallowing.
An inflammatory process affecting the skin. Signs include red rash, itching, and blister formation. Representative examples are contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.
A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.
A disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood and the kidneys make a large amount of urine. This disease occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or does not use it the way it should.
A metabolic condition, characterized by hyperglycemia, caused by insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas and/or decreased insulin action in target tissues.
A disorder characterized by frequent and watery bowel movements.
Intercellular, cellular, and subcellular mechanisms that inhibit or block the induction, promotion, maintenance, or completion of cell division in cancer cells.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract, anus, liver, biliary system, and pancreas.
Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function.
In medicine, a health problem with certain characteristics or symptoms.
A pathological process where the blood starts to coagulate throughout the whole body. This depletes the body of its platelets and coagulation factors, and there is an increased risk of hemorrhage.
A disorder characterized by reduction in the elements involved in blood coagulation due to their utilization in widespread blood clotting within the vessels.
A disorder characterized by systemic pathological activation of blood clotting mechanisms which results in clot formation throughout the body. There is an increase in the risk of hemorrhage as the body is depleted of platelets and coagulation factors.
Excessive activation of the body's coagulation system resulting in systemic microvascular thrombi formation.
Coagulation (DIC), Disseminated Intravascular
DIC, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), Disseminated
A chromosomal dysgenesis syndrome resulting from a triplication or translocation of chromosome 21. Down syndrome occurs in approximately 1:700 live births. Abnormalities are variable from individual to individual and may include mental retardation, retarded growth, flat hypoplastic face with short nose, prominent epicanthic skin folds, small low-set ears with prominent antihelix, fissured and thickened tongue, laxness of joint ligaments, pelvic dysplasia, broad hands and feet, stubby fingers, transverse palmar crease, lenticular opacities and heart disease. Patients with Down syndrome have an estimated 10 to 30-fold increased risk for leukemia; most have symptoms of Alzheimer's disease by age 40. Also known as trisomy 21 syndrome.
A chromosomal dysgenesis syndrome resulting from a triplication or translocation of chromosome 21. This condition is characterized by distinctive facial and physical features: short stature, developmental delay, cardiac defects (atrioventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot), hypo- and hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disease (type 1 diabetes mellitus), and hypogonadism.
A disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical features.
This gene plays an important structural role in cartilage and mutations in the gene are associated with osteogenesis imperfecta.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the wall of the duodenum. Representative examples include adenoma, carcinoma, and lymphoma.
This gene plays a regulatory role in muscle contraction and the required ATP hydrolysis.
Myosin, Heavy Chain 11, Smooth Muscle Gene
A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of a monotonous primitive germ cell population. The neoplastic cells form aggregates and have an abundant pale cytoplasm and uniform nuclei. The aggregates of the germ cells are separated by fibrous septa which contain inflammatory cells, mostly T-lymphocytes. It arises primarily in the ovaries, but can occur both primarily and secondarily at other sites, particularly the central nervous system. It responds to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Its prognosis is related to the tumor stage.
A malignant germ cell neoplasm characterized by the presence of a monotonous primitive germ cell population, primarily in the ovary.
A seminomatous germ cell tumor originating in the ovary.
A type of tumor that begins in the type of cells that give rise to egg cells and is most often found in the ovaries. Dysgerminomas may also occur in other places in the body, including the central nervous system. They are the most common type of ovarian germ cell tumor and can spread to other parts of the body. They are most common in females who are younger than 20 years old.
A disorder characterized by painful or difficult coitus.
An uncomfortable sensation of difficulty breathing. It may present as an acute or chronic sign of an underlying respiratory or heart disorder.
A disorder characterized by an uncomfortable sensation of difficulty breathing.
A sensation of discomfort with breathing.
Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath.
Includes dyspnea on exertion, dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the external, middle, or internal ear. Representative examples include ceruminous adenoma, polyp, and carcinoma.
A form of dermatitis characterized by red, itchy, scaly, or crusty patches that can be chronic or intermittent.
A group of conditions in which the skin becomes inflamed, forms blisters, and becomes crusty, thick, and scaly. Eczema causes burning and itching, and may occur over a long period of time. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema.
Accumulation of an excessive amount of fluid in cells or intercellular tissues.
Excessive amount of watery fluid in tissues or cavities, generally characterized microscopically as clear spaces separating tissue components.
Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues.
A collection of fluid in a body cavity, which may be the result of a non-neoplastic disorder (e.g. heart failure) or a tumor (e.g. carcinoma of the lung).
Abnormal collection of fluid in a body cavity.
An abnormal collection of fluid in hollow spaces or between tissues of the body. For example, a pleural effusion is a collection of fluid between the two layers of membrane covering the lungs.
A common benign hyaline cartilage neoplasm arising in the intramedullary bone. It is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes, low mitotic activity, and in some cases, a nodular pattern and calcification. The small bones of the hands and feet are the most frequently affected sites.
A benign (noncancerous) growth of cartilage in bones or in other areas where cartilage is not normally found.
Intermediate Filament Genes encode a number of different Intermediate Filament Proteins (including keratin filaments, neurofilaments, desmin, and vimentin) that form polymeric structural cytoplasmic filaments, intermediate in diameter (8-10 nanometer) between actin microfilaments and microtubules, which comprise part of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells. (NCI)
The process where thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments slide against each other to produce a shortening or tensing of the muscle cell or fiber.
This concept is part of the Pediatric Adverse Events Terminology; there is no concept in MedDRA to which it can be mapped.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the endocrine system. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and adrenal gland insufficiency. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinoid tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of an endocrine organ. Representative examples include pituitary gland adenoma, pituitary gland carcinoma, thyroid gland carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, and neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor composed of primitive germ cells. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor in the pediatric population. It occurs in the infant testis, ovary, sacrococcygeal region, vagina, uterus, prostate, abdomen, liver, retroperitoneum, thorax, and pineal/third ventricle. The tumor mimics the yolk sac of the embryo and produces alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Treatment includes: surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. This tumor is very responsive to chemotherapy regimens that include cisplatinum.
A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor composed of primitive germ cells and which produce an eosinophilic substance (alpha-fetoprotein).
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the endometrium.
A proliferation of the endometrial cells resulting in glandular enlargement and budding. The proliferation may or may not be associated with atypia of the endometrial cells. When the hyperplastic changes are excessive, there is formation of complex epithelial structures (complex endometrial hyperplasia).
An abnormal overgrowth of the endometrium (the layer of cells that lines the uterus). There are four types of endometrial hyperplasia: simple endometrial hyperplasia, complex endometrial hyperplasia, simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia, and complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. These differ in terms of how abnormal the cells are and how likely it is that the condition will become cancer.
The growth of functional endometrial tissue in anatomic sites outside the uterine body. It most often occurs in the pelvic organs.
A benign condition in which tissue that looks like endometrial tissue grows in abnormal places in the abdomen.
Abnormal high level of eosinophils in the blood.
A condition in which the number of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood is greatly increased. Eosinophilia is often a response to infection or allergens (substances that cause an allergic response).
Abnormally high level of eosinophils in the blood.
A clinical variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized by unifocal involvement of a bone (most often), skin, or lung. Patients are usually older children or adults usually presenting with a lytic bone lesion. The etiology is unknown. Morphologically, eosinophilic granuloma is characterized by the presence of Langerhans cells in a characteristic milieu which includes histiocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and small, mature lymphocytes.
A clinical variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis that is characterized by unifocal involvement of a bone (most often), skin, or lung. Patients are usually older children or adults, often presenting with a lytic bone lesion of an unknown etiology. Morphologically, eosinophilic granuloma is characterized by the presence of Langerhans cells in a characteristic milieu that includes histiocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and small, mature lymphocytes.
Chronic Unifocal Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Monostotic Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (1089 aa, ~123 kDa) is encoded by the human PDGFRA gene. This protein is involved in ligand binding, tyrosine phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha
The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies in knockout mice, where homozygosity is lethal, indicate that the alpha form of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor is particularly important for kidney development since mice heterozygous for the receptor exhibit defective kidney phenotypes. (from LocusLink)
Alpha Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor
Alpha-Type Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Alpha Receptor
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor 2
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Polypeptide
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (1106 aa, ~124 kDa) is encoded by the human PDGFRB gene. This protein plays a role in tyrosine phosphorylation and ligand-dependent signal transduction.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta
The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. This gene is flanked on chromosome 5 by the genes for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor; all three genes may be implicated in the 5-q syndrome. A translocation between chromosomes 5 and 12, that fuses this gene to that of the translocation, ETS, leukemia gene, results in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. (from LocusLink)
Beta Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor
Beta-Type Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor 1
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta Polypeptide
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (1068 aa, ~124 kDa) is encoded by the human PIK3CA gene. This protein plays a role in signaling pathways underlying the regulation of apoptosis, cell growth, and angiogenesis.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha Isoform
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Catalytic, 110-kD, Alpha
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Catalytic, Alpha
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase 110 kDa Catalytic Subunit Alpha
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit, Alpha Isoform
Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Catalytic Alpha Polypeptide
A WHO grade II, slow growing tumor of children and young adults, usually located intraventricularly. It is the most common ependymal neoplasm. It often causes clinical symptoms by blocking cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Key histological features include perivascular pseudorosettes and ependymal rosettes. (WHO)
A malignant neoplasm arising from ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
A type of brain tumor that begins in cells lining the spinal cord central canal (fluid-filled space down the center) or the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces of the brain). Ependymomas may also form in the choroid plexus (tissue in the ventricles that makes cerebrospinal fluid).
A primary or metastatic neoplasm that involves the space between the vertebral periosteum and dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord.
A brain disorder characterized by episodes of abnormally increased neuronal discharge resulting in transient episodes of sensory or motor neurological dysfunction, or psychic dysfunction. These episodes may or may not be associated with loss of consciousness or convulsions.
A group of disorders marked by problems in the normal functioning of the brain. These problems can produce seizures, unusual body movements, a loss of consciousness or changes in consciousness, as well as mental problems or problems with the senses.
A neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the esophagus. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the esophagus.
Esophageal Neoplasms, Benign and Malignant
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the structures of the eye.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the eyelid. Representative examples include hemangioma, nevus, and carcinoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the fallopian tube. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papilloma, adenofibroma, and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and adenosarcoma.
A condition marked by extreme tiredness and inability to function due lack of energy. Fatigue may be acute or chronic.
A disorder characterized by a state of generalized weakness with a pronounced inability to summon sufficient energy to accomplish daily activities.
Unusual tiredness and inability to perform usual activities.
Elevation of body temperature above normal due to inflammatory or immune responses.
A disorder characterized by elevation of the body's temperature above the upper limit of normal.
An increase in body temperature above normal (98.6 degrees F), usually caused by disease.
Elevation of body temperature above normal due to the production of more heat than the body is able to dissipate.
Fibrosis associated with cyst formation in the breast parenchyma.
A common condition marked by benign (not cancer) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A benign neoplasm arising from fibrous tissue.
A poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and an infiltrative growth pattern.
A condition in which multiple fibromas develop. Fibromas are tumors (usually benign) that affect connective tissue.
A malignant mesenchymal fibroblastic neoplasm affecting the soft tissue and bone.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the soft tissue and bone.
Fibrosarcoma (excluding infantile fibrosarcoma)
Increase in collagen and low numbers of fibrocytes.
The formation of fibrous tissue; fibroid or fibrous degeneration.
A traumatic injury to the bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.
A finding of traumatic injury to the bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.
Localized disruption of bone or tooth structure resulting in partial or complete discontinuity. (INHAND)
A traumatic break in an area of bone that has been weakened by another disease process.
A broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of cancer to the bone.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the gallbladder. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma, leiomyoma, and neurofibroma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A benign neuroblastic tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that occurs in childhood. Ganglioneuroma typically arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. Histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. Common presenting features include a palpable abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, and a thoracic mass detected on routine chest X-ray.
A benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of ganglion cells and spindle cell proliferation, located primarily in the brain, ganglia, or adrenal medulla.
Ganglioneuroma (Schwannian Stroma-Dominant)
A gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor. It is usually located in the pancreas but it is also found at other anatomic sites, including the stomach and small intestine.
A tumor that causes overproduction of gastric acid. It usually begins in the duodenum (first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach) or the islet cells of the pancreas. Rarely, it may also begin in other organs, including the stomach, liver, jejunum (the middle part of the small intestine), biliary tract (organs and ducts that make and store bile), mesentery, or heart. It is a type of neuroendocrine tumor, and it may metastasize (spread) to the liver and the lymph nodes.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving any part of the digestive system.
A benign, precancerous, or malignant neoplasm that affects the female reproductive system. Representative examples include uterine corpus leiomyoma, endocervical polyp, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma.
Neoplasm of the Female Reproductive System
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the male reproductive system. Representative examples include benign prostate phyllodes tumor, benign testicular Sertoli cell tumor, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, prostate carcinoma, testicular seminoma, and testicular embryonal carcinoma.
Neoplasm of the Male Reproductive System
A benign, intermediate, or malignant tumor that arises from the bone or soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells.
A disorder characterized by lymphoid hyperplasia in the lymph nodes. There are two histologic variants recognized: the hyaline-vascular type and the plasma cell type. In the hyaline vascular type there are hyalinized vessels present in the lymphoid follicles. In the plasma cell type there is pronounced plasma cell proliferation. Clinically, the disease may be localized; manifested with localized lymphadenopathy, or multicentric; manifested with generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, organomegaly, and sometimes POEMS syndrome. In contrast to patients with localized disease who are usually cured following resection of the lesion, patients with the multicentric form of the disease may follow a progressive clinical course, complicated by infection, Kaposi sarcoma or lymphoma.
A rare disorder in which growths that are benign (not cancer) develop in lymph node tissue.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the upper or lower gingiva.
The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade IV). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and it is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. It may develop from diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma, IDH-mutant), but more frequently, it manifests after a short clinical history de novo, without evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastoma, IDH- wildtype). (Adapted from WHO)
A fast-growing type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that look very different from normal cells. GBM usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal cord.
A benign or malignant brain and spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells). Tumors that arise from astrocytes are called astrocytic tumors or astrocytomas. Tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes are called oligodendroglial tumors. Tumors that arise from ependymal cells are called ependymomas.
A general term for tumors of the central nervous system, including astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
A rare benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from cells that resemble the modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body. The majority of glomus tumors occur in the distal extremities.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal parasympathetic paraganglioma arising from paraganglia in the base of the skull and middle ear.
A usually malignant, glucagon-producing neuroendocrine tumor arising from the pancreatic alpha cells. It may or may not be associated with inappropriate secretion of glucagon and an associated clinical syndrome.
Pancreatic Glucagon-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
Glucagon-Producing Tumor of the Islet Cells
Pancreatic Glucagon Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
An inflammatory reaction usually caused by infectious organisms, foreign bodies, or cholesterol deposits. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid histiocytes and chronic inflammation.
A lesion characterized by the presence of epithelioid histiocytes and chronic inflammation.
An organized chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages. Giant cells and/or necrosis can be observed.
Biotechnology-derived pharmaceutical agents made from living organisms or their products. Includes recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and nucleic acids.
A class of pharmaceutical agents made from living organisms or their products that includes recombinant proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids.
A substance made from living organisms or things they produce, for example: virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product, or analogous product.
A substance made from living organisms or things they produce. EXAMPLE(S): virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product, analogous product
A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer and other diseases. Biological agents include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines.
A disorder characterized by excessive development of the breasts in males.
A benign and excessive tumor-like growth of mature cells and normal tissues which grow in a disorganized pattern.
A benign (not cancer) growth made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs.
An excessive but focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs.
An autosomal dominant hereditary syndrome characterized by a variety of hamartomas and neoplasms including verrucous skin lesions, fibromas of the oral cavity, facial trichilemmomas, hamartomatous colonic polyps, thyroid neoplasms, breast cancer, and dysplastic gangliocytomas of the cerebellum.
An inherited disorder marked by the formation of many noncancerous growths called hamartomas. These growths occur in the skin, breast, thyroid, colon, intestines, and inside of the mouth. Patients with Cowden syndrome are at increased risk of certain types of cancer, including breast and thyroid.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma and nasal cavity papilloma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.
Head and Neck Neoplasm (Excluding Central Nervous System)
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the heart and/or the pericardium. Representative examples include endocarditis, pericarditis, atrial myxoma, cardiac myeloid sarcoma, and pericardial malignant mesothelioma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the heart and/or the pericardium. Representative examples include atrial myxoma, cardiac myeloid sarcoma, and pericardial malignant mesothelioma.
A group of rare disorders of immunoglobulin synthesis associated with B-cell proliferative disorders.
A clonal disorder characterized by the secretion of a truncated gamma chain. In most cases, it is associated with morphologic changes also seen in lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas, but the clinical course is typically more aggressive than in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
A vascular proliferation characterized by the presence of prominent endothelial cells and the formation of vascular channels. Hemangioendotheliomas may display borderline or low grade characteristics.
A benign vascular lesion characterized by the formation of capillary-sized or cavernous vascular channels.
A benign vascular neoplasm characterized by the formation of capillary-sized or cavernous vascular channels.
A benign, vascular neoplasm characterized by the formation of capillary-sized vascular channels.
A hemangioma characterized by the presence of cavernous vascular spaces.
A malignant tumor arising from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. Microscopically, it is characterized by frequently open vascular anastomosing and branching channels. The malignant cells that line the vascular channels are spindle or epithelioid and often display hyperchromatic nuclei. Angiosarcomas most frequently occur in the skin and breast. Patients with long-standing lymphedema are at increased risk of developing angiosarcoma.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from endothelial cells.
A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line blood vessels.
A disorder characterized by laboratory test results that indicate blood in the urine.
An inherited disorder characterized by structural alterations of a globin chain within the hemoglobin molecule.
Coughing up blood from the respiratory tract.
Coughing or spitting up blood from the respiratory tract.
Inflammation of the liver; usually from a viral infection, but sometimes from toxic agents.
Disease of the liver causing inflammation. Symptoms include an enlarged liver, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dark urine.
A viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus.
A malignant tumor that arises from hepatocytes. Hepatocellular carcinoma is relatively rare in the United States but very common in all African countries south of the Sahara and in Southeast Asia. Most cases are seen in patients over the age of 50 years, but this tumor can also occur in younger individuals and even in children. Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in males than females and is associated with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, chronic alcohol abuse and cirrhosis. Serum elevation of alpha-fetoprotein occurs in a large percentage of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Grossly, hepatocellular carcinoma may present as a single mass, as multiple nodules, or as diffuse liver involvement. Microscopically, there is a wide range of differentiation from tumor to tumor (well differentiated to poorly differentiated tumors). Hepatocellular carcinomas quickly metastasize to regional lymph nodes and lung. The overall median survival of untreated liver cell carcinoma is about 4 months. The most effective treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma is complete resection of the tumor. Lately, an increasing number of tumors have been treated with liver transplantation.
A malignant neoplasm arising from hepatocytes.
A type of adenocarcinoma and the most common type of liver tumor.
Liver Cell Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)
Genetic diseases are diseases in which inherited genes predispose to increased risk. The genetic disorders associated with cancer often result from an alteration or mutation in a single gene. The diseases range from rare dominant cancer family syndrome to familial tendencies in which low-penetrance genes may interact with other genes or environmental factors to induce cancer. Research may involve clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory studies of persons, families, and populations at high risk of these disorders.
An inherited familial cancer syndrome which is characterized by development of capillary hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina; clear cell renal carcinoma; pheochromocytoma; pancreatic tumors; and inner ear tumors. The syndrome is associated with germline mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 3p25-26. Symptoms of VHL syndrome may not be apparent until the third decade of life. CNS hemangioblastoma is the most common cause of death, followed by clear cell renal cell carcinoma. --2004
A rare inherited disorder in which blood vessels grow abnormally in the eyes, brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, or other parts of the body. People with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome have a higher risk of developing some types of cancer.
An autosomal dominant multiple neoplasia syndrome caused by germline mutations of the VHL gene, encoding the protein von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL). The condition is characterized by development of capillary hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, clear cell renal carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, pancreatic tumors, and inner ear tumors (endolymphatic sac tumors).
A morphologic finding indicating tissue infiltration by non-neoplastic or neoplastic histiocytes.
A neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells which contain Birbeck granules by ultrastructural examination. Three major overlapping syndromes are recognized: eosinophilic granuloma, Letterer-Siwe disease, and Hand-Schuller-Christian disease. The clinical course is generally related to the number of organs affected at presentation. (WHO, 2001)
A group of rare disorders in which too many Langerhans cells (a type of white blood cell) grow in certain tissues and organs including the bones, skin, and lungs, and damage them. Langerhans cell histiocytosis may also affect the pituitary gland (which makes hormones that control other glands and many body functions, especially growth). Langerhans cell histiocytosis is most common in children and young adults.
Tissue infiltration by Langerhans cells (histiocytes). When infiltration involves the pituitary stalk or gland, presentation includes diabetes insipidus, which is sometimes accompanied by other pituitary dysfunction.
A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
An abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain.
An enlargement of the ventricles relative to brain tissue.
The abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
Abnormally high concentration of calcium in the peripheral blood.
A disorder characterized by laboratory test results that indicate an elevation in the concentration of calcium in blood.
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
Higher than normal levels of calcium in the blood. Some types of cancer increase the risk of hypercalcemia.
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement.
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
Increase in the number of resident cells, generally with an increase in mitotic figures present, per unit area in an organ or tissue.
A blood pressure of 140/90 or higher. High blood pressure usually has no symptoms. It can harm the arteries and cause an increase in the risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure, and blindness.
A disorder characterized by a pathological increase in blood pressure; a repeatedly elevation in the blood pressure exceeding 140 over 90 mm Hg.
Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system. It is most commonly caused by cirrhosis. Other causes include portal vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and right heart failure. Complications include ascites, esophageal varices, encephalopathy, and splenomegaly.
A disorder characterized by an increase in blood pressure in the portal venous system.
High blood pressure in the vein that carries blood to the liver from the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder. It is usually caused by a block in the blood flow through the liver due to cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver.
Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system which manifests as ascites, splenomegaly and/or varices.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the hypopharynx.
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.
A deficiency of immune response or a disorder characterized by deficient immune response.
The inability of the body to produce an immune response.
A clonal disorder, also known as immunoproliferative small intestinal disease or Mediterranean lymphoma, characterised by the secretion of a defective alpha heavy chain. It predominantly affects young people in the Mediterranean region. It involves the small intestine, and patients usually present with malabsorption syndrome, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. There is extensive villous atrophy of the small intestinal mucosa, which is heavily infiltrated by small lymphocytes and plasma cells. The small intestinal morphologic changes are consistent with a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma).
Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease
Persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity.
A disorder characterized by the persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity.
An inability to have an erection of the penis adequate for sexual intercourse.
The most common type of cutaneous cyst. It results from the proliferation of epidermal cells in a circumscribed space within the dermis. It is usually asymptomatic and presents as a firm, round nodule.
A sac-like structure lined by stratified squamous epithelium. (INHAND)
A localized protective response resulting from injury or destruction of tissues. Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. In the acute phase, inflammation is characterized by the signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Histologically, inflammation involves a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins; and leukocyte migration into the site of inflammation.
A response to an injury or abnormal stimuli characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and varying degrees of vascular and tissue reactions (hyperemia, edema, fibrin, and/or fibrosis).
Redness, swelling, pain, and/or a feeling of heat in an area of the body. This is a protective reaction to injury, disease, or irritation of the tissues.
A spectrum of small and large bowel inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. It includes Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and colitis of indeterminate type.
A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Chronic inflammatory process affecting the gastrointestinal tract; primarily ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that occurs in brain parenchymal tissue below the tentorium cerebelli.
An insulin-producing neuroendocrine tumor arising from the beta cells of the pancreas. It may or may not be associated with inappropriate secretion of insulin and an associated clinical syndrome.
Pancreatic Insulin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
An abnormal mass that grows in the beta cells of the pancreas that make insulin. Beta cell neoplasms are usually benign (not cancer). They secrete insulin and are the most common cause of low blood sugar caused by having too much insulin in the body.
Insulin-Producing Tumor of the Islet Cells
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the small or large intestine.
Yellow pigmentation of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes due to hyperbilirubinemia. Causes include liver disease, biliary tract obstruction, and hemolysis.
A condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes become yellow, urine darkens, and the color of stool becomes lighter than normal. Jaundice occurs when the liver is not working properly or when a bile duct is blocked.
Yellowish pigmentation of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes.
A dome-shaped, rapidly growing skin lesion composed of well differentiated squamous cells. It represents a proliferation of the infundibular epithelium of the hair follicle and its morphologic distinction from a well differentiated carcinoma may be difficult or impossible. Keratoacanthomas affect males more frequently than females and the majority tend to regress spontaneously. It has been suggested that keratoacanthoma represents a distinct subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
A rapidly growing, dome-shaped skin tumor that usually occurs on sun-exposed areas of the body, especially around the head and neck. Keratoacanthoma occurs more often in males. Although in most patients it goes away on its own, in a few patients it comes back. Rarely, it may spread to other parts of the body.
A precancerous lesion of the skin composed of atypical keratinocytes. It is characterized by the presence of thick, scaly patches of skin. Several histologic variants have been described, including atrophic, acantholytic, and hyperkeratotic variants.
A thick, scaly patch of skin that may become cancer. It usually forms on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp, back of the hands, or chest. It is most common in people with fair skin.
A neoplastic or non-neoplastic condition affecting the kidney. Representative examples of non-neoplastic conditions include glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Representative examples of neoplastic conditions include benign processes (e.g., renal lipoma and renal fibroma) and malignant processes (e.g., renal cell carcinoma and renal lymphoma).
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the kidney. Representative examples of benign renal neoplasms include fibroma, lipoma, oncocytoma, and juxtaglomerular cell tumor. Representative examples of malignant renal neoplasms include renal cell carcinoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, Wilms tumor, rhabdoid tumor, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
Metastatic signet-ring cell carcinoma to the ovary. The primary site is the gastrointestinal tract or breast.
A tumor in the ovary caused by the spread of stomach cancer.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the larynx.
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign neoplasm, originating from smooth muscle cells.
A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract.
An uncommon, aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, usually occurring in post-menopausal women. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, granular cell, inflammatory and myxoid leimyosarcomas.
A malignant (cancer) tumor of smooth muscle cells that can arise almost anywhere in the body, but is most common in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis.
A malignant neoplasm, originating from smooth muscle cells.
Leiomyosarcoma (excluding uterine leiomyosarcoma)
A multifocal, multisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple organ systems including the bones, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Patients are usually infants presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone and skin lesions, and pancytopenia.
A multifocal, multisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple organ systems that may include the bones, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Patients are usually infants presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone and skin lesions, and pancytopenia.
Multifocal Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Acute Disseminated Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
A malignant (clonal) hematologic disorder, involving hematopoietic stem cells and characterized by the presence of primitive or atypical myeloid or lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and the blood. Leukemias are classified as acute or chronic based on the degree of cellular differentiation and the predominant cell type present. Leukemia is usually associated with anemia, fever, hemorrhagic episodes, and splenomegaly. Common leukemias include acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic or precursor lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment is vital to patient survival; untreated, the natural course of acute leukemias is normally measured in weeks or months, while that of chronic leukemias is more often measured in months or years.
A cancer of the blood or bone marrow that is characterized by increased production of abnormal blood cells.
A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells, originating from myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.
Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.
The most common type of chronic lymphoid leukemia. It comprises 90% of chronic lymphoid leukemias in the United States. Morphologically, the neoplastic cells are small, round B-lymphocytes. This type of leukemia is not considered to be curable with available therapy. (WHO, 2001)
An indolent (slow-growing) cancer in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found mostly in the blood and bone marrow. Sometimes, in later stages of the disease, cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes and the disease is called small lymphocytic lymphoma.
Hematopoeitic - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the immature cells differentiate towards basophils.
Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.
A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells, originating from immature lymphoid cells.
A rapidly progressive cancer of the blood and bone marrow consisting of the proliferation of lymphoblasts, which are immature, dysfunctional white blood cells.
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the blood and bone marrow.
An acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurring during childhood. The majority of cases are B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Approximately 15% of the cases are T-acute lymphoblastic leukemias.
Childhood Precursor Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
A variant of systemic mastocytosis with involvement of the bone marrow (20% or more mast cells) and the peripheral blood (mast cells account for 10% or more of peripheral blood white cells). (WHO, 2001)
An acute myeloid leukemia in which at least 50% of the blasts are of megakaryocytic lineage. (WHO, 2001)
A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells, originating from immature megakaryocytes.
Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (FAB Type M7)
A clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in the bone marrow, blood or other tissues. The classification of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) encompasses four major categories: 1) AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities; 2) AML with multilineage dysplasia; 3) Therapy-related AML; 4) AML not otherwise specified. The required bone marrow or peripheral blood blast percentage for the diagnosis of AML is 20% (WHO classification).
A rapidly progressive cancer of the blood and bone marrow consisting of the proliferation of abnormal myeloblasts, which are immature, dysfunctional white blood cells.
An aggressive (fast-growing) disease in which too many myeloblasts (immature white blood cells that are not lymphoblasts) are found in the bone marrow and blood.
Hematopoeitic - Acute Myleogenous Leukemia (AML)
A clonal proliferation of myeloid cells and their precursors in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen. When the proliferating cells are immature myeloid cells and myeloblasts, it is called acute myeloid leukemia. When the proliferating myeloid cells are neutrophils, it is called chronic myelogenous leukemia.
A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells, originating from immature granulocytes.
A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia characterized by one or more of the following: 1) Myeloblasts accounting for 10-19% of the peripheral blood white cells or of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow, 2) peripheral blood basophils at least 20%, 3) persistent thrombocytopenia that is unrelated to therapy, 4) persistent thrombocytosis despite adequate therapy, 5) increasing white blood cell count and increasing spleen size unresponsive to therapy, and/or evidence of clonal evolution. (WHO, 2001)
Accelerated Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive
A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the disease is progressing. In this phase, 10% to 19% of the cells in the blood and bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells).
Accelerated Phase Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Accelerated Phase Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Accelerated Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Accelerated Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Aggressive-Phase Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Aggressive-Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Aggressive-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the expression of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. It presents with neutrophilic leukocytosis. It can appear at any age, but it mostly affects middle aged and older individuals. Patients usually present with fatigue, weight loss, anemia, night sweats, and splenomegaly. If untreated, it follows a biphasic or triphasic natural course; an initial indolent chronic phase which is followed by an accelerated phase, a blast phase, or both. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation and tyrosine kinase inhibitors delay disease progression and prolong overall survival.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive
A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow.
BCR-ABL Positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Hematopoeitic - Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML)
A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the peripheral blood smear shows leukocytosis due mainly to neutrophils in different stages of maturation. Blasts usually account for less than 2% of the white blood cells counts. The platelet count is normal or increased. Thrombocytopenia is very uncommon during the chronic phase. Most patients have mild anemia. The bone marrow biopsy is hypercellular due to increased numbers of neutrophils and their precursors. Blasts usually account for fewer than 5% of the marrow cells, and more than 10% indicates transformation to the accelerated phase. Megakaryocytes are smaller than normal and have hypolobated nuclei. The spleen is enlarged due to infiltration of the cords of the red pulp by granulocytes. Most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia are diagnosed in the chronic phase, which usually has an insidious onset and may last from several months to several years. (WHO, 2001)
Chronic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive
A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which fewer than 10% of the cells in the blood and bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells). This phase may last from several months to several years, and there may be no symptoms of leukemia.
Chronic Phase Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Chronic Phase Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Chronic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Philadelphia-Negative Myelogenous Leukemia
Philadelphia-Positive Myelogenous Leukemia
Philadelphia-Positive Granulocytic Leukemia
Philadelphia-Positive Myelocytic Leukemia
A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm which is characterized by persistent monocytosis, absence of a Philadelphia chromosome and BCR/ABL fusion gene, fewer than 20 percent blasts in the bone marrow and blood, myelodysplasia, and absence of PDGFRA or PDGFRB rearrangement.
A slowly progressing type of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease in which too many myelomonocytes (a type of white blood cell) are in the bone marrow, crowding out other normal blood cells, such as other white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
A rare chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by neutrophilic leukocytosis. There is no detectable Philadelphia chromosome or BCR/ABL fusion gene.
A disease in which too many neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) are found in the blood. The extra neutrophils may cause the spleen and liver to become enlarged. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia may stay the same for many years or it may progress quickly to acute leukemia.
An aggressive plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic plasma cells in the peripheral blood. It is characterized by the presence of a circulating clonal plasma cell count that exceeds 2x10^9/L or is 20% of the leukocyte differential count.
A mature B- or T- cell leukemia with progressive clinical course. It is characterized by the presence of medium-sized lymphocytes with visible nucleoli (prolymphocytes) in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen.
A type of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in which too many immature white blood cells (prolymphocytes) are found in the blood and bone marrow. PLL usually progresses more rapidly than classic CLL.
An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in which abnormal promyelocytes predominate. It is characterized by the PML-RARA fusion. There are two variants: the typical and microgranular variant. This AML is particularly sensitive to treatment with all trans-retinoic acid and has a favorable prognosis. (WHO)
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with PML-RARA
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and it is treated differently than other types of AML because of its marked sensitivity to differentiating effects of all trans-retinoic acid. APL is characterized by a severe coagulopathy which may be present at diagnosis. APL occurs in 7 % of children with AML.
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of acute myeloid leukemia in which there are too many immature blood-forming cells in the blood and bone marrow. It is usually marked by an exchange of parts of chromosomes 15 and 17.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with t(15;17)(q22;q12); PML-RARA
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with t(15;17)(q22;q12); PML/RARA
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-cell origin. It comprises about 15% of childhood cases and 25% of adult cases. It is more common in males than females. (WHO, 2001)
An acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-lineage origin.
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood.
Precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-cell ALL)
A sex cord-stromal tumor occurring in the testis and rarely in the ovary. It is predominantly or completely composed of Leydig cells which may contain crystals of Reinke. In males it usually presents as a painless testicular enlargement and it may be associated with gynecomastia and decreased libido. The majority of the cases have a benign clinical course. Approximately 10% of the cases have a malignant clinical course and metastasize. In females it may be associated with androgenic manifestations and it follows a benign clinical course.
A sex cord-stromal tumor, comprising Leydig cells, either predominantly or completely, occurring in the testis and rarely in the ovary.
A cancer-related condition in which the gastric wall becomes thickened and rubbery (leather-bottle stomach). It is most often associated with diffuse gastric adenocarcinomas.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the lip.
A benign, usually painless, well-circumscribed lipomatous tumor composed of adipose tissue.
A benign (not cancer) tumor made of fat cells.
A benign neoplasm composed of adipose tissue.
A neoplastic process characterized by diffuse overgrowth of mature adipose tissue.
A usually painless malignant tumor that arises from adipose tissue. Microscopically, it may contain a spectrum of neoplastic adipocytes ranging from lipoblasts to pleomorphic malignant adipocytes. Morphologic variants include: well differentiated, dedifferentiated, pleomorphic, and myxoid liposarcoma. The metastatic potential is higher in less differentiated tumors.
A malignant neoplasm composed of adipose tissue.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, and polycystic liver disease. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, lymphoma, and angiosarcoma.
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Disorder
A mass in the mammary gland, either mobile or immobile. Once the mass has reached the size of a small garden pea, it can be detected by palpation. With mammography a larger number of early breast cancers are being detected since this techniques allows detection prior to the point at which the mass can be felt. Breast masses are not always malignant. Benign fibrocystic breast disease is not uncommon. A fine needle biopsy aspiration can distinguish a cystic mass from a solid one.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the lung. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include benign processes (e.g., respiratory papilloma) and malignant processes (e.g., lung carcinoma and metastatic cancer to the lung).
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the lungs. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include adenoma, papilloma, chondroma, and endobronchial lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
A cell whose cytoplasm or its granules stain with acid dyes.
The glandular portion of the salivary system whose combined secretions constitute the saliva; a clear, alkaline, somewhat viscus secretion that keeps the mouth moist and aids in swallowing and digesting food. It includes the major salivary glands - sublingual, submandibular, and parotid glands, as well as numerous minor glands.
A white blood cell that, after being in contact with an antigen, rearranges its DNA to defend against that one specific type of antigen. After activation, it can then proliferate and differentiate into memory cells, antibody-secreting cells or plasma cells.
An immune cell such as a T or B lymphocyte that responds to a single, specific antigen.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the endothelial cells of the lymphatic vessels.
A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line lymph vessels.
A cell in the periphery of the pancreatic islets that secretes glucagon.
A cell found in the walls of the pulmonary alveoli; the term is limited to alveolar epithelial cells (type I and type II alveolar cells).
Excess fluid collection in tissues, causing swelling. It is the result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.
A condition in which extra lymph fluid builds up in tissues and causes swelling. It may occur in an arm or leg if lymph vessels are blocked, damaged, or removed by surgery.
A disorder characterized by excessive fluid collection in tissues that causes swelling.
A malignant (clonal) proliferation of B- lymphocytes or T- lymphocytes which involves the lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or extranodal sites. This category includes Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.
A malignant neoplasm composed of lymphocytes of B- or T/NK-cell phenotype.
A malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic system that is comprised of abnormal lymphocytes.
Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system. There are two basic categories of lymphomas. One kind is Hodgkin lymphoma, which is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The other category is non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes a large, diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas can be further divided into cancers that have an indolent (slow-growing) course and those that have an aggressive (fast-growing) course. These subtypes behave and respond to treatment differently. Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur in children and adults, and prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and the type of cancer.
A neoplasm of follicle centre B cells which has at least a partial follicular pattern. Follicular lymphomas comprise about 35% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the U.S. and 22% worldwide. Most patients have widespread disease at diagnosis. Morphologically, follicular lymphomas are classified as Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3, depending on the percentage of the large lymphocytes present. The vast majority of cases (70-95%) express the BCL-2 rearrangement [t(14;18)]. Histological grade correlates with prognosis. Grades 1 and 2 follicular lymphomas are indolent and grade 3 is more aggressive (adapted from WHO, 2001).
A neoplasm of lymphoid cells which has at least a partial follicular pattern.
A type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) that is usually indolent (slow-growing). The tumor cells grow as groups to form nodules. There are several subtypes of follicular lymphoma.
Distinct from Hodgkin lymphoma both morphologically and biologically, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells, can occur at any age, and usually presents as a localized or generalized lymphadenopathy associated with fever and weight loss. The clinical course varies according to the morphologic type. NHL is clinically classified as indolent, aggressive, or having a variable clinical course. NHL can be of B-or T-/NK-cell lineage.
A malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic system that is comprised of abnormal lymphocytes in the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
Any of a large group of cancers of lymphocytes (white blood cells). NHLs can occur at any age and are often marked by lymph nodes that are larger than normal, fever, and weight loss. There are many different types of NHL. These types can be divided into aggressive (fast-growing) and indolent (slow-growing) types, and they can be formed from either B-cells or T-cells. B-cell NHLs include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. T-cell NHLs include mycosis fungoides, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lymphomas that occur after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation are usually B-cell NHLs. Prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and type of disease.
A clonal neoplasm of small B-lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytoid cells, and plasma cells involving the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. The majority of patients have a serum IgM paraprotein.
A malignant neoplasm composed of lymphocytes (B-cells), lymphoplasmacytoid cells, and plasma cells.
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia)
A rare non-inherited disorder primarily affecting the skin and skeletal system. It is classified as a mesodermal dysplasia. Clinical signs appear within the first decade and are characterized by multiple soft tissue hemiangiomas and enchondromas leading to skeletal deformities. Clinical course is progressive with variable development of associated malignancies.
Dyschondroplasia and Cavernous Hemangioma
A syndrome resulting from the inadequate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.
A disorder characterized by inadequate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal marked discomfort, bloating and diarrhea.
A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients.
A syndrome usually characterized by diarrhea resulting from the inadequate absorption of macronutrients in the small intestine.
Abnormal growth of cells comprising the retina with malignant characteristics.
A localized mast cell neoplasm without metastatic potential.
A benign neoplasm composed of mast cells.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the structures of the mediastinum. Representative examples include mediastinal lipoma, mediastinal schwannoma, thymoma, and mediastinal lymphoma.
A malignant, invasive embryonal neoplasm arising from the cerebellum. It occurs predominantly in children and has the tendency to metastasize via the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Signs and symptoms include truncal ataxia, disturbed gait, lethargy, headache, and vomiting. There are four histologic variants: classic medulloblastoma, large cell/anaplastic medulloblastoma, desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma, and medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity.
A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and that can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).
A malignant, invasive embryonal neoplasm arising from the cerebellum.
A rapidly progressive cancer of the brain that originates in the cerebellum.
The left and right bronchi considered together with their branches.
Lymphoid tissue located in the mucosa of the bronchi.
A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain.
A form of cancer that begins in melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as in the eye or in the intestines.
A malignant neoplasm composed of melanocytes.
A malignant neoplasm comprised of melanocytes typically arising in the skin.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene MEN-1. Patients may develop hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid gland adenomas, pituitary gland adenomas, pancreatic islet cell neoplasms, and carcinoid tumors.
A rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands and can cause tumors in the parathyroid and pituitary glands and the pancreas. These tumors are usually benign (not cancer). They cause the glands to secrete high levels of hormones, which can lead to other medical problems, such as kidney stones, fertility problems, and severe ulcers. In some cases, tumors inside the pancreas can become malignant (cancer).
Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by inactivating mutation(s) of the tumor suppressor gene MEN1, encoding the menin protein, a component of the histone methyltransferase complex. The condition is characterized by hyperfunctioning adenomas of the parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and pancreatic endocrine cells (most commonly gastrinomas and insulinomas); thymic and bronchial carcinoid tumors also may develop.
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by mutation of the RET gene. Patients develop medullary thyroid carcinomas, and may also develop pheochromocytomas and parathyroid gland hyperplasia.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by activating mutation(s) of the RET protooncogene, encoding proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret. This condition is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, accompanied in some cases by pheochromocytoma and parathyroid gland hyperplasia or adenoma.
Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis, Type II
Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by mutation of the RET gene. Patients develop medullary thyroid carcinomas and numerous neural defects including neuromas.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by activating mutation(s) of the RET protooncogene, encoding proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret (most commonly the M918T mutation). This condition is characterized by an aggressive form of medullary thyroid carcinoma, accompanied by pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, thickened corneal nerves, and Marfanoid habitus in most affected individuals.
Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis Type IIB
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the meninges. The majority of the neoplasms arise from meningothelial cells and are called meningiomas. Non-meningothelial cell neoplasms include mesenchymal, non-meningothelial tumors, hemangiopericytomas, and melanocytic lesions.
A generally slow growing tumor attached to the dura mater. It is composed of neoplastic meningothelial (arachnoidal) cells. It typically occurs in adults, often women and it has a wide range of histopathological appearances. Of the various subtypes, meningothelial, fibrous and transitional meningiomas are the most common. Most meningiomas are WHO grade I tumors, and some are WHO grade II or III tumors. Most subtypes share a common clinical behavior, although some subtypes are more likely to recur and follow a more aggressive clinical course. (Adapted from WHO)
A type of slow-growing tumor that forms in the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Meningiomas usually occur in adults.
A usually benign tumor that develops in the meninges.
A usually malignant and aggressive neoplasm of the mesothelium which is often associated with exposure to asbestos.
A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.
The final section of a renal tubule in the nephron between the distal convoluted tubule and the ureter comprising of principal and intercalated cells. The collecting tube acts to reabsorb sodium and water while secreting potassium and maintaining acid-base homeostasis.
The last part of a long, twisting tube that collects urine from the nephrons (cellular structures in the kidney that filter blood and form urine) and moves it into the renal pelvis and ureters.
A congenital (due to inherited enzyme abnormality) or acquired (due to failure of a metabolic important organ) disorder resulting from an abnormal metabolic process.
A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme.
Transformation of a mature, normal cell or groups of mature cells to other forms of mature cells. The capacity for malignant transformation of metaplastic cells is a subject of controversy.
A change of cells to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.
Conversion of a mature, normal cell or groups of mature cells to other forms of mature cells.
A morphologic finding indicating the transformation of glandular or transitional epithelial cells to, usually, mature squamous epithelial cells. Representative examples include squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelium, cervix, urinary bladder, and prostate gland.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the oral cavity or the lips. Representative examples include inflammatory disorders, precancerous conditions, and carcinomas.
Accumulation of mucus within the appendix.
A bone marrow-based plasma cell neoplasm characterized by a serum monoclonal protein and skeletal destruction with osteolytic lesions, pathological fractures, bone pain, hypercalcemia, and anemia. Clinical variants include non-secretory myeloma, smoldering myeloma, indolent myeloma, and plasma cell leukemia. (WHO, 2001)
A malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow composed of plasma cells.
A type of cancer that begins in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies).
Pain that originates in the bones, muscles, tendons or ligaments.
A peripheral (mature) T-cell lymphoma presenting in the skin with patches/plaques. It is characterized by epidermal and dermal infiltration of small to medium-sized T-cells with cerebriform nuclei. Patients with limited disease generally have an excellent prognosis. In the more advanced stages, the prognosis is poor. (WHO, 2001)
A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that first appears on the skin and can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs such as the spleen, liver, or lungs.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/Mycosis fungoides
A clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more of the hematopoietic cell lines. The dysplasia may be accompanied by an increase in myeloblasts, but the number is less than 20%, which, according to the WHO guidelines, is the requisite threshold for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. It may occur de novo or as a result of exposure to alkylating agents and/or radiotherapy. (WHO, 2001)
A disorder characterized by insufficiently healthy hematapoietic cell production by the bone marrow.
A group of diseases in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells.
A pre-malignant disorder characterized by blood cytopenias and abnormalities in bone marrow morphology.
Hematopoeitic - Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)
A partial or complete replacement of the bone marrow stroma by fibrous tissue. It can be a primary bone marrow lesion as part of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders (chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis), a manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia (acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis), or a secondary phenomenon due to bone marrow involvement by a metastatic tumor (e.g., metastatic breast carcinoma). --2003
A disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue.
An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by blasts without evidence of maturation to more mature neutrophils. (WHO, 2001)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia without Maturation
An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by blasts without evidence of significant maturation in the neutrophilic lineage.
Acute Granulocytic Leukemia without Maturation
Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia without Maturation
Acute Myelocytic Leukemia without Maturation
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia without Maturation
Acute Myeloid Leukemia without Maturation (FAB M1)
M1 Acute Granulocytic Leukemia without Maturation
M1 Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia without Maturation
M1 Acute Myelocytic Leukemia without Maturation
M1 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia without Maturation
M1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia without Maturation
An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by blasts with evidence of maturation to more mature neutrophils. (WHO, 2001)
An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by blasts with evidence of significant maturation in the neutrophilic lineage.
Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia with Maturation
Acute Myelocytic Leukemia with Maturation
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia with Maturation
M2 Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia with Maturation
M2 Acute Myelocytic Leukemia with Maturation
M2 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia with Maturation
M2 Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Maturation
An epithelial cell lining the endometrial cavity, located in the uterus. These cells proliferate and respond to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone. They synthesize or transport and secrete substances essential for survival and development of the embryo/fetus and associated extraembryonic membranes.
A granular cell tumor that is confined to the site of origin, without metastatic potential.
A benign neoplasm, comprised of large cells with cytoplasmatic granules, occurring in various organs/tissues.
A flat, scale-like epithelial cell that lines the upper and middle third of the esophageal lumen.
An infiltrating malignant soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of immature undifferentiated cells and abundant myxoid stroma formation.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm with a myxoid stroma formation.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the nasopharynx. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include angiofibroma and squamous papilloma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and nonkeratinizing carcinoma.
Upper abdominal discomfort associated with an urge to vomit.
A disorder characterized by a queasy sensation and/or the urge to vomit.
A feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach that may come with an urge to vomit. Nausea is a side effect of some types of cancer therapy.
Expelling the contents of the stomach and the sensations associated with it. They are symptoms of an underlying disease or condition and not a specific illness.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the neck region.
Neck Neoplasms (Including All Pharyngeal Related Neoplasms)
A tumor that has spread from its original (primary) site of growth to another site, close to or distant from the primary site. Metastasis is characteristic of advanced malignancies, but in rare instances can be seen in neoplasms lacking malignant morphology.
A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias.
An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer).
The connection between the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle, which allows for the flow of CSF between the structures.
A term that refers to the classification of a neoplastic process according to the anatomic site that is involved.
A usually malignant neoplasm composed of primitive (immature) tissues that resemble fetal tissues. Medulloblastoma, Ependymoblastoma, Pineoblastoma, and Wilms tumor are representative embryonal neoplasms. --2003
A mass of rapidly growing cells that begins in embryonic (fetal) tissue. Embryonal tumors may be benign or malignant, and include neuroblastomas and Wilms tumors.
A basophilic cell of the anterior pituitary gland whose granules secrete follicle-stimulating hormone
A neoplasm that develops as a result of exposure to radiation.
The inherited predisposition toward getting a tumor.
Describes the clinical manifestations associated with a mutation conferring cancer susceptibility.
The anatomical location where the esophagus joins to the stomach.
The anatomical location where the esophagus joins to the stomach. (NCI)
The place where the esophagus is connected to the stomach.
An embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of epithelial, mesenchymal, and blastema components. The vast majority of cases arise from the kidney. A small number of cases with morphologic features resembling Wilms tumor of the kidney have been reported arising from the ovary and the cervix.
A malignant neoplasm of embryonal origin arising within the kidney.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the central or peripheral nervous system.
A benign, usually encapsulated slow growing tumor composed of Schwann cells. It affects peripheral and cranial nerves. It recurs infrequently and only rare cases associated with malignant transformation have been reported.
A benign neoplasm of the peripheral nervous system composed of well-differentiated Schwann cells.
A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that arises in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported.
A neuroblastic tumor characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells, the absence of ganglion cells, and the absence of a prominent Schwannian stroma formation.
A malignant neoplasm composed of neuroblastic cells.
A malignant neoplasm comprised of neuroblasts that commonly arises in or near the adrenal glands.
Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children.
An intraneural or extraneural neoplasm arising from nerve tissues and neural sheaths. It is composed of perineurial-like fibroblasts and Schwann cells. It usually presents as a localized cutaneous lesion and less often as a circumscribed peripheral nerve mass. Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 present with multiple masses. Neurofibromas which arise from major nerves and plexiform neurofibromas are precursor lesions to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
A benign tumor that develops from the cells and tissues that cover nerves.
An intraneural or extraneural neoplasm arising from nerve tissues and neural sheaths, composed of perineurial-like fibroblasts and Schwann cells.
One of the cells of the blood or bone marrow, a leukocyte or erythrocyte.
The most common type of neurofibromatosis. It is characterized clinically by cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors with patches of hyperpigmentation. The hyperpigmented skin areas, are present from birth and found anywhere on the body surface. They can vary markedly in size and color. The dark brown areas are called cafe-au-lait spots. The multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors are nerve sheath tumors, called neurofibromas. They can develop anywhere along the peripheral nerve fibers. Neurofibromas can become quite large, causing a major disfigurement, eroding bone, and compressing various peripheral nerve structures. Type 1 neurofibromatosis has dominant inheritance, with a gene locus on the proximal long arm of chromosome 17.
A rare genetic condition that causes brown spots and tumors on the skin, freckling in skin areas not exposed to the sun, tumors on the nerves, and developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bone, and skin.
An autosomal dominant form of neurofibromatosis caused by mutation(s) in the NF1 gene, encoding neurofibromin. The clinical features of this condition may include smooth bordered areas of hyperpigmentation, known as cafe-au-lait spots, axillary freckling, Lisch nodules, short stature, cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors (neurofibromas), optic nerve gliomas, precocious puberty, and growth hormone excess.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Microdeletion Syndrome
The tissue of the liver. It includes the hepatic lobules, hepatic sinusoids, perisinusoidal spaces, and portal triad. The hepatic lobules are composed of hepatocytes.
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. It is characterized by the development of peripheral and central nervous system tumors including acoustic schwannomas, neurofibromas, gliomas, and meningiomas.
A genetic condition in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear and cause loss of hearing and balance. Tumors may also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, and may cause loss of speech, eye movement, and the ability to swallow.
A tumor that grows from a nerve or is composed of nerve cells and nerve fibers.
A type of benign brain tumor that begins in the Schwann cells, which produce the myelin that protects the acoustic nerve - the nerve of hearing.
Perspiration experienced nocturnally that is unrelated to environmental temperature.
Nocturnal perspiration that is unrelated to environmental temperature.
A small lump, swelling or collection of tissue.
A growth or lump that may be malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancer).
A small lump, swelling or collection of tissue. (NCI)
Having a high amount of body fat (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more).
A condition marked by an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat.
A disorder characterized by having a high amount of body fat.
Blockage of the normal flow of the contents of an anatomical passageway.
Complete or partial blockage of the lumen of a tubular structure.
A well-differentiated (WHO grade II), diffusely infiltrating neuroglial tumor, typically located in the cerebral hemispheres. It is composed predominantly of cells which morphologically resemble oligodendroglia. The neoplastic cells have rounded homogeneous nuclei and, on paraffin sections, a swollen, clear cytoplasm ('honeycomb' appearance). (Adapted from WHO)
A rare, slow-growing tumor that begins in oligodendrocytes (cells that cover and protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord).
Well Differentiated Oligodendroglial Tumor
A pancreatic cell that produces and secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
A pancreatic cell that produces hormones (e.g., insulin and glucagon) that are secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones help control the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Infection caused by an organism that is capable of causing disease in immunocompromised patients only (e.g. HIV-positive or transplanted patients).--2004
An infection caused by an organism that does not normally cause disease. Opportunistic infections occur in people with weakened immune systems.
An infection that occurs in an immunocompromised host, but that does not usually cause an infection with similar frequency or severity in a normal (immunocompetent) host.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the oropharynx.
A disease of bone that initially results in the excessive resorption of bone (by osteoclasts) followed by the replacement of normal bone marrow with vascular and fibrous tissue.
A chronic condition in which both the breakdown and regrowth of bone are increased. Paget disease of bone occurs most frequently in the pelvic and leg bones, skull, and lower spine. It is most common in older individuals, and may lead to bone pain, deformities, and fractures.
Intestinal enterocytes are low columnar to cuboidal cells comprising the majority of the epithelial tissue in the intestine and colon. They have both absorptive and secretory functions, absorbing water, sodium and short-chain fatty acids while secreting bicarbonate and potassium. Colonocytes originate from stem cells located at the base of the crypts. Enterocyte production, differentiation, and turnover occurs in topographically distinct regions of crypts. The transformation of colonic epithelial cells are frequently involved in colorectal cancers.
The tissue of the large intestine. It is composed of four layers - mucosa, submucosa, smooth muscle with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers, and serosa. The mucosa has a large number of goblet cells but does not have any villi. The longitudinal muscle layer is incomplete. The longitudinal muscle is limited to three distinct bands, called teniae coli that run the entire length of the colon. Contraction of the teniae coli exerts pressure on the wall and creates a series of pouches, called haustra, along the colon. Epiploic appendages, pieces of fat-filled connective tissue, are attached to the outer surface of the colon.
A rare benign bone-forming neoplasm usually arising from the spine. It is a well-circumscribed lytic tumor that varies in size. The tumor is composed of woven bone trabeculae and shares similar histologic characteristics with the osteoid osteoma. Surgical curettage is the treatment of choice. The prognosis is excellent.
A benign neoplasm of bone, characterized by the formation of osteoid tissue and large osteoblast-like cells.
A benign, well-circumscribed, bone-forming neoplasm predominantly composed of lamellar bone. It usually arises from the calvarial, facial, or jaw bones. It is usually asymptomatic but it may cause local swelling or obstruction of the paranasal sinuses. Asymptomatic cases have an indolent clinical course.
A benign well-differentiated neoplasm of bone.
A small, benign, bone-forming neoplasm that can arise from any bone but more frequently affects the long bones. The central portion of the neoplasm (nidus) contains differentiated osteoblasts which produce osteoid and sometimes bone. The lesion is usually surrounded by hypervascular sclerotic bone and has limited growth potential. Clinical signs and symptoms include pain and localized tenderness, at the site of the lesion. The pain may be intense but in the majority of cases it is completely alleviated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prognosis is excellent and recurrences are rare.
A condition of reduced bone mass, with decreased cortical thickness and a decrease in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence. Osteoporosis is classified as primary (Type 1, postmenopausal osteoporosis; Type 2, age-associated osteoporosis; and idiopathic, which can affect juveniles, premenopausal women, and middle-aged men) and secondary osteoporosis (which results from an identifiable cause of bone mass loss).
A condition that is marked by a decrease in bone mass and density, causing bones to become fragile.
A disorder characterized by reduced bone mass, with a decrease in cortical thickness and in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence.
Reduced bone mineral density due to decreased number and thickness of bone trabeculae and decreased cortical thickness, associated with increased risk of skeletal fractures. A clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis in childhood requires either a finding of one or more otherwise unexplained vertebral compression fractures, or the presence of bone mineral density Z-score less than or equal to 2.0 accompanied by one or more of the following: 1) at least two long bone fractures by age 10 years; 2) at least three long bone fractures up to age 19 years.
A luteinizing hormone secreting cell found in the anterior pituitary gland.
A malignant epithelial cellular proliferation characterized by the presence of atypical cells with large nuclei and abundant pale cytoplasm within the squamous epithelium of the nipple. In almost all cases there is an underlying intraductal breast carcinoma or intraductal and invasive carcinoma. The skin changes range from redness to eczematous appearance.
A form of breast cancer in which the tumor grows from ducts beneath the nipple onto the surface of the nipple. Symptoms commonly include itching and burning and an eczema-like condition around the nipple, sometimes accompanied by oozing or bleeding.
A malignant neoplasm in which there is infiltration of the skin by neoplastic large cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli (Paget cells). It may affect the anus, penis, scrotum, and vulva.
The sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony, resulting from the stimulation of specialized nerve endings.
A disorder characterized by the sensation of marked discomfort, distress or agony.
An unpleasant sensation associated with real or perceived physical or mental trauma.
Tissue composed of specialized cells that are organized as a definite organ, situated along the course of lymphatic vessels, and consisting of an outer cortical and an inner medullary part. The lymph nodes are the main source of lymphocytes of the peripheral blood and serve as a defense mechanism by removing noxious agents, such as bacteria and toxins, and probably play a role in antibody production.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the pancreas.
A disorder characterized by inflammation of the pancreas.
Inflammation of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis may cause diabetes and problems with digestion. Pain is the primary symptom.
Swelling around the optic disc, usually due to increased intracranial pressure or pressure on the optic nerve by a tumor.
A disorder characterized by swelling around the optic disc.
Swelling around the optic disk, the area where the optic nerve (the nerve that carries messages from the eye to the brain) enters the eyeball. Papilledema occurs when increased brain pressure caused by tumors or other problems results in swelling of the optic nerve.
Swelling of the optic disc secondary to increased intracranial pressure.
The tissue that envelops the brain or spinal cord.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from paraganglia located along the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves. Infrequently, it may arise outside the usual distribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. Tumors arising from the adrenal gland medulla are called pheochromocytomas. Morphologically, paragangliomas usually display a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. There are no reliable morphologic criteria to distinguish between benign and malignant paragangliomas. The only definitive indicator of malignancy is the presence of regional or distant metastases.
A rare, usually benign tumor that develops from cells of the paraganglia. Paraganglia are a collection of cells that came from embryonic nervous tissue, and are found near the adrenal glands and some blood vessels and nerves. Paragangliomas that develop in the adrenal gland are called pheochromocytomas. Those that develop outside of the adrenal glands near blood vessels or nerves are called glomus tumors or chemodectomas.
A functional area or structure in a cell that is bounded by a lipid-containing membrane.
A benign or malignant paraganglioma arising from sympathetic or parasympathetic paraganglia outside the adrenal gland.
A classification for rare disorders of diverse organ systems (endocrine, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, renal, dermatologic, rheumatologic, hematologic) that are affected by substances secreted by a distant neoplasm but not by the action of the neoplasm itself metastasizing to that organ or tissue. Less than 1 % of neoplasms are associated with these syndromes. An immune-mediated response to neoplasm-elaborated proteins may be the cause of these syndromes. Additionally, their manifestation may signal the presence of an occult neoplasm, potentially at an earlier stage of disease thereby leading to a better clinical outcome. Constitutional signs may include fever, night sweats, anorexia and cachexia. Clinical course is usually progressive. Prognosis is variable depending on the effective treatment of the underlying neoplasm.
A group of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the parathyroid glands.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the parotid gland. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Warthin tumor, monomorphic adenoma, and pleomorphic adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Salivary glands that produce and secrete a saliva made up exclusively of mucous.
Salivary glands that produce and secrete a saliva made up exclusively of mucous. (NCI)
Fibromatosis arising from the soft tissues of the penis. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, and an infiltrative growth pattern. It causes the penis to bend when it becomes erect.
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the penis. Representative examples include penile hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.
Fluid collection within the pericardial sac, usually due to inflammation.
A disorder characterized by fluid collection within the pericardial sac, usually due to inflammation.
An abnormal collection of fluid inside the sac that covers the heart.
Fluid collection within the pericardial sac.
The fluid within the pericardial cavity.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from a peripheral nerve or the perineural sheaths.
Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nervous System
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the peritoneal cavity. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include adenomatoid tumor and disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include primary peritoneal carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma to the peritoneum, and malignant mesothelioma.
An inherited condition characterized by generalized hamartomatous multiple polyposis of the intestinal tract. Transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome consistently involves the jejunum and is associated with melanin spots of the lips, buccal mucosa, and fingers. This syndrome is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 19. Also known as Jeghers-Peutz syndrome and Peutz's syndrome.
A genetic disorder in which polyps form in the intestine and dark spots appear on the mouth and fingers. Having Peutz-Jeghers syndrome increases the risk of developing gastrointestinal and many other types of cancer.
Tissue comprised of specialized cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships in order to carry out the functions of production and ovulation of oocytes and the production and secretion of hormones.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the nasopharynx, oropharynx, or hypopharynx.
A benign or malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines. It arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Clinical presentation includes headaches, palpitations, chest and abdominal pain, hypertension, fever, and tremor. Microscopically, a characteristic nesting (zellballen) growth pattern is usually seen. Other growth patterns including trabecular pattern may also be present.
Tumor that forms in the center of the adrenal gland (gland located above the kidney) that causes it to make too much adrenaline. Pheochromocytomas are usually benign (not cancer) but can cause high blood pressure, pounding headaches, heart palpitations, flushing of the face, nausea, and vomiting.
Chromaffin Paraganglioma of the Adrenal Gland
Parathyroid gland tissue consists of three primary cell types - chief cells, oxyphil cells and clear cells. These glands are usually located in close proximity to the thyroid gland.
Neoplasms that are located in the pineal gland. These neoplasms arise either from pineal parenchymal cells (pineocytes), as do pineocytomas and the more aggressive pineoblastomas, or from other cell types, as do pineal astrocytic tumors (notably pilocytic astrocytomas) and germ cell tumors. Clinical symptoms include neuro-ophthalmologic dysfunction, changes in mental status, dysfunction of the brain stem, and hypothalamic-based endocrine abnormalities.
A tumor arising in the pineal region, the majority of which are malignant germ cell tumors. A minority of pinealomas are benign, and comprise neoplastic cells that resemble normal pineocytes.
A type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain.
A non-metastasizing tumor that arises from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The tumor can be hormonally functioning or not. The diagnosis can be based on imaging studies and/or radioimmunoassays. Due to its location in the sella turcica, expansion of the tumor mass can impinge on the optic chiasm or involve the temporal lobe, third ventricle and posterior fossa A frequently associated physical finding is bitemporal hemianopsia which may progress to further visual loss.
A benign neoplasm of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
A non-metastasizing tumor that arises from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
ADENOMA, ANTERIOR LOBE PITUITARY GLAND, BENIGN
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the pituitary gland. The vast majority are adenomas arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
A tumor that forms in the pituitary gland. The pituitary is a pea-sized organ in the center of the brain above the back of the nose. It makes hormones that affect other glands and many body functions, especially growth. Most pituitary tumors are benign (not cancer).
Increased amounts of fluid within the pleural cavity. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. It is usually caused by lung infections, congestive heart failure, pleural and lung tumors, connective tissue disorders, and trauma.
A disorder characterized by an increase in amounts of fluid within the pleural cavity. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough and marked chest discomfort.
An abnormal collection of fluid between the thin layers of tissue (pleura) lining the lung and the wall of the chest cavity.
An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that involves the serous membrane that lines the lungs and thoracic cavity. Most pleural neoplasms are metastatic. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the pleura.
A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an increased red blood cell production. The bone marrow is hypercellular due to a panmyelotic proliferation typically characterized by pleomorphic megakaryocytes. The major symptoms are related to hypertension, splenomegaly or to episodes of thrombosis and/or hemorrhage.
A disease in which there are too many red blood cells in the bone marrow and blood, causing the blood to thicken. The number of white blood cells and platelets may also increase. The extra blood cells may collect in the spleen and cause it to become enlarged. They may also cause bleeding problems and make clots form in blood vessels.
An autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by the presence of multiple adenomas in the colon and rectum. It is caused by a germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene which is located on the long arm of chromosome 5. The adenomas are most often tubular, and they have the tendency to progress to adenocarcinoma. They can occur throughout the colon, but they tend to concentrate in the rectum and sigmoid colon. The colorectal adenomas are detected during endoscopic examination between the age of 10 and 20 years. The adenomas increase in size and numbers with age, and there is usually progression of one or more adenomas to adenocarcinoma. The mean age of development of adenocarcinoma is about 40 years. Signs include rectal bleeding and mucousy diarrhea.
An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (growths that protrude from mucous membranes) form on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer.
A usually exophytic mass attached to the underlying tissue by a broad base or a thin stalk. Polyps can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Neoplastic polyps usually represent proliferations of the epithelium, and are commonly seen in the gastrointestinal tract. Polyps of the gastrointestinal tract are often called adenomas, are associated with dysplasia, and may eventually transform into carcinomas. Non-neoplastic polyps may be inflammatory, degenerative, or the result of malformations.
A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane.
A pathological process with signs indicating it may become cancerous. Representative examples include leukoplakia, dysplastic nevus, actinic keratosis, xeroderma pigmentosum, and intraepithelial neoplasia.
Tissue composed of tubuloalveolar glands embedded in fibromuscular stroma. The stroma is smooth muscle separated by strands of connective tissue rich in collagenous and elastic fibers. The secretory alveoli of the prostate are irregularly shaped with papillary projections of the mucosa into the lumen of the gland.
An adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces prolactin. It is the most common type of pituitary gland adenomas and it is associated with hyperprolactinemia. Clinical manifestations include amenorrhea, galactorrhea, impotence, headache, and visual disturbances.
Prolactin-Producing Pituitary Gland Adenoma
A non-malignant prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor.
Prolactin Producing Adenoma of Pituitary
Prolactin Producing Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Prolactin Producing Adenoma of the Pituitary
Prolactin Producing Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Prolactin Producing Pituitary Gland Adenoma
Prolactin Secreting Adenoma of Pituitary
Prolactin Secreting Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Prolactin Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary
Prolactin Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Gland Adenoma
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the prostate gland. Representative examples include benign prostate phyllodes tumor, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, prostate carcinoma, and prostate sarcoma.
A disorder characterized by an intense itching sensation.
Itching. Severe itching may be a side effect of some cancer treatments and a symptom of some types of cancers.
A usually well differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma of the peritoneum. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low grade mucinous neoplasm of the appendix. Cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with mucinous adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder, stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, lung, breast, and fallopian tubes have also been reported. In the past, the ovary has been considered as a common primary site associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei. However, there is recent evidence based on immunohistochemistry and molecular genetic analysis suggesting that most cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei probably represent metastasis from an appendiceal and not ovarian primary.
A build-up of mucus in the peritoneal cavity. The mucus may come from ruptured ovarian cysts, from the appendix, or from other abdominal tissues. Mucus-secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus.
Peritoneal Cavity Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Well Differentiated Peritoneal Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Disturbances in sexual desire or performance.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the rectum. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Rectal adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.
Tissue consisting of mucous or serous secreting epithelial tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic tissue.
A polypoid lesion that arises from the rectum and protrudes into the lumen. This group includes adenomatous polyps, serrated polyps, and hamartomatous polyps.
The descending portion of the duodenum between the neck of the gallbladder and the inferior duodenal flexure.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the respiratory tract.
Tissue composed of three layers- epidermis, dermis and subcutis which protect underlying muscles and organs. Skin is used for insulation, vitamin D production, sensation, and excretion through sweat.
Tissue composed of three layers, epidermis, dermis and subcutis which protect underlying muscles and organs.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the retroperitoneum.
The tissue of the small intestine. It comprises four layers - mucosa with simple columnar epithelium, submucosa, smooth muscle with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers, and serosa.
A benign mesenchymal tumor arising from skeletal or cardiac muscle.
A benign neoplasm arising from skeletal or cardiac muscle, characterized by the presence of rhabdomyoblasts.
A rare aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle. It usually occurs in children and young adults. Only a small percentage of tumors arise in the skeletal muscle of the extremities. The majority arise in other anatomical sites.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle.
A malignant neoplasm arising from skeletal myocytes.
Cancer that forms in the soft tissues in a type of muscle called striated muscle. Rhabdomyosarcoma can occur anywhere in the body.
An aberrant chromosome where the arms have fused to form a ring.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Warthin tumor, monomorphic adenoma, and pleomorphic adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the sebaceous glands. Representative examples include sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous carcinoma.
Adipose tissue located under the dermis. It binds underlying structures with the skin. The subcutis is important in the regulation of temperature of the skin itself and the body. The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person.
Adipose and connective tissue located deep to the dermis.
A generalized peripheral (mature) T-cell neoplasm characterized by the presence of erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, and neoplastic, cerebriform T-lymphocytes in the blood. Sezary syndrome is an aggressive disease. (WHO, 2001)
A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a cancerous disease that affects the skin.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/Sezary syndrome
Clinical, laboratory or molecular evidence, or absence of evidence of disease.
Signs and symptoms associated with disturbances within the digestive system, which includes the stomach, intestines and all associated organs that aid in digestion.
Gastrointestinal System Signs and Symptoms
Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the skin or subcutaneous tissue that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.
A benign or malignant tumor involving the skin. Representative examples of benign skin neoplasms include the benign melanocytic skin nevus, acanthoma, sebaceous adenoma, sweat gland adenoma, lipoma, hemangioma, fibroma, and benign fibrous histiocytoma. Representative examples of malignant skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.
A benign or malignant round or oval and elevated solid lesion that arises from the skin or subcutaneous tissue.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the bones and structures of the skull.
An epithelial cell found in the small lobes at the end of the milk ducts inside the breast where the milk-producing cells are.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the soft tissue. The most common types are lipomatous (fatty), vascular, smooth muscle, fibrous, and fibrohistiocytic neoplasms.
The tissue that forms the thyroid gland. Its main component is the thyroid follicle.
A rare, usually malignant neuroendocrine tumor arizing from delta cells. This neoplasm produces large amounts of somatostatin, which may result in a syndrome characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, and gastric hyposecretion. Sixty percent are found in the pancreas and 40% in the duodenum or jejunum. The peak incidence occurs between 40 and 60 years of age; women are affected more than men by 2:1.
Somatostatin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
A primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the spinal cord.
A neoplasm arising within the spinal cord.
A primary or metastatic neoplasm that occurs within the spinal canal including the spinal cord and surrounding paraspinal spaces.
Neoplasm of Spinal Canal and Spinal Cord
Neoplasm of the Spinal Canal and Spinal Cord
Neoplasms of Spinal Canal and Spinal Cord
Neoplasms of the Spinal Canal and Spinal Cord
Tumor of the Spinal Canal and Spinal Cord
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the spleen. Representative examples include hemangioma, lymphoma, splenic involvement by leukemia, and angiosarcoma.
The glands present in the endometrium or inner layer of the uterus.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the stomach.
A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event.
A disorder characterized by a sudden loss of sensory function due to an intracranial vascular event.
An acute episode of focal or global neurological dysfunction caused by presumed brain, spinal cord, or retinal vascular injury as a result of hemorrhage or infarction but with insufficient information to allow categorization as ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Brain tissue necrosis due to a disturbance in the blood flow or hemorrhage.
In medicine, a loss of blood flow to part of the brain, which damages brain tissue. Strokes are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain. Symptoms include dizziness, numbness, weakness on one side of the body, and problems with talking, writing, or understanding language. The risk of stroke is increased by high blood pressure, older age, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, atherosclerosis (a build-up of fatty material and plaque inside the coronary arteries), and a family history of stroke.
A mucus-producing epithelial cell lining the endocervical lumen.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the sublingual gland.
A cell of the uterine wall immediately underling the endometrial epithelium. Endometrial stromal cells proliferate and respond to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone. These cells produce growth factors and hormones that mediate the proliferative response of epithelial cells to the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone. In response to embryo implantation, endometrial stromal cells accumulate lipid and glycogen.
An epithelial cell which may release secretions to a free epithelial surface (exocrine) or to the circulatory system (endocrine).
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the submandibular gland.
An immature T-lymphocyte, that has enlarged following stimulation by an antigen, has the capacity to recognize the stimulating antigen and is undergoing proliferation and differentiation either to eliminate the antigen or to a memory state in order to recognize the future appearance of the antigen.
A morphologically immature B-lymphocyte, once thought to represent an early stage in lymphocyte development but now known to be an activated lymphocyte that has been transformed in response to antigenic stimulation.
Tissue composed of a highly cellular outer cortex, and less cellular inner medulla. Both cortex and medulla contain epithelial cells, interdigitating dendritic cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
Obstruction of the blood flow in the superior vena cava caused by a malignant neoplasm, thrombosis, or aneurysm. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Signs and symptoms include swelling and cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms, cough, orthopnea, and headache.
A condition in which a tumor presses against the superior vena cava (the large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart). This pressure blocks blood flow to the heart and may cause coughing, difficulty in breathing, and swelling of the face, neck, and upper arms.
A disorder characterized by obstruction of the blood flow in the superior vena cava. Signs and symptoms include swelling and cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms, cough, orthopnea and headache.
Elevated pressure in the superior vena cava causing a constellation of recognized symptoms such as swelling and cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms, cough, orthopnea and headache.
Any component of the nervous system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Any component of the nervous system that is external to the brain and spinal cord.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that occurs within the intracranial cavity above the tentorium cerebelli.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the sweat glands.
The mucous lining of the canal of the cervix uteri. It is composed of epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria mucosae, and lamina muscularis mucosae.
Enlargement; expansion in size; sign of inflammation
A tumor usually arising in the synovium of joints, bursa or tendon sheath. It is characterized by the presence of mononuclear cells, multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, foam cells, and an inflammatory infiltrate. According to the growth pattern, it is classified as localized or diffuse.
A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of various tissues which correspond to the different germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). It occurs in the testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system, mediastinum, lung, and stomach. According to the level of differentiation of the tissues which comprise the tumor, teratomas are classified as mature or immature. Mature teratomas are composed of well differentiated, adult-type tissues. Immature teratomas are composed of immature, fetal-type tissues. Testicular teratomas in children follow a benign clinical course. Mature ovarian teratomas without a fetal-type component have an excellent outcome. The prognosis of immature ovarian teratomas is related to the grade and stage of the tumor.
A non-germinomatous germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of various tissues which correspond to the different germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). It occurs in the testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system, mediastinum, lung, and stomach. According to the level of differentiation of the tissues which comprise the tumor, teratomas are classified as mature or immature. Mature teratomas are composed of well differentiated, adult-type tissues. Immature teratomas are composed of immature, fetal-type tissues.
A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the testis. Representative examples include fibroma, thecoma, benign Sertoli cell tumor, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the tissues of the thorax.
Any component of the male or female organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring.
A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm that involves primarily the megakaryocytic lineage. It is characterized by sustained thrombocytosis in the blood, increased numbers of large, mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and episodes of thrombosis and/or hemorrhage. (WHO, 2008)
A chronic condition that involves primarily the megakaryocytic lineage. It is characterized by sustained thrombocytosis in the blood, increased numbers of large, mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and elevated risk for thrombosis and/or hemorrhage.
An increased number of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood, without a known cause.
Any component of the framework, including bone and cartilage, that supports and/or protects the soft tissues of vertebrate animals.
A laboratory test result indicating that there is an abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood.
A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of platelets in the blood. It may result in easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds or bleeding in mucous membranes and other tissues.
A finding based on laboratory test results that indicate a decrease in number of platelets in a blood specimen.
Abnormally low level of platelets in the blood.
Inflammation of the veins associated with the presence of a thrombus.
Inflammation of a vein that occurs when a blood clot forms.
A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Although thymomas are usually encapsulated tumors, they may invade the capsule and infiltrate the surrounding tissues or even metastasize to distant anatomic sites. The following morphologic subtypes are currently recognized: type A, type B, type AB, metaplastic, micronodular, microscopic, and sclerosing thymoma. Thymomas type B are further subdivided into types B1, B2, and B3. Thymoma type B3 usually has the most aggressive clinical course.
A tumor of the thymus, an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and is located in the chest, behind the breastbone.
A neoplasm that affects the thymus. Representative examples include thymoma and carcinoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.
A nodular lesion that develops in the thyroid gland. Causes include adenoma, thyroiditis, fluid-filled cyst, multinodular goiter, and carcinoma.
A discrete tissue mass in the thyroid gland.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the tongue.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the trachea. Representative examples include tracheal leiomyoma and tracheal carcinoma.
A genetic exchange where a piece of one chromosome is transfered to another chromosome.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of one chromosome in addition to the normal diploid number.
The presence of an extra chromosome, resulting in a total of three copies of that chromosome instead of the normal 2 copies (e.g., trisomy 21, or Down syndrome).
A gestational or non-gestational neoplasm composed of neoplastic trophoblastic cells. Representative examples include hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.
A condition of metabolic abnormalities that result from a spontaneous or therapy-related cytolysis of tumor cells. Tumor lysis syndrome typically occurs in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. Burkitt lymphoma and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are commonly associated with this syndrome. Metabolic abnormalities include hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia and may result in renal failure, multiple organ failure, and death.
A condition that can occur after treatment of a fast-growing cancer, especially certain leukemias and lymphomas (cancers of the blood). As tumor cells die, they break apart and release their contents into the blood. This causes a change in certain chemicals in the blood, which may cause damage to organs, including the kidneys, heart, and liver.
A disorder characterized by metabolic abnormalities that result from a spontaneous or therapy-related cytolysis of tumor cells.
Multiple metabolic abnormalities resulting from tumor cell cytolysis characterized typically by hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and impaired renal function.
A circumscribed inflammatory and often suppurating lesion on the skin or an internal mucous surface resulting in necrosis of tissue.
A circumscribed loss of integrity of the skin or mucous membrane.
Destruction of an epithelial surface extending into or beyond the basement membrane.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the ureter.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the urethra. Urethra carcinoma is a representative example.
Disorders of any part of the urologic system.
Any disease affecting the urinary system.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the urinary system. --2003
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the body of the uterus. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A genetic disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and fusion of the fingers and toes.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the uterine corpus or the cervix. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include leiomyoma, adenomyoma, and endocervical polyp. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include endometrial carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and cervical carcinoma.
A neoplasm that affects the uvea. Uveal melanoma is a representative example.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the vagina. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include squamous papilloma and melanocytic nevus. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma.
A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the motor neurons of the central nervous system. It results in weakness and atrophy of the muscles which leads to an inability to initiate and control voluntary movements.
Anemia resulting from the premature destruction of the peripheral blood red cells. It may be congenital or it may be caused by infections, medications, or malignancies.
Anemia resulting from the premature destruction of the erythrocytes.
Hemolytic anemia, the cause of which is not present at birth.
A form of hemolytic anemia, characterized by the premature destruction of the erythrocytes, for which the cause is not present at birth.
An acquired anemia caused by destruction of the red blood cells by autoantibodies. Causes include autoimmune disorders, lymphoproliferative disorders, and infections.
A condition in which the body's immune system stops red blood cells from forming or causes them to clump together. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia can occur in patients who have chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
An acquired anemia caused by destruction of the erythrocytes by autoantibodies.
Anemia that is characterized by increased red blood cell volume.
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) greater than 100 femtoliters. The threshold value is greater in infancy.
The abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity resulting in ascites.
Abnormally high level of basophils in the blood.
A blue-purple tinctorial change associated with staining with basic dyes.
A genetic syndrome caused by abnormalities in chromosome 11. It is characterized by large birth weight, macroglossia, umbilical hernia, ear abnormalities, and hypoglycemia. Patients with this syndrome have an increased risk of developing embryonal tumors (gonadoblastoma, hepatoblastoma, Wilms tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma) and adrenal cortex carcinomas.
A complex syndrome resulting from various genetic and epigenetic anomalies of the 11p15.5 chromosomal region, leading to dysregulated expression of imprinted genes. Specific genes involved include CDKN1C, H19, IGF2, and KCNQ1OT1. One of the key genetic anomalies is an imbalance between the paternally expressed IGF2 growth enhancer gene and the maternally expressed H19 growth suppressor gene, leading to fetal and postnatal overgrowth. The condition is typically characterized by macrosomia, macroglossia, umbilical hernia or more severe abdominal wall anomalies such as omphalocele, ear lobe indentations, and hypoglycemia associated with hyperinsulinemia due to pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia. Patients with this syndrome have an increased risk for development of embryonal tumors (particularly Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma) and adrenal cortex carcinoma.
A rare, overgrowth disorder in which babies are large at birth and may develop low blood sugar. Other common symptoms are a large tongue, large internal organs, and defects of the abdominal wall near the navel. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome increases the risk of developing certain cancers, especially Wilms tumor.
Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.
A disorder characterized by the reflexive act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth.
Expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.
To eject some or all of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the vulva. Representative examples include Bartholin gland adenoma, vulvar nodular hidradenoma, vulvar carcinoma, and vulvar melanoma.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from any of the following anatomic sites: lip and oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and salivary glands.
Cancer of the head and neck that begins in squamous cells (thin, flat cells that form the surface of the skin, eyes, various internal organs, and the lining of hollow organs and ducts of some glands). Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck includes cancers of the nasal cavity, sinuses, lips, mouth, salivary glands, throat, and larynx (voice box). Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, NOS
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
A malignant tumor composed of a mixture of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements.
A malignant neoplasm comprising a mixture of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements.
A malignant tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma (cancer of epithelial tissue, which is skin and tissue that lines or covers the internal organs) and sarcoma (cancer of connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat).
A finding characterized by a decrease in overall body weight; for pediatrics, less than the baseline growth curve.
A benign histiocytic tumor that occurs during childhood; it is distinct from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. It is characterized by the presence of lipid-laden, foamy histiocytes and Touton-type giant cells in the dermis. The lesions usually develop during infancy. They consist of cutaneous papules and nodules (most often in the head and neck). It is sometimes associated with deep soft tissues nodules.
A macrophage disorder that occurs during childhood; it is distinct from Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and is characterized by cutaneous papules and nodules (most often in the head and neck).
In medicine, a fluid that comes out of the body. Discharge can be normal or a sign of disease. Discharge also means release of a patient from care.
Disruption of the normal functioning of the sensory nerves in the skin.
A disorder of the skin characterized by loss or reduction of the skin color. It is caused by loss of melanocytes or abnormalities in melanin production.
The most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the most frequently seen morphologic variants which are: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma and marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. -- 2003
A type of cancer that forms in B cells (a type of immune system cell). B-cell lymphomas usually occur in adults and may be either indolent (slow-growing) or aggressive (fast-growing). There are many different types of B-cell lymphomas, and prognosis and treatment depend on the type and stage of cancer.
A polyp that arises from the endocervix. It is characterized by the presence of endocervical glands and a fibrovascular stroma.
A disease characterized by fibrotic thickening of the endocardium, particularly the right and/or left inflow tracts. The disease often involves the atrioventricular valves, leading to valvular regurgitaion. It most commonly occurs in children living within 15 degrees of the equator.
A laboratory test result indicating an abnormally high quantity of immature red blood cells.
A follicular lymphoma which contains more than 15 centroblasts per 40X high-power microscopic field.
A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by large cells and enlarged lymph nodes. Grade 3 follicular lymphoma is less common, and more aggressive than grades 1 or 2 follicular lymphoma.
Grade III Follicular Large Cell Lymphoma
A genetic, non-inheritable disorder caused by osteoblastic differentiation defects that result in the replacement of bone marrow and trabecular bone by fibrous stroma and immature bone. It usually affects a single bone and less frequently multiple bones. Skull, femur, tibia, and humerus are the most frequently affected bones. It manifests with pain, deformities, and fractures.
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of immunoblasts with uniformly round-to-oval nuclei, a prominent nucleolus, and abundant cytoplasm.
A malignant neoplasm composed of immunoblasts (large B cells).
Painful sensation in the region below the ribs and above the hip.
A disorder characterized by marked discomfort sensation on the lateral side of the body in the region below the ribs and above the hip.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the gallbladder. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include acute and chronic cholecystitis, often associated with the presence of gallstones. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include adenoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A follicular lymphoma which contains up to 5 centroblasts per 40X high-power microscopic field.
An indolent (slow-growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by enlarged lymph nodes and small cells that have cleaved (u-shaped) nuclei.
Grade I Follicular Small Cleaved Cell Lymphoma
Poorly Differentiated Nodular Lymphocytic Lymphoma
A condition characterized by painful swelling of the joints, which is caused by deposition of urate crystals.
A condition marked by increased levels of uric acid in the blood, joints, and tissue. The buildup of uric acid in the joints and tissues causes arthritis and inflammation.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder involving the hair. Representative examples include folliculitis, alopecia, tricholemmoma, and pilomatrical carcinoma.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma of T-cell lineage. It includes the T lymphoblastic lymphoma and the mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas. -- 2003
A disease in which certain cells of the lymph system (called T lymphocytes) become cancer.
T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Pain in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.
A disorder characterized by a sensation of marked discomfort in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.
A T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising from the skin. Representative examples include mycosis fungoides and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Any of a group of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas that begins in the skin as an itchy, red rash that can thicken or form a tumor. The most common types are mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.
Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Skin
This type of lymphoma is not frequently seen in the western hemisphere. Clinically, with the exception of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas are among the most aggressive of all hematopoietic neoplasms. Representative disease entities include mycosis fungoides, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
One of a group of aggressive (fast-growing) non-Hodgkin lymphomas that begins in mature T lymphocytes (T cells that have matured in the thymus gland and goes to other lymphatic sites in the body, including lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen.)
Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening.
The bulging of an internal organ through a weak area or tear in the muscle or other tissue that holds it in place. Most hernias occur in the abdomen.
The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening. (NCI)
A congenital or acquired weakness or opening in the diaphragm which allows abdominal contents to protrude into the chest cavity; congenital diaphragmatic hernias are caused when the embryonic diaphragm fails to fuse.
The protrusion of a sac-like structure containing fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening in the inguinal region.
The protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity into the inguinal canal.
A laboratory test result indicating abnormally high concentrations of gamma globulins in the blood.
Overactive functioning of the spleen, resulting in excessive destruction of blood cells.
X-linked or autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defects of both humoral and cell mediated immunity, resulting in low or absent antibody levels, leukopenia, marked susceptibility to infections, and early death.--2004
A rare, inherited disease that is marked by a lack of B lymphocytes (white blood cells that make antibodies and help fight infections) and a lack of T lymphocytes (white blood cells that attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells). Patients with this disease have a high risk of developing viral, bacterial, and fungal infections.
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
An intraventricular papillary neoplasm that originates from the choroid plexus epithelium. It includes the choroid plexus papilloma, atypical choroid plexus papilloma, and choroid plexus carcinoma.
A rare type of cancer that occurs in the ventricles of the brain. It usually occurs in children younger than 2 years.
An unusual benign or malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic large polygonal cells with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm which contains abundant lysosomes. It was originally thought to be a tumor originating from muscle cells and was named granular cell myoblastoma. Subsequent studies have suggested a derivation from Schwann cells. It affects females more often than males and it usually presents as a solitary mass. A minority of patients have multiple tumors. It can arise from many anatomic sites including the posterior pituitary gland, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, heart, mediastinum, and breast.
A sex chromosome disorder caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in the male karyotype. Affected individuals are infertile and have a small penis and testes. They tend to have tall stature and long legs and may have difficulties with speech and language development. Gynecomastia may be present.
A condition caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome resulting in 47,XXY karyotype in an individual with male phenotype. The condition is characterized in childhood by relative tall stature with disproportionately long limbs, and speech/language developmental problems in some patients. Postpubertal findings include small testes, gynecomastia, and infertility.
A genetic disorder in males caused by having one or more extra X chromosomes. Males with this disorder may have larger than normal breasts, a lack of facial and body hair, a rounded body type, and small testicles. They may learn to speak much later than other children and may have difficulty learning to read and write. Klinefelter syndrome increases the risk of developing extragonadal germ cell tumors and breast cancer.
An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome caused by an alteration in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. It is characterized by the development of malignant neoplasms at various anatomic sites. The malignant neoplasms associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome include adrenal cortex carcinoma, astrocytic tumors, colorectal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, malignant breast neoplasms, medulloblastoma, osteosarcoma, and soft tissue sarcomas.
A rare, inherited predisposition to multiple cancers, caused by an alteration in the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
Li-Fraumeni Familial Cancer Susceptibility Syndrome
A friable, benign vascular neoplasm with lobular capillary architecture that presents as a raised red skin growth.
An epithelial or non-epithelial malignant neoplasm that arises from the liver. Representative examples include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A benign or malignant pathologic structure in any part of the body, resulting from a neoplastic accumulation of cells, inflammatory cells, or cystic changes.
A benign or malignant pathologic structure in any part of the body resulting from cystic changes or accumulation of inflammatory or neoplastic cells.
A benign or malignant pathologic structure in any part of the body, resulting from a neoplastic accumulation of cells, inflammation, or cystic changes.
In medicine, a lump in the body. It may be caused by the abnormal growth of cells, a cyst, hormonal changes, or an immune reaction. A mass may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Uterine bleeding that occurs during a time not associated with the normal menstrual period.
A carcinoma which has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A slowly progressing leukemia characterized by a clonal (malignant) proliferation of maturing and mature myeloid cells or mature lymphocytes. When the clonal cellular population is composed of myeloid cells, the process is called chronic myelogenous leukemia. When the clonal cellular population is composed of lymphocytes, it is classified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, or T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia.
A slowly progressing cancer that starts in blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of white blood cells to be produced and enter the blood stream.
A collection of symptoms that include severe edema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia; it is indicative of renal dysfunction.
A syndrome characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and varying degrees of edema, and possibly hypercholesteremia.
A genetic syndrome caused by mutations in the PTPN11 gene (over 50% of the cases) or less frequently mutations in the SOS1, RAF1, or KRAS genes. It is characterized by short stature, webbed neck, hypertelorism, low-set ears, deafness, and thrombocytopenia or abnormal platelet function.
A predominantly autosomal dominant condition typically caused by mutation(s) in genes encoding proteins involved in the RAS-MAP kinase pathway, disrupting the regulation of cell growth and division. The condition is characterized by short stature, webbed neck, hypertelorism, low-set ears, deafness, pectus excavatum/carinatum, right sided cardiac anomalies (pulmonary stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), bleeding disorders, and an increased risk of leukemia. Fifty percent of individuals with Noonan syndrome have mutation(s) in the PTPN11 gene, encoding tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11.
The development of a neoplasm in response to medical or surgical treatment, induced by the treatment itself.
A rare syndrome characterized by severe watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria. It is caused by the oversecretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide from the pancreatic islet cells.
Watery Diarrhea with Hypokalemic Alkalosis
Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria Syndrome
A finding of low numbers of red and white blood cells and platelets in the peripheral blood.
Abnormally low level of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the penis. Representative examples include hemangioma and lymphangioma.
Abnormal retention of nuclei, and the resulting incomplete keratinization, of epithelial cells in the stratum corneum layer of the skin.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm arising from the lips.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the cecum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.
A carcinoma arising from squamous bronchial epithelial cells. It may be keratinizing or non-keratinizing. Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the presence of keratinization, pearl formation, and/or intercellular bridges. Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the absence of keratinization, pearl formation, and intercellular bridges. Cigarette smoking and arsenic exposure are strongly associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma.
Uterine bleeding occurring after menopause.
A benign lung neoplasm characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular stroma lined by cuboidal to columnar cells. Patients are usually asymptomatic and it is incidentally discovered as a pulmonary nodule during chest X-ray examination. Surgical excision is curative.
A benign neoplasia of the lung, arising from bronchial epithelium.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the bronchi (large air passages in the lungs including those that lead to the lungs from the windpipe).
Papillary Adenoma of Type II Pneumocytes
Peripheral Papillary Tumor of Type II Pneumocytes
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the colonic mucosa. It is characterized by a villous architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A lobular hemangioma arising from the skin and attached subcutaneous tissues.
Lobular Capillary Hemangioma of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
Pyogenic Granuloma of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
A disease characterized by normocytic, normochromic anemia, low hematocrit, reticulocytopenia, and selective erythroid hypoplasia.
A condition characterized by aplasia of the erythroid series only. The leukocytes and platelets are not affected.
A benign neoplasm arising from soft tissue of the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A cardiac myxoma arising from the atrium.
A parasitic infection caused by flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Signs and symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia and hepatosplenomegaly. If left untreated it may eventually cause liver damage leading to cirrhosis, bladder cancer and kidney failure.
Schistosoma parasite infection that is commonly seen in tropical and subtropical regions and may be transmitted through skin contact with contaminated freshwater.
A benign, encapsulated tumor, arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It may be associated with thyroid hormone secretion but it does not have malignant characteristics.
A benign neoplasm arising from follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
A non-malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland arising from epithelial cells.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the endometrium. Representative examples include endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma.
Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus).
Strabismus is the intermittent or constant misalignment of an eye so that its line of vision is not pointed at the same object as the other eye. Strabismus is caused by an imbalance in the extraocular muscles which control the positioning of the eyes. Strabismus is normal in newborns but should resolve by the time the baby is 6 months old. In older children with strabismus, the brain may learn to ignore the input from one eye, and this may lead to amblyopia, a potentially permanent decrease in vision in that eye if not corrected.
A disorder resulting from an abnormality in the immune system.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the trachea. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include congenital malformations and infection. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinoma and lymphoma.
A primary melanoma arising from atypical melanocytes in the skin. Precursor lesions include acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Several histologic variants have been recognized, including superficial spreading melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, nodular melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma.
Malignant Melanoma (of Skin), Stage Unspecified
Malignant Melanoma of Skin Stage Unspecified
An abnormality of the genitourinary system that is present at birth or detected in the neonatal period.
Congenital Abnormality of the Genitourinary System
A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by the presence of hyalinized or myxoid stroma, edema, cystic changes, hemorrhage, and calcifications.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels. Examples include vasculitis, thrombophlebitis, arteriosclerosis, lymphedema, hemangioma, and angiosarcoma.
A carcinoma that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells. There is a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Usually lung adenocarcinoma is asymptomatic and is identified through screening studies or as an incidental radiologic finding. If clinical symptoms are present they include shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and fever. Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor.
An acute or chronic inflammation of the liver parenchyma caused by viruses. Representative examples include hepatitis A, B, and C, cytomegalovirus hepatitis, and herpes simplex hepatitis.
A disorder characterized by a viral pathologic process involving the liver parenchyma.
Hepatitis that is caused by a viral infection.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from eye diseases, optic nerve diseases, visual pathway diseases, occipital lobe diseases, ocular motility disorders' and other conditions.
A malignant epithelial tumor arising from the esophageal mucosa. Two major histologic types of esophageal carcinoma have been described: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is associated with excessive ethanol and cigarette usage.
Cancer that forms in tissues lining the esophagus (the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach). Two types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the esophagus) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).
Anemia in which the red blood cell volume is normal.
A form of anemia in which the erythrocytes are of normal size, but with a decrease in hemoglobin.
Shivering or moderate tremors of the body often accompanied by a cold sensation.
A disorder characterized by a sensation of cold that often marks a physiologic response to sweating after a fever.
Shivering or moderate tremors of the body, this is often accompanied by a cold sensation.
Abnormally high level of monocytes in the blood.
The flow of fluid from the nipple of the breast.
Fluid that is not milk coming from the nipple.
Abnormally high level of neutrophils in the blood.
A laboratory finding indicating decreased number of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. It may result from decreased proliferation of all or part of the hematopoietic series (erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic). Microscopically, the hematopoietic cells are replaced by adipocytes.
A disorder characterized by the inability of the bone marrow to produce hematopoietic elements.
A laboratory test result indicating abnormally high numbers of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
A disorder that is related to pregnancy. Representative examples include ectopic pregnancy, toxemia of pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic tumor.
A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with scattered Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells in a diffuse or vaguely nodular mixed inflammatory background without nodular sclerosing fibrosis. (WHO, 2008)
Mixed Cellularity Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by collagen bands that surround at least one nodule, and Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells with lacunar type morphology. (WHO, 2008)
Nodular Sclerosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
An intraepithelial carcinoma arising from any part of the digestive system without evidence of invasion.
Gastrointestinal System Carcinoma In Situ
A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the principal involvement of the neutrophil series with leukocytosis and multilineage dysplasia. The neoplastic cells do not have a Philadelphia chromosome or the BCR/ABL fusion gene. (WHO, 2001)
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Negative
A tumor mass composed of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It occurs in extramedullary sites or the bone. (WHO, 2001)
A malignant neoplasm composed of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It occurs in extramedullary sites or the bone.
A malignant, green-colored tumor of myeloid cells (a type of immature white blood cell). This tumor is usually associated with myelogenous leukemia.
Dilatation of the lumen of the mammary ducts without evidence of epithelial atypia.
Non-menstrual bleeding that occurs during or after sexual intercourse.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the parotid gland. Representative examples include carcinoma, malignant mixed tumor, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Cancer that forms in a parotid gland, the largest of the salivary glands, which make saliva and release it into the mouth. There are 2 parotid glands, one in front of and just below each ear. Most salivary gland tumors begin in parotid glands.
A disorder of the vasculature of the skin.
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the submandibular gland. The majority are carcinomas.
Malignant Neoplasm of Submandibular Gland
Malignant Neoplasm of the Submandibular Gland
Malignant Tumor of the Submandibular Gland
Diffuse hypertrophy of the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis.
The presence of erythrocytes with excessive variation in size in the blood.
An increase in the number of abnormally shaped red blood cells.
An abnormal increase in head circumference, which can have a variety of causes, including hydrocephalus, enlarged brain, and cranial hyperostosis.
A rare malignant neoplasm that arises from the sublingual gland. The majority are carcinomas.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Sublingual Gland
A sensation of discomfort emanating from the inferior quadrants of the abdomen, which may be peritoneal or visceral in origin, or referred from an extra-abdominal location.
A laboratory test result indicating an increase in the concentration of alpha fetoproteins in the blood.
A rise in the amount of alpha fetoprotein detected in the blood as compared to normal for age group and gestational age. In some instances this can be indicative of a tumor.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the ampulla of Vater.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Ampulla of Vater
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the retroperitoneum. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas, lymphomas, or sarcomas.
Neoplasms that affect the bone marrow. Such neoplasms may arise in the bone marrow (e.g. myeloid leukemias) or may involve the bone marrow as secondary, metastatic tumors (e.g. metastatic carcinomas to the bone marrow).
A radiologic finding indicating the presence of bone destruction that results from the spread of cancer to the bone(s).
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the peritoneum. Representative examples include carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma.
Cancer of the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers organs in the abdomen.
A morphologic finding indicating a change in a tissue due to vascular injury or leakage.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of Mallory bodies in the liver parenchyma. Mallory bodies are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in the hepatocytes. They contain filaments and are present in the liver parenchyma of patients with various liver disorders including alcoholic liver disease, Wilson disease, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the spleen. Representative examples include leukemias, lymphomas, and sarcomas.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. This category includes pleomorphic adenoma, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, and carcinosarcoma.
A carcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium in any site of the intrahepatic biliary tree. Grossly, the malignant lesions are solid, nodular, and grayish. Morphologically, the vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Signs and symptoms include malaise, weight loss, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and night sweats. Early detection is difficult and the prognosis is generally poor.
A malignant neoplasm of the liver arising from/comprising cells resembling those of bile ducts.
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA, INTRAHEPATIC, MALIGNANT
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
Intrahepatic Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
Transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia into aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, usually diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (immunoblastic or centroblastic variant). Occasional cases of transformation to Hodgkin's lymphoma have also been described, particularly in patients treated with purine nucleotide analogues. Molecular genetic studies suggest that in approximately half of the cases, the lymphoma is clonally related to the underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia, whereas in the remaining cases the lymphoma probably represents a secondary, unrelated neoplasm.
A rare condition in which chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) changes into a fast-growing type of lymphoma. Symptoms of Richter syndrome include fever, loss of weight and muscle mass, and other health problems.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the sphenoid sinus.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Sphenoid Sinus
Malignant Neoplasm of the Sphenoidal Sinus
Polycythemia that is caused by excess erythropoietin.
Polycythaemia due to Excess Erythropoetin Production
A classification of rare, non-neoplastic, proliferative disorders of the hematologic system. Primary or familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is inherited with an autosomal recessive pattern with five known subtypes differentiated by specific genetic mutations. Secondary manifestation of HLH is usually seen in hyperactivated immunologic states such as infection, autoimmune disease or malignancy. Histiocytes in the bone marrow, spleen or lymph nodes become activated to the point that phagocytosis proceeds unchecked. Clinical signs usually present within the first decade and include fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and skin rash. Prompt initiation of treatment improves survival though prognosis remains poor even with intervention.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the glottic area of the larynx. The vast majority of cases represent squamous cell carcinomas.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the supraglottic area of the larynx. The vast majority of cases are squamous cell carcinomas.
A laboratory test result indicating a finding outside the parameters of normal urine measurements.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the subglottic area of the larynx. The vast majority of cases are squamous cell carcinomas.
A term that refers to the nature and/or clinical outcome of a disease (e.g., acute or chronic disease, aggressive or indolent disease, recurrent disease, etc.).
A description of the series of events, including signs and symptoms, that define the course of a chronic disease over time.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the pleura. A representative example of primary malignant pleural neoplasm is the malignant pleural mesothelioma. A representative example of metastatic malignant neoplasm to the pleura is metastatic carcinoma that has spread to the pleura from another anatomic site.
A specific behavioral problem that occurs in persistent patterns and characteristic clusters and that causes clinically significant impairment.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the heart.
A rare cancer that develops in tissues of the heart.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the mediastinum. Representative examples of primary malignant mediastinal neoplasms include malignant germ cell tumors, malignant mesenchymal tumors, lymphomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A representative example of metastatic malignant neoplasm to the mediastinum is the metastatic carcinoma to the mediastinum from another anatomic site.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the skin. It presents with patches, plaques, or nodules.
Malignant neoplasms that either originate from the bone marrow (e.g. myeloid leukemias) or involve the bone marrow as secondary-metastatic tumors (e.g. metastatic carcinomas to the bone marrow). --2003
Cancer that forms in the blood-forming stem cells of the bone marrow (soft sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones). Bone marrow cancer includes leukemias and multiple myeloma.
A viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectious process that affects the digestive system.
Carcinoma, predominantly squamous cell, arising from epithelial cells of the larynx or pharynx.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the pharynx (the hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the windpipe and esophagus). Throat cancer includes cancer of the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose), the oropharynx (the middle part of the pharynx), and the hypopharynx (the bottom part of the pharynx). Cancer of the larynx (voice box) may also be included as a type of throat cancer. Most throat cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells that look like fish scales).
A polypoid tumor that arises from any part of the gastrointestinal tract and protrudes into the lumen. Representative examples include adenomatous polyps, hyperplastic polyps, and hamartomatous polyps.
Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the uterine corpus and/or the cervix.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). Two types of uterine cancer are endometrial cancer (cancer that begins in cells lining the uterus) and uterine sarcoma (a rare cancer that begins in muscle or other tissues in the uterus).
A laboratory test result indicating an increased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood.
A disorder characterized by laboratory test results that indicate an increased number of white blood cells in the blood.
Abnormally high level of white blood cells in the blood.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the endocervix.
Malignant Neoplasm of Uterine Endocervix
Malignant Neoplasm of the Uterine Endocervix
Malignant Tumor of the Uterine Endocervix
A hematology test result that indicates the presence of higher than normal platelet counts in the peripheral blood.
Abnormally high level of platelets in the blood.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the exocervix.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Uterine Exocervix
Malignant Tumor of the Uterine Exocervix
Hypertrophy of the outermost layer of the epidermis. It may be caused by physical or chemical irritants, irradiation, infection, or neoplastic processes.
A condition marked by thickening of the outer layer of the skin, which is made of keratin (a tough, protective protein). It can result from normal use (corns, calluses), chronic inflammation (eczema), or genetic disorders (X-linked ichthyosis, ichthyosis vulgaris).
Thickening of the outermost layer of stratified squamous epithelium.
A disorder that affects the muscle tissue of the heart. Representative examples include myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy.
An abnormal laboratory test result indicating the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the blood or urine.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the cardiovascular system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the cardiovascular system. (NCI)
A laboratory test result that indicates the presence of abnormal blood chemistry and/or hematology values.
Abnormal Blood Chemistry and Hematology Test Result
A rare, benign epithelial neoplasm composed of irregular proliferating nests and islands of epithelium, including solid and gland-like sebaceous elements, surrounded by lymphoid stroma. Most occur in the parotid gland. Symptoms include a progressively enlarging, painless mass. Sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma is the malignant counterpart.
Sebaceous Lymphadenoma of Salivary Gland
Sebaceous Lymphadenoma of the Salivary Gland
A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of tall malignant follicular cells, arranged in papillary and trabecular patterns. Necrotic changes and high mitotic activity are present.
Tall Cell Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm that affects the uterine corpus. Representative examples include endometrial carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and adenosarcoma.
A broad classification for uncommon disorders in which the development of neoplasms occur in association with a characteristic set of signs or symptoms. These disorders commonly have a genetic basis. The types of neoplasms themselves are not necessarily uncommon.
A morphologic category that includes neoplasms arising from cells that form and support the nervous system. Such neoplasms include neuroepithelial cell neoplasms and neoplasms that arise from the perineural sheaths (perineurial cell neoplasms and Schwann cell neoplasms). --2003
Neuroepithelial, Perineurial, and Schwann Cell Neoplasm
A malignant neoplasm that affects the clitoris.
A disease process that is increasing in scope or severity.
A disease process that is increasing in extent or severity. (NCI)
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the epididymis. Representative examples include primary epididymal adenocarcinoma and metastatic carcinoma to the epididymis arising from another anatomic site.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the spermatic cord.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Spermatic Cord
Malignant neoplasm involving the accessory urethral glands
Malignant Accessory Urethral Gland Neoplasm
Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the lacrimal gland.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Lacrimal Gland
A malignant growth of cells within the conjunctiva of the eye.
A malignant growth of cells within the cornea of the eye.
The reemergence of a malignant salivary gland neoplasm after a period of remission.
Recurrent Malignant Neoplasm of Salivary Gland
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the gallbladder and it has not spread to other anatomic sites.
Localized Malignant Gallbladder Neoplasm
Malignant Neoplasm of Gallbladder Localized
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the brain.
An abnormal solid mass arising within the brain with histologic features suggesting the potential to metastasize.
A test result that indicates that a specific disease, condition, or attribute being assessed is not present.
A test result that does not show the specific disease, condition, or biomarker for which the test is being done.
A laboratory test result that indicates that a specific disease, condition, or attribute being assessed is present.
A test result that reveals the presence of a specific disease or condition for which the test is being done.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that develops in a patient with immunodeficiency. Representative examples include AIDS-related disorders and disorders that develop following organ transplantation.
An extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue that arises from the breast as a primary tumor.
Breast Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
An extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that arises from the ocular adnexa. It is the most common type of primary ocular adnexal lymphoma.
Ocular Adnexal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Primary and secondary (metastatic) malignant tumors that occur in the cerebellum. Histologic types include medulloblastomas, high grade (WHO Stage III or IV) cerebellar astrocytomas, lymphomas, gangliogliomas, gliosarcomas, and several other subtypes. The most frequent malignant cerebellar neoplasm of childhood is medulloblastoma. In adults, metastases from other sites are relatively common. Clinical features include ataxia, headache, nausea, dizzyness, nystagmus, diplopia, papilledema, etc.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. This category includes pleomorphic adenoma, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, and carcinosarcoma.
A carcinoma that arises from the posterior wall of the pharynx.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the posterior wall of the pharynx.
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the brain stem.
A locally aggressive carcinoma that arises from the salivary glands, predominantly the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of a malignant cellular infiltrate which exhibits myoepithelial differentiation. Patients usually present with a painless mass.
A carcinoma that arises from the salivary glands, most often the parotid gland. It presents as a slow growing and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of duct-like structures lined by two layers of cells, an inner layer composed of epithelial-type cells and an outer layer composed of clear, myoepithelial-type cells.
Salivary Gland Epithelial Myoepithelial Carcinoma
An infrequent small cell carcinoma that arises from the salivary glands and is characterized by the presence of a high number of mitotic figures.
Anaplastic Small Cell Carcinoma of Salivary Gland
Anaplastic Small Cell Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Salivary Gland
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland
Salivary Gland Anaplastic Small Cell Carcinoma
Abnormal malignant growth of the cells that comprise the cranial nerve.
A rare primary thymic carcinoma, characterized by an undifferentiated solid tumor growth, without associated sarcomatoid features.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the spinal cord. Representative examples include lymphoma, melanoma, and sarcoma.
Cancer that begins in the spinal column (backbone) or spinal cord. The spinal column is made up of linked bones, called vertebrae. The spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the back. It is surrounded by three protective membranes, and is enclosed within the vertebrae. Many different types of cancer may form in the bones, tissues, fluid, or nerves of the spine.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the nasopharynx. Representative examples include nasopharyngitis, angiofibroma, and carcinoma.
Abnormal malignant growth of the cells that comprise the pineal parenchyma.
A rare, highly aggressive carcinoma that arises from the salivary gland, predominantly the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of large pleomorphic malignant cells with abundant cytoplasm. Patients usually present with a rapidly growing mass.
Large Cell Undifferentiated Salivary Gland Carcinoma
A rare carcinoma that arises from the salivary glands, most often the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of an undifferentiated carcinomatous component associated with a prominent reactive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.
Salivary Gland Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma
Lymphoepithelial Salivary Gland Carcinoma
A rare, aggressive carcinoma that arises from the salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of a squamous and a glandular epithelial component.
A rare, benign, encapsulated epithelial tumor composed of cells that form solid, variably shaped islands and cysts, both showing focal sebaceous differentiation. The mean age of patients is reported to be 58 years, and most tumors occur in the parotid gland. There is a male predominance. Most patients are asymptomatic. -- 2003
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the heart and/or the pericardium. Representative examples include congestive heart disease, endocarditis, and constrictive pericarditis.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the thorax and/or the organs of the thoracic cavity. Representative examples include pleural infection, mediastinitis, thymoma, mediastinal lymphoma, and pleural mesothelioma.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the thorax and/or the organs of the thoracic cavity. Representative examples include pleural infection, mediastinitis, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the endocrine glands. Representative examples include thyroid gland carcinoma, parathyroid gland carcinoma, pituitary gland carcinoma, and adrenal cortex carcinoma.
Cancer that occurs in endocrine tissue, the tissue in the body that secretes hormones.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Endocrine Gland
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the respiratory system. Representative examples include pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary failure, tracheitis, and tracheal agenesis.
Stage 0 Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage 0 Large Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Stage 0 Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the tissues of the thorax.
A disease or disorder that affects a joint.
A mesenchymal tumor composed of fibroblastic and histiocytic cells.
A laboratory test result indicating the results of the lab test are within normal parameters for the age and population.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the lung. This may be from a primary lung malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Lung
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Lung
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lung.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include cholangitis and biliary atresia.
Any disease or disorder of the ciliary body.
A stromal tumor that originates from the interstitial cells of Cajal. It may involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. The majority of cases occur in the stomach. Morphologic variants include the epithelioid cell type, spindle cell type, and mixed cell type. Most cases contain KIT- or PDGFRA-activating mutations. Lesions with a diameter greater than 10cm and more than 5 mitotic figures per 50HPF tend to have a more aggressive clinical course. Until recently, surgery has been the only effective therapy for this tumor. However, many patients still experience recurrence. A KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate (also known as STI-571 or Gleevec), is now effective in the treatment of relapsed and unresectable cases.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Gastrointestinal Tract
Stromal Neoplasm of Gastrointestinal Tract
Stromal Neoplasm of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Stromal Tumor of the Gastrointestinal Tract
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the mediastinum from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Mediastinum
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Mediastinum
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the hair. Representative examples may include alopecia, male pattern baldness, hirsutism, and hair shaft disorders.
An abnormal finding in a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy specimen indicating increased cellularity. It can result from hyperplasia of one or more hematopoietic cell lines or malignant neoplasms that affect the bone marrow.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the pleura from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Pleura
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Pleura
A variant of mycosis fungoides, characterized by an exclusively intraepidermal atypical (cerebriform) lymphocytic infiltrate. Patients present with a localized psoriasiform or hyperkeratotic patch or plaque, usually in the extremities. Extracutaneous dissemination of the disease has never been reported.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm from a primary site to the skeletal system. The majority of metastatic neoplasms to the bone are carcinomas.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Bone
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Bone
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone.
A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the lymph node. Lymphomas and metastatic carcinomas are representative examples. -- 2004
Neoplasms of the hematopoietic system, including hematopoietic cell neoplasms (e.g. leukemias, lymphomas) and non-hematopoietic cell neoplasms that can affect the hematopoietic system (e.g. lymph node and splenic sarcomas). --2003
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Neoplasm
Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the blood or lymphatic system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Disorder
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Disease
A tumor mass composed of myeloblasts, neutrophils and neutrophil precursors. Granulocytic sarcoma is the most common type of myeloid sarcoma. (WHO, 2001)
A malignant neoplasm composed of myeloblasts, neutrophils and neutrophil precursors.
A less common form of myeloid sarcoma composed of monoblasts. Monoblastic sarcoma may precede or occur simultaneously with acute monoblastic leukemia. (WHO 2001)
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage III: Involvement of lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm (III), which also may be accompanied by extralymphatic extension in association with adjacent lymph node involvement (IIIE) or by involvement of the spleen (IIIS) or both (IIIE,S). - 2003
Stage III Mixed Cellularity Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Disease Stage III
Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Lymphoma Stage III
Stage III Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage III Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Disease
Stage III Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Increased reticular fiber deposition within bone marrow.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the spleen. Examples include infection, hemangioma, lymphoma, leukemia and angiosarcoma.
Stage III Lymphocyte-Depleted Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage III Hodgkin's Disease Lymphocyte Depletion Type
Stage III Hodgkin's Lymphoma Lymphocyte Depleted
Stage III Hodgkin's Lymphoma Lymphocyte Depletion Type
Stage III Lymphocyte Depleted Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage III Lymphocyte Depleted Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage III Lymphocyte Depleted Hodgkin's Lymphoma
An aggressive, high grade malignant tumor that arises from the salivary gland. It is characterized by the presence of a malignant epithelial and a sarcomatous component.
True Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Salivary Gland
An aggressive, high grade malignant tumor that arises from the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of a malignant epithelial and a sarcomatous component.
An uncommon benign epithelial tumor, characterized by predominantly unicystic or multicystic growth; there is focal intraluminal papillary proliferation of the lining epithelium. Nearly half occur in the parotid gland. In the minor salivary glands, women are affected more than men. In the major salivary glands, cystadenomas present as slowly enlarging, asymptomatic masses that may be slightly compressible. Cystadenocarcinoma is the malignant counterpart.
A rare, congenital or perinatal, aggressive and potentially low-grade malignant, basaloid neoplasm that occurs in the major salivary glands. It typically presents as a mass over the angle of the mandible. Most involve the parotid gland.
A pathologic hyperplastic process characterized by the proliferation of the cells of the epithelial layer that resemble the basal cells of the lower part of the epidermis.
A carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.
Grade 1 Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
Grade 2 Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
Grade 3 Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
Grade 4 Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
Heterotopic formation of normal bone within soft tissue.
A light microscopic finding that describes the cellular characteristics and architectural patterns of cell populations in a tissue sample.
Imaging results obtained through a radiology procedure.
Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examiner by radiological procedure.
A high grade malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm producing osteoid. The tumor arises from the medullary portion of the bone. It affects the long bones and most commonly, the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. Pain with or without a palpable mass is the most common clinical presentation. It usually has an aggressive growth and may metastasize through the hematogenous route. The lung is the most frequent site of metastasis.
A spectrum of malignant tumors arising from the bone and characterized morphologically by the presence of small round cells. Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor represent the ends of a spectrum, with Ewing sarcoma lacking evidence of neural differentiation and the markers that characterize the peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor may share cytogenetic abnormalities, proto-oncogene expression, cell culture and immunohistochemical abnormalities. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.
Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone
Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone
A Kaposi sarcoma that develops after organ transplantation or immunosuppressive treatment.
A Kaposi sarcoma that occurs in adults and children in Equatorial Africa.
A lung carcinoma arising from the bronchial epithelium.
A malignant neoplasia of the lung, arising from bronchial epithelium.
Cancer that begins in the tissue that lines or covers the airways of the lungs, including small cell and non-small cell lung cancer.
A neoplasm that arises within the skull and occurs during childhood.
A primary neoplasm that arises within the skull, and which occurs during childhood.
A laboratory test result that indicates the presence of abnormal peripheral blood and/or bone marrow values.
A laboratory test result indicating the presence of blast cells in a blood sample.
The presence of immature blood cells in the circulation.
A laboratory test result indicating abnormally high proliferation of gamma globulins in the blood originating from multiple cell lines.
A microscopic finding that relates to the architectural patterns of a normal or abnormal cellular population in a tissue specimen.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of a cellular infiltrate forming lobules in a tissue sample.
A microscopic finding indicating that the neoplastic cells are arranged in compact nests in a tumor sample.
A morphologic architectural pattern in which the tumor cells spread horizontally.
A morphologic architectural pattern in which the tumor cells spread vertically.
A morphologic architectural pattern characterized by the presence of proliferating non-neoplastic or neoplastic cells forming single or multiple nodules within a lesion.
A morphologic architectural pattern in which a cellular population is distributed in a relatively uniform fashion throughout a specified tissue area; not focal.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the lip.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of a cellular infiltrate with papillary growth in a tissue sample.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of poorly cohesive neoplastic cells arranged around fibrovascular cores in a tissue sample.
A microscopic finding indicating that the neoplastic cells are arranged in trabeculae in a tumor sample.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the tongue.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of sheets of malignant epithelial cells punctuated by gland-like spaces in a tissue sample.
Formation of epithelial pseudoglandular structures with lumens.
A morphological appearance characteristic of neoplasms which arise from the glandular or ductal (or both) epithelium, consisting of glandular or ductal neoplastic proliferations forming small tubules with a lumen lined by neoplastic cells.
A morphologic finding that refers to microvascular proliferation that resembles glomeruloid structures. It is seen in gliomas.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the floor of the mouth.
Benign Neoplasm of the Floor of the Mouth
A malignant tumor that has spread from its original (primary) site of growth to another site distant from the primary site.
Refers to cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary) tumor to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues.
A term referring to the presence of tumor emboli or tumor masses within any circulatory vessel.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the nasopharynx. Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a representative example.
A term referring to the presence of tumor emboli or tumor masses within the stroma of an organ.
A morphologic finding that indicates the presence of cells undergoing necrosis within a tumor.
Having to do with the presence of dividing (proliferating) cells. Cancerous tissue generally has more mitotic activity than normal tissues.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hypopharynx.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of atypical mitoses in malignant cells.
Dilated Thin-Walled Vascular Space Formation
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the pharynx. Representative examples include squamous papilloma and nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
A microscopic finding indicating the presence of acute, subacute or chronic inflammation in a tissue sample.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of neutrophils and/or eosinophils in a tissue sample.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the esophageal wall.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of reactive lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytic cells, and/or reactive plasma cells in a tissue sample.
An inflammatory infiltrate composed exclusively or predominantly of eosinophils.
A morphologic finding referring to the presence of a cellular infiltrate that is composed of non-neoplastic or neoplastic lymphocytes in a tissue sample.
A finding referring to the presence of a cellular infiltrate that is composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells in a tissue sample.
The term hemophagocytosis describes the pathologic finding of activated macrophages, engulfing erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursor cells. (from Medscape: Hemophagocytic Syndromes and Infection)
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the gastric wall.
A morphologic finding that indicates the presence of myxoid changes in the stroma of a tissue sample.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the wall of the small intestine.
Replacement of tissue stromal elements by hyaline material.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the larynx. Representative examples include squamous papilloma and hemangioma.
A microscopic finding indicating the presence of nuclei with ground glass appearance due to the presence of intranuclear viral particles that cause peripheral margination of the chromatin.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the trachea.
A neoplastic process that is confined to the site of origin without morphologic evidence of cellular infiltration of the surrounding tissues.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the pleura. Representative examples include lipoma and adenomatoid tumor.
A tumor shaped like a small mushroom, with its stem attached to the epithelial layer (inner lining) of an organ.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the mediastinum. Representative examples include lipoma, leiomyoma, and schwannoma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the heart. Representative examples include atrial myxoma, cardiac lipoma, and cardiac fibroma.
A non-encapsulated, well defined pulmonary blastoma, composed of irregular tubular structures. It affects mostly middle-aged adults and it is rare in children. The prognosis is better compared to the biphasic pulmonary blastoma.
Epithelial Predominant Pulmonary Blastoma
A pulmonary blastoma composed of a mixture of irregular tubular structures and mesenchymal elements.
A term referring to acute myeloid leukemias which show variant translocations involving the RARA gene. The variant fusion partners include NUMA1, ZBTB16, STAT5B, and NPM1. These leukemias often have the morphologic features of acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with a Variant RARA Translocation
A term referring to acute myeloid leukemias which show variant translocations involving the RARA gene. The variant fusion partners include NUMA1, ZBTB16 (PLZF), STAT5B, and NPM1. These leukemias often have the morphologic features of acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(11;17)(q23;q21) and the expression of PLZF-RARA fusion protein. It lacks differentiation response to retinoids treatment.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(11;17)(q23;q21)
Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(11;17)(q23;q21) and the expression of PLZF-RARA fusion protein. It does not respond to retinoid treatment.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with t(11;17)(q23;q21); PLZF-RARA
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with t(11;17)(q23;q21); ZBTB16-RARA
Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(5;17)(q35;q21) and the expression of NPM1-RARA fusion protein.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(5;17)(q35;q21)
An acute myeloid leukemia associated with t(5;17)(q35;q21) and NPM1-RARA fusion protein expression. This type of leukemia often has the morphologic features of acute promyelocytic leukemia. There have been rare cases in children reported in the literature.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(5;17)(q35;q21);NPM1-RARA
Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(11;17)(q13;q21) and the expression of NUMA1-RARA fusion protein.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(11;17)(q13;q21)
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with t(11;17)(q13;q21); NUMA1-RARA
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the spermatic cord. This is the most common tumor amongst the benign paratesticular lesions.
A chronic myelomonocytic leukemia characterized by a peripheral blood eosinophil count of equal or greater than 1.5x10E9/L, and absence of PDGFRA or PDGFRB gene abnormalities.
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia with Eosinophilia
A chronic myelomonocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of less than 10 percent blasts in the bone marrow and less than 5 percent blasts in the peripheral blood.
A chronic myelomonocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of 10-19 percent blasts in the bone marrow and 5-19 percent blasts in the peripheral blood or by the presence of Auer rods regardless of the blasts count.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the cervix. Representative examples include squamous papilloma, endocervical polyp, and rhabdomyoma.
An infection that affects the gastrointestinal system and the abdomen.
Abdominal and Gastrointestinal Infection
A small round cell tumor of the bone with neural differentiation which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
Metastatic Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone
Metastatic Peripheral Neuroepithelioma of Bone
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the male or female reproductive system. Representative examples include prostate carcinoma, penile carcinoma, testicular seminoma, testicular embryonal carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, and uterine corpus leiomyosarcoma.
A cholangiocarcinoma that arises from the junction, or adjacent to the junction, of the right and left hepatic ducts.
Cancer that develops in cells that line the bile ducts in the liver, where the right and left ducts meet. It is a type of cholangiocarcinoma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the uterine corpus. Representative examples include leiomyoma, adenomyoma, endometrial stromal nodule, and endometrial polyp.
A biologic subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with a unique molecular signature or expression profile. It represents approximately 50% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and is characterized by the expression of CD10, BCL-6, A-myb, and LMO2 genes, BCL-2 translocation, and c-REL amplification. Morphologically, the vast majority of these lymphomas are centroblastic and a small minority are immunoblastic (ratio20:1). Patients with this type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have a more favorable outcome, with a 5-year survival rate of 60% and a median survival of 10 years.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Germinal Center B-Cell Type
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with a Germinal Center B-Cell Expression Profile
Germinal Center B-Cell-Like Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
A biologic subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with a unique molecular signature or expression profile. It represents approximately 30% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and is characterized by the expression of CD44, PKCbeta1, Cyclin D2, BCL-2, and IRF4/MUM1 genes. Morphologically, these lymphomas are either centroblastic or immunoblastic (ratio 2:1). Patients with this type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are reported to have a less favorable outcome compared to those with a germinal center B-cell expression profile, with a 5-year survival rate of 35% and a median survival of 2 years.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Activated B-Cell Type
Activated B-Cell-Like Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with an Activated B-Cell Expression Profile
A carcinoma that has spread to the bone from another, primary anatomic site. Bone is one of the most frequent sites of metastatic carcinoma. Common sites of origin include lung, breast, and prostate.
A benign or malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises anywhere in the ductal system of the breast. This category includes intraductal papilloma, intraductal papillary carcinoma, ductal hyperplasia with or without atypia, and ductal carcinoma in situ.
A ductal breast carcinoma which invades the breast parenchyma. It is characterized by the formation of papillary structures.
A benign papillary neoplasm that arises in a terminal ductal lobular unit. It is characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular core that is lined by benign epithelial and myoepithelial proliferations. Peripheral breast papillomas are often multiple and are usually found microscopically. Patients are often asymptomatic.
An intraductal papilloma of the breast characterized by the presence of focal epithelial atypia.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the uterine corpus or the cervix. Representative examples include leiomyoma, adenomyoma, and endocervical polyp.
A benign or malignant papillary neoplasm that arises anywhere in the ductal system of the breast. It is characterized by fibrovascular structures lined by epithelial proliferations. This category includes intraductal papilloma and intraductal papillary carcinoma.
A usually well to moderately differentiated cervical adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells that contain significant amount of intracytoplasmic mucin.
Cervical Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
An aggressive malignant mixed epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial elements and malignant mesenchymal elements.
Cervical Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Mullerian) Tumor
Cervical Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Müllerian) Tumor
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the vagina. Representative examples include squamous papilloma and melanocytic nevus.
An autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the BRCA1 gene. Patients are at high risk of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other cancers including cervical, endometrial, fallopian tube, and colon cancer.
Early Onset Breast Ovarian Cancer Syndrome
An autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the BRCA2 gene. Patients are at high risk of developing female and male breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other cancers including prostatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, and melanoma.
Site Specific Early Onset Breast Cancer Syndrome
Ovarian carcinoma that has developed in relatives of patients that have a history of ovarian carcinoma.
Breast carcinoma that has developed in male relatives of patients with history of breast carcinoma.
Breast carcinoma that has developed in female relatives of patients with history of breast carcinoma.
Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue.
A lesion with limited invasion of deeper tissues.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the vulva. Representative examples include cellular angiofibroma, melanocytic nevus, nodular hidradenoma, and Bartholin gland adenoma.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of a malignant cellular infiltrate characterized by the presence of large pleomorphic cells, necrosis, and high mitotic activity in a tissue sample.
A lesion characterized by the presence of atypical or low-grade neoplastic cells, which may or may not exhibit stromal microinvasion and cannot be qualified as completely malignant.
A malignant cellular population that has increased in size and infiltrates the surrounding tissues.
A morphological appearance resembling the villi seen on the mucosa of the small bowel
A morphologic finding that indicates the presence of a cancerous tumor with a central area that contains necrotic cancer cells.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the prostate. Representative examples include benign phyllodes tumor, leiomyoma, and fibroma.
A rare non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the epididymis. Representative examples include adenomatoid tumor and leiomyoma.
The phase of a disease characterized by laboratory and clinical findings that indicate rapid progression.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the renal pelvis. Urothelial papilloma is a representative example.
A disease that is confined to a specific organ or tissue and has not spread to other anatomic sites.
Abnormal growth of the cells of the ureter (upper urinary tract) without malignant characteristics.
A watery secretion by the sweat glands that is primarily composed of salt, urea and minerals.
A morphologic finding that indicates the presence of reactive fibrotic stroma in a tissue sample.
A benign abnormal growth of the cells that comprise the bladder.
A lesion arising from or having many locations.
A microscopic finding indicating that the neoplastic cells are arranged in solid sheets in a tumor sample.
A finding indicating the presence of cellular necrosis in a tissue specimen.
A morphologic finding indicating intracytoplasmic fat accumulation in the liver parenchyma.
Increased lipid within the cytoplasm of cells.
Exposure to thorotrast, which contains particles of the radioactive compound thorium dioxide, as a radiocontrast agent. It is a carcinogenic compound, linked to the development of bile duct cancer, leukemia, and angiosarcoma.
Abnormal growth of the cells of the urethra (lower urinary tract) without malignant characteristics.
A sporadic or less frequently familial neoplasm, arising from the glandular epithelium of the stomach, small intestine, biliary tract, colon, and rectum. It is a polypoid or flat circumscribed lesion. Morphologically, it is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic glandular cells and it is associated with dysplasia. According to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous. The dysplasia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The frequency of malignant transformation depends on the size of the lesion and the degree of dysplasia. Larger adenomas with severe dysplastic changes (sometimes called carcinoma in situ) carry a higher risk of progressing to invasive adenocarcinoma. Gastrointestinal adenomas may present as solitary or multifocal lesions. Familial adenomas tend to be multifocal and carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.
Myeloblasts Under 2 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Under 2% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Under 5 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts Under 5% of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Abnormal growth of the cells of the lacrimal gland without malignant characteristics.
Myeloblasts 10-19 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts Between 10 and 19 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts Between 10 and 19% of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts 10-19 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Between 10 and 19% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Blasts 20 Percent or More of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Blasts 20% or More of Peripheral Blood White Cells
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that 20 percent or more of the nucleated cells in a bone marrow sample are immature mononuclear cells.
Blasts 20 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Blasts 20% or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Blasts Greater than or Equal to 20 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
The presence of an increased number of granulocytic leukocytes, indicating an early-stage response to infection, inflammation, or neoplastic process.
Immature Granulocytes in Peripheral Blood Increased
Myeloblasts Under 20 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts Under 20% of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
A laboratory test result indicating an abnormal amount of circulating nucleated red blood cells and immature red blood cells.
Myeloblasts Under 10 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts Under 10% of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Abnormal growth of the cells of the conjunctiva without malignant characteristics.
Blasts Under 20 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Blasts Less than 20 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Blasts Less than 20% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Blasts Under 20% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Under 5 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Under 5% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts 5-19 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts 5-19% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Under 20 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Under 20% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
A laboratory test result indicating an abnormal amount of fetal hemoglobin in a biological sample.
Ring Sideroblasts Under 15 Percent of Erythroid Precursors
Ringed Sideroblasts Under 15 Percent of Erythroid Precursors
Ringed Sideroblasts Under 15% of Erythroid Precursors
Ring Sideroblasts 15 Percent or More of Erythroid Precursors
Ringed Sideroblasts 15 Percent or More of Erythroid Precursors
Ringed Sideroblasts 15% or More of Erythroid Precursors
Myeloblasts Under 1 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Myeloblasts Under 1% of Peripheral Blood White Cells
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that 5-19 percent of the nucleated cells in a bone marrow sample are immature mononuclear cells of myeloid origin.
Myeloblasts 5-19 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts 5-19% of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Abnormal growth of the cells of the cornea without malignant characteristics.
Myeloblasts 5-9 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts 5-9% of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts 20 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts 20% or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
A laboratory test result indicating abnormal bone marrow cells.
Bone Marrow Dysplasia Present in 50 Percent or More of the Cells of Two Cell Lines
Bone Marrow Dysplasia Present in 50% or More of the Cells of Two Cell Lines
Bone Marrow Dysplasia Present in 10 Percent or More of the Cells of Two or More Myeloid Cell Lines
Promyelocytes, Myelocytes, and Mature Neutrophils 10 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Cells
Promyelocytes, Myelocytes, and Mature Neutrophils 10% or More of Bone Marrow Cells
Neoplastic Monocytes and Precursors 20 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Cells
Neoplastic Monocytes and Precursors 20% or More of Bone Marrow Cells
Abnormal growth of the cells of the retina without malignant characteristics.
Monoblasts 20 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Monoblasts 20% or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Monoblasts 80 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Monocytic Cells
Monoblasts 80% or More of Bone Marrow Monocytic Cells
Neoplastic Promonocytes in Bone Marrow Markedly Increased
Erythroid Precursors 50 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Erythroid Precursors 50% or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Megakaryoblasts 50 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Megakaryoblasts 50% or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
A laboratory test result indicating normal bone marrow cells.
Atypical Lymphocytes Present in Bone Marrow
A variation of lymphocytes found in a peripheral blood smear that are larger, with abundant cytoplasm, and having nuclei with multiple nucleoli.
Atypical Lymphocytes Present in Peripheral Blood
A dysfunction in the production of blood cells, resulting in decreased numbers of mature, functioning blood cells of all lines in circulation.
A neoplasm that arises from a pre-existing lower grade lesion, or as a result of a primary lesion that has spread to secondary sites, or due to a complication of a cancer treatment.
A manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau disease or other familial renal cell cancer syndromes that present as a malignant epithelial neoplasm of the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of lipid-containing clear cells within a vascular network. The tumor usually is bilateral and polycentric, and metastasizes to unusual sites. Late metastasis is common.
Hereditary Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Hereditary Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
The most common type of renal cell carcinoma, characterized by a loss of genetic material of the short arm of chromosome 3. The most common symptom at the time of diagnosis is hematuria. The tumor has a golden-yellow color because of the abundance of intracytoplasmic lipid. This is a clinically aggressive type of renal cell carcinoma. The tumor usually metastasizes to unusual sites and late metastasis is common.
Non-Hereditary Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Non-Hereditary Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
Sporadic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Sporadic Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
A malignant tumor that has spread from its original (primary) site of growth to another site close to or distant from the primary site.
A primary, non-invasive neoplasm without metastatic potential affecting the spinal cord. Representative examples include dermoid cyst, lipoma, and neurofibroma.
A T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of small neoplastic prolymphocytes often with invisible nucleolus by light microscopy.
T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia, Small Cell Variant
A T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of neoplastic prolymphocytes with irregular or cerebriform nuclear outline.
T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia, Cerebriform Cell Variant
T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia, Sezary Cell-like Variant
T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia, Sézary Cell-like Variant
A chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of neoplastic lymphocytes with plasmacytoid morphology.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Plasmacytoid Differentiation
A small lymphocytic lymphoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic lymphocytes with plasmacytoid morphology.
Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma with Plasmacytoid Differentiation
A term that refers to the classification of a clinical or laboratory finding according to the anatomic site or system that is involved.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the digestive system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the gastrointestinal system. (NCI)
A benign neoplasm arising from the thyroid gland.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the nervous system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the nervous system. (NCI)
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the integumentary system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the integumentary system. (NCI)
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the head and neck.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the organs of special sense.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the organs of special sense. (NCI)
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the reproductive system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the reproductive system. (NCI)
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the endocrine system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the endocrine system. (NCI)
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the urinary system.
An anatomic abnormality that is either present at birth or appears later in life.
Congenital or Acquired Anatomic Abnormality
A permanent structural change that is likely to adversely affect the form, survival or health of the species under study. (Gupta, R. C. ed. (2011) Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. London, UK: Elsevier, Inc.)
Congenital or Acquired Anatomical Abnormality
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the hematopoietic system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the hematopoietic system. (NCI)
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the adrenal gland. (NCI05)
Contact with a chemical substance through touch, inhalation, or ingestion.
A benign neoplasm arising from the parathyroid glands.
Benign Neoplasm of the Parathyroid Gland
A carcinoma that arises from the breast and has metastasized to the lung.
A carcinoma that has spread to the brain from its original site in the breast, through the hematogenous route.
Breast Carcinoma Metastatic in the Brain
Breast Carcinoma Metastatic to the Brain
A carcinoma that originates from the breast and has spread to the liver.
Breast Carcinoma Metastatic in the Liver
Breast Carcinoma Metastatic to the Liver
A carcinoma that arises from the breast and has metastasized to the bone.
A carcinoma that has spread to the brain from its original site in the lung, through the hematogenous route.
A carcinoma that originates from the lung and has spread to the liver.
A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to the lungs.
Prostate Carcinoma Metastatic in the Lung
Prostate Carcinoma Metastatic to the Lung
A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to the bone.
Prostate Carcinoma Metastatic in the Bone
Prostate Carcinoma Metastatic to the Bone
A carcinoma that originates from the colonic wall and has spread to the liver.
A benign growth of the cells that comprise the pineal gland. Despite benign histology, symptoms can be produced due to the location: increased intracranial pressure, endocrine abnormalities, cerebellar and/or brainstem compression. The latter can produce a constellation of symptoms known as Parinaud's syndrome.
Benign Neoplasm of the Pineal Parenchyma
A carcinoma that arises from a pre-existing lower grade epithelial lesion, or as a result of a primary carcinoma that has spread to secondary sites, or due to a complication of a cancer treatment.
A B-cell acute leukemia characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts that carry a translocation between the BCR gene on chromosome 22 and the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9. It results in the production of the p190 kd or p210 kd fusion protein. It has an unfavorable clinical outcome.
B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
Philadelphia Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Philadelphia Positive Precursor Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Loss of an entire chromosome or chromosome arm.
A chromosomal translocation that involves chromosome 12 and chromosome 16. It is often associated with the development of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma or myxoid liposarcoma.
Genomic instability associated with defective DNA mismatch repair in tumors.
A change that occurs in the DNA of certain cells (such as tumor cells) in which the number of repeats of microsatellites (short, repeated sequences of DNA) is different than the number of repeats that was in the DNA when it was inherited. The cause of microsatellite instability may be a defect in the ability to repair mistakes made when DNA is copied in the cell.
Microsatellites are stretches of DNA in which a short motif (usually one to five nucleotides long) is repeated several times. Instability of these regions is initiated when mutations in genes that repair damaged DNA cause these regions to get longer or shorter. Hereditary colon cancer syndrome is associated with mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes, which may result in alterations in the nucleotide sequence.
A chromosomal translocation that fuses 8q24 with 14q32. This juxtaposes the MYC gene with the promoter regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus, which results in overexpression of Myc proto-oncogene protein in B-cells bearing the translocation.
A variation in or modification of the nucleic acid sequence of a gene that can alter its expression and may result in either a congenital disorder or the clinical presentation of a disease.
A mutation in the RB1 gene that either inhibits expression of the RB1 protein or results in the translation of an inactive RB1 protein.
Inactivating Retinoblastoma 1 Gene Mutation
Inactivating Retinoblastoma Gene Mutation
Inactivation of Retinoblastoma Tumor-Suppressor Gene
Inactivation of p53 Tumor-Suppressor Gene
A hemangioma arising from the brain and meninges.
Hemangioma of the Intracranial Structure
The condition of having additional copies of a chromosome present in a cell.
A DNA sequence rearrangement that results in the creation of novel immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors expressed by lymphocytes. This process occurs very early in the differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes, such that individual B- and T-cell progenitors have unique genetic profiles that are passed down to their descendants. This leads to clonal populations of lymphocytes expressing the unique proteins selected during maturation.
Deregulation of Protein and Messenger RNA Expression
Signal Transduction Pathway Deregulation
A hemangioma arising from organs within the abdominal cavity.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the translocation of 10q24 with 14q11, leading to inappropriate and abundant expression of HOX11 protein in T cells bearing the translocation.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises in a lymph node.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the translocation of 5q32 with 17q21.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the translocation of 4q21 with 11q23.
A chromosomal translocation associated with Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor and Olfactory Neuroblastoma.
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
Carcinoma in situ of the Esophagus AJCC v6
Oesophageal Carcinoma NOS Stage 0 AJCC v6
Stage 0 Carcinoma of the Esophagus AJCC v6
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of the short arm (p22.3) of chromosome 9 and the long arm (q23.3) of chromosome 11. It is associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia with the MLLT3-MLL fusion gene transcript.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of the long arm (q23) of chromosome 11 and the short arm (p13.1) of chromosome 19. It is associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia with variant MLL translocations and topoisomerase II inhibitor-related acute myeloid leukemia.
A chromosomal inversion that involves chromosome 16. It is associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia CBFB-MYH11, acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils, and granulocytic sarcoma.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the a translocation involving the long arm (q13) of chromosome 12 and the long arm (q12) of chromosome 22.
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of a copy (homolog) of chromosome 13.
A carcinoma that arises from the tracheal mucosa and is confined to the epithelial layer without evidence of further tissue invasion.
Any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 8 in somatic cells.
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Abnormal cells are found in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 7. It is associated with the development of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with eosinophilia, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with multilineage dysplasia, and refractory anemia with multilineage dysplasia and ringed sideroblasts.
There are 2 types of stage 0 breast carcinoma in situ: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). DCIS is a noninvasive condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct (a tube that carries milk to the nipple). The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known how to predict which lesions will become invasive cancer. LCIS is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules (small sections of tissue involved with making milk) of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing breast cancer in either breast.
Non-Infiltrating Carcinoma of the Breast
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of all or part of the short arm of chromosome 12.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one of the copies of chromosome 7 in somatic cells.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of the long arm (q25) of chromosome 3 and the long arm (q34) of chromosome 5. It is associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia arising from myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia with multilineage dysplasia, and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 12 in somatic cells.
A chromosomal aberration where there is a loss of part of the long arm of chromosome 11, which deletes the chromosomal bands q22 and q23.
A deletion of chromosomal material at 17p13. This chromosomal aberration includes deletion of the TP53 gene and is associated with multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 5 in somatic cells.
Stage 0is includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: "flat tumor". N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Carcinoma in situ of the Urinary Bladder
Flat Carcinoma in Situ of the Urinary Bladder
High Grade Bladder Intraurothelial Neoplasia
Stage 0is Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0is Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0is Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
A chromosomal aberration where there are 3 copies of the long arm of chromosome 12. This aberration is associated with 12q duplication syndrome.
A DNA sequence rearrangement that results in the creation of a novel immunoglobulin. This process occurs during the differentiation of B-lymphocytes, such that individual B-cell progenitors, and their descendents, express an identical antibody molecule.
Clonal Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the IGH gene in clonal populations of either lymphocytes or lymphocyte lineage neoplastic cells.
Clonal Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement
Clonal Immunoglobulin Light Chain Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Light Chain Gene Rearrangement
Clonal T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement
Clonal T-Cell Receptor Beta Chain Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal T-Cell Receptor Beta Chain Gene Rearrangement
Clonal T-Cell Receptor Gamma Chain Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal T-Cell Receptor Gamma Chain Gene Rearrangement
Clonal Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangement
Clonal Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain Gene Rearrangement
Clonal Immunoglobulin Lambda Light Chain Gene Rearrangement
Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Lambda Light Chain Gene Rearrangement
A neoplasm displaying morphologic, phenotypic, or genotypic characteristics that are clearly not benign but do not permit the establishment of a definitive diagnosis of malignancy. Such neoplasms may or may not eventually have a more aggressive clinical course. Representative examples include lymphoproliferations of uncertain malignant potential (e.g., lymphomatoid granulomatosis and lymphomatoid papulosis), borderline ovarian epithelial neoplasms (e.g., borderline ovarian endometrioid tumor and borderline ovarian mucinous tumor), borderline exocrine pancreatic neoplasm (e.g., pancreatic borderline intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm), and primary borderline peritoneal epithelial neoplasm.
Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the allelic gain of all or part of chromosome 17.
A cytogenetic abnormality involving chromosome 17 that results from loss of the short arm and duplication of the long arm. This aberration is associated with a variety of neoplastic diseases, and is indicative of a poor prognosis for individuals with hematologic malignancies.
Unbalanced Translocation of Chromosome 1
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to allelic gain within the chromosomal arm 1q.
A molecular abnormality indicating the presence of an abnormally high level of the G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 protein.
B-Cell Lymphoma 1 Protein Overexpression
G1/S-Specific Cyclin-D1 Protein Overexpression
A chromosomal abnormality that refers to the gain of genetic material in the long arm of chromosome 8.
The presence of genomic instability associated with defective DNA mismatch repair in greater than 30% of the microsatellite instability (MSI) biomarkers in a tumor sample.
High-Frequency Microsatellite Instability
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of all or part of the long arm of chromosome 13.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of all or part of the short arm of chromosome 17.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of the chromosomal arm 1p. It has been described in gliomas, meningiomas, neuroblastomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, acinar prostate adenocarcinomas, pancreatic carcinomas, and adrenal gland adenomas.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one of the copies of chromosome 17.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the translocation of genetic material from any one of several chromosomes to the 11q23.3 region, resulting in an MLL gene rearrangement.
A cytogenetic aneuploidy abnormality that refers to the presence of one chromosome 5 only. It is associated with the development of refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with multilineage dysplasia, and refractory anemia with multilineage dysplasia and ringed sideroblasts.
A chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of three copies of genetic material for chromosome 13, instead of the normal two. It leads to a variety of abnormalities that include mental retardation, microcephaly, low-set ears, eye structural defects, polydactyly, and limb abnormalities.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 4 in somatic cells.
Any change in the structure of one or more chromosomes.
A chromosomal deletion involving the p36 band of chromosome 1. This deletion is associated with 1p36 deletion syndrome.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of all or part of the long arm of chromosome 6.
A chromosomal abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of chromosome 3.
A genetic finding indicating that there is increased activation of the NFkappaB pathway.
A chromosomal abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of chromosome 1.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to deletion of the sex-determining chromosome Y. It is associated with the development of the accelerated and blast phases of chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive, and various types of carcinomas.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the translocation of the short arm (p11) of chromosome 10 and the long arm (q23) of chromosome 11. It is associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia with variant MLL translocations.
A benign protruding lesion arising either from the endometrial cavity (endometrial polyp) or the endocervix (endocervical polyp). It may occasionally recur following complete resection.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 18 in somatic cells.
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one complete copy of chromosome 6 in somatic cells.
A chromosomal abnormality that refers to the gain of genetic material in the short arm of chromosome 6.
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the ERBB2 gene.
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the MYC gene.
v-MYC Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog (Avian) Gene Amplification
v-myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Cellular Homolog Gene Amplification
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the EGFR gene.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Activation
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Amplification
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the FGFR1 gene.
FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase 2 Gene Amplification
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Gene Activation
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Gene Amplification
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the FGFR2 gene.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Gene Activation
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Gene Amplification
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the CCND1 gene.
E-CAD Tumor-Suppressor Gene Inactivation
Monoclonal Hepatocyte Population Present
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Overexpression
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Overexpression
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Overexpression
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the KRAS gene.
v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene Amplification
Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Overexpression
Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Overexpression
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the MYCN gene.
Neuroblastoma-Derived V-Myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Related Oncogene Amplification
V-Myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Neuroblastoma Derived Homolog Gene Amplification
Mouse Double Minute 2 Gene Amplification
BRCA1 Tumor-Suppressor Gene Inactivation
BRCA2 Tumor-Suppressor Gene Inactivation
MEN-1 Tumor-Suppressor Gene Inactivation
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of an inactivating mutation in the PTEN gene on chromosome 10q23.
MADH4 Tumor-Suppressor Gene Inactivation
STK11 Tumor-Suppressor Gene Inactivation
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
A break in the skin or other body tissues caused by injury or surgical incision (cut).
Injury to the body, or an event that causes long-lasting mental or emotional damage.
Expression of a fusion protein with an apparent molecular weight of 210 kilodaltons that results from a fusion of the human genes BCR and ABL1.
Expression of a fusion protein with an apparent molecular weight of 230 kilodaltons that results from a fusion of the human genes BCR and ABL1.
Expression of a fusion protein with an apparent molecular weight of 190 kilodaltons that results from a fusion of the human genes BCR and ABL1.
Bcr/abl is the gene rearrangement that is associated primarily with the disease chronic myelogenous leukemia and less frequently with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This rearrangement results in the formation of the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein.
A mature neutrophil with a nucleus having distinct lobes connected by filaments.
Deposition of calcium in the tissues. It may be the result of a metabolic disorder or long-standing infection, or it may be associated with the presence of cancer.
Deposits of calcium in the tissues. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer.
A large, neoplastic T-lymphocyte with an irregularly shaped nuclei and scant cytoplasm that is associated with Sezary Syndrome.
Neutrophil with Pseudo Pelger-Huet Nucleus
A lymphocyte characterized by a structural or functional abnormality.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the male and female reproductive system.
An epithelial cell that occurs in human disease or in models of human disease.
Neoplastic Glandular Cell with Clear Cytoplasm
A malignant glandular cell containing cytoplasmic mucin. The presence of mucin pushes the nucleus of the cell to the periphery, assuming a configuration resembling a signet ring.
A rare adenocarcinoma of the major and minor salivary glands, originating from basaloid, myoepithelial and ductal cells. While morphologically resembling basal cell carcinomas, it is a distinct entity. The tumor is not encapsulated, may invade locally, and less frequently may metastasize. It usually occurs in older patients.
Salivary Gland Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma
Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma of Salivary Gland
Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Salivary Gland
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of large malignant epithelial cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm (oncocytes). Representative examples include thyroid gland oncocytic follicular carcinoma, oncocytic breast carcinoma, and salivary gland oncocytic carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm composed of large epithelial cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm (oncocytes).
Well Differentiated Malignant Squamous Cell
A malignant cell of epithelial origin with a small nucleus and scant amount of cytoplasm.
A carcinoma characterized by the presence of a cribriform architectural pattern. Representative examples include the intraductal cribriform breast carcinoma and invasive cribriform breast carcinoma.
Abnormal Intermediate Type Trophoblastic Cell
Atypical Intermediate Type Trophoblastic Cell
A benign or malignant neoplastic large cell that contains multiple nuclei and an abundant amount of cytoplasm.
An aggressive adenocarcinoma that arises from the sweat glands. It usually presents as a firm, erythematous nodular lesion in the axilla. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of tubular structures and apocrine differentiation.
A large, multinucleated cell that expresses osteoclast-specific markers.
Neoplastic Thyroid Gland Follicular Cell
Abnormal Connective and Soft Tissue Cell
A malignant epithelial cell, usually of large size, characterized by the lack of differentiation. Anaplastic carcinoma cells have large hyperchromatic nuclei and display marked variation in nuclear size and shape, and high mitotic rate. Atypical mitotic figures are often present.
A benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by a microcystic pattern. The cystic spaces are lined by small cuboidal cells without evidence of significant cytologic atypia.
Polygonal Adenocarcinoma Cell with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Polygonal Cell with Abundant Granular Cytoplasm
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic cellular infiltrate.
A controversial term, used for renal papillary lesions which measure 1cm or less in diameter and contain small, regular nuclei.
A carcinoma cell that originates from the breast lobules. Lobular carcinoma cells are usually smaller than those of ductal breast carcinoma, are less pleomorphic, and have fewer mitotic figures.
A benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of a trabecular glandular architectural pattern.
Adenocarcinoma Cell with Eosinophilic Granular Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Glandular Cell with Eosinophilic Granular Cytoplasm
Malignant Polygonal Cell with Abundant Granular Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Cell
An invasive mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the appendix characterized by a submucosal growth and the presence of neoplastic signet-ring cells resembling goblet cells of the intestine.
Mucin-Producing Neoplastic Epithelial Cell
Neoplastic Interdigitating Dendritic Cell
A usually aggressive malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of atypical cells which do not display evidence of glandular, squamous, or transitional cell differentiation.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm exhibiting poor differentiation (anaplasia).
Carcinoma that has spread diffusely to an anatomic site or throughout the body.
A condition in which cancer is spread widely throughout the body, or, in some cases, to a relatively large region of the body.
Neoplastic Neuroendocrine Polygonal Cell
Solitary or multiple, slightly raised, pigmented lesions with irregular borders, usually measuring more than 0.6cm in greatest dimension. Morphologically, there is melanocytic atypia and the differential diagnosis from melanoma may be difficult. Patients are at an increased risk for the development of melanoma.
A type of nevus (mole) that looks different from a common mole. A dysplastic nevus is often larger with borders that are not easy to see. Its color is usually uneven and can range from pink to dark brown. Parts of the mole may be raised above the skin surface. A dysplastic nevus may develop into malignant melanoma (a type of skin cancer).
Nevus with Architectural Disorder and Cytologic Atypia of Melanocytes
A malignant epithelial cell with abundant eosinophilic or clear granular cytoplasm.
Neoplastic Spindle-Shaped Smooth Muscle Cell
Round Cell with Primitive Myoblastic Differentiation
Bizarre Cell with Evidence of Skeletal Muscle Differentiation
Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Spindle Cell
A benign, slowly growing tumor (WHO grade I) typically arising in the wall of the lateral ventricles and composed of large ganglioid astrocytes. It is the most common CNS neoplasm in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and typically occurs during the first two decades of life. (WHO)
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytic Neoplasm
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytic Tumor
A slow growing, WHO grade I glioma which generally occurs in young adults. It arises almost exclusively in the conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale of the spinal cord. It generally has a favorable prognosis and is characterized histologically by tumor cells arranged in a papillary manner around vascularized mucoid stromal cores. (Adapted from WHO).
Abnormal Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell
A hemangioma arising from skeletal muscle.
Neoplastic Small to Medium-Sized Lymphocyte
Neoplastic Small to Medium-Sized B-Lymphocyte with Pale Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Medium-Sized to Large Lymphocyte
Neoplastic Small Lymphocyte with Clumped Chromatin
A morphologic variant of leiomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of epithelioid round cells with eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm.
A mononuclear cell slightly larger than a small lymphocyte with an eccentric dark nucleus. It has basophilic cytoplasm and secretes immunoglobulins. It may contain intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions (Dutcher bodies) which are PAS-positive.
Neoplastic Small Cleaved Follicle Center Cell
Neoplastic Medium-Sized B-Lymphocyte with Basophilic Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Medium-Sized B-Lymphocyte with Eccentric Basophilic Cytoplasm
A morphologic variant of leiomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of cellular pleomorphism, malignant cells with large nuclei, and a myxoid stroma.
Neoplastic Large Non-Cleaved Follicle Center Cell
Neoplastic T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte
Neoplastic Large Cleaved Follicle Center Cell
Lymphocytic and Histiocytic Reed-Sternberg Cell Variant
A platelet characterized by a structural or functional abnormality.
An atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma that shows progression to a usually non-lipomatous, high grade sarcoma. The non-lipomatous sarcoma component may be present in the primary lesion or at the site of recurrence.
An abnormal myeloid cell that is present in the peripheral blood of patients with myelomonocytic leukemia.
An abnormal type of white blood cell that is found in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. These cells are similar to both monocytes and myelocytes (immature cells that develop into different types of immune system cells).
A liposarcoma characterized by the presence of varying proportions of pleomorphic lipoblasts in a background that resembles undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. It is the rarest liposarcoma variant and usually has an aggressive clinical course.
Neoplastic Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell
Neoplastic Myeloblast with Basophilic Cytoplasm
The presence of multiple meningiomas in the leptomeninges.
A benign or malignant, gonadal or extragonadal neoplasm that originates from germ cells. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.
A benign or malignant, gonadal or extragonadal neoplasm that originates from germ cells. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, dysgerminoma, and germinoma.
A type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. Germ cell tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from and is composed of epithelial cells. This category include adenomas, papillomas, and carcinomas.
Neoplastic Cell with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Large Cell with Abundant Cytoplasm
Pleomorphic Connective and Soft Tissue Cell
Neoplastic Epithelial Cell with Intracytoplasmic Mucin
Adenocarcinoma Cell with Intracytoplasmic Mucin
A benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by a papillary growth pattern and a proliferation of neoplastic squamous cells without morphologic evidence of malignancy. Most frequently it arises in the oral cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, esophagus, vagina, and vulva.
A benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by a papillary growth pattern and a proliferation of neoplastic squamous cells.
A neoplastic astrocyte characterized by the presence of an atypical nucleus (large, irregular, or hyperchromatic), scant amount of cytoplasm, and cell processes that contribute to the formation of a fibrillary matrix.
Glandular or squamous cell neoplastic proliferations characterized by the formation of multiple papillary structures diffusely involving a specific anatomic site.
A pathologic astrocyte in which the cell body swells and contains glial filaments and an eccentric nucleus; seen particularly in demyelinating and neoplastic conditions.
Neoplastic Astrocyte with Few Flaccid Processes
Poorly Differentiated Neoplastic Astrocyte
An aggressive malignant neoplasm of uncertain differentiation, characterized by the presence of epithelioid cells forming nodular patterns. The nodules often undergo central necrosis, resulting in a pseudogranulomatous growth pattern. It usually occurs in young adults. The most common sites of involvement are the extremities (distal-type epithelioid sarcoma), and less frequently the pelvis, perineum, and genital organs (proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma).
Neoplastic Intermediate Type Trophoblastic Cell
Meningothelial Cell with Elongated Processes
A malignant neoplasm that originates in the neuroectoderm. The neuroectoderm constitutes the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems and includes some glial cell precursors.
One of a group of cancers that develop from the same type of early cells, and share certain biochemical and genetic features. Some PNETs develop in the brain and central nervous system (CNS-PNET), and others develop in sites outside of the brain such as the limbs, pelvis, and chest wall (peripheral PNET).
Meningothelial Cell with Clear Cytoplasm
A neoplastic cell with abundant amount of cytoplasm and/or large nucleus.
Neoplastic Large Cell with Abundant Pale Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Polygonal Cell with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
A lymphocyte that may be irregular or not conforming to type.
Neutrophil with Abnormal Cytoplasmic Granulation
Neutrophil with Cytoplasmic Hypogranularity
Neutrophil with Pseudo Chediak-Higashi Granules
Neoplastic Myeloblast with Abundant Basophilic Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Medium-Sized Myeloblast with Basophilic Agranular Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Myeloblast with Azurophilic Granules
Neoplastic Myeloblast without Azurophilic Granules
A very rare congenital condition involving the complex of Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation. Wilms Tumor-Aniridia-Genitourinary Anomalies-Mental Retardation (WAGR) syndrome involves deletions of several adjacent genes in chromosome region 11p13. Two or more of the four conditions must be present for an individual to be diagnosed with WAGR Syndrome. The clinical picture varies, depending upon the combination of abnormalities.
Wilms Tumor-Aniridia-Genitourinary Anomalies-Mental Retardation Syndrome
A rare, genetic disorder that is present at birth and has two or more of the following symptoms: Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer); little or no iris (the colored part of the eye); defects in the sexual organs and urinary tract (the organs that make urine and pass it from the body); and below average mental ability. This syndrome occurs when part of chromosome 11 is missing.
A syndrome characterized by a predisposition for Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and developmental delay. This is a contiguous gene syndrome due to deletion in the vicinity of chromosome 11p13 in a region containing the WT1 and PAX6 genes.
Wilms Tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary Anomalies and Developmental Delay Syndrome
Medium-Sized Neoplastic Myeloblast with Coarse Cytoplasmic Basophilic Granules
The presence of a third copy of chromosome 11 in somatic cells.
A T-cell peripheral lymphoma composed of usually large, pleomorphic, CD30 positive T-lymphocytes with abundant cytoplasm characterized by the presence of a translocation involving the ALK gene and expression of ALK fusion protein. Most patients present with peripheral and/or abdominal lymphadenopathy, and often have advanced disease and extranodal involvement.
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Positive
ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A T-cell peripheral lymphoma morphologically indistinguishable from anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive. It is characterized by the absence of the translocation involving the ALK gene and lacks expression of ALK fusion protein.
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Negative
ALK-Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Primary Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Positive
Primary Systemic ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A CD30 (Ki-1)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with cytoplasmic and/or nuclear expression of the ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) protein. It usually affects both the lymph nodes and extranodal sites (primarily skin, bones, lungs, and soft tissues), and has been associated with a favorable clinical outcome. -- 2004
Primary Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Negative
Primary Systemic ALK-Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A peripheral (mature) T-cell lymphoma, consisting of usually large anaplastic, CD30 positive cells. The majority of cases are positive for the anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK) protein. The most frequently seen genetic alteration is a t(2;5) translocation. Majority of patients present with advanced disease. The most important prognostic indicator is ALK positivity, which has been associated with a favorable prognosis. (WHO, 2001)
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is usually of the T-cell type. The cancer cells express a marker called CD30 or Ki-1 on the surface, and may appear in the lymph nodes, skin, bones, soft tissues, lungs, or liver.
CD30 Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A recently recognized variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) expressing somatic hypermutations of the Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) genes. The recognition of this variant alters the belief that CLL/SLL is always derived from a naive, pregerminal center B-cell. The presence of somatic hypermutations of IGH genes occurs in approximately 50% of CLL/SLL cases and implies a postgerminal center, memory origin. Patients with this variant of CLL/SLL have a favorable prognosis, with a reported median survival of more than 24 years.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma with Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene Somatic Hypermutation
Postgerminal Center Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of somatic hypermutation within the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region of neoplastic clones. Patients have a better prognosis as compared to those with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region rearrangements.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene Somatic Hypermutation
Postgerminal Center Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Small lymphocytic lymphoma characterized by the presence of somatic hypermutation within the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region of neoplastic clones. Patients have a better prognosis as compared to those with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region rearrangements.
Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma with Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene Somatic Hypermutation
Postgerminal Center Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
A recently recognized variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) that lacks somatic hypermutations of the Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) genes, implying pregerminal center B-cell origin. Microarray gene expression profiling studies have demonstrated the expression of ZAP-70 gene (Syk family tyrosine kinase) in this subset of CLL/CLL. Patients with this variant of CLL/SLL have an unfavorable prognosis compared to those with somatic hypermutations of the IGH genes, with a median survival of approximately 6-8 years.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma with Unmutated Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene
Pregerminal Center Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by the absence of somatic hypermutation within the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region of neoplastic clones. Patients have a significantly worse prognosis as compared to those with mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region rearrangements.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Unmutated Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene
Pregerminal Center Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Small lymphocytic lymphoma characterized by the absence of somatic hypermutation within the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region of neoplastic clones. Patients have a significantly worse prognosis as compared to those with mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region rearrangements.
Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma with Unmutated Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene
Pregerminal Center Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Zeta-Associated Protein-70 Messenger RNA Overexpression
Zeta-Associated Protein-70 mRNA Overexpression
A distinct subtype of high-grade follicular center cell lymphoma, representing a diffuse transformation of conventional follicular lymphoma. Although this type of lymphoma strongly expresses BCL-2, it does not carry the characteristic t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation found in follicular lymphomas. Instead, extra copies of chromosome 18 are often detected.
A chronic, recurrent cutaneous disorder characterized by the presence of spontaneously regressing papules. The papules are composed of an atypical lymphocytic infiltrate that contains anaplastic CD30-positive T-cells, which are found in type A and diffuse large cell type (type C) lymphomatoid papulosis. In a small number of cases, of type B, the lymphocytic infiltrate is composed of small, cerebriform-like lymphocytes that are often negative for CD30. The majority of cases follow a benign clinical course, but some cases are clonal and may progress to lymphoma. Treatment options include low dose methotrexate and psoralen/UVA (PUVA).
A low-grade malignant neoplasm that arises from the exocrine pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of uniform cells that form solid and pseudopapillary patterns, cystic changes, and hemorrhage. Perineural invasion, vascular invasion, and invasion into surrounding tissues may be present. It usually presents as an encapsulated, solitary, and lobulated pancreatic mass. It is usually found incidentally during physical examination or it may present with abdominal discomfort and pain. It occurs predominantly in young women. Complete removal of the tumor is curative in the majority of cases.
Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas
Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas
An infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, characterized by the presence of malignant cells floating in pools of mucin. It has a more favorable prognosis than the conventional infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma. It often arises in association with intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms and in some cases it may result in the development of pseudomyxoma peritonei.
FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha Fusion Protein Expression
FIP1L1/PDGFRalpha Fusion Protein Expression
Expression of a fusion protein that results from a t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation, which involves the human genes RUNX1 and RUNX1T1 and is associated with acute myeloid leukemia.
Expression of a fusion protein that results from an inversion or translocation, which involves the human genes CBFB and MYH11 and is associated with acute myeloid leukemias.
A fusion protein encoded by a t(15;17) translocation, which involves the human genes ZBTB16 and RARA and is characteristic of acute promyelocytic leukemia. It is a transcriptional repressor with both gain-of-function and dominant-negative properties, resulting in transcriptional repression of retinoic acid and non-retinoic acid target genes and culminating in differentiation arrest.
Expression of a fusion protein that results from a fusion of the human genes PML and RARA.
Expression of a fusion protein that results from a t(1;19)(q23;p13) translocation, which involves the human genes E2A and PBX1 and is associated with B lymphoblastic leukemias.
Expression of a fusion protein containing the helix-loop-helix domain encoded by the human ETV6 gene and the DNA-binding and transactivation domains encoded by the human RUNX1 gene as a result of a t(12;21)(p13; q22) translocation.
ETV6-CBFalpha2 Fusion Protein Expression
Expression of a fusion protein that results from the insertion mutation ins(5;11)(q31;q13q23), which involves the human genes KMT2A and AFF1 and is associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the lymphatic vessels.
A benign lymphatic neoplasm usually arising from the neck and characterized by cystic dilation of the lymphatic vessels.
Cardiovascular System Signs and Symptoms
A melanoma of the skin characterized by a proliferation of atypical spindled melanocytes in the dermis, in a background of abundant collagen. It usually presents as an amelanotic raised nodular lesion.
A rare form of malignant melanoma marked by nonpigmented lesions on sun-exposed areas of the body, most commonly on the head and neck.
A benign primary melanocytic tumor of the skin that presents as a dermal nodule. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of paraganglioma-like features that include a nested growth pattern of the tumor cells. The nests are composed of epithelioid cells and are separated by delicate fibrous strands. Cytoplasmic melanin is not present; however immunohistochemical studies have confirmed the melanocytic lineage of the tumor cells.
Paraganglioma-Like Dermal Melanocytic Tumor
A benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of a glandular and a mesenchymal (fibromyomatous) component. It occurs in the uterine corpus and the cervix. A variant of adenomyoma associated with glandular architectural complexity is called atypical polypoid adenomyoma. Simple polypectomy is usually curative. Atypical polypoid adenomyoma may recur following polypectomy.
A benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of a glandular and a mesenchymal component.
A rare, usually benign neoplasm that arises from the kidney. It usually affects females. It is characterized by the presence of a biphasic pattern with tubular and cystic structures in a spindle cell stroma. Patients usually present with flank pain and hematuria.
Mixed Epithelial Stromal Tumor of the Kidney
A rare, benign neoplasm that most often manifests as a multiloculated cystic renal mass. It is characterized by the presence of solid and cystic components. The solid components contain a mixture of epithelial and stromal elements.
Benign Mixed Epithelial Stromal Tumor of the Kidney
A mixed epithelial stromal tumor of the kidney with malignant stromal features.
Malignant Mixed Epithelial Stromal Tumor of the Kidney
A non-papillary neoplasm of the urinary bladder, whose classification categories include low-grade intraurothelial neoplasia and urothelial carcinoma in situ.
Flat Intraepithelial Lesion of the Bladder
Flat Intraepithelial Lesion of the Urinary Bladder
Urinary Bladder Flat Intraepithelial Lesion
Focal proliferation of small acinar glandular cells in the prostate gland with cytologic changes ranging from atypia to highly suggestive of malignancy.
Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation of the Prostate Gland
Prostatic Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation
A carcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells and malignant squamous cells.
A type of cancer that contains two types of cells: squamous cells (thin, flat cells that line certain organs) and gland-like cells.
An epithelial neoplasm composed of malignant glandular and malignant squamous cells.
Mixed Adenocarcinoma and Epidermoid Carcinoma
Mixed Adenocarcinoma and Epidermoid Cell Carcinoma
Mixed Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Carcinoma
Mixed Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A malignant liver neoplasm that occurs almost exclusively in infants, although isolated cases in older children and adults have been reported. Grossly, hepatoblastoma is solid, well circumscribed, and more often solitary than multiple. Microscopically, most of the tumors are composed exclusively of immature hepatocytic elements. About a fourth of hepatoblastomas contain a stromal component that may be undifferentiated or develop into bone or cartilage. The treatment of choice for hepatoblastoma is surgical excision with adjuvant therapy. Liver transplantation is being increasingly used as well.
A malignant liver neoplasm composed of immature hepatocytic elements.
A malignant liver tumor that arises from precursors of hepatocytes. It occurs almost exclusively in infants. The lungs are the most common site of metastasis.
A type of liver tumor that occurs in infants and children.
A malignant neoplasm composed of a carcinomatous epithelial component and a sarcomatous mesenchymal component. Representative examples include malignant mixed mesodermal (Mullerian) tumor of the female reproductive system and carcinosarcoma of the salivary gland and the lung.
A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial and/or myoepithelial cells and a mesenchymal component. A general term for which the transformed cell types have not been specified.
A high-grade, aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region. The most common sites of origin are pyriform sinus, epiglottis, and base of tongue. It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading. Comedonecrosis may be present.
Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Head and Neck Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A group of tumors affecting the female reproductive system, characterized by the presence of epithelial and stromal elements. It includes the following clinicopathological entities: adenofibroma, adenomyoma, Mullerian adenosarcoma, and malignant mixed mesodermal (Mullerian) tumor.
A rare cancer of the uterus, ovary, or fallopian tubes.
A papillary carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland from multiple foci.
Multicentric Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma
Multicentric Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Multicentric Papillary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to the allelic loss of all or part of the long arm of chromosome 11.
A malignant neoplasm of the lung composed of tubular structures and immature mesenchymal elements, which may differentiate towards skeletal and smooth muscle, cartilage or a combination of muscle and cartilage. This is a nodular tumor found in the periphery of the lung. It can occur at any age. The prognosis is related to the stage of the disease at the time of resection. Pulmonary blastoma is divided into two subtypes: epithelial predominant and biphasic.
A benign soft tissue lesion arising from the adrenal gland. It is composed of mature adipose and hematopoietic/lymphoid tissues.
A benign tumor of the adrenal gland composed of adipocytes and hematopoietic/lymphoid cells.
A morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma arising from bone and soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small round cells, biphasic growth pattern, and well differentiated hyaline cartilage. Clinical presentation includes pain and swelling. The clinical course is aggressive, with local recurrences and distant metastases.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant bone tumor characterized by the presence of osteoclast-like giant cells. Clinical presentation includes pain, edema, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.
Osteoclastic Giant Cell-Rich Tumor of Bone
Osteoclastic Giant Cell-Rich Tumor of the Bone
A benign neoplasm composed of fibroblastic spindle cells in a whorled storiform pattern. It is characterized by the presence of foam cells, inflammatory cells, hemosiderin deposition and stromal hemorrhage.
A benign neoplasm composed of a fibroblastic and a histiocytic component.
A rare, benign, locally aggressive, osteolytic neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of a rich collagenous stroma and spindle cells with minimal cellular atypia.
A benign neoplasm characterized by osteolysis and the presence of a rich collagenous stroma and spindle cells.
An insidious poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the deep soft tissues of the abdomen. It is characterized by the presence of elongated spindle-shaped fibroblasts, collagenous stroma formation, and an infiltrative growth pattern.
A benign, multifocal, nodular and well-circumscribed neoplasm usually seen as a congenital neoplasm or in the first year of life. It is characterized by a biphasic growth pattern and is composed of small, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells associated with branching thin-walled vessels and more mature neoplastic spindle cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm in a collagenous stroma.
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a fibrous component. Representative examples are fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor.
A benign tumor of the breast characterized by the presence of stromal and epithelial elements. It presents as a painless, solitary, slow growing, firm, and mobile mass. It is the most common benign breast lesion. It usually occurs in women of childbearing age. The majority of fibroadenomas do not recur after complete excision. A slightly increased risk of developing cancer within fibroadenomas or in the breast tissue of patients previously treated for fibroadenomas has been reported.
A benign (not cancer) tumor that usually forms in the breast from both fibrous and glandular tissue. Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors.
A benign neoplasm originating from glandular cells with a fibrous or fibroblastic component.
A sarcoma characterized by the presence of small round or elongated malignant cells with a small amount of cytoplasm.
A benign, slow-growing neoplasm that arises from the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells which are arranged around numerous vessels.
A condition characterized by the presence of numerous small benign smooth muscle neoplasms located throughout the body.
A rapidly growing malignant mesenchymal neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of round cells with myoblastic differentiation and a fibrovascular stroma resembling an alveolar growth pattern. The tumor usually presents in the extremities.
A soft tissue tumor that is most common in older children and teenagers. It begins in embryonic muscle cells (cells that develop into muscles in the body). It can occur at many places in the body, but usually occurs in the trunk, arms, or legs.
Monomorphous Round Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of large epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm forming nests and pseudoalveolar structures. The groups of the epithelioid cells are separated by thin-walled sinusoidal spaces. It occurs most often in adolescents and young adults. In adults the most common sites of involvement are the extremities, and in infants and children, the head and neck. It usually presents as a slowly growing mass and it frequently metastasizes to other anatomic sites. The most common sites of metastasis are the lungs, bone, and brain.
A soft tissue tumor that is most common in older children and teenagers. It begins in the soft supporting tissue that connects and surrounds the organs and other tissues. Alveolar soft part sarcoma usually occurs in the legs, but can also occur in the arms, hands, head, or neck. It can cause the growth of new blood vessels that help the tumor grow and spread.
A benign or malignant myomatous neoplasm arising from smooth muscle.
A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of large germ cells with abundant cytoplasm resembling epithelial cells, geographic necrosis, high mitotic activity, and pseudoglandular and pseudopapillary structures formation. It can arise from the testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites (central nervous system and mediastinum).
A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell neoplasm of the testis or ovary.
A malignant germ cell tumor arising in the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of primitive, large malignant germ cells and lymphocytes.
A germinomatous germ cell tumor arising in the central nervous system; it is histologically identical to the dysgerminoma and seminoma.
A mixed germ cell/sex cord-stromal tumor characterized by the presence of large germ cells which resemble seminoma cells and small cells which resemble Sertoli or granulosa cells. It occurs in the testis and the ovary and is identified in children and adults. It is often associated with gonadal dysgenesis and abnormal karyotype.
A mixed germ cell/sex cord-stromal tumor characterized by the presence of large germ cells that resemble seminoma cells and small cells that resemble Sertoli or granulosa cells. It occurs in the testis and the ovary, and is identified in children and adults. It is often associated with gonadal dysgenesis and abnormal karyotype.
A germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of an embryonal carcinoma component and a teratoma component.
A type of germ cell cancer that usually forms in the testes (testicles).
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the hepatocytes. Grossly, it appears as a soft, round mass which often contains areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Morphologically, the neoplastic cells resemble normal hepatocytes and form plates separated by sinusoids. Most patients have a history of contraceptive or anabolic steroids use.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from hepatocytes.
A benign neoplasm composed of large cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. Representative examples include oncocytic adenomas of the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and pituitary gland.
A benign cystic proliferation of the sweat glands with apocrine or eccrine differentiation. It usually presents as a dome-shaped, cystic papular or nodular lesion usually in the face and neck. It is a unilocular or mutlilocular lesion lined by an inner and an outer layer of epithelium. Complete excision is usually curative.
A benign sweat gland neoplasm usually affecting the lower eyelids and upper cheeks. The lesions are papular and are usually numerous. Morphologically, there are nests, cords, and tubules of epithelial cells present, surrounded by a dense stroma in the reticular dermis.
A benign neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells. It is characterized by the formation of glandular and tubular patterns. It can occur in several anatomic sites including the pleura, peritoneum, and epididymis.
A benign neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells.
Benign Localized Epithelial Mesothelioma
A polypoid neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. There is proliferation of glandular cells which may display dysplastic cytologic features. Representative examples include the adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum.
An intermediate grade neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells. It occurs in the peritoneum, extraperitoneal space, omentum, or pelvic or abdominal viscera. It is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts lined by flattened or cuboidal mesothelial cells. There is no evidence of significant cytologic atypia or increased mitotic activity. It usually occurs in young to middle-aged women. Patients present with abdominal or pelvic mass and pain. Approximately half of the cases recur. The recurrences may appear several years after the initial diagnosis. Rare cases of transformation to malignant mesothelioma have also been described.
A malignant neoplasm composed of glandular epithelial clear cells. Various architectural patterns may be seen, including papillary, tubulocystic, and solid.
A malignant neoplasm comprising glandular epithelial clear cells.
A rare type of tumor, usually of the female genital tract, in which the insides of the cells look clear when viewed under a microscope.
A malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm consisting of secretory cells forming acinar patterns. Representative examples include the acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas and the acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland.
A malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm comprising secretory cells forming acinar patterns.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells resembling endometrial cells. It can arise from the uterine body, ovary, fallopian tube, cervix, vagina, and uterine ligament.
Endometrioid Carcinoma of Female Reproductive System
Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive Endometrioid Carcinoma
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. The mitotic count is more than 20 per 10 HPF. According to the size of the malignant cells, the prominence of the nucleoli, and the amount of cytoplasm, it is classified either as small or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A malignant endocrine neoplasm arising from islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
Cancer arising from cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are found in the pancreas.
High Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
High-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Carcinoma
An adenocarcinoma of the breast arising from the lobules. This is a relatively uncommon carcinoma, represents approximately 10% of the breast adenocarcinomas and is often bilateral or multifocal.
Cancer that begins in the lobules (the glands that make milk) of the breast. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition in which abnormal cells are found only in the lobules. When cancer has spread from the lobules to surrounding tissues, it is invasive lobular carcinoma. LCIS does not become invasive lobular carcinoma very often, but having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing invasive cancer in either breast.
A carcinoma morphologically characterized the presence of cuboidal mucous cells, goblet-like mucous cells, squamoid cells, cystic changes, and a fibrotic stromal formation. It can occur in several anatomic sites, including parotid gland, oral cavity, paranasal sinus, skin, breast, lung, larynx, and lacrimal ducts. It is classified as low or high grade.
A malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm composed of cells containing secretory granules that stain positive for NSE and chromogranin. The neoplastic cells are often round and form clusters or trabecular sheets. Representative examples are small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma.
A usually aggressive, poorly differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by the presence of intracytoplasmic mucus. It may arise from the stomach, small and large intestine, ampulla of Vater, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, bladder, breast, and prostate gland.
A highly malignant type of cancer typically found in glandular cells that line the digestive organs. The cells resemble signet rings when examined under a microscope.
A carcinoma arising from the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or the hair follicles. Representative examples include sebaceous carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, eccrine carcinoma, and pilomatrical carcinoma.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm arising from sebaceous or sweat glands or from hair follicles.
An invasive adenocarcinoma characterized by cystic changes and the presence of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. It may arise from the ovary, pancreas, appendix, and lung.
A malignant cystic serous or mucinous epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells forming papillary structures. Stromal invasion is present.
A malignant cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium exhibiting papillary structures.
CYSTADENOCARCINOMA, PAPILLARY, MALIGNANT
A malignant serous cystic neoplasm usually involving the ovary or the pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of invasive malignant glandular epithelial cells which often form papillary structures.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of giant, pleomorphic cells.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of large, atypical cells.
Lung cancer in which the cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope.
A well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary growth pattern, acanthosis, mild cytologic atypia, and pushing tumor margins. The most commonly affected anatomic sites are the oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, vulva, and the plantar region of the foot.
Squamous or glandular intraepithelial neoplasia that affects the cervical mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of stromal invasion. According to the degree of cellular atypia and the associated architectural changes, it is classified as low or high grade.
Growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how abnormal the cells are and how much of the cervical tissue is involved.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Cervix Uteri
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Uterine Cervix
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Cervix Uteri
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Uterine Cervix
Uterine Cervix Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A serous neoplasm in which the cysts and papillae are lined by a single layer of cells without atypia, architectural complexity or invasion.
A neoplastic proliferation of basal cells in the epidermis (part of the skin) or other anatomic sites (most frequently the salivary glands). The basal cell neoplastic proliferation in the epidermis results in basal cell carcinomas. The basal cell neoplastic proliferation in the salivary glands can be benign, resulting in basal cell adenomas or malignant, resulting in basal cell adenocarcinomas.
An intraluminal papillary epithelial neoplasm arising within the ducts. Representative examples are the intraductal breast papilloma and the salivary gland intraductal papilloma.
A benign (not cancer), wart-like growth in a milk duct of the breast. It is usually found close to the nipple and may cause a discharge from the nipple. It may also cause pain and a lump in the breast that can be felt. It usually affects women aged 35-55 years. Having a single papilloma does not increase the risk of breast cancer. When there are multiple intraductal papillomas, they are usually found farther from the nipple. There may not be a nipple discharge and the papillomas may not be felt. Having multiple intraductal papillomas may increase the risk of breast cancer.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells are the lining cells of the pleura and peritoneum. -- 2003
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 17 in somatic cells.
A group of lymphomas displaying molecular, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical overlap between classical Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This term particularly applies to mediastinal lymphomas with overlapping features of mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
B-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable, with Features Intermediate between Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin-Like Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Hodgkin Features
A neoplasm of the nervous system that arises from the neuroepithelial tissues. Representative examples include astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, ependymal tumors, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
A mediastinal lymphoma with molecular, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features of both mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. The identification of this group of lymphomas, along with recent gene expression profiling results (PDL2 gene expression in both mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma tissues and Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines), further supports the hypothesis that mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphomas and classical Hodgkin lymphomas are related entities.
Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable, with Features Intermediate between Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the t(X;1)(p11.2;q21) resulting in fusion of the PRCC and TFE3 genes.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with t(X;1)(p11.2;q21)
A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the t(X;1)(p11.2;p34) resulting in fusion of the PSF and TFE3 genes.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with t(X;1)(p11.2;p34)
A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the t(X;1)(p11.2;q25) resulting in fusion of the ASPL and TFE3 genes.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with t(X;17)(p11.2;q25)
A well differentiated, slow growing neuroepithelial neoplasm composed of neoplastic, mature ganglion cells and neoplastic glial cells. Some gangliogliomas show anaplastic features in their glial component and are considered to be WHO grade III. Rare cases of newly diagnosed gangliogliomas with grade IV (glioblastoma) changes in the glial component have also been reported. (Adapted from WHO)
BCR-PDGFRAlpha Fusion Protein Expression
A rare neuroectodermal tumor originating from olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Microscopically, it is characterized by neuroblastic differentiation with occasional formation of rosettes. If the tumor is not resected at an early stage, the prognosis is usually poor.
A neuroblastic tumor characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells, ganglion cells, and a stroma with Schwannian differentiation constituting more than fifty-percent of the tumor volume. There are two histologic subtypes identified: ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed and ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of neuroblastic and ganglion cells and a stroma with Schwannian differentiation.
An intraventricular neuronal neoplasm composed of uniform round cells with neuronal differentiation. It is typically located in the lateral ventricles in the region of the foramen of Monro. It generally affects young adults and has a favorable prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)
A neoplasm that is composed of squamous epithelial cells. Squamous cell carcinoma is a representative example.
An endophytic benign papillary epithelial neoplasm that results from the invagination and proliferation of epithelial cells in the underlying stroma. Representative examples are the inverted urothelial papilloma that arises from the urinary tract and inverted Schneiderian papilloma that arises from the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.
A type of tumor in which surface epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue. It may occur in the nose and/or sinuses or in the urinary tract (bladder, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra). When it occurs in the nose or sinuses, it may cause symptoms similar to those caused by sinusitis, such as nasal congestion. When it occurs in the urinary tract, it may cause blood in the urine.
Irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels.
A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass, and bowel movements don't happen very often. Other symptoms may include painful bowel movements, and feeling bloated, uncomfortable, and sluggish.
A disorder characterized by irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels.
A sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic contraction of the thoracic cavity, resulting in violent release of air from the lungs, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound.
A disorder characterized by sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic contraction of the thoracic cavity, resulting in violent release of air from the lungs and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound.
A sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic release of air from the lungs accompanied by a distinctive sound.
A neoplasm arising in the ovary or testis. It is composed of granulosa cells, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and fibroblasts. Each of these cell types may constitute the only cellular component that is present in the neoplasm or it may be mixed with other cell types in various combinations. The prognosis can not always be predicted on histologic grounds alone. Approximately, 10% of these tumors may metastasize. Representative examples include granulosa cell tumor, Leydig cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor, and tumors of the thecoma-fibroma group.
A rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues that support the ovaries or testes. These tumors may release sex hormones. Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors include granulosa cell, Sertoli cell, and Leydig cell tumors.
A tumor arising in the ovary or testis. It is composed of one or more of the following: granulosa cells, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and/or fibroblasts.
A sensation of lightheadedness, unsteadiness, turning, spinning or rocking.
A disorder characterized by a disturbing sensation of lightheadedness, unsteadiness, giddiness, spinning or rocking.
A benign, slow growing neoplasm which is typically attached to a ventricular wall. It is composed of glial tumor cell clusters embedded in an abundant fibrillary matrix with frequent microcystic change. Some lesions have the histological features of both subependymoma and ependymoma. It is often detected incidentally and has a very favorable prognosis. (Adapted from WHO.)
A benign neoplasm of the brain localized in the vicinity of a ventricular wall and is composed of glial tumor cell clusters embedded in an abundant fibrillary matrix with frequent microcystic changes.
A rare histological variant of glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) characterized by a biphasic tissue pattern with alternating areas displaying glial and mesenchymal differentiation (WHO).
A type of glioma (cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells).
Glioblastoma with a Sarcomatous Component
Lower than normal levels of calcium in the circulating blood.
A disorder characterized by laboratory test results that indicate a low concentration of calcium in the blood.
Abnormally low level of calcium in the blood.
An uncommon, highly aggressive malignant tumor, arising from the peripheral nerves and affecting mostly adults in their third to sixth decades of life. It usually occurs in medium-sized and large nerves of the buttock, thigh, upper arm, or the paraspinal region. It may be associated with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1).
A malignant neoplasm, originating from the sheaths of the peripheral nerve.
A type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops in cells that form a protective sheath (covering) around peripheral nerves, which are nerves that are outside of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
Malignant Neoplasm of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour
Malignant Tumor of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Tumor of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
A morphologic variant of fibroma characterized by the presence of numerous dilated vascular channels.
A benign, morphologic variant of fibroma characterized by the presence of numerous dilated vascular channels.
An unpleasant sensation of irregular and/or forceful beating of the heart.
A disorder characterized by an unpleasant sensation of irregular and/or forceful beating of the heart.
A rapid or irregular heartbeat that a person can feel.
The sensation of an irregular and/or forceful heart beat.
A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells. The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.
Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity.
A collection of air or other gas between the visceral and parietal pleura.
A disorder characterized by abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung.
A WHO grade I tumor of uncertain histogenesis which is composed of stromal cells and abundant capillaries. Approximately 25% of hemangioblastomas are associated with Von Hippel-Lindau disease, a disease inherited through an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the development of hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, clear cell renal carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and pancreatic and inner ear tumors. (Adapted from WHO)
A melanoma characterized by the complete absence of melanin pigment in the melanoma cells. It occurs more frequently on the face and it is often associated with desmoplastic reaction.
A malignant neoplasm composed of melanocytes, which lack melanin.
A type of skin cancer in which the cells do not make melanin. Skin lesions are often irregular and may be pink, red, or have light brown, tan, or gray at the edges.
An intradermal nevus characterized by the presence of benign pigmented dendritic spindle-shaped melanocytes. It most frequently occurs in the skin of the distal upper extremities, followed by the lower extremities, scalp, face, and buttocks. It usually presents as a single blue or blue-black papular lesion less than 1cm in diameter. Simple excision is usually curative.
The shaking movement of the whole body or just a certain part of it, often caused by problems of the neurons responsible for muscle action.
A disorder characterized by the uncontrolled shaking movement of the whole body or individual parts.
Unintentional trembling or shaking of one or more body parts.
A nevus characterized by the proliferation of nevus cells in the dermis without involvement of the dermal-epidermal junction.
Inflammation of the cecum, usually accompanied by neutropenia.
A disorder characterized by inflammation of the cecum.
Inflammation of the cecum, usually in the presence of neutropenia.
An aggressive malignant embryonal neoplasm usually occurring during childhood. It is characterized by the presence of large cells with abundant cytoplasm, large eccentric nucleus, and a prominent nucleolus and it is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 22. It can arise from the central nervous system, kidney, and the soft tissues. The prognosis is poor.
A malignant tumor of either the central nervous system (CNS) or the kidney. Malignant rhabdoid tumors of the CNS often have an abnormality of chromosome 22. These tumors usually occur in children younger than 2 years.
Extremely aggressive malignancies that generally occur in infants and young children. The most common locations are the kidney and central nervous system (CNS), although they can also arise in most soft tissue sites. Approximately two-thirds of patients will present with advanced-stage disease. Rhabdoid tumors of the kidney tend to metastasize to the CNS and lungs. Rhabdoid tumors are associated with mutations of SMARCB1 (INI-1), a tumor suppressor gene.
A benign or malignant neoplasm composed of cells of neuroendocrine origin. Representative examples include paraganglioma, carcinoid tumor, and neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A tumor that forms from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary thyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (Merkel cell cancer). These tumors may secrete higher-than-normal amounts of hormones, which can cause many different symptoms.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that affects the connective and soft tissue.
Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Neoplasm
A morphologic variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by the presence of extensive myxoid stroma formation and a storiform growth pattern.
A morphologic variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by the presence of poorly differentiated sarcomatous components.
Dedifferentiated Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma with Adnexal Differentiation
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A rare cancer that forms in tissues of a salivary gland (gland in the mouth that makes saliva). Most salivary gland cancers occur in older people.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Salivary Gland
Skin Signet Ring Cell Basal Cell Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the brain from another anatomic site or system. The majority are carcinomas (usually lung or breast carcinomas).
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Brain
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Brain
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain.
The return of a disease after a period of remission.
The return of a disease or the signs and symptoms of a disease after a period of improvement.
A malignant tumor that arises at a site separate from another, primary malignant tumor in the same anatomic system. It is not clear if metachronous malignant neoplasms represent new primary tumors or metastatic disease. Examples include metachronous osteosarcoma of the bones that develops in patients with known primary bone osteosarcoma, and metachronous Wilms' tumor that affects the opposite kidney in patients with a history of Wilms' tumor.
A bone osteosarcoma that has metastasized to skeletal or extraskeletal sites.
Wilms tumor arising in the remaining kidney following treatment of the original Wilms tumor.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from any part of the digestive system, with the bulk of the disease localized to that site.
Primary Digestive System Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Primary Gastrointestinal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from any part of the digestive system, with the bulk of the disease localized to that site.
A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from any part of the digestive system, with the bulk of the disease localized to that site.
Primary Digestive System Hodgkin Lymphoma
Primary Gastrointestinal Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A premalignant pathologic process arising from an organ of the male reproductive system. It is characterized by cellular atypia and/or dysplasia but does not show morphologic evidence of stromal invasion at the time of diagnosis. Representative examples include prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, giant condyloma acuminatum of the penis, and penile intraepithelial neoplasia.
Male Reproductive System Precancerous Condition
This gene is involved in brain development and neuronal specificity.
A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of tissue, organ, or body part.
A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of tissue, organ, or body part. (NCI)
An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
A non-neoplastic hamartomatous polyp that arises from the stomach and intestinal tract. It is characterized by the presence of tortuous and cystically dilated glands, edematous changes, and inflammation.
A rare tumor containing unequivocal elements of both hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma that are intimately admixed. This tumor should be distinguished from separate hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma arising in the same liver. The prognosis of this tumor is poor.
Combined Hepatocellular Cancer and Cholangiocarcinoma
Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma
Carcinoma of Liver and Intrahepatic Biliary Tract
Carcinoma of the Liver and Intrahepatic Biliary Tract
Combined Hepatocellular Cancer and Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
Liver and Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Carcinoma
A benign neoplasm arising from the synovial membrane. Examples include the diffuse giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and localized giant cell tumor of tendon sheath.
A benign neoplasm arising from the synovial membrane.
This gene plays a role in signal transduction and is associated with pituitary tumors.
A feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out-of-sorts feeling.
A disorder characterized by a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out-of-sorts feeling.
A nonspecific feeling of bodily discomfort, fatigue and/or unease.
A lymphocyte found in the marginal zones of lymph nodes. It has a naive B lymphoid lineage and plays an important role in the early phases of immune response with its ability to rapidly differentiate into an antibody secreting cell. These cells can directly activate T cells, interact with other antigen presenting cells, transporting and concentrating antigen during the course of T-dependent and T-independent immune responses.
Marginal Zone B-Lymphocyte of Nodal Type
A peripheral white blood cell that produces cytokines and kills infected target cells. It has a CD8 marker on its surface and has been activated by contact with MHC class I receptors and cytokines.
A cell derived from stem cells in the bone marrow. It is a maturing T lymphocyte that expresses a gamma-delta antigen specific surface receptor (TCR). These cells exert major histocompatibility-unrestricted natural cytotoxicity against several types of solid tumors and some leukemias and lymphomas. They are also involved in the immune response to certain infections and are able to mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and are not alloreactive.
Immature Peripheral Gamma/Delta Cell of Cytotoxic Type
A cell derived from stem cells in the bone marrow. It is a maturing T lymphocyte that expresses an alpha-beta antigen specific surface receptor (TCR) and the CD8 surface marker. These cells mature in the thymus.
Immature Peripheral Alpha/Beta Cell of Cytotoxic Type
A white blood cell derived from bone marrow precursors which lack any T cell markers. It can give rise to either thymic cortical and medullary progeny, or medullary progeny alone.
A mature B-lymphocyte outside the bone marrow. It may be in the general circulation or in lymphatic tissue.
A mature T lymphocyte that migrates into epithelial tissue and contributes to the local and the systemic immune response.
Peripheral B-Lymphocyte of Inner Mantle Zone
A white blood cell produced in the bone marrow that, due to contact with an antigen, able to proliferate and differentiate into B memory cells, antibody-secreting B-lymphocytes or plasma cells.
Postgerminal Center Marginal Zone B-Lymphocyte
Ambulatory abnormalities caused by an impairment of voluntary muscle coordination, most often and significantly affecting gait.
Postgerminal Center B-Lymphocyte of Unknown Differentiation Stage
A usually slow-growing epithelial neoplasm with ductal differentiation that arises from the exocrine pancreas and grows mostly within the pancreatic ducts. Grossly, it is characterized by the presence of intraductal masses. Morphologically, there is proliferation of mucin-producing cells within the pancreatic ducts, intraductal accumulation of mucin, and a papillary growth pattern. It may be associated with the presence of an invasive carcinoma. It usually occurs in older patients. Signs and symptoms include epigastric pain, weight loss, jaundice, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus.
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Tumor
Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.
A term that refers to the clinical manifestations resulting from pathologic processes that affect the central and peripheral nervous system.
Mutation of the CEBPA gene encoding CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha. It is seen in acute myeloid leukemias usually associated with a normal karyotype.
Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(17;17)(q21;q21) and the expression of STAT5B-RARA fusion protein.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(17;17)(q21;q21)
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with t(17;17)(q21;q21); STAT5B-RARA
STAT5-RARalpha Fusion Protein Expression
Expression of a fusion protein that results from a t(9;11)(p22;q23) translocation, which involves the human genes KMT2A and MLLT3 and is associated with many leukemias.
Expression of a fusion protein that results from a t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) translocation which fuses the 5' half of the KMT2A gene to most of the MLLT1 gene and is associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other leukemia types.
Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers
A rare benign condition, characterized by a papillary growth in the urinary tract with a central fibrovascular core. The latter is lined by normal urothelium.
A cystic cancerous tumor arising from the ovary.
A mature naive B-lymphocyte in the germinal center of secondary lymphoid organ that has had contact with an antigen and a helper T-cell.
Mature B-Lymphocyte at the Germinal Center Stage of Differentiation
A white blood cell that matures in the primary lymphoid organs and then circulates through the lymph system to the secondary lymphoid tissues where it interacts with antigens. A mature lymphocyte varies in size from 7 to 15 micrometer in diameter and is round or ovoid, but may be notched or slightly indented. The chromatin is generally diffusely dense and nucleoli are not usually visible.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the gallbladder. It is usually associated with the presence of gallstones. Clinical symptoms are not specific and usually present late in the course. Morphologically, most gallbladder carcinomas are adenocarcinomas; squamous cell carcinomas, adenosquamous carcinomas, signet ring carcinomas, and undifferentiated carcinomas can also occur.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ below the liver that collects and stores bile (a fluid made by the liver to digest fat). Gallbladder cancer begins in the innermost layer of tissue and spreads through the outer layers as it grows.
Colony-Stimulating Factor Overexpression
An adenoma that arises from the large intestine and the appendix. It is characterized by prominent serration of the glands and the presence of generalized low-grade dysplasia.
Any component of the bean-shaped organ that is part of the lymphatic system found throughout the body which is composed predominantly of lymphocytes and is involved in immune protection.
A carcinoma arising from the exocrine pancreas. The overwhelming majority of pancreatic carcinomas are adenocarcinomas.
A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the pancreas.
Pancreatic cancer (excluding Islets), NOS
Ubiquitously or widely expressed human CREB Family Genes (bZIP/CREB Family) encode conserved cAMP Responsive Element Binding Proteins, nuclear bZIP domain dimeric transcription factors that bind to octameric DNA palindrome cAMP-response elements (CRE) present in many viral and cellular promoters and induce gene transcription in response to cAMP signaling pathways. CREB proteins bind to DNA as a homodimer or a heterodimer with JUN/c-Jun or ATF2/CREBP1. Increased cAMP levels following stimulation activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, which phosphorylates CREB proteins that stimulate transcription of cAMP-responsive genes. Calcium-regulated CREB transcription factors integrate calcium and cAMP signals. cAMP pathways provide a chief means by which cellular growth, differentiation, and function can be influenced by extracellular signals. (NCI)
This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and its activity is modulated in response to hormonal stimulation from the cAMP pathway.
cAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein 1 Gene
Clinical evidence of disease resulting from mental and/or behavioral dysfunction.
Mental and Behavioral Signs and Symptoms
A carcinoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. The majority are adenocarcinomas.
A rare cancer that forms in the part of the bile duct that is outside the liver. The bile duct is the tube that collects bile from the liver and joins a duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which carries bile into the small intestine when food is being digested.
A tumor arising from the ependymal lining of the ventricles.
Any component associated with of the base of the skull and facial bones, sinuses, orbits, salivary glands, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, thyroid, facial and neck musculature and lymph nodes draining these areas.
A rare malignant tumor of the breast, affecting mostly older men. It accounts for less than 1% of all malignancies in men. The most common histologic type is invasive ductal carcinoma. Most patients are treated with mastectomy. -- 2004
Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast in men. Most male breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts. It is very rare and usually affects older men.
Any component of the enveloping membrane of the body, including the epidermis and dermis, and all of the derivatives of the epidermis.
A benign papillary neoplasm that arises anywhere in the ductal system of the breast. It is characterized by fibrovascular structures lined by benign epithelial and myoepithelial proliferations. Intraductal breast papillomas are classified as central, when they arise in large ducts, or peripheral, when they arise in the terminal ductal lobular units.
A benign (not cancer), wart-like growth in a milk duct of the breast. It is usually found close to the nipple and may cause a discharge from the nipple. It may also cause pain and a lump in the breast that can be felt. It usually affects women aged 35-55 years. Having a single papilloma does not increase the risk of breast cancer. When there are multiple intraductal breast papillomas, they are usually found farther from the nipple. There may not be a nipple discharge and the papillomas may not be felt. Having multiple intraductal breast papillomas may increase the risk of breast cancer.
An adenoma that arises from the colon. The group of colonic adenomas includes tubular, villous, and tubulovillous adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis.
Lymphoblasts 25 Percent or Less of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Extensive Bone Marrow and Blood Involvement
A disorder characterized by marked discomfort sensation in the bones.
Bone pain (diffuse not joint pain or arthritis)
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase Positive Cells Present
Prolymphocytes Exceed 55 Percent of Lymphoid Cells in the Peripheral Blood
Negative Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood
Vacuolated Plasma Cells in the Bone Marrow
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Overexpression
Neoplastic Immunoblast-Like B-Lymphocyte
A mature lymphocyte that has entered the peripheral blood system and has been activated into one of several mature B-cell subtypes.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the lower part of the esophagus. It is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the esophagus. Dysphagia is a frequent clinical symptom.
Neoplastic Large B-Lymphocyte with Pale Cytoplasm
Coexistence of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the same anatomic site.
A rare form of lymphoma (cancer that begins in cells of the immune system) in which different types of lymphoma cells occur at the same time. The different lymphoma cells may form in the same tissue or organ or in many different tissues or organs. The composite lymphoma may contain different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells or both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells.
Pain in the chest, not otherwise specified.
A carcinoma arising from the fallopian tube. Most patients are postmenopausal, and postmenopausal bleeding is the most frequently seen symptom. Morphologically, the majority of fallopian tube carcinomas are serous or endometrioid adenocarcinomas.
A pathologic process that has spread from its original site of growth to multiple distant anatomic sites.
A stromal tumor most commonly seen in the gastrointestinal tract. Rare cases of solitary masses in the omentum or the mesentery have also been reported (extragastrointestinal gastrointestinal stromal tumor). It is a tumor that differentiates along the lines of interstitial cells of Cajal. Most cases contain KIT- or PDGFRA-activating mutations. Until recently, surgery has been the only effective therapy for this tumor. However, many patients still experience recurrence. Conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been of limited value. A KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate (also known as STI-571 or Gleevec), is now effective in the treatment of relapsed and unresectable cases.
A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be benign or malignant.
An increase in the viscosity of blood resulting from an increase in the proportion of cellular elements of the blood, a change in the mechanical properties of the cellular elements of the blood, and/or an alteration in plasma viscosity.
Extensive infiltration of the lymphatic vessels by cancer cells, resulting in widespread cancer dissemination. The lymphatic vessels appear as palpable, cord-like structures, especially in skin areas overlying the carcinoma.
A carcinoma arising from the nasopharyngeal epithelium. It includes the following types: keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, nonkeratinizing carcinoma (differentiated and undifferentiated), basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, and papillary adenocarcinoma.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat behind the nose). Most nasopharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the nasopharynx).
A benign, borderline, or malignant transitional cell neoplasm arising from the ovary. It constitutes between 1% and 2% of all ovarian neoplasms. The average age at presentation is about 50 years. Grossly it is usually unilateral, firm and white or yellowish. Microscopically it consists of solid and cystic nests of epithelial cells resembling transitional epithelium surrounded by an abundant stromal component of dense, fibroblastic nature.
Having nuclei with various distinct forms.
A neoplasm that arises from the ovary and originates from germ cells. Representative examples include teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and dysgerminoma.
A neoplasm arising from gonadal tissue within the ovary.
An abnormal mass of tissue that forms in germ (egg) cells in the ovary (female reproductive gland in which the eggs are formed). These tumors usually occur in teenage girls or young women, usually affect just one ovary, and can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). The most common ovarian germ cell tumor is called dysgerminoma.
A cystic adenocarcinoma that arises from the pancreas. It includes the acinar cell and serous cystadenocarcinoma subtypes.
An ependymoma that arises from the spinal cord.
An infection that is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
A rare benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the wall of the stomach. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern. Unlike gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gastric leiomyomas are by definition negative for CD34 and CD117 (C-KIT).
A primary, low grade carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of groups of squamoid and mucous cells, surrounded by fibrous tissue. Prominent cystic structures may be present. The clinical course is usually indolent.
A microscopic finding indicating the presence of cells with squamous differentiation in a tumor sample.
A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of undifferentiated cells. The malignant cells demonstrate evidence of epithelial differentiation, either by immunohistochemistry or electron microscopic studies. Microscopically, in the majority of cases there is a mixture of spindle, epithelioid, and giant cells. The vast majority of the patients present with a rapidly enlarging neck mass. The clinical course is usually aggressive.
Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Cancer
Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma
A rare, aggressive type of thyroid cancer in which the malignant (cancer) cells look very different from normal thyroid cells.
An aggressive carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of undifferentiated cells.
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Dedifferentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Thyroid Gland Cancer
Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Undifferentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanism of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily members and ligands) and the intrinsic (mitochondria-associated) pathways, both of which are found in the cytoplasm. The extrinsic pathway is triggered by death receptor engagement, which initiates a signaling cascade mediated by caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 both feeds directly into caspase-3 activation and stimulates the release of cytochrome c by the mitochondria. Caspase-3 activation leads to the degradation of cellular proteins necessary to maintain cell survival and integrity. The intrinsic pathway occurs when various apoptotic stimuli trigger the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria (independently of caspase-8 activation). Cytochrome c interacts with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 to promote the activation of caspase-3. Recent studies point to the ER as a third subcellular compartment implicated in apoptotic execution. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER cause ER stress. Prolonged ER stress can result in the activation of BAD and/or caspase-12, and execute apoptosis.
A neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It is closely associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Approximately 10% to 20% of medullary thyroid carcinomas are familial. Patients usually present with a thyroid nodule that is painless and firm. In the majority of cases nodal involvement is present at diagnosis. Surgery is the preferred treatment for both primary lesions and recurrences. This carcinoma is generally not very sensitive to radiation and almost unresponsive to chemotherapy.
A neuroendocrine malignant epithelial neoplasm arising from C-cells of the thyroid gland.
Cancer that develops in C cells of the thyroid. The C cells make a hormone (calcitonin) that helps maintain a healthy level of calcium in the blood.
Carcinoma arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland.
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Cell-matrix adhesions play essential roles in important biological processes including cell motility, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, regulation of gene expression and cell survival. At the cell-extracellular matrix contact points, specialized structures are formed and termed focal adhesions, where bundles of actin filaments are anchored to transmembrane receptors of the integrin family through a multi-molecular complex of junctional plaque proteins. Some of the constituents of focal adhesions participate in the structural link between membrane receptors and the actin cytoskeleton, while others are signaling molecules, including different protein kinases and phosphatases, their substrates, and various adapter proteins. Integrin signaling is dependent upon the non-receptor tyrosine kinase activities of the FAK and src proteins as well as the adaptor protein functions of FAK, src and Shc to initiate downstream signaling events. These signaling events culminate in reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton; a prerequisite for changes in cell shape and motility, and gene expression. Similar morphological alterations and modulation of gene expression are initiated by the binding of growth factors to their respective receptors, emphasizing the considerable crosstalk between adhesion- and growth factor-mediated signaling.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3), p38 proteins (p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta) and ERK5, that are activated by specific MAPKKs: MEK1/2 for ERK1/2, MKK3/6 for the p38, MKK4/7 (JNKK1/2) for the JNKs, and MEK5 for ERK5. Each MAPKK, however, can be activated by more than one MAPKKK, increasing the complexity and diversity of MAPK signalling. Presumably each MAPKKK confers responsiveness to distinct stimuli. For example, activation of ERK1/2 by growth factors depends on the MAPKKK c-Raf, but other MAPKKKs may activate ERK1/2 in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli.
Phosphatidylinositol Signaling System Pathway
A clonal disorder characterized by the secretion of a mu heavy chain that lacks a variable region. Most patients present with slowly progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In contrast to most cases of CLL, Mu heavy chain disease is associated with hepatosplenomegaly and absence of lymphadenopathy. --2004
A benign meningioma which may recur in approximately 7-20% of the cases. This category includes the angiomatous meningioma, fibrous meningioma, lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma, meningothelial meningioma, metaplastic meningioma, microcystic meningioma, psammomatous meningioma, secretory meningioma, and transitional meningioma.
An atypical meningioma which may recur in approximately 29-40% of the cases. This category includes the atypical meningioma, chordoid meningioma, and clear cell meningioma.
A malignant meningioma with aggressive clinical course. It recurs in approximately 50-78% of the cases. This category includes the anaplastic (malignant) meningioma, papillary meningioma, and rhabdoid meningioma.
An abnormal chromosome with identical arms, formed by transverse splitting of the centromere during chromosomal replication.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are essential for neuromuscular signaling and are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues, where their function is less clear. Although nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are primarily known for their action as ligand-gated ion channels transducing action potentials across synapses, they may have other actions. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neurons alter apoptotic signaling, protecting against cell death in some settings, and this action may in some cases be directed through alternative signaling pathways. In neurons the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor activates PI3 kinase through a src-family kinase, activating the anti-apoptotic kinase AKT (See AKT signaling pathway). One pathway involved in AKT signaling involves phosphorylation of the forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1, causing its retention in the cytoplasm associated with 14-3-3, and blocking expression of the apoptotic fas protein. The PI3 kinase/AKT pathway protects a broad range of neurons against apoptotic cell death and may block apoptosis triggered by beta-amyloid fragments that contributes to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. If so, nicotinic agents may prove useful in the treatment of this and other neurodegenerative conditions. There are several proteins that modulate the response of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, include synapse formation. Prior to synapse formation, nicotinic receptors are randomly dispersed in the post-synaptic membrane. A neuronal protein, agrin, binds to the Musk receptor in the muscle membrane, stimulating clustering of nicotinic receptors and synapse formation. Rapsyn is present at high levels at synapses with nicotinic receptors, bringing them together at high densities and anchoring clustered receptors to the cytoskeleton. Members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases also play a role in clustering caused by Rapsyn, phosphorylating the nicotinic receptors, rapsyn, and other targets. Nicotinic receptors expressed in non-neuronal tissues may also be involved in the response to smoking. In lung epithelial cells, nicotine from cigarette smoke blocks apoptosis by activating the anti-apoptotic kinase AKT, contributing perhaps to carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in dermal fibroblasts may contribute to the altered wound healing and skin elasticity related to smoking. Activation of keratinocyte nicotinic receptors may also alter the properties of skin. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The BIOCARTA Definition (ALT_DEFINITION) for this pathway concept was provided by BioCarta. This property was not created by, nor is it maintained by the NCI Thesaurus staff. Additionally, BioCarta is no longer updating its pathway data; thus, the BIOCARTA Definition might be outdated or inaccurate. Please see the Terms and Conditions for Use at http://www.biocarta.com/.
Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the regulation of apoptosis
The heparan sulfate proteoglycan agrin is well known as the key assembly factor of postsynaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), but recent data suggest it also plays a direct role in the organization of the cytoskeleton in the skeletal muscle. Signaling through muscle-specific proteins such as muscle specific kinase (MuSK) and or acetylcholine receptor (AchRs)/rapsyn, agrin can activate ubiquitously expressed Rac, Cdc42, and p21-activated kinase (PAK) that are involved in actin polymerization. Agrin also engages signaling pathways of several potent oncogenes (i.e., SFK, ErbB receptors, and cortactin). (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
An indolent, extranodal type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of small B-lymphocytes (centrocyte-like cells). The gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of involvement. Other common sites of involvement include lung, head and neck, ocular adnexae, skin, thyroid, and breast. Gastric involvement is associated with the presence of H. pylori infection. (WHO, 2001)
Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
A type of cancer that arises in cells in mucosal tissue that are involved in antibody production.
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT-lymphoma)
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Many cell-surface receptors induce production of second messengers like PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, that convey signals to the cytoplasm from the cell surface. PIP3 signals activate the kinase PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, which in turn activates the kinase AKT, also known as protein kinase B. Proteins phosphorylated by activated AKT promote cell survival. Phosphorylation of Ikappa-B kinase leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-kB to oppose apoptosis. Bad is a protein in the Bcl-2 gene family that opposes Bcl-2 to induce apoptosis. Phosphorylation of Bad by AKT blocks anti-apoptotic activity to promote cell survival. Similarly, phosphorylation of the protease caspase 9 or forkhead transcription factors by AKT block the induction of apoptosis by these factors. AKT promotes cell survival and opposes apoptosis by a variety of routes. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2A (CDKN2A) goes by the colloquial designation p16, which is sometimes referred to as p16(INK4). The alpha transcript of CDKN2A has been shown to encode p16(INK4a), a recognized tumor suppressor that induces a G1 cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the RB protein by the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. The beta transcript of CDKN2A encodes p14(ARF). The predicted 132-amino acid p14(ARF) is shorter than the corresponding mouse protein, p19(ARF), and the 2 proteins share only 50% identity. However, both proteins have the ability to elicit a p53 response, manifest in the increased expression of both CDKN1A and MDM2, and resulting in a distinctive cell cycle arrest in both the G1 and G2/M phases. Two unrelated proteins encoded by the INK4A-ARF locus function in tumor suppression. ARF binds to MDM2 and promotes the rapid degradation of MDM2. This interaction is mediated by the E1-beta-encoded N-terminal domain of ARF and a C-terminal region of MDM2. ARF-promoted MDM2 degradation is associated with MDM2 modification and concurrent p53 stabilization and accumulation. The p19(Arf) tumor suppressor inhibits production of ribosomal RNA, retarding processing of 47/45S and 32S precursors. These effects correlate with but do not strictly depend upon inhibition of rRNA biosynthesis or cell cycle arrest, are not mimicked by p53, and require neither p53 nor Mdm2. Arf mutants lacking conserved amino acid residues 2-14 do not block rRNA synthesis and processing or inhibit cell proliferation. Evolution may have linked a primordial nucleolar Arf function to Mdm2 and p53, creating a more efficient checkpoint-signaling pathway for coordinating ribosomal biogenesis and cell cycle progression. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Tumor Suppressor Arf Inhibits Ribosomal Biogenesis
Ang II binding to AT1-R triggers the activation of Ca2+ signaling and PKC. The signal is then transmitted to Pyk2 and to the small G protein Rac1 but not Cdc42. In turn, Rac1 activates a small G protein-activated kinase whose identity is still controversial, but which has been suggested to be PAK1. Finally, the JNK cascade, including MEKK1, SEK1, and JNK, is activated, causing induction of the c-Jun gene via binding of ATF2 and c-Jun heterodimer to the junTRE2 site. Ang II is closely involved in cardiac remodeling by stimulating synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. It was recently found that expression of fibronectin by Ang II is transcriptionally regulated by AP-1 complex in cardiac fibroblasts. The collagenase gene, containing AP-1 sites, is also regulated by AP-1 components, including c-Jun. AP-1 activity is also enhanced in Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Expression of ANF is regulated by AP-1 components. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Angiotensin II mediated activation of JNK Pathway via Pyk2 dependent signaling
The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM) encodes a protein kinase that acts as a tumor suppressor. ATM activation by ionizing radiation damage to DNA stimulates DNA repair and blocks progression through the cell cycle. Mutation of the ATM gene causes the disease ataxia telangiectasia which involves an inherited predisposition to some cancers. To play this role ATM interacts with a broad network of proteins, including checkpoint factors (chk1, chk2), tumor suppressors (p53 and BRCA), DNA repair factors (RAD50, RAD51, GADD45), and other signaling molecules (c-Abl and NF-kB). In addition to regulating DNA repair and the cell cycle, ATM can also trigger apoptosis in radiation treated cells. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
BRCA1 and BRCA2 were identified genetically as breast cancer susceptibility genes when a single copy of the gene is mutated and are involved in the cellular response to DNA damage, including blocking cell cycle progression and inducing DNA repair to preserve the integrity of the genome during cell division. BRCA1 and BRCA2 induce double-stranded repair of breaks using homologous recombination, in part through activation of RAD51. BRCA1 acts as a ubiquitin ligase targeting the protein FancD2 that activates checkpoint control, integrating the ATM response to ionizing radiation and the FA response to cross-linking agents like mitomycin C. Mutation of one of the several components of the FA complex involved in maintaining integrity of the genome leads to the condition Fanconi anemia. One member of the FA complex was recently identified as BRCA2, which leads to Fanconi anemia when both copies of the gene are mutated. Another related factor involved in the response of cells to DNA damage is the kinase ATM. ATM is mutated in patients with AT, a condition with many similar traits to Fanconi anemia. Like ATM, ATR serves as a checkpoint kinase that halts cell cycle progression and induces DNA repair when DNA is damaged. Loss of ATR results in a loss of checkpoint control in response to DNA damage, leading to cell death. Deletion of the ATR gene in mice is embryonic lethal. ATRIP is a protein that interacts with ATR and is a substrate for its kinase activity. ATRIP is required for ATR function, and removal of ATRIP also leads to a loss of checkpoint control of the cell cycle. ATR and ATM kinase targets include repair enzymes like Rad51, and the checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2, as well as BRCA1 and BRCA2. The close relationship of the genes involved in breast cancer and Fanconi anemia has helped illuminate this signaling system, and may help lead to improved understanding and treatment of these conditions. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Role of BRCA1, BRCA2 and ATR in Cancer Susceptibility
The function of the pro-apoptotic molecule BAD is regulated by phosphorylation of three sites (ser 112, 136, and 155). Phosphorylation at these sites results in loss of the ability of BAD to heterodimerize with the survival proteins BCL-XL or BCL-2. Phosphorylated BAD binds to 14-3-3 and is sequestered in the cytoplasm. While ser-136 phosphorylation is concordant with the activation of Akt, Ser-112 phosphorylation requires activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway. BAD Ser 155 was found to be a major site of phosphorylation induced following stimulation by growth factors and prevented by protein kinase A inhibitors. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
BRCA1 is a breast and ovarian cancer tumor suppressor protein that associates with BARD1 to form a RING/RING heterodimer. The BRCA1/BARD1 RING complex functions as an ubiquitin (Ub) ligase with activity substantially greater than individual BRCA1 or BARD1 subunits. The BRCA1 tumor suppressor forms a heterodimer with the BARD1 protein, and the resulting complex functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes the synthesis of polyubiquitin chains. UbcH5c and UbcH7 also interact with the BRCA1/BARD1 complex with similar affinity (not shown on this figure). Although the in vivo substrate(s) is not yet known, BRCA1 has been observed to undergo autoubiquitination and is capable of monoubiquitinating histones 2A and 2AX in vitro. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Physical interactions between integrin alpha4beta1 heterodimer expressed on B cells and counter receptors on stroma cells are key mediators of the survival of normal and malignant B cells. Recent data indicate that integrin stimulation increases FBI-1, XIAP, survivin, and CCT4 expression but inhibits Requiem, c-Fos, and caspase 3 and 7 induction. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Many different peptides act as signaling molecules, including the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, the protease enzyme thrombin, and the blood pressure regulating peptide angiotensin. While these three proteins are distinct in their sequence and physiology, and act through different cell surface receptors, they share in a common class of cell surface receptors called G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Other polypeptide ligands of GPCRs include vasopressin, oxytocin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, GnRH, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, parathyroid hormone, orexins, urotensin II, endorphins, enkephalins, and many others. GPCRs form a broad and diverse gene family that responds not only to peptide ligands but also small molecule neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and adrenaline), light, odorants, taste, lipids, nucleotides, and ions. The main signaling mechanism used by GPCRs is to interact with G-protein GTPase proteins coupled to downstream second messenger systems including intracellular calcium release and cAMP production. The intracellular signaling systems used by peptide GPCRs are similar to those used by all GPCRs, and are typically classified according to the G-protein they interact with and the second messenger system that is activated. For Gs-coupled GPCRs, activation of the G-protein Gs by receptor stimulates the downstream activation of adenylate cyclase and the production of cyclic AMP, while Gi-coupled receptors inhibit cAMP production. One of the key results of cAMP production is activation of protein kinase A. Gq-coupled receptors stimulate phospholipase C, releasing IP3 and diacylglycerol. IP3 binds to a receptor in the ER to cause the release of intracellular calcium, and the subsequent activation of protein kinase C, calmodulin-dependent pathways. In addition to these second messenger signaling systems for GPCRs, GPCR pathways exhibit crosstalk with other signaling pathways including tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors and map kinase pathways. Transactivation of either receptor tyrosine kinases like the EGF receptor or focal adhesion complexes can stimulate ras activation through the adaptor proteins Shc, Grb2 and Sos, and downstream Map kinases activating Erk1 and Erk2. Src kinases may also play an essential intermediary role in the activation of ras and map kinase pathways by GPCRs. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Bioactive Peptide Induced Signaling Pathway
A nevus composed of neoplastic melanocytes that infiltrate both the epidermis and the dermis.
A type of mole formed by groups of nevus cells found in the epidermis and dermis (the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin).
One of responses to increased blood pressure is cardiac hypertrophy through increased size of ventricular myocardial cells leading to increased thickness of the ventricular walls. Cardiac hypertrophy allows the heart to handle the increased stress caused by elevated blood pressure but is also a risk factor associated with heart disease. Cardiac hypertrophy results from cross-talk between G-protein coupled receptor signaling and the EGF receptor pathway. Several GPCR ligands are known to stimulate cardiac hypertrophy, including factors that regulate blood pressure such as angiotensin II and endothelin-1. These factors stimulate phospholipase C through Gq activation, and the production of 1P3 and diacylglycerol second messengers. PKC-delta is activated by DAG and interacts with the metalloproteinase ADAM12. ADAM12 cleaves the membrane-bound HB-EGF to release soluble EGF ligand that activates EGF receptor in myocardial cells. EGF receptor activation downstream through small G proteins and the MAP kinase pathway ultimately leads to cardiac hypertrophy. Signals by GPCR ligands such as angiotensin II result in transcriptional translation of immediate early genes like fos and other genes involved in long-term remodeling of heart tissue and the physiological response to stress in the heart such as the atrial natriuretic factor. Factors such as the AKT kinase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NE-kB also are involved in signaling that leads to hypertrophy, although their role is not yet clear. Blocking this pathway at various steps may prevent heart disease through the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy, but may also have other consequences. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Role of EGF Receptor Transactivation by GPCRs in Cardiac Hypertrophy
Estrogen Receptor Regulation by CARM1 Pathway
Several forms of post-translational modification regulate protein activities. Recently, protein methylation by CARM1 (coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1) has been observed to play a key role in transcriptional regulation. CARM1 associates with the p160 class of transcriptional coactivators involved in gene activation by steroid hormone family receptors. CARM1 also interacts with CBP/p300 transcriptional coactivators involved in gene activation by a large variety of transcription factors, including steroid hormone receptors and CEBP. One target of CARM1 is the core histones H3 and H4, which are also targets of the histone acetylase activity of CBP/p300 coactivators. Recruitment of CARM1 to the promoter region by binding to coactivators increases histone methylation and makes promoter regions more accessible for transcription. Another target of CARM1 methylation is a coactivator it interacts with, CBP. Methylation of CBP by CARM1 blocks CBP from acting as a coactivator for CREB and redirects the limited CBP pool in the cell to be available for steroid hormone receptors. Other forms of post-translational protein modification such as phosphorylation are reversible in nature, but as of yet a protein demethylase is not known. The methylation activity of CARM1 modulates the activity of specific transcriptional regulators. CARM1 acts as a coactivator for the myogenic transcription factor Mef2c, and is necessary for normal muscle cell differentiation. The estrogen receptor is another transcription factor that uses CARM1 as one of several coactivators, acting synergistically with CBP through the Grip1 member of the p160 family of coactivators. The interaction of estrogen receptor with various ligand-dependent coactivators may produce the tissue selective response of some estrogen receptor ligands like tamoxifen. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
CARM1 and Regulation of the Estrogen Receptor
EGF Receptor Downregulation by CBL Pathway
As with many cell-surface receptors, activation of the EGF receptor can result in receptor internalization through receptor-mediated endocytosis, desensitizing further receptor signaling. This process requires clathrin and occurs in clathrin-coated pits, which pinch off from the plasma membrane to form vesicles that move to the early endosome. From the early endosome, receptors can either be recycled back to the cell surface, or they can move through the late endosome to the lysosome for proteolytic degradation. The sorting of receptors in the early endosome for degradation requires the tyrosine kinase activity of activated growth factor receptor and involves ubiquitination of the receptor. Targeting of receptors for degradation requires members of the Cbl gene family. Cbl proteins bind to tyrosine phosphorylated EGF receptor, and are E3 ubiquitination ligases that label receptor for degradation. Cbl also recruits Cin85 to the receptor complex, and blocking Cin85 interaction blocks receptor internalization and degradation. Endophilins are also a member of this receptor-bound protein complex. In its role as a ubiquitin ligase and docking protein, Cbl desensitizes EGF signaling and also opposes cellular proliferation induced by EGF. EGF activation also appears to activate the tyrosine kinase Src, which phosphorylates Cbl, and helps to activate the ubiquitination and degradation of EGF receptor. PKC activation and threonine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor can induce heterologous receptor internalization, but opposes Cbl-mediated receptor degradation. PKC phosphorylated receptors are sorted for recycling to the cell surface, and directed away from the late endosome and proteasome. Other growth factor receptors are regulated in a similar manner, including the PDGF receptor, HGF receptor and the CSF-1 receptor, indicating that this is a fairly general regulatory mechanism. The importance of Cbl in the down-regulation of growth factor signaling means that it will have an important role in cellular transformation and the development and treatment of cancer. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
CBL mediated ligand-induced downregulation of EGF receptors
Migration of cells is involved in essential functions such as development, invasiveness of cancer cells, leukocyte movement toward chemotactic signals, and fibroblast response to injury. Cells can migrate in a specific direction in response to extracellular signals through pathways that trigger changes in the cytoskeleton, particularly actin filaments, increasing lamellipodia and filopodia formation and decreasing focal adhesions. Factors like PDGF activate PI3 kinase and multiple pathways downstream to stimulate cell migration. One pathway regulating migration through the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3 kinase does not require PI3-kinase activity. In this pathway, p85 of PI3-kinase activates cdc42, which activates N-Wasp (Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein) to regulate ARP-2/3. ARP-2/3 is a complex of proteins localized at the leading edge of moving cells that nucleates the formation of new actin fibers and interacts with Wasp to stimulate migration. The cdc42 pathway also regulates p21-activate kinase 1 (PAK1). Another pathway by which PI3 kinase regulates migration is through the small GTPase Rac. PAK1 is a downstream target of Rac as well as cdc42. Downstream of Rac and PAK1, Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates myosin light chain to increase cell migration. The regulation of the localization and activity of signaling factors creates coordinated pathways linking extracellular signals and cellular migration. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Role of PI3K subunit p85 in regulation of Actin Organization and Cell Migration
A tumor composed of two or more glial cell types (astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes).
A brain tumor that forms from more than one type of brain cell, usually astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
A malignant neoplasm comprising two or more glial cell types (e.g., astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes).
A WHO grade III meningioma characterized by the predominance of a perivascular pseudopapillary pattern.
CTCF is central to signaling pathways in immature B cells elicited by cross-linking the Ig BCR and stimulation with TGF. Both stimuli result in induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. BCR ligation stimulates a transient induction of MYC that leads to high level CTCF expression and feedback suppression of MYC transcription. BCR ligation also activates PTEN opposing PI3K activation of MYC. Pharmacologic inactivation of PI3K or mTOR/FRAP results in suppression of S6K resulting in activation of CTCF and suppression of MYC. CTCF activation induces transcriptional activation of p19ARF, with its downstream consequences, and of p27. Growth arrest is occasioned by co-expression of p21 and p27 and inhibition of MYC. CTCF, is a multivalent DNA-sequence binder whose specificity is mediated by different sets of zinc finger (ZF) proteins. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Activation of the MAPK kinase pathway has been identified as a mechanism that integrins use to regulate gene expression, leading to cell shape changes during cell spreading or migration. Epithelial cells respond to extracellular matrix (ECM) causing integrin-mediated FAK phosphorylation; this, in turn, phosphorylates the surrounding proteins (paxillin, Fyn/shc, and src) and leads to signal amplification. FAK also binds PI-3 kinase and acts upstream in the MAP kinase pathway. When MAP kinase or PI-3 kinase is inhibited, actin reorganization is blocked. Src phosphorylates p190RhoGAP, inactivating its GAP function and allowing RhoGTP to stay active longer, promoting further signal amplification. Activated RhoGTP binds to downstream kinases such as Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (p160ROCK) and p140 diaphanous (p140Dia) to increase actin polymerization and contraction. Actin reorganization assists integrin clustering, allowing more ECM binding that increase FAK phosphorylation and other signal transduction events. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Erk and PI-3 Kinase Are Necessary for Collagen Binding in Corneal Epithelia
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an example of a lipid messenger with both intracellular and extracellular functions. Intracellularly S1P regulates proliferation and survival; extracellularly S1P is a ligand for EDG1 (also known as S1P1). Activation of sphingosine kinase (SPHK), the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine, increases cellular levels of S1P. Inhibitors of SPHK block formation of S1P and inhibit cellular proliferation induced by a variety of factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PMA. In a study using endothelial cells it was demonstrated that S1P induces activation of alpha-v and B3 integrins via RhoA. S1P also activates Akt via Gi and PI3K. The activated Akt phosphorylates the Edg1 receptor on threonine 236 leading to the activation of Rac1 and subsequent signals leading to actin assembly, chemotaxis and lamellipodia formation. Edg1 stimulation also leads to the activation of the ERK signaling cascade resulting in anti-apoptotic reversal, proliferation and cell survival. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Phospholipids as signaling intermediaries
Eukaryotic cells take up constituents of the extra-cellular environment and regulate the cell-surface level of membrane proteins via a recycling system of membrane vesicles called endosomes. When cells are taking up elements from the cell-surface it is called endocytosis, and when they are delivered to the cell-surface it is called exocytosis. The transferrin receptor (TfR) is often employed as a model protein for studying this process. The transferrin receptor mediates uptake of iron by binding diferrictransferrin (Tf-2Fe++) from the plasma. Endocytosis of the receptor is initiated by the formation of a clathrin-coated pit in the cell membrane, which subsequently forms the primary endosome and then fuses with the early endosome. The lumen of an early endosome has a slightly acidic pH, which enables the ions to be released. The ions move to the cytosol and the receptor-apotransferrin (Tf) complex is sorted for recycling back to the cell membrane in recycling endosomes. At the cell surface the apotransferrin is replaced with diferrictransferrin and the cycle repeats. Whether an endocytosed protein is recycled or not is determined by a sorting process initiated in the early endosome. The early endosome is the first organelle along the endo-lysosomal pathway and it is the major sorting station. Internalized membrane proteins can either be sorted for recycling from the early endosome by a fast route (e.g., TfR) or make it to the late endosome and recycle by a slow route (e.g., angiotensin receptor, AT1R) or be retained in the late endosome and directed to the lysosome for degradation (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR). The early endosome has been suggested to turn into a multi-vesicular late endosome through a maturation process that changes its biochemical composition and morphology. The late endosome is followed by the lysosome, which is the terminal organelle on the endocytic pathway and is devoid of recycling receptors. The lysosome has a very acidic environment and contains proteases. Vesicular trafficking and proper sorting of internalized proteins require the recruitment of cytosolic proteins to a specific endosomal membrane in a reversible and regulated manner. Many proteins become reversibly localized to membranes through interaction with specific lipid head groups. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) is a minor PI3K product that is constitutively produced and specifically localize to early endosomes and several proteins bind specifically to its head group. These proteins all have a domain called a FYVE-finger which binds to PI3P. It is a cysteine-rich domain reminiscent of a zinc finger with eight conserved cysteines, which coordinate two Zinc ions, and several other conserved residues. Two FYVE finger proteins important in vesicle transport are illustrated in this pathway. The first and most well studied is the early endosomal autoantigen (EEA1). It is a protein involved in fusion of primary endosomes with early endosomes. EEA1 is a large coiled-coil protein that contains a C-terminal FYVE-finger and two domains that bind to the active, GTP-bound form of the early-endosomal GTPase Rab5. One of these domains is adjacent to the FYVE-finger, whereas the other, a C2H2-type zinc finger, is found at the N terminus. The C terminus of EEA1, containing one Rab5-binding domain and the FYVE-finger, is necessary and sufficient for specific targeting of EEA1 to early endosomes, and the membrane binding requires both PI3K activity and Rab5:GTP. The relatively low affinities of the C-terminal Rab5-binding domain for Rab5:GTP and of the FYVE-finger for PI3P secure that under physiological conditions, EEA1 is only recruited to membranes that contain both of these components and Rab5 is required on both membranes in order for the fusion to take place. The second FYVE finger protein in this pathway is HRS. It is also present in early endosomal membranes and is involved in sorting of endocytosed proteins. It binds ubiquitinated proteins and sorts them into clathrin-coated microdomains of the early endosomes. HRS has a domain structure with a FYVE domain, an N-terminal VHS-domain, an ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM), a proline-rich domain, two coiled-coil domains (the second binds to the SNARE protein SNAP-25), and a C-terminal clathrin interacting domain. There are two different forms of clathrin coats in endosomes with distinct localization, one that is involved in budding to form recycling vesicles and one with a flat morphology. HRS binds to the flat clathrin, which causes its specific localization in these parts of the early endosome. HRS prevents receptor recycling by recruiting and concentrating ubiquitinated proteins such as the EGFR in the early endosomes. The ubiquitinated proteins are retained in the late endosome and polyubiquitinated proteins are subsequently transported to the lysosome for degradation. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The role of FYVE-finger proteins in vesicle transport
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) peptide induces cellular proliferation through the EGF receptor. Inhibitors of the EGF receptor are being pursued as potential cancer therapies and EGF may stimulate wound healing. Mutation of the EGF receptor has been associated with cancer in humans. The proliferative effects of EGF are signaled through several pathways. Binding of EGF results in EGF receptor dimerization, autophosphorylation of the receptor, and tyrosine phosphorylation of other proteins. The EGF receptor activates ras and the MAP kinase pathway, ultimately causing phosphorylation of transcription factors such as c-Fos to create AP-1 and ELK-1 that contribute to proliferation. Activation of STAT-1 and STAT-3 transcription factors by JAK kinases in response to EGF contributes to proliferative signaling. Phosphatidylinositol signaling and calcium release induced by EGF activate protein kinase C, another component of EGF signaling. Crosstalk of EGF signaling with other pathways make the EGF receptor a junction point between signaling systems. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Corepressors are coregulators that interact with transcriptional silencers in a variety of pathways such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Abnormal corepressor-silencer interactions have been implicated in a variety of human disease pathways including several types of leukemia. The regulation of the SMRT corepressor via the p38 and Mek-1 Kinase pathway is represented in this pathway. The EFG receptor represents one mechanism by which SMRT function is inhibited by the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. The MEKK1 and p38 pathways are activated by EGF resulting in cross-regulation of SMRT. The induction of SMRT phosphorylation by either pathway causes SMRT to unbind from the transcription factor complexes represented by RXR, RAR, T3R and PLZF.
Map Kinase Inactivation of SMRT Corepressor Pathway
Corepressors are coregulators that interact with transcriptional silencers in a variety of pathways such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Abnormal corepressor-silencer interactions have been implicated in a variety of human disease pathways including several types of leukemia. The regulation of the SMRT corepressor via the p38 and Mek-1 Kinase pathway is represented in this pathway. The EGF receptor represents one mechanism by which SMRT function is inhibited by the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. The MEKK1 and p38 pathways are activated by EGF resulting in cross-regulation of SMRT. The induction of SMRT phosphorylation by either pathway causes SMRT to unbind from the transcription factor complexes represented by RXR, RAR, T3R and PLZF. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Map Kinase Inactivation of SMRT Corepressor
Erythropoietin (Epo) is most commonly known as the cytokine secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production and is used as a drug for the treatment of anemias. Epo is also secreted in the brain in response to hypoxia, such as ischemic stroke. Epo production in the brain is stimulated by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1 (see HIF pathway). Administration of Epo to the brain in rodents before hypoxic stress or other neuronal stresses is neuroprotective, preventing neuronal apoptosis. The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is known to associate with JAK kinases that phosphorylate and activate the STAT family of transcription factors. The neuroprotection by Epo involves cross-talk between Epo receptor and anti-apoptotic pathways through activation of NF-kB by the JAK2 kinase. Epo stimulates JAK2 phosphorylation of I-kB, releasing NF-kB to translocate into the nucleus and activate transcription of neuroprotective genes. Neuroprotective genes activated by NF-kB include the anti-oxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase and calbindin-D28k. The erythropoietin receptor is also essential for proper brain development in mice. The absence of EpoR causes high levels of neuronal apoptosis in the developing mouse brain, further confirming the important role of Epo as a neuroprotective agent. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Erythropoietin mediated neuroprotection through NF-kB
Erythropoietin functions to increase the number of red blood cells. Thus, it has found utility as a drug for those needing to replenish erythrocytes for any number of reasons. The signaling mechanism includes multimerization of the receptor upon ligand binding, activation of MAPK cascade, and phosphorylation and activation of Stat5. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The neuregulins comprise a subfamily of at least four epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors that influence a variety of cellular events, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, and fate. The most thoroughly examined neuregulin, neu differentiation factor NDF (AKA: neuregulin-1; NRG1; also heregulin, glial growth factor, or acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity), has been shown to play essential roles in the development of cardiac and neural tissues and also has been shown to play a role in the postsynaptic development of the neuromuscular junction. The neuregulins bind to ErbB3 or ErbB4 and can activate the ErbB2 receptor through a heterodimerization mechanism. Heterodimers of ErbB3 and ErbB2, which has no direct ligand, are potent in causing cell transformation. Controlled levels of signaling through ErbB and other growth factor receptors are maintained by keeping a relatively limited amount of receptors at the cell surface. Receptor overexpression can lead to disease states such as the genesis or progression of tumors. Hence, mechanisms must exist for localizing and maintaining a precise concentration of growth factor receptors at the site of signal reception. ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 are somewhat unique among studied receptor tyrosine kinases in that they exhibit impaired ligand-induced internalization, down-regulation, and degradation. In fact, the rate of degradation is dependent on factors that appear to act independent of ligand binding. Nrdp-1 (Neuregulin receptor degradation protein-1) is one such protein. Ndrp-1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that tags ErbB3 for degradation in non-lysosomal compartments. The cycling of ErbB1 is similar to that of EGF receptor and is included for contrast. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Neuroregulin receptor degradation protein-1 Controls ErbB3 receptor recycling
Axons extend significant distances to innervate target tissues. At the site of innervation, target tissues release neurotrophins including NGF, BDNF and neurotrophin-3 that stimulate the survival of the associated neuron. Local signaling by activated Trk receptors at the synaptic terminus mediates some presynaptic neuronal responses to neurotrophins. Map kinase pathways activated by Trk receptor activate Erk1 and Erk2 at the terminus stimulating axonal growth, and PI3K activates AKT in the terminus as well. Activation of these kinases does not propagate a signal to the cell body though and does not induce a transcriptional response. This local signaling at the terminus or local signaling at the cell body appears distinct from the signaling pathway that transduces the survival signal from the target tissue. Retrograde axonal transport plays an essential role in neuronal survival induced by neurotrophins released at the target tissue. Failure of retrograde neurotrophin signaling may play a role in neurodegenerative conditions. The neuronal survival signal is initiated by binding of neurotrophins to Trk receptors in the presynaptic membrane, and then travels back along the axon to the neuronal cell body. To transmit the signal back along the axon, activated Trk receptors are internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis and receptor containing vesicles then rapidly travel back to the cell body along axonal microtubules. Several reports indicate that neurotrophins remain receptor-bound during the retrograde axonal transport to the cell body, but recently it was reported that retrograde transport of NGF was not required to induce neuronal survival. Once in the cell body, Trk receptors activate multiple pathways. A key pathway activated by Trk after retrograde transport involves Erk5, also called BMK1. Trk activates Mek5, which activates Erk5, inducing phosphorylation of the CREB and Mef2 transcription factors. Erk5 does not directly phosphorylate CREB, but translocates into the nucleus and phosphorylates the kinase Rsk, which phosphorylates CREB in turn. Both CREB and Mef2 induce a transcriptional program that contributes to neuronal survival. Local activation of Erk5 on the cell body does not appear to induce the same signaling system or neuronal survival, indicating that the retrograde transport is an essential part of the survival signaling system. Also, activation of Erk1 and Erk2 in the cell body can induce CREB activation and neuronal survival, but these kinases are not activated by neurotrophins applied to the axonal terminus. Another pathway activated by retrograde neurotrophin signaling though Erk5 is PI3 Kinase. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The p44/42 MAP Kinase pathway consists of a protein kinase cascade linking growth and differentiation signals with transcription in the nucleus. Growth factor receptors and tyrosine kinases activate Ras which in turn activates c-Raf, MEK, and MAP kinase. Activated p44/42 MAP Kinase translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription by phosphorylation of kinases such as p90 RSK, MSK, and transcription factors such as ELK-1 and Stat3. The importance of this pathway in both growth control and development has been demonstrated via the transforming properties of various mutant forms of Ras, Raf, and MEK and by their effects on development. Signal amplification and the potential for crosstalk appear to be important features of this regulatory network. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Fc Epsilon Receptor I Signaling Pathway BioCarta
The Fc Epsilon Receptor 1 signaling pathway in mast cells uses multiple core signal paths to achieve its necessary ends. Through the BTK protein and PKC Mast cells are able to degranulate, through the PKC and MAPK paths the cells are able to alter cytokine expression and arachidonic acid release. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Fc Epsilon Receptor I Signaling in Mast Cells
A carcinoma arising from the ampulla of Vater. The vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Cancer that forms in the ampulla of Vater (an enlargement of the ducts from the liver and pancreas where they join and enter the small intestine). Symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
The G2/M DNA damage checkpoint prevents the cell from entering mitosis (M phase) if the genome is damaged. The Cdc2-cyclin B kinase is pivotal in regulating this transition. During G2 phase, Cdc2 is maintained in an inactive state by the kinases Wee1 and Mt1. As cells approach M phase, the phosphatase Cdc25 is activated, perhaps by the polo-kinase Pik1. Cdc25 then activates Cdc2, establishing a feedback amplification loop that efficiently drives the cell into mitosis. DNA damage activates the DNA-PK/ATM/ATR kinases, initiating two parallel cascades that inactivate Cdc2-cyclin B. The first cascade rapidly inhibits progression into mitosis: the CHK kinases phosphorylate and inactivate Cdc25, which can no longer activate Cdc2. The second cascade is slower. Phosphorylation of p53 dissociates it from MDM2, activating its DNA binding activity. Acetylation by p300/PCAF further activates its transcriptional activity. The genes that are turned on by p53 constitute effectors of this second cascade. They include 14-3-3s, which binds to the phosphorylated Cdc2-cyclin B kinase and exports it from the nucleus; GADD45, which apparently binds to and dissociates the Cdc2-cyclin B kinase; and p21Cip1, an inhibitor of a subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases including Cdc2 (CDK1). (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
A polypoid tumor that arises from the gallbladder and projects into the lumen. This category includes adenomas and hyperplastic polyps.
Myocardial infarction damages heart tissue both during the initial ischemia and the subsequent reperfusion of tissues with oxygen. Corticosteroids can protect cardiac tissue from damage following a heart attack, but the mechanisms by which corticosteroids are cardioprotective have not been clear and negative side effects such as reduced wound healing may result from their use. Corticosteroids exert a variety of actions through binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the steroid hormone receptor gene family. GR acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor, but some of the cardioprotective effects mediated by GR-bound corticosteroids are non-transcriptional in nature. Glucocorticoids are commonly used as anti-inflammatory drugs in a variety of conditions, and some of their effects in the heart result from inhibition of the inflammatory response of heart tissue to ischemia and reperfusion. NF-kB is a transcription factor involved in signaling by inflammatory factors such as TNF, and is repressed by glucocorticoids. Annexin-1 is a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein whose expression is induced by corticosteroids and inhibits the infiltration of neutrophils into tissue, blocking reperfusion-induced inflammatory heart damage. A non-transcriptional cardioprotective effect of glucocorticoids is activation of NO production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Glucocorticoids activate eNOS through activation of PI3 kinase and AKT and increased NO produced by eNOS can diffuse into surrounding tissues to prevent clotting and cause vasodilation. The beta-2 adrenergic receptor can also activate PI3 kinase and may synergize with glucocorticoids in this pathway. The atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a peptide secreted by the atrial wall in response to increased atrial pressure such as occurs during cardiac failure and to be decreased by myocardial infarction. Glucocorticoids increase the secretion of ANF by acting at the transcriptional level to increase expression of the pro-ANF peptide, perhaps inducing increased water excretion in the kidneys to reduce blood volume and reduce atrial pressure. The exploration of glucocorticoid responses may allow the identification of compounds that retain the cardioprotective activities but do not inhibit wound healing. Alternative mechanisms of eNOS activation may also provide a route to identify cardioprotective drugs. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Growth hormone plays a major role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence and also regulates metabolism. Defects in growth hormone signaling can result in dwarfism and decreases in growth hormone levels with age have been suggested to play a role in the reduced function of some physiological systems. Growth hormone signals a response in cells through the growth hormone receptor, a member of the cytokine receptor gene family. Growth hormone causes the receptor to dimerize, activating the JAK2 protein kinase. The activity of JAK2 mediates many of the downstream responses to growth hormone through phosphorylation of STAT transcription factors, MAP kinases, other kinase cascades and molecules involved in metabolism like IRS-1. Factors like SOCS and SHP-1 appear to play a role in the down regulation of signaling by growth hormone and cytokines. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Inhibition of Cellular Proliferation by Gleevec Pathway
The drug Gleevec (also known as imatinib mesylate or STI-571) was approved by the FDA in 2001 for the treatment of CML, chronic myeloid leukemia. While traditional cytotoxic cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy kill all dividing cells, Gleevec acts on a molecular target by a mechanism that is more specific to cancer cells. Traditional cytotoxic cancer agents have serious side effects such as nausea, weight loss, hair loss and severe fatigue that result from their lack of specificity in killing cells. Gleevec was designed as an inhibitor of a specific receptor associated with CML, and so produces less severe side effects than other cancer agents. CML is associated in most cases with a specific chromosomal defect, a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that creates the Philadelphia chromosome. This translocation creates the abnormal bcr-abl protein, a fusion of the Abl gene with another gene called Bcr. The kinase activity of Abl in the bcr-abl fusion is activated and unregulated, driving the uncontrolled cell growth observed in CML. White blood cells containing the bcr-abl mutation become able to proliferate in the absence of growth factors they normally require. Gleevec inhibits Abl kinase activity, helping to reverse uncontrolled cell growth. Gleevec also inhibits the PDGF tyrosine kinase and the c-kit tyrosine kinase. There are a variety of cellular substrates of the bcr-abl kinase that may be involved in cellular transformation. Some of the downstream factors in bcr-abl signaling include PI3 kinase/AKT and STAT transcription factors. The activation of bcr-abl also represses apoptosis through induction of anti-apoptosis factors such as Bad, allowing transformed cells to divide. JAK2 kinase activity appears to be one target of bcr-abl. Grb-2 phosphorylation by bcr-abl may play a role in down-regulation of tyrosine kinase signaling. STAT5 may be involved in the failure of apoptosis in bcr-abl cells. In addition to supporting the idea that cancer therapies targeting specific molecular targets should be efficacious with fewer side effects, Gleevec has also demonstrated that drugs inhibiting protein kinases can be developed successfully. Tyrosine kinases are important in a range of cellular processes, including other cancers, and will provide additional drug targets. Gleevec itself has already demonstrated potential in other cancers such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor that do not respond to existing treatments. Although Gleevec has produced very strong clinical responses in patients with early stage CML, patients with late stage disease have had an initial response followed by a relapse of drug resistant CML cells. Cancer cells in patients with Gleevec resistant cancer either had amplification of the bcr-abl gene, or mutation of a key amino acid involved in binding drug from threonine to isoleucine. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Inhibition of Cellular Proliferation by Gleevec
A molecular or cytogenic abnormality which occurs in either human disease states or disease models.
Chromosomal, Gene, or Protein Abnormality
Cytogenetic or Molecular Genetic Abnormality
To replicate in host cell, viruses commandeer cellular signaling pathways. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a DNA virus that is widespread in the population but usually causes disease only in immunocompromised individuals and is also a viral cause of birth defects. One of the actions of CMV in the host cell is to stimulate MAP kinase pathways. Both p38 and ERK kinases are activated by CMV infection through activation of map kinase kinases and inhibition of phosphatases. One result of Map kinase activation by CMV is activation of transcription of viral genes, increasing the production of viral gene products. Both p38 and ERK kinases contribute to the activation of viral genes by cellular transcription factors acting through the viral UL4 promoter at upstream and basal transcription elements. Another target of prolonged p38 activation during infection is Rb, contributing to viral replication. Activation of MKK1 and MKK2 leads to Erk1 and Erk2 activation, and phosphorylation of downstream targets. The MEKK1 kinase regulates the immediate early promoter indirectly through downstream kinase signaling and perhaps more directly through activation of NF-kB. Map kinase pathways activated by CMV converge on increased transcription of viral genes and increased replication of the viral genome. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of CMV with cellular signaling machinery will provide improved ways to treat CMV-mediated disease. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Human Cytomegalovirus and Map Kinase Pathways
The differentiation of muscle cells is transcriptionally regulated, in part by the myocyte enhancer factor-2, MEF2. During myogenesis MEF2 binds to MyoD and other basic helix-loop-helix factors to activate transcription of genes involved in muscle cell differentiation. Transcriptional activation by MEF2 is blocked by interaction with HDAC5 and other histone deacetylases. In undifferentiated myoblasts, HDAC5 is present in the nucleus where it binds to MEF2 to block activation of muscle genes. When activated by IGF-1 signaling, CaM kinase phosphorylates HDAC proteins, causing them to be exported from the nucleus, releasing the block on MEF2 transcriptional activation and allowing differentiation to proceed. Transcription cofactors also interact with MEF2 to contribute to gene regulation and myogenesis. The transcriptional regulator NFAT, for example, acts as a cofactor for MEF2 when calcium and calcineurin signaling activate it. There are four members of the Mef2 gene family, Mef2a-2d. Mef2a is expressed in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. Mef2c is involved in myogenesis in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Mef2d is widely expressed, and may be involved in the regulation of T cell function as well as muscle. Several factors regulate Mef2 transcription factors, including Map kinases and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Mef2 is phosphorylated by p38 map kinase, and phosphorylation of Mef2c by p38 contributes to skeletal muscle differentiation. BMK-1 (also called Erk5) is another member of the Map kinase family that regulates the activity of Mef2 family members and is unique in that it appears itself to possess a transcriptional activation domain and act as a transcriptional coactivator. Mekk3 disruption prevented normal cardiovascular development in mice and appears to signal through p38 and Mef2c in normal cardiovascular development. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Control of skeletal myogenesis by HDAC & calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK)
Her2 or ERBB2 belongs to a class of proteins having high homology with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ERBB1). It encodes a protein with a molecular weight of 185 KDa. Unlike other members of the EGFR family, no ligand for Her2 has been found and it usually associates with members of ERBB1 family to form functional heterodimers. It has been shown that it can form dimers with ERBB (EGFR), ERBB3 and ERBB4 as well as gp130 subunits of IL-6 receptor. In at least some cell types, the association between gp130 and HRBB2 is essential for HRBB2-ERBB3 phosphorylation and subsequent MAP kinase signaling. Although ERBB1 can form homodimers, the signaling for ERBB1 is usually transient and the receptor undergoes internalization after ligand binding and activation. EGFR-HER2 complex increases the signaling capacity of EGFR by increasing the ligand affinity as well as the recycling of the heterodimer. Of all the ERBB heterodimers, ERBB2-ERBB3 heterodimers perhaps elicit the strongest signal. Removing ERBB3 from the cell has a drastic effect on ERBB2 mediated signaling and downstream effectors. The clinical importance of HER2 cannot be overstated. In addition, monoclonal antibody (Herceptin) against this receptor has been shown to be an effective treatment of breast cancer patients who have a high level of HER2 over expression. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Role of ERBB2 in Signal Transduction and Oncology
Interferon gamma is secreted from CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8 cells, gamma/delta T cells, and activated NK cells. It plays a role in activating lymphocytes to enhance anti-microbial and anti-tumor effects. In addition it plays a role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and response of lymphocyte subsets. Signaling takes place through an IFN Receptor complex consisting of two alpha chains (type I receptor) and two beta chains (type 2 receptor). Upon phosphorylation by Jak1, Stat1 (alpha) transduces the signal into transcriptional events. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) provide a potent proliferative signaling system that stimulates growth in many different cell types and blocks apoptosis. In vivo IGF-1 acts as an intermediate of many growth hormone responses, and may stimulate the growth of some types of cancer. IGF-1 also provides a mitogenic signal to act as a growth factor for many tissue culture cells. One component of IGF-1 mitogenic signaling is association of the receptor tyrosine kinase with Shc, Grb2, and Sos-1 to activate ras and the Map kinase cascade (raf, Mek, Erk). An endpoint of the Map kinase pathway is modification of transcription factor activity, such as activation of ELK transcription factors. Serum response factor (SRF) and AP-1 contribute to mitogenic signaling by many factors. Phosphorylation of IRS-1 and PI3 kinase activation are also involved in IGF-1 signaling, similar to insulin signaling. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) promotes cell-mediated immunity by inducing Th1 cell differentiation and activation of both T cells and NK cells. Dendritic cells and macrophages in peripheral tissues act as antigen presenting cells and secrete IL-12 as one component of the antigen response, Th1 differentiation. The role of IL-12 in cellular immunity is largely mediated by the STAT-4 transcription factor. STAT-4 is essential for IL-12 activity and the phenotype of mice lacking STAT-4 is very similar to the phenotype of mice lacking the IL-12 receptor or IL-12. The role of IL-12 in Th1 differentiation may not be to induce the Th1 cell fate, but to stimulate growth of cells determined for the Th1 cell fate by the T-bet transcription factor. Several signaling pathways contribute to IL-12 activation of STAT-4 to regulate cell-mediated immune responses. The JAK kinases such as JAK2 and TYK2 interact with the activated IL-12 receptor and tyrosine phosphorylate the IL-12 receptor and STAT-4. IL-12 also activates a map kinase pathway activating the map kinase kinase MKK6 and p38. Phosphorylation of STAT-4 on serine 721 by p38 contributes to the full transcriptional activation of genes by STAT-4. Some of the events downstream of IL-12 appear to include genes activated indirectly by STAT-4, such as genes activated by the transcription factor ERM. ERM is in the Ets family of transcription factors, is activated by IL-12 and activates IL-12 inducible genes such as Interferon-gamma that are not activated by STAT-4 itself. Interferon-gamma transcription in T cells is also activated by other signals such as from the T cell receptor. Other proteins activated transcriptionally downstream of IL-12 and STAT-4 include the chemokine receptor CCR5 and IL-18 and its receptor. Some viruses, including HIV, repress cell-mediated immunity by blocking IL-12 signaling. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
IL12 and Stat4 Dependent Signaling Pathway in Th1 Development
IL-22 is an inflammatory cytokine related to IL-10 that is produced by T cells and that induces a response in cells through a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2C. One of the actions of IL-22 appears to be the induction of acute phase inflammatory response in hepatocytes, acting through activation of STATs and transcriptional regulation. A gene with homology to the extracellular domain of the cell surface IL-22R1 receptor component was identified that lacked transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The protein derived from this gene was found to bind IL-22 and block its interaction with the cell surface receptor. The IL-22 soluble receptor (IL-22BP, IL-22 binding protein) also blocks some of the downstream effects of IL-22 such as STAT activation and the transcriptional induction of genes involved in the immune and inflammatory responses. The IL-22 soluble receptor may act as an anti-inflammatory agent. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The IL-2 receptor is a key component of immune signaling and is required for the activation, proliferation, and survival of T cells. This receptor is composed of three polypeptide chains, the alpha, beta, and gamma chains. The IL-2 receptor gamma chain is a common component for several other cytokine receptors, including IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-15. The IL-2 receptor beta chain is essential for IL-2 signaling and is also a component of the IL-15 receptor complex. The polypeptides of the IL-2 receptor do not themselves have intrinsic catalytic activity, but interact with cytoplasmic signaling proteins to transduce signals. Different regions of the cytoplasmic domain of the IL-2 receptor beta chain interact and couple with distinct signaling pathways and cellular responses. JAK1 associates with the beta chain and JAK3 with the gamma chain. Binding of IL-2 induces heterodimerization of receptor subunits, and activation of JAK kinase activity. Tyrosine residues in the beta chain cytoplasmic domain are phosphorylated during activation, recruiting other factors to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues through src homology 2 (SH2) domains. The adaptor protein Shc binds to phosphorylated tyrosine 338 of the beta chain. When bound, Shc is phosphorylated and couples through Grb2 and Sos-1 to activate Ras and stimulate T cell proliferation. Another key proliferative pathway activated by IL-2 is phosphorylation of STAT-5 by JAK kinases. STAT-5 is recruited to IL-2 beta phosphorylated tyrosines at multiple positions, including Y338, Y392 and Y510. Once phosphorylated, STAT-5 enters the nucleus to regulate the transcription of several genes, some proliferative, such as cyclin genes, and others that are involved in T cell immune function such as cytokine genes. The suppressors of cytokine activation, SOCS-3 and SOCS-1, oppose phosphorylation and activation of STAT-5 and JAK1 caused by IL-2. PI3 kinase is another protein recruited to IL-2 receptor beta chain tyrosines when phosphorylated. Activation of PI3 Kinase also contributes to the proliferative activity of IL-2 in T cells. The role of other tyrosines in the IL-2 receptor beta chain, Y355, Y358 and Y361, is not yet clear, but may be involved in signaling by the protein kinase p56lck. In addition to stimulating T cell activation and proliferation, IL-2 activation blocks T cell apoptosis through multiple pathways. Among the genes activated by STAT-5 are BCL-xL, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and fas-ligand, an activator of apoptosis in cells expressed the fas receptor. PI3 kinase also contributes to anti-apoptotic activity of IL-2 through AKT activation. T cell responses to IL-2 must be coordinated in part in the complex protein-protein interactions with the IL-2 receptor beta chain. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
IL-2 Receptor Beta Chain in T cell Activation
Interleukin-3 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells through binding to its receptor. The receptor for IL-3 is a heterodimer with a ligand-specific alpha chain (70 kD, CD123) and a common beta chain (shared with IL-5 and GM-CSF). Signaling is believed to be primarily through Stat5 and the MAPK pathways. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
IL-7 is a key cytokine in the immune system, essential for normal development of B cells and T cells. Mice with the IL-7 receptor deleted lack B and T cells. Some humans with SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease) also have mutation of their IL-7 receptor gene leading to an absence of T cells and greatly impaired B cell production. The IL-7 receptor includes two polypeptides, a gamma chain and an alpha chain. The alpha-chain is unique to the IL-7 receptor while several other cytokines use the same gamma receptor chain as IL-7, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. Binding of IL-7 to the alpha chain leads to dimerization of the alpha and gamma chains. JAK3 associated with the gamma chain tyrosine phosphorylates the alpha chain after dimerization. The importance of JAK3 in IL-7 signaling is supported by the similarity of the immune defects in JAK3 knockout mice and IL-7 knockout mice. The phosphorylated alpha chain serves as the site for recruiting other signaling molecules to the complex to be phosphorylated and activated, including STAT5, src kinases, PI3 kinase, Pyk2, and Bcl2 proteins. Some targets of IL-7 signaling contribute to cellular survival, including Bcl2 and Pyk2. Other targets contribute to cellular proliferation, including PI3 kinase, src family kinases (lck and fyn) and STAT5. The transcription factor STAT5 contributes to activation of multiple different downstream genes in B and T cells and may contribute to VDJ recombination through alteration of chromatin structure. The cell survival and cell proliferation signals induced by IL-7 combine to induce normal B and T cell development. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The appropriate signaling through the insulin pathway is critical for the regulation of glucose levels and the avoidance of diabetes. Insulin forms a complex with the insulin receptor (IR) and b chains to form the active signaling complex. Through recruitment of adaptor molecules and the activation of RAS, the activated IR can cause transcriptional activation. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The epidermis, which provides a protective barrier that undergoes a constant renewal, is a multi-layered tissue with the proliferating cells located in the basal layer. As cells leave the basal layer they undergo significant differentiation and biochemical and morphological remodeling. The final differentiation results in the formation of corneocytes. In vitro keratinocytes mimic this process. Several genes mark keratinocyte specific differentiation. Among the most frequently tracked markers are transglutaminase, cystatin and involucrin. Keratinocyte differentiation studies have identified and provided significant detail regarding the involvement of three of the 4 major MAP kinase pathways from several diverse stimuli such as EGF, FAS, TNF and calcium influx. The keratinocyte differentiation cascades also provide for detailed study of the functions of individual PKC isoforms and it is interesting to note the contrasting functions of the PKC isoforms in this process. In recent studies it has been determined that the cPKC (conventional/classical Protein Kinase C) isoforms, which are calcium-, phospholipid-, and diacylglycerol-dependent are inhibitory where as the nPKC (novel Protein Kinase C) isoforms which are calcium independent are stimulatory for keratinocyte differentiation markers. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
A demonstrated means to increase lifespan in a wide range of organisms is through the restriction of caloric intake. Reducing the consumption of calories increases the lifespan of many different organisms, including mice. Caloric restriction not only increases lifespan, but decreases age-related deterioration of systems and physiological responses, reducing age related diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Although caloric restriction has not been demonstrated experimentally to increase human lifespan, short-term changes in physiological measures like insulin responsiveness have been observed. Caloric restriction in animals reduces the levels of plasma glucose and insulin and reduces inflammatory responses and may reduce oxidative stress through reduced oxidative metabolism, further contributing to the health benefits of reduced calorie intake. The reduction in inflammation may be related to reduced plasma glucose and in humans could reduce an inflammation connection to cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Genetic analysis has indicated several genes that influence lifespan, particularly those that alter pituitary development, reduce growth hormone secretion, reduce food intake, and reduce apoptosis (p66 Shc). All of these appear to converge on an IGF-1 receptor pathway and to reproduce many of the effects of caloric restriction. Although dwarf mice with defective growth hormone or IGF-1 signaling also have significantly increased lifespan, humans with defects in growth hormone signaling tend to develop diseases that shorten their lifespan. One of the downstream actions of IGF-1 signaling is to repress stress resistance proteins including antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and heat shock proteins, so a reduction in IGF signaling may extend lifespan by increasing the expression of stress resistance genes. The link between caloric restriction and IGF signaling may be the increased expression of stress resistance proteins. In addition to the IGF-1R mutation, p66 Shc mutation also increases lifespan without significant aberration of other systems. Shc is a target of IGF-1R phosphorylation, and a major inducer of cellular responses to oxidative stress. Shc increases levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, repressing the forkhead factor FKHRL1. Although FKHRL1 is also involved in apoptosis, in the absence of Shc, FKHRL1 mediates increased resistance to oxidative stress. Exploration of the genes that induce longevity in animal models may enlighten the role of these genes in human disease and lifespan. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The ever evolving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways consist of four major groupings and numerous related proteins which constitute interrelated signal transduction cascades activated by stimuli such as growth factors, stress, cytokines and inflammation. The four major groupings are the Erk, JNK or SAPK, p38, and the Big MAPK or ERK5 cascades. Signals from cell surface receptors such as GPCRs and growth factor receptors are transduced, directly or via small G proteins such as ras and rac, to multiple tiers of protein kinases that amplify these signals and/or regulate each other. In some cascades the first activation tier involves the MAPKKKKs, MAP kinase kinase kinase kinases or MAP4K proteins. The next tier are the serine/threonine MAPKKKs, MAP kinase kinase kinase or MAP3Ks such as RAF, TAK, ASK, and MEKK1. This level has the greatest amount of cross-communication currently known. The serine/threonine/tyrosine MAPKKs, MAP Kinase kinases or MAP2Ks, such as the MKK and MEK kinases, are one step up from the MAP kinase cascade, phosphorylating and activating these kinases. The focal tier, the MAPKs or MAP kinases includes JNK1, p38, and ERKs, and are the kinases that give each cascade its name. The endpoints of these cascades include the MAPK activated protein kinases (MAPKAPK) and some of the numerous transcription factors that regulate genes involved in apoptosis, inflammation, cell growth and differentiation. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The mammalian calpain gene family currently contains 13 distinct large subunit products most of which complex with one of two smaller 30kDa subunits. One of the most carefully studied functions of the calpains is the regulation of integrin-mediated cell migration. Calpains digest the links between the actin cytoskeleton and several focal adhesion complex proteins; talin, paxillin and focal adhesion kinase. The release from the focal adhesion complex facilitates migration. Calpastatin is an inhibitor expressed in most cells. Calpastatin binds the four inhibitory domains of calpain. Release from calpastatin does not activate calpain. Activation requires additional signaling, coactivators, and an appropriate calcium concentration. During cell migration calpain1 (mu-calpain) acts at the leading edge as a response to integrin signals or calcium fluctuations due to the stretch activated calcium channels. Calpain1 cleaves the target proteins, talin, ezrin, paxillin, and the cytoplasmic tail of the integrins B1(a) and B3(b) to release the adhesion and form new adhesions. Calpain2 (M-calpain) is believed to be membrane bound and functions at the trailing edge of the migrating cell to cleave the integrins in response to growth factor receptor signals. PKA functions to down regulate or inhibit calpain2. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid peptides interfere with calpain activity causing a mislocalization of cdk5. Deregulated cdk5 hyperphosphorylates tau promoting cell death in neurons. Mutations in the muscle specific calpain p94 lead to Limb Girdle muscular dystrophy 2A (LGMD2A). Over activity of calpains due to elevated calcium leads to tissue damage in the heart and brain. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
A neuroendocrine carcinoma composed of small malignant cells which are often said to resemble "oat cells" under the microscope. Small cell carcinoma most often affects the lungs. Clinically, this is often a rapidly growing cancer that spreads to distant sites early.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway BioCarta
The hepatocyte growth factor receptor, also called c-Met, is activated by HGF and stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes and other cell types. Mutated forms of the HGF receptor are associated with oncogenesis and metastasis, making the HGF receptor a potential therapeutic target for cancer drugs. Changes in cell motility, cell shape, adhesion, resistance to apoptosis, and anchorage independent growth all contribute to the role of c-Met in cancer. The HGF receptor is a heterodimer with tyrosine kinase activity and associates with a multiprotein complex involved in downstream signal transduction. The HGF receptor can associate with several different signaling systems, including src, Grb2/SOS, PI3 kinase and Gab1. One of the major substrates of the activated HGF receptor tyrosine kinase is the adaptor protein Gab1. Gab1 interacts with Crk and CrkL, two proteins with SH2 and SH3 protein interaction domains that couple to signaling further downstream. The actions of HGF on paxillin, DOCK180, and Rap1, mediated through GAB1 and other members of this complex, alter cell motility. Regulation of Rho, Rac1, and CDC42 pathways in response to HGF all contribute to changes in cellular motility. Another target of the HGF receptor kinase is the focal adhesion kinase, FAK. The activation of FAK induces the formation of focal adhesions, a preliminary step to increased cell motility and tissue invasion by transformed cells, and paxillin phosphorylation may also alter cell adhesion of Met transformed cells. Src and p130cas are required for the role of FAK in HGF induced cellular transformation. HGF also blocks anoikis, the induction of apoptosis through suspension of cells, by acting on Erk and AKT kinases. This activity may contribute to anchorage independent growth of Met transformed cells. Signaling by integrins also plays a key role in the activation of tissue invasive growth by HGF. The alpha6beta4 integrin acts as a cofactor along with Meta to participate in cell growth and proliferation. In addition to altering cell adhesion, proliferation, and cell motility, HGF alters cellular transcription through activation of STAT3. STAT3 activation by HGF is independent of PI3 kinase or map kinases and alters gene expression leading to changes in cellular shape. Although HGF is associated with cellular proliferation and survival, in rat liver epithelial cells HGF induces apoptosis and inhibits cell growth. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Signaling of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor
A benign tumor arising from the parenchymal cells of the parathyroid glands. In the vast majority of cases, the tumor involves a single parathyroid gland. It is associated with the symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism, resulting from the excessive production of parathyroid hormone. It is usually surrounded by a well-defined capsule. Capsular invasion, vascular invasion, and perineural invasion are absent.
Hypertrophy associated with both hypertension and obstruction to ventricular outflow leads to pathologic cardiac growth and it is associated with increase morbidity and mortality. Symptomatic ventricular disease takes a growing toll on the health of nations. As other cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and myocardial infarction are in decline as causes of mortality, the heart failure problem becomes increasingly urgent. Congenital heart defects occur in 1% of live births and fetal heart malformations are implicated in many pregnancies that end in still-birth or spontaneous abortion. The current paradigm suggests that the heart adapts to excess of hemodynamic loading by compensatory hypertrophy, which under condition of persistent stress, over time evolves into dysfunction and myocardial failure. There is considerable evidence that direct effects of increased mechanical stress are sensed within the ventricular wall and that signal is critical for the generation of growth responses. Despite compelling statistics we still do not understand biochemically why heart defects are so prevalent. A single transcriptional regulator initially associated with the activation of the T-cells (NFATc4) has been shown to link genetic and environmental causes of one class of congenital heart disorders, birth defects involving valve and septum formation. Within the endocardium, specific inductive events appear to activate NF-ATc: it is localized to the nucleus only in endocardial cells that are adjacent to the interface with the cardiac jelly and myocardium, which are thought to give the inductive stimulus to the valve primordia. Treatment with FK506, a specific calcineurin inhibitor, prevents nuclear localization of NF-ATc4. Activated CaMK stimulates calcineurin, which than acts through NF-ATc4 in association with GATA4, to induce hypertrophy. A model for the proposed role of calreticulin in the regulation of cardiac development requires a myogenic signal from extracellular space to activate the production of IP3 that results in the release of Ca2+ from ER under the regulation of calreticulin (CRT). Increased intracellular Ca2+ binds to calmodulin (CaM) and activates calcineurin (CaN). CaN dephosphorylates NF-ATc4 that translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus NF-AT forms complexes with the GATA-4 and other transcription factors leading to activation of transcription of genes (e.g., ANF, a-actin, b-myosin, TNFa, ET-1, Adss1) essential for cardiac development. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
NFAT and Hypertrophy of the heart (Transcription in the broken heart)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of a family of neurotrophins that induce the survival and proliferation of neurons. In cell culture NGF induces the formation of neurite projections and in vivo may stimulate the innervation of tissues. NGF plays a role in the repair, regeneration, and protection of neurons, and as such could serve as a therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. One potential method of NGF application would be through gene therapy or through implantation of cells that have been genetically modified ex vivo. NGF has also been suggested to play a role in other physiological systems and tissues such as the immune system. NGF has two receptors, TrkA and the p75(NTR). NGF may signal its neuroprotective actions through the tyrosine kinase TrkA receptor and trigger apoptosis in some cells through the p75 receptor. High-affinity binding of NGF requires both TrkA and p75(NTR). Binding of NGF to the TrkA receptor causes activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase and downstream signaling cascades. One of the downstream signaling pathways of NGF activates phospholipase C, releasing DAG and IP3 and activating associated downstream pathways such as protein kinase C. Another NGF-activated pathway is the ras-mediated activation of the map kinase pathway. This pathway is initiated through recruitment and activation of Shc, which leads to ras activation through Grb-2 and Sos-1. The Map kinase cascade includes raf, Mek and Erk. The downstream effectors of the ras pathway include activation of fos and jun to form AP-1, activating genes through this transcription factor. Other transcription factors involved in NGF responses include Egr and CREB. The Egr family of transcription factors, as well as the Mek/Erk pathway, contribute to NGF-induced neurite formation. The CREB family of transcription factors are involved in NGF-induced survival of sympathetic neurons. Further understanding of NGF signaling may be applied to the modulation of NGF responses in neurodegenerative conditions. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Nitric oxide (NO) has a number of important physiological actions in the cardiovascular system. In the heart, NO plays a role in keeping the vessels open via vasodilation and prevention of platelet aggregation. It also plays an important role in regulating the force and rate of contraction. In vivo NO is released by shear stress of ligands that increase intracellular Ca2+ in endothelial cells. The increased intracellular Ca2+ activates nitric oxide synthase III (NOSIII) by promoting the binding of Ca/Calmodulin to the enzyme. NOSIII, which is resident in the Golgi complex, is transported together with caveolin-1 to the caveolae at the plasma membrane via vesicles. Shear stress signals via a potassium channel and the cytoskeleton, which results in tyrosine phosphorylation of specific proteins, activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and subsequently in activation of Akt kinase. Akt activation by shear stress, but also by VEGF, activates NOSIII by serine phosphorylation, which increases the affinity of NOSIII for calmodulin. After agonist binding at the plasma membrane, NOSIII-activating receptors translocate to caveolae. VEGF receptor signals via its tyrosine kinase domain. Furthermore, agonist receptors activate calcium channels of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via phospholipase C and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. This calcium flux induces binding of calmodulin to NOSIII, whereas the NOSIII-caveolin-1 interaction is disrupted. At the same time, NOSIII is translocated into the cytosol. On binding of calmodulin, NOSIII generates NO, is enhanced by the interaction with Hsp90. Once activated, NOSIII catabolizes L-arginine to NO, which diffuses out of the cell. NO stimulates guanylate (G-) cyclase and increases cGMP levels. cGMP activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDEIII), and cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDEII). PKG may reduce the force and rate of contraction, possibly by phosphorylating troponin I or by phosphorylating phospholamban. PDEIII is inhibited by the increases in cGMP brought about by NO. This may result in an increase in cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA in turn activates Ca2+ channels, countering the effects of PKG. In contrast, cGMP may stimulate PDEII, reduce cAMP levels and PKA activity, and thereby reduce Ca2+ channel activity. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Macrophages and NK cells help provide innate immunity against infection by intracellular parasites and communicate with each other to regulate this process. When stimulated, macrophages secrete the cytokine IL-12 which is essential for activation of the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. IL-12 stimulates this NK cell response through activation of a JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Binding of IL-12 to its receptor on NK cells causes tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of JAK2 and another JAK kinase, Tyk2. Tyk2 in turn phosphorylates the transcription factor STAT4, which can then translocate to the nucleus to activate genes, including the expression of interferon-gamma. IFN-gamma and IL-12 induce the differentiation of TH1 helper T cells that activate macrophages through interferon-gamma. A key modulator of NK cell activation by IL-12 is nitric oxide, NO, produced from arginine by the inducible nitric oxide synthase NOS2. Inactivation of the NOS2 gene in mice impairs the initial innate response to infection, including the activation of NK cells. This phenotype is similar to that of mice lacking interferon-gamma or IL-12 and a similar effect can be produced by inhibiting NOS2 with L-N6-iminoethyl-lysine (L-NIL) during infection, blocking the activation of NK cells by IL-12. NO production does not affect the activation of JAK2 by IL-12, but is required for Tyk2 activity, the downstream activation of STAT-4 and the production of interferon-gamma by NK cells. The role of NO in Tyk2 activation is not yet known, but does not seem to involve changing the phosphorylation status of Tyk2. Curiously, activation of T cells by IL-12 does not appear to involve NO production, indicating a distinct mechanism is involved in NK cells. NO also plays a role as a feedback inhibitor of IL-12 production by macrophages, helping to prevent over-activation of the Th1 cells by IL-12. NO appears to make an important contribution to the early innate response to infections before specific immunity is active. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
A carcinoma arising from the vaginal epithelium. The majority of vaginal carcinomas are squamous cell carcinomas.
Cancer that forms in the tissues of the vagina (birth canal). The vagina leads from the cervix (the opening of the uterus) to the outside of the body. The most common type of vaginal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which starts in the thin, flat cells lining the vagina. Another type of vaginal cancer is adenocarcinoma, cancer that begins in glandular cells in the lining of the vagina.
A germ cell tumor arising in an anatomic site other than the testis or ovary (e.g., central nervous system, lung, mediastinum, and retroperitoneum).
A neoplasm arising from gonadal tissue outside the ovary or testes.
A rare cancer that develops in germ cells that are found in areas of the body other than the ovary or testicle (such as the brain, chest, abdomen, or tailbone). Germ cells are reproductive cells that develop into sperm in males and eggs in females.
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) plays a critical role in cellular proliferation and development. The biologically active form is a dimer formed from the A and B chains. PDGF is active to a differing degree depending on which dimer is formed (AA, AB, or BB). The PDGF Receptor (PDGFR) is also a dimer and can form from the combination of the alpha and beta chains in any order (alpha-alpha, alpha-beta, beta-beta). The PDGFR dimer is only formed after ligand binding so the alpha/beta composition of the receptor can be influenced by the form of PDGF that is present. Upon binding of ligand the PDGFR is tyrosine phosphorylated and leads to the phosphorylation of several other cellular proteins. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Phospholipase C comes in multiple forms and plays a key role in the signal transduction process for many receptors. Its main function is to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol diphosphate into diacylglycerol (DG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). DG is necessary for further activation of Protein Kinase C while IP3 leads to the release of intracellular calcium. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
The most recognized mechanism by which peroxisome proliferators regulate gene expression is through a PPAR/RXR heterodimeric complex binding to a peroxisome proliferator-response element (PPRE) (classical mechanism). However, there is the possibility of several variations on this theme: 1) the peroxisome proliferator interacts with PPAR that preexists as a DNA complex with associated corepressors proteins. The interaction with ligand causes release of the corepressor and association with a coactivator, resulting in the classical mechanism. 2) the peroxisome proliferator interacts with PPAR as a soluble member of the nucleus. The binding of ligand results in RXR heterodimerization, DNA binding and coactivator recruitment. 3) in this scenario, PPAR exists in the cytosol, perhaps complexed to heat shock protein 90 and/or other chaperones. Binding of peroxisome proliferator causes a conformational change and translocation into the nucleus. Scenarios 4 and 5 require regulation of gene expression via non-classical mechanisms: 4) PPAR is capable of interacting with, and forming DNA binding heterodimers with, several nuclear receptors including the thyroid hormone receptor. The binding site for this non-RXR heterodimer need not be the classic DR-1 motif found in the PPRE. 5) PPAR may participate in the regulation of gene expression without binding to DNA. By association with transcription factors such as c-jun or p65, PPAR diminishes the ability of AP1 or NFB to bind to their cognate DNA sequences, respectively. Also shown in this scheme are two means to modify the peroxisome proliferator response. Most importantly, growth factor signaling has a pronounced affect on PPAR via post-translational modification. PPAR is a phosphoprotein and its activity is affected by insulin. Several kinase pathways affect PPARa's activity, although the specific kinases and phosphorylation sites have not been conclusively determined. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Mechanism of Gene Regulation by Peroxisome Proliferators via PPARa(alpha)
Rac-1 is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell motility in response to extracellular signals. Several changes in cytoskeletal structure and other aspects of cell structure are involved in cell motility. Rac-1 is activated by GEF factors, and repressed by GAPs. GEFs are guanine nucleotide exchange factors, including Trio and Vav. Sos-1 is involved in Ras signaling and also acts as a GEF for Rac to transduce signals between Ras and Rac. SWAP-70 is a Rac GEF that binds IP3 and transduces signals from tyrosine kinases to Rac to modulate the cytoskeleton and cause membrane ruffling. GAPs are GTPase- activating proteins. Rac stimulates the formation of actin-based structures such as filopodia and lamellipodia, while GAPs such as chimerin oppose the formation of these Rac dependent structures. Several different factors downstream of Rac act on cytoskeletal structure and other aspects of cell motility. Pak1 provides a direct link from Rac to cell motility through phosphorylation of the myosin light chain. Pak1 also phosphorylates and activates LIM kinase, which phosphorylates cofilin as one target. Cofilin stimulates actin depolymerization and changes in cell structure, and phosphorylation of cofilin by LIM kinase represses its activity. In neurons, Rac acts through the protein kinase cdk5 and p35 to phosphorylate and down regulate Pak1, increasing neuronal migration. Rac-1 also interacts with several other factors to regulate a variety of processes. Interaction of Por1 with Rac-1 is involved in membrane ruffling. WAVE is a member of the WASP family of proteins that regulate actin organization and that is involved in Rac signaling to cause membrane ruffling. Interaction of Rac-1 with MEKK1 integrates Rac signaling with pathways signaling through map kinases. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Ras activates many signaling cascades. Here we illustrate some of the well-characterized cascades in a generic compilation of effector molecules. The effectors mediate Ras stimulation to a diverse set of cellular signals. Many of these signals are interpreted differently depending on the cell type or microenvironment receiving the stimulus. Not all of these effectors are activated in any given cell type. The primary method of activation is to promote the translocation of the molecule to the plasma membrane where additional interactions lead to the activation of the molecule. RalGDS is a Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) for Ral but also has other independent functions. RalGDS activates RalA/B-related small GTPases. RalBP1 is a GTPase activating protein that leads to the inhibition of the Rac and CDC42 GTPases. Ral can also interact with phospholipase D1 (PLD1) that can also be activated by RhoA. Ras stimulation of the lipid kinase activity of PI3K occurs through an interaction with the p110 catalytic subunit. PI3K phosphorylates the D3 position of phosphatidylinositides. In this example Pip2 is converted to PIP3. PIP3 stimulates the AKT/PKB kinase and several of the Rac-GEFs such as Sos1 AND Vav. AKT activation inhibits apoptosis by inhibiting the actions of Bad, Caspase 9, and AFX. AKT further hinders apoptosis by phosphorylating the IkB repressor of NFkB. Stimulus of Rac causes, among other things, the activation of NFkB. Ras also stimulates the mitogen-activated kinases ERK1/2 via the Raf1 cascade. The Erk kinases translocate to the nucleus where they phosphorylate various transcription factors such as ELK1. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Sprouty Regulation of Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathway
Four different members of the Sprouty protein family block the cellular proliferation and differentiation induced by several different growth factors, including EGF and FGF. One mechanism by which Sprouty proteins inhibit signaling is through binding to Grb-2, a signaling intermediary between the tyrosine kinase growth factors and the Ras/map kinase pathway. Binding of Sprouty to Grb-2 prevents Grb-2 and Sos-1 from interacting with downstream signaling factors that activate Ras and map kinases, including Ras, Raf-1, Mek1, Erk1/2, and downstream transcription factors. The action of Sprouty as an inhibitor of this pathway requires Sprouty phosphorylation and membrane localization at the site of the factors it interacts with. The inhibition of growth factor signaling by Sprouty is specific to the Ras pathway since the PI3 Kinase pathway responsible for cell survival signals from growth factor receptors is not inhibited by Sprouty. Tyrosine kinase activity of growth factor receptors is also not affected. The mechanism by which Sprouty inhibits Ras activation may be by blocking the nucleotide exchange activity of Sos. Sprouty expression is induced by growth factor receptor activation of Ras signaling, provided a self-regulatory feedback inhibition mechanism that regulates growth factor signaling through Ras. In addition to blocking the Ras pathway, Sprouty also induces protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity. Activation of PTP1B by Sprouty is responsible for the inhibition of cellular migration that Sprouty causes, but is not involved in regulation of cellular proliferation. While blocking receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, at least one member of the Sprouty family, Sprouty-2, also acts by one mechanism to stimulate EGF receptor signaling. Cbl targets the EGF receptor for tagging with ubiquitin and proteolytic destruction. Sprouty-2 binds to Cbl and blocks the ubiquitination and destruction of the EGF receptor, increasing EGF signaling. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Sprouty regulation of tyrosine kinase signals
T Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway BioCarta
The T Cell Receptor plays a key role in the immune system. The specificity of the receptor is governed by the binding site formed from the mature alpha and beta chains or gamma and delta chains in gamma/delta T Cells. It is the ability of this receptor to bind a complex of foreign peptide in the groove of an MHC molecule that leads to T cell activation. Upon activation the T cell can assist in activating other cells or carry out cytolytic attacks depending on the particular T cell type. The CD3 complex and CD4 (Th cells) or CD8 (Tc cells) work to transmit the activation signal to the T cell's transcriptional machinery upon engagement of the receptor. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Telomeres, which define the ends of chromosomes, consist of short, tandemly repeated DNA sequences loosely conserved in eukaryotes. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex which in vitro recognizes a single-stranded G-rich telomere primer and adds multiple telomeric repeats to its 3-prime end by using an RNA template. Telomerase may also have a role in de novo formation of telomeres. Telomerase has been identified in many cultured cell lines and actively dividing cell types. The active reverse transcriptase component has been identified as the TERT protein. The presence of this factor determines the availability of the telomerase function. The TERT protein has a high turnover rate and its expression is regulated by factors that promote growth (c-MYC, v-k-ras, Bcl-2, and E6) and inhibiting factors (RB and p53) that promote cell death or that block cell division. It appears that the regulation of active telomerase has many levels and can be inhibited by TEP1 not releasing TERT or by TRF1 which binds the end repeats and prevents access to the chromosome ends. Additional modulation is due to phosphorylation by PKC and AKT or dephosphorylation by PP2A. Human telomeres consist of many kilobases of (TTAGGG)n together with various associated proteins. Small amounts of these terminal sequences are lost from the tips of the chromosomes during each S phase because of incomplete DNA replication, but de novo addition of TTAGGG repeats by the enzyme telomerase compensates for this loss. Many human cells progressively lose terminal bases with each cell division, a loss that correlates with the apparent absence of telomerase in these cells. There has been considerable interest in the possible relationship between human telomeres and cellular senescence and immortalization. This interest includes the question of a role in the malignant process and the question of the use of telomerase inhibitors as anti-tumor drugs. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Telomeres, Telomerase, Cellular Aging, and Immortality
Maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract despite the continual presence of microbial flora and injurious agents is essential. Epithelial repair requires restitution and regeneration. During restitution, epithelial cells spread and migrate across the basement membrane to re-establish surface-cell continuity, a process that is independent of cell proliferation. Epithelial continuity depends on a family of small abundant secreted proteins, the trefoil factors (TFFs). The trefoil factor (TFF) family comprises the gastric peptides pS2/TFF1 and spasmolytic peptide (SP)/TFF2, and the intestinal trefoil factor (ITF)/TFF3. Their fundamental action is to promote epithelial-cell restitution within the gastrointestinal tract. TFFs are abundantly secreted onto the mucosal surface by mucus-secreting cells. Their expression is rapidly and coordinately upregulated at the margins of mucosal injury. Secreted TFF acts on adjacent mucosal cell populations either extracellularly (augmenting barrier function) or intracellularly (transcriptional and signaling events). TFF response elements in TFF gene promoters allow increases in TFF expression through auto-induction and cross-induction of other TFFs, in addition to mucin expression and possibly tumor suppression. Cell migration is the result of integrated disruption of cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion and prevention of apoptosis through cell detachment. Epithelial movement therefore requires integration of motogenic and cell-survival signals. This is achieved by activation of several intracellular signaling pathways that converge on ERK/MAPK and possibly NF-B activation. Serine phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) 1 and 2 is central to trefoil factor-mediated signaling, lying downstream of EGFR activation and possibly FAK activation (through recruitment of GRB2 and SOS). Cell migration might result from cooperation between ERK/MAPKs and Rho proteins, FAK activation, beta-integrin clustering and beta-catenin activation. Abrogation of cell death has been shown to require both PI3K activation and ERK/MAPK activation; the former operates through serine/threonine phosphorylation of AKT/protein kinase B, serine phosphorylation of BAD (BCL-2 agonist of cell death) and inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and formation of the apoptosome (APAF1, caspase-9 (CASP9) and cytochrome c (CYT-c). Translocation of phosphorylated ERK/MAPK to the nucleus leads to amplification and de-restriction of TFF expression to ensure sustained action. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Trefoil Factors Initiate Mucosal Healing
Signaling by interferon-gamma stimulates anti-viral responses and tumor suppression through the heterodimeric interferon-gamma receptor. Signaling is initiated by binding of interferon-gamma to its receptor, activating the receptor-associated JAK2 tyrosine kinase to phosphorylate STAT transcription factors that activate interferon responsive genes. Molecular chaperones that modulate or alter protein folding interact with different components of the interferon signaling pathway. One chaperone that modulates interferon signaling is hTid-1, a member of the DnaJ family of chaperones and a co-chaperone for the heat shock protein Hsp70, another molecular chaperone. hTid-1 was found in a two-hybrid screen to bind to JAK2 and also to interact with the interferon-gamma receptor. In addition, hTid-1 and JAK2 also interact with Hsp70. Overexpression of hTid-1 represses transcriptional activation by interferon-gamma and Hsp70 dissociates from these proteins when interferon is added to cells, suggesting that Hsp70 holds Jak2 in an inactive conformation prior to ligand activation, and is released in the presence of agonist to allow the activation of Jak-2 and downstream pathways. hTid-1 and Hsp-70 interact with other signaling proteins as well. One of these is Tax, a protein encoded by the HTLV-1 virus that binds to hTid-1. hTid-1 also represses NF-kB activation by blocking the phosphorylation and inactivation of I-kappaB by the IkappaB kinase beta. Hsp70 plays a significant role in protein unfolding for entry into mitochondria and also interacts with tumor suppressor gene products to produce their anti-proliferative activity. One of the actions of interferon is to induce apoptosis of infected target cells, in part through a mitochondrial dependent mechanism. An interaction between interferon signaling and Hsp70 may alter this mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, perhaps playing a role in interferon-mediated apoptosis of infected or transformed cells. The HTLV-1 Tax protein that interacts with Hsp70 blocks mitochondrial induced apoptosis, providing a protection against interferon-mediated cellular defenses. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Chaperones modulate interferon Signaling Pathway
Thrombopoietin (TPO) binds to its receptor, inducing aggregation and activation. TPO signals its growth regulating effects to the cell through several major pathways including MAPK (ERK and JNK), Protein Kinase C, and JAK/Stat. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in physiological blood vessel formation and pathological angiogenesis such as tumor growth and ischemic diseases. Hypoxia is a potent inducer of VEGF in vitro. The increase in secreted biologically active VEGF protein from cells exposed to hypoxia is partly because of an increased transcription rate, mediated by binding of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1) to a hypoxia responsive element in the 5'-flanking region of the VEGF gene. bHLH-PAS transcription factor that interacts with the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), and its predicted amino acid sequence, exhibits significant similarity to the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1a) product. HLF mRNA expression is closely correlated with that of VEGF mRNA. The high expression level of HLF mRNA in the O2 delivery system of developing embryos and adult organs suggests that in a normoxic state, HLF regulates gene expression of VEGF, various glycolytic enzymes, and others driven by the HRE sequence, and may be involved in development of blood vessels and the tubular system of lung. VEGF expression is dramatically induced by hypoxia due in large part to an increase in the stability of its mRNA. HuR binds with high affinity and specificity to the VRS element that regulates VEGF mRNA stability by hypoxia. In addition, an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) ensures efficient translation of VEGF mRNA even under hypoxia. The VHL tumor suppressor (von Hippel-Lindau) regulates also VEGF expression at a post-transcriptional level. The secreted VEGF is a major angiogenic factor that regulates multiple endothelial cell functions, including mitogenesis. Cellular and circulating levels of VEGF are elevated in hematologic malignancies and are adversely associated with prognosis. Angiogenesis is a very complex, tightly regulated, multistep process, the targeting of which may well prove useful in the creation of novel therapeutic agents. Current approaches being investigated include the inhibition of angiogenesis stimulants (e.g., VEGF), or their receptors, blockade of endothelial cell activation, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, and inhibition of tumor vasculature. Preclinical, phase I, and phase II studies of both monoclonal antibodies to VEGF and blockers of the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase pathway indicate that these agents are safe and offer potential clinical utility in patients with hematologic malignancies. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Thrombin/Protease-Activated Receptor Signaling Pathway
Thrombin is an extracellular protease that is involved in the clotting of blood and inflammation through its action on platelets and endothelial cells in the vasculature and that plays a role in thrombosis and myocardial infarction. The protease activated receptors PAR1 and PAR4 are cellular targets of thrombin signaling and members of the G-protein coupled receptor gene family. Both of these receptors are cleaved in their N-terminus by thrombin, unmasking a portion of the receptor sequence that acts itself as a tethered peptide ligand that activates the receptor. The tethered ligand that activates PAR1 is SFLLRN and the tethered ligand that activates PAR4 is GYPGQV. Other members of the family include PAR2 which is activated by trypsin rather than thrombin and PAR3 which seems to play a role in the activation of other PARs but does not itself transduce a signal directly. Addition of peptide agonist exogenously in solution can also activate PAR1, PAR2 and PAR4. PAR1 activation may be involved in the dilation of arteries during inflammation through the action of thrombin on endothelial cells and in platelet activation by thrombin during clotting. PAR1 and PAR2 activation cause bronchodilation in airway and may protect against asthma. PAR 4 activation by thrombin activates platelets during clotting and mice lacking PAR4 have impaired clotting and platelets that do not respond to thrombin signaling. The action of thrombin on PAR1 and PAR4 on platelets and endothelial cells may also contribute to vascular permeability and inflammation. Activated PARs appear to couple primarily through Gq-mediated stimulation of inositol phosphate metabolism and intracellular calcium levels to activate platelets. PAR1 and PAR4 also appear to couple to multiple G-proteins and transduce signals through more than one G-protein mediated pathway in some circumstances. Signaling by PAR1 and PAR4 through Galpha12 pathways couples to Rho signaling and changes in cytoskeletal structure and cell shape. Gi activation does not appear necessary for platelet activation by PAR1 or PAR4, and platelet activation by these receptors requires an ADP signal perhaps acting through the platelet-associated purinergic receptor P2Y12. Gi-coupled signaling may play a role in mitogenic PAR signaling in some settings through Map kinase activation. Activation of Rho by PAR1 can induce cellular transformation through a Galpha12 mediated mechanism and sustained rho-dependent phosphorylation of the myosin light chain by PAR1 contributes to cytoskeletal changes and activation of platelets. Since the activation of PARs by protease cleavage is irreversible the primary mechanism for down-regulation of the PAR signaling cascade appears to be internalization and degradation of PAR receptors. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
Thrombin signaling and protease-activated receptors
An infectious process caused by the human herpesvirus 8. This infection is associated with Kaposi sarcoma.
A bacterial infection of the stomach, caused by Helicobacter pylori. It is associated with the development of peptic ulcer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.
An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome caused by mutations in the PMS2, MLH1, MSH2, or APC genes. There are two types described, type 1, characterized by the presence of glioblastoma and often associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma, and type 2, characterized by the presence of medulloblastoma and familiar adenomatous polyposis.
A genetic syndrome caused by mutations in the PTEN gene. It is characterized by macrocephaly and the presence of hamartomas.
Macrocephaly with Multiple Lipomas and Hemangiomas
A melanocytic nevus that is present at birth. It may present as a small macular, papular, or plaque-like lesion or as a large brown to black hairy skin lesion.
Congenital Melanocytic Nevus of the Skin
A lobular hemangioma arising from the oral mucosa.
Oral Mucosa Lobular Capillary Hemangioma
A polyp that arises from the stomach. This category includes neoplastic polyps (intestinal-type adenomatous polyps, gastric-type adenomas, and fundic gland polyps), and non-neoplastic polyps (hyperplastic polyps and hamartomatous polyps).
Neoplastic T-Lymphocyte and Neoplastic Natural Killer Cell
Group of lymphocytes. A T-lymphocyte is a white blood cell differentiated in the thymus that possesses highly specific cell-surface antigen receptors. A natural killer cell resembles a T-lymphocyte, but it does not express markers of either T or B cell lineage. Its cytotoxic activity is not antibody dependent.
Peripheral (Post-Thymic) T-Lymphocyte and Natural Killer Cell
Peripheral (Post-Thymic) T-Lymphocyte and NK-Cell
Neoplastic Sezary Cell-like Prolymphocyte
Neoplastic Sézary Cell-like Prolymphocyte
T-Lymphocyte with a Post-Thymic Immunophenotype
A rare, benign process that affects the peritoneal cavity and is characterized by the formation of multiple small nodules that are composed of well differentiated smooth muscle. It usually affects adults in their late reproductive years. Most patients are asymptomatic. The tumor nodules may regress spontaneously.
T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia defined by the presence of CD3-positive, CD8-positive, and T-cell receptor alpha-beta-positive cytotoxic T-cells.
T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia, Common Variant
An uncommon variant of T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia expressing the gamma-delta T-cell receptor. Approximately 60% of these cases are CD8-positive and the remainder are CD4/CD8-negative.
T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia Expressing the T-Cell Receptor Gamma-Delta
T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia Expressing the TCR Gamma-Delta
Serum Soluble Fas Ligand Level Increased
A term referring to the presence of tumor emboli or tumor masses within blood vessels (arteries or veins).
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, and cholecystitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.
Any change in the skin which affects its appearance or texture. A rash may be localized to one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful.
An eruption in the skin which affects its appearance and/or texture.
This gene is involved in the regulation of the G1/S phase of the cell cycle.
This gene is involved in diverse cell processes such as apoptosis, B cell activation and endothelial cell proliferation.
This gene plays a role in body weight homeostasis and cellular proliferation. Mutations in the gene are associated with acute myeloid leukemia.
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP), Alpha Gene
Pleomorphic Medium-Sized to Large T-Lymphocyte
Neoplastic Small to Medium-Sized T-Lymphocyte
Ischemic tissue necrosis characterized by the preservation of the architectural pattern and a necrotic ghost appearance of the cells.
A cell that acts in a similar manner to a cytotoxic T cell and must be activated like a cytotoxic T cell. However, the killing exhibited by the cell is nonspecific and the cell does not require antigen/MHC recognition on the target cell. The lineage of the natural killer (NK) cell is currently not well understood.
Neoplastic Medium-Sized to Large T-Lymphocyte
A microscopic finding indicating the invasion of sinusoidal spaces by malignant cells.
Degeneration of the cell nucleus marked by contraction of the chromatin into small pieces and loss of the nuclear boundary.
A small palpable mass in the subcutaneous tissues.
Regional lymph node enlargement with a distinctive reactive process that is characterized by paracortical hyperplasia composed of interdigitating dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, macrophages containing melanin pigment, and small T-cells, due to chronic inflammatory skin disease.
Peeling skin patches. Causes include psoriasis, eczema, and sunburns.
A large (greater than 5-10 mm) raised skin lesion with a wide, flat surface.
A mutation in the CDKN2A gene that either inhibits expression of the CDKN2A protein or results in the translation of an inactive CDKN2A protein.
A generalized inflammatory cutaneous disorder characterized by erythema and desquamation.
A disorder characterized by generalized inflammatory erythema and exfoliation. The inflammatory process involves > 90% of the body surface area.
Proliferation of High Endothelial Venules Present
Proliferation of Follicular Dendritic Cells Present
Neoplastic T-Lymphocyte with Clear Cytoplasm
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, Giant Cell Rich Subtype
Anaplastic T-Lymphocyte with Horseshoe-Shaped Nucleus
Anaplastic T-Lymphocyte with Kidney-Shaped Nucleus
Neoplastic Small to Medium-Sized T-Lymphocyte with Irregular Nucleus
A white blood cell, differentiated in the thymus, activated by an antigen that causes the cell to preferentially migrate to the skin.
A white blood cell that is derived from a lymphocyte stem cell matured in the thymus and characterized by a CD8 marker on the surface and an antigen-specific T cell receptor which recognizes antigens in the context of MHC class I.
A pathologic process that affects the skin and is confined to a specific area.
A small (less than 5-10 mm) elevation of skin that is non-suppurative.
A small (less than 5-10 mm), elevation of skin that is non-suppurative.
A clinical finding that refers to the spread or absence of lymphoid cancer in anatomic sites or systems other than the original lymph node site of growth.
An elaboration of the sequence of events that play a role in organismal defense responses.
A representation of the sequence of biological or biochemical events that are involved in the regulation of or result in apoptosis.
Abnormal fluid filled sac within the kidney, either acquired or congenital.
A representation of the sequence of biological or biochemical events that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle.
A sequence of biological or biochemical events that are manifest during the course of a disease.
An elaboration of the known steps and interactions required to allow cell movement.
A sequence of biological or biochemical events that are involved in embryological or cellular development.
Cell Differentiation or Development Pathway
A sequence of biological or biochemical events that play a role in DNA repair.
Confluent Sheets of Anaplastic T-Lymphocytes Present
C-KIT Tyrosine Kinase Protein Overexpression
CD117 Tyrosine Kinase Protein Overexpression
KIT Tyrosine Kinase Protein Overexpression
A molecular genetic abnormality that refers to mutation of the c-kit (CD117) proto-oncogene. It is associated with the development of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor. It has also been described in acute myeloid leukemias, dysgerminomas, and seminomas.
KIT Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine Protein Kinase Gene Mutation
V-Kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 Feline Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene Mutation
A finding that a sample of neoplastic cells has detectable immunoreactivity for CD30 (TNFRSF8).
TNFRSF8-Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of an abnormally high level of EGFR protein.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Overexpression
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of a mutation in the PDGFRA (platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide) gene on chromosome 4q12.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Gene Mutation
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Protein Overexpression
A benign neoplasm arising from soft tissue of the prostate. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the immune system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the immune system. (NCI)
A disorder in which the immune system is unable to mount an adequate immune response.
A state in which the immune system is compromised or absent. May be primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired).
An elaboration of a sequence of biological or biochemical events that play a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Was KEGG_ID map01110. KEGG reassigned this ID to another pathway in its database.
Carbohydrate Metabolism - Reference Pathway
A sequence of biological or biochemical events that are involved in the conversion of genetic information into physiologically active molecules, such as functional RNA and proteins.
A sequence of biological or biochemical events that are the result of contracting an infection.
An intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the retroperitoneum. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Retroperitoneal Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of myxoid changes in a tissue sample.
An aggressive mantle cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of pleomorphic neoplastic B-lymphocytes.
Pleomorphic Variant Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Lymphoblast-Like Neoplastic B-Lymphocyte
A classification of primary endometrial adenocarcinomas that refers to clear cell adenocarcinoma, serous adenocarcinoma, and serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma.
A glioblastoma that arises de novo. It is more commonly seen in older patients. Mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 genes are not present.
A glioblastoma arising from a lower grade astrocytoma. It is more commonly seen in younger patients and is associated with IDH1 or IDH2 gene mutations.
A disease that is not responsive to treatment.
A hemangioblastoma that arises from the retina. It is typically a sign of von Hippel-Lindau disease. It may also be seen as an isolated entity without systemic involvement.
A rare neoplasm that arises from the inner ear. Representative examples include lipoma and acoustic schwannoma.
A finding indicating the presence of more than two tumor masses in a single anatomic site or different anatomic sites.
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the MET gene.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutation
MET Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Gene Mutation
Met Proto-Oncogene (Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor) Gene Mutation
A chromosomal aberration where there is a loss of the long arm of chromosome 14. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 14q is associated with primary neuroblastomas.
An individual who is heterozygous for the mutation that causes sickle cell anemia.
A condition in which the individual is heterozygous for the beta globin gene, displaying one normal and one abnormal allele (hemoglobin S mutation). The individual almost never displays symptoms of sickle cell anemia, but may manifest symptoms if the body experiences significant physical stress, including severe illness or prolonged hypoxemia. The trait has been found to be protective against contracting malaria.
A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the inv(X)(p11;q12) resulting in fusion of the NONO (p54nrb) and TFE3 genes.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with inv(X)(p11;q12)
A low grade carcinoma of the kidney characterized by the presence of tubules which are separated by mucinous stroma. Often the tubular structures have a spindle cell appearance. Patients are usually asymptomatic and occasionally they may present with hematuria or flank pain.
Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney
A malignant neoplasm of the kidney, characterized by the presence of tubules.
A benign, solitary, and partially cystic neoplasm arising from the kidney. It occurs in children and adults. Presenting symptoms include hematuria and polycythemia. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial nodules embedded in a stroma containing spindle cells.
A mutation in the SMARCB1 gene that either inhibits expression of the SMARCB1 protein or results in the translation of an inactive SMARCB1 protein.
Inactivating SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin, Subfamily B, Member 1 Gene Mutation
hSNF5/INI1 Tumor Suppressor Gene Inactivation
A congenital mesoblastic nephroma characterized by the presence of interlacing fascicles of fibroblastic cells, low mitotic activity, and collagen formation.
A congenital, mesoblastic nephroma that is characterized by the presence of interlacing fascicles of fibroblastic cells, low mitotic activity, and collagen formation. It is often diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound or within 3 months of birth, and closely resembles infantile fibromatosis.
A congenital mesoblastic nephroma characterized by increased cellularity, sheet-like proliferation of fibroblastic cells, and increased mitotic activity. Necrotic changes are commonly present.
Cellular Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
A congenital mesoblastic nephroma that is characterized by increased cellularity, sheet-like proliferation of fibroblastic cells, and increased mitotic activity. There is a suggested linkage with infantile fibrosarcoma that is based on both containing the same t(12;15)(p13;q25) translocation, resulting in the ETV6/NTRK3 fusion. This type is associated with risk of recurrence.
An invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder that exhibits squamous differentiation.
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous
An invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder that exhibits glandular differentiation.
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation
nfiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Trophoblastic Differentiation
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, Nested Variant
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, Microcystic Variant
Infiltrating Bladder Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma
An invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder that exhibits spindle cell sarcomatoid features.
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Variant
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, Sarcomatoid Variant with Heterologous Elements
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, Sarcomatoid Variant without Heterologous Elements
Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Giant Cells
Non-Invasive Bladder Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm
Bladder Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Schistosoma Hematobium-Related Bladder Verrucous Carcinoma
Schistosoma Hematobium-Related Bladder Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A rare, benign neoplasm of bladder that is composed of papillary cores with overlying histologically benign squamous epithelium.
A transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder that arises from the urachal epithelium.
Stage 0 includes: 0a (Ta, N0, M0); 0is (Tis, N0, M0). Ta: Papillary noninvasive carcinoma. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage 0 Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma
Abnormal cells are found in tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is divided into stages 0a (papillary carcinoma) and 0is (carcinoma in situ), depending on the type of tumor. Stage 0a may look like tiny mushrooms growing from the lining of the renal pelvis or ureter. Stage 0is is a flat tumor on the tissue lining the inside of the renal pelvis or ureter.
Stage 0 Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage 0 Renal Pelvis and Ureter Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
stage 0 transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis and ureter
The most common morphologic subtype of urinary bladder carcinoma (over 90% of cases). It arises from the transitional epithelium. It most often affects males in their sixth and seventh decades of life. Hematuria is the most common symptom at presentation. Pathologic stage is the strongest predictor of survival.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Transitional Cell Neoplasm of the Urinary Tract
Infiltrating Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract
Non-Invasive Transitional Cell Neoplasm of the Urinary Tract
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of dysplastic changes in the transitional cell epithelium of the urinary tract.
Transitional Cell Dysplasia of the Urinary Tract
Bladder Papillary Transitional Cell Neoplasm
Urinary Bladder Papillary Transitional Cell Neoplasm
Urinary Bladder Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm
A benign neoplasm of the bladder that involves the transitional epithelium projecting above the surrounding epithelial surface and consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma.
Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Papilloma
A neoplasm of the bladder in which the epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue, which often causes hematuria.
Human Papillomavirus-Related Urethral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Human Papilloma Virus-Related Urethral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
An epithelial neoplasm of the urethra, which is morphologically characterized by the presence of a villous architectural pattern.
A cytogenetic abnormality that refers to deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 9. It is associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia and various types of carcinomas.
Infiltrating Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma
Infiltrating Renal Pelvis and Ureter Transitional Cell Carcinoma
An unusual variant of acinar prostate adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic small atrophic glands that contain malignant cells with scant cytoplasm.
Acinar Prostate Adenocarcinoma, Atrophic Variant
A variant of prostate carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells forming syncytial patterns and dense lymphocytic infiltrates.
Acinar Prostate Adenocarcinoma, Lymphoepithelioma-Like Variant
A prostate ductal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic large back-to-back glands with slit-like lumens.
Prostate Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Cribriform Pattern
A prostate ductal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of a papillary growth pattern.
Prostate Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Papillary Pattern
A prostate ductal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cribriform and/or papillary patterns and areas of solid nests of malignant cells.
Prostate Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Solid Pattern
An urothelial carcinoma that arises from the urothelial lining of the prostatic ducts or the prostatic urethra.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate
A transitional cell carcinoma that has spread to the prostate gland directly from the bladder.
An urothelial carcinoma that arises from the urothelial lining of the prostatic ducts.
An invasive prostate carcinoma composed of prostatic basal cells.
An invasive prostate adenocarcinoma characterized by the focal presence of malignant cells that exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation.
Prostate Adenocarcinoma with Focal Neuroendocrine Differentiation
A rare neoplasm arising from specialized prostatic stroma. This category includes prostatic stromal proliferations of uncertain malignant potential and prostatic stromal sarcomas.
A neoplastic lesion that arises from the prostate gland stroma. Morphologic characteristics include hypercellular stroma with scattered atypical cells, prominent overgrowth of the prostatic stroma, or changes resembling benign phyllodes tumor. The majority of cases do not have an aggressive clinical course. A minority of cases however, may progress to stromal sarcoma.
Prostate Stromal Proliferation of Uncertain Malignant Potential
An extremely rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the seminal vesicle.
A rare benign cystadenoma that arises from the seminal vesicle.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the seminal vesicle. Representative examples include cystadenoma and adenocarcinoma.
A general class of thrombocytopenia due to immune destruction of platelets. It includes idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as immune destruction-related thrombocytopenias due to other reasons (e.g., AIDS, transfusion, lupus erythematosus).
Thrombocytopenia Due to Immune Destruction
A general class of thrombocytopenia due to immune destruction of platelets.
A germ cell tumor that arises from the testis and is characterized by the presence of one histologic component. This category includes seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and trophoblastic tumor.
Stage II includes: IIA (T3, N0, M0); IIB (T4, N0, M0). T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria or into non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues. T4: Tumor directly invades other organs or structures, and/or perforates visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
A tumor that arises from the testis and is composed of neoplastic trophoblastic cells. The vast majority of cases are choriocarcinomas.
Stage IV includes: (Any T, Any N, M1). M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)
Cancer has spread to other organs of the body, most often the bones, lungs, liver, or brain.
A sex cord-stromal tumor that arises from the ovary or the testis. Representative examples include fibroma, fibrosarcoma, and thecoma.
A usually benign tumor composed of solid and cystic nests of epithelial cells resembling transitional epithelium; it is surrounded by an abundant stromal component that is dense and fibroblastic in nature.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the rete testis. Representative examples include adenoma and adenocarcinoma.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the rete testis.
A rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the epididymis. It usually presents as a scrotal mass and may be associated with testicular pain.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the epididymis. Representative examples include epididymal adenomatoid tumor and epididymal adenocarcinoma.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis and is characterized by a mixture of morphologic patterns (e.g., high grade squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma or warty-basaloid carcinoma).
Mixed Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis
A basal cell carcinoma of the penis with an indolent clinical course. It is usually superficial and arises from the shaft and rarely the glans.
A cutaneous, usually multifocal lesion in the penis characterized by the presence of verrucous papules. It is caused by human papillomavirus infection. Morphologically there is bowenoid dysplasia present. Progression to invasive carcinoma is infrequent.
A sex cord-stromal tumor that arises from the ovary and is composed entirely of, or in various combinations of, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and fibroblast-like cells.
A sex cord-stromal tumor, comprising in its entirety or in various combinations, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and fibroblast-like cells, that arises from the ovary.
A medulloblastoma occurring in children.
The reemergence of colon carcinoma after a period of remission.
A neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is composed of tissues that resemble dysgerminoma or seminoma and are admixed with sex cord tissues. It is found in children or young adults and usually is associated with secondary sex organs abnormalities. The majority of patients present as phenotypic females with virilization. The minority of patients present as phenotypic males with feminization. It typically affects both gonads. If a malignant germ cell component is present, it may metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A gonadoblastoma that occurs in the ovary.
A malignant tumor that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant germ cell components but lacks a teratoma component.
A yolk sac tumor that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of extensive differentiation into endodermal type glandular structures.
Ovarian Yolk Sac Tumor, Glandular Pattern
A yolk sac tumor that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of extensive differentiation into hepatic tissue.
Ovarian Yolk Sac Tumor, Hepatoid Pattern
An esophageal carcinoma which has reappeared after a period of remission or after presumed treatment.
A rare, malignant germ cell tumor arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of embryoid bodies which resemble early embryos.
A malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the ovary and is composed of cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and extravillous trophoblasts. The prognosis is less favorable than gestational choriocarcinoma.
An advanced, invasive breast adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of distinct changes in the overlying skin. These changes include diffuse erythema, edema, peau d'orange (skin of an orange) appearance, tenderness, induration, warmth, enlargement, and in some cases a palpable mass. The skin changes are the consequence of lymphatic obstruction from the underlying invasive breast adenocarcinoma. Microscopically, the dermal lymphatics show prominent infiltration by malignant cells. The invasive breast adenocarcinoma is usually of ductal, NOS type. There is not significant inflammatory cell infiltrate present, despite the name of this carcinoma.
A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin.
A carcinoid tumor that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of columnar cells with abundant cytoplasm forming ribbons. The prognosis is excellent.
A rare carcinoid tumor that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of glands that are lined by cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin or resemble goblet cells. Pools of mucin, containing glands, may also be present. It may have an aggressive clinical course and it can metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A plasma cell neoplasm arising at an extraosseous site. There is no involvement of the bone marrow. It most frequently involves the oropharynx, nasopharynx, sinuses, and larynx. Other sites of involvement include the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, breast, skin, lymph nodes, and bladder. A minority of patients have a monoclonal gammopathy. Treatment includes radiation therapy. Progression to plasma cell myeloma occurs in a minority of patients.
A lymphoma that affects the ovary. Lymphomatous involvement of the ovary is rare and in approximately half of the cases both ovaries are affected.
A rare carcinoma that arises from the peritoneum and resembles the malignant surface epithelial-stromal tumors that arise from the ovary. Serous adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic variant. It affects women almost exclusively. The diagnosis of primary peritoneal carcinoma can be made only if both ovaries are not involved by tumor, or, if the ovaries are involved, the tumor is confined to the ovarian surface without invasion of the ovarian stroma and the peritoneal involvement is greater than the ovarian surface involvement.
A rare, serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the lining of the peritoneum. It affects females. The clinical behavior and pathologic characteristics are similar to the serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary.
Primary Peritoneal Serous Adenocarcinoma
An invasive malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that, in well differentiated tumors, resemble the epithelium of the fallopian tube or, in poorly differentiated tumors, show anaplastic features and marked nuclear atypia. It includes serous adenocarcinoma and serous adenocarcinofibroma.
An invasive malignant tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of malignant epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples include serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and malignant Brenner tumor.
Malignant Ovarian Surface Epithelial-Stromal Tumor
Malignant Ovarian Surface Epithelial-Stromal Neoplasm
A low malignant potential adenofibroma arising from the ovary. It is characterized by an atypical epithelial hyperplasia. The epithelial cells are of serous type. There is no evidence of stromal destructive invasion.
A neoplasm of low malignant potential arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of cystic spaces which are lined by atypical serous epithelial cells. The surrounding ovarian stroma is fibrotic. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Ovarian Serous Cystadenofibroma
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of glands with serous epithelial cells in a fibrotic stroma.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by serous epithelial cells in a fibrotic stroma.
An invasive malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin and may resemble the epithelial cells of the endocervix or gastrointestinal tract. It includes mucinous adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinofibroma.
A malignant neoplasm of the ovary with an invasive epithelial component and a fibrotic stroma. The epithelial component is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells with intracytoplasmic mucin. Cystic spaces are also present which contain mucoid material.
A carcinoma arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells in a fibrotic stroma. Histologic variants include clear cell, serous, mucinous, and endometrioid adenocarcinofibroma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelium that resembles the epithelium of the endocervix or gastrointestinal tract. It includes mucinous adenofibroma, mucinous cystadenofibroma, and mucinous cystadenoma.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the stomach glandular epithelium. Gastric adenocarcinoma is primarily a disease of older individuals. It most commonly develops after a long period of atrophic gastritis and is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. The lack of early symptoms often delays the diagnosis of gastric cancer. The majority of patients present with advanced tumors which have poor rates of curability. Microscopically, two important histologic types of gastric adenocarcinoma are recognized: the intestinal and diffuse type. The overall prognosis of gastric adenocarcinomas is poor, even in patients who receive a "curative" resection (adapted from Sternberg's Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed., 1999).
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of glands with mucinous columnar epithelial cells in a fibrotic stroma.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by mucinous columnar epithelial cells in a fibrotic stroma.
The presence of abundant mucoid or gelatinous, cellular or acellular material in the pelvis and abdominal cavity (pseudomyxoma peritonei) that is associated with the presence of an ovarian mucinous cystic tumor. In the vast majority of cases, the presence of pseudomyxoma peritonei is the result of metastasis from a primary appendiceal or gastrointestinal tumor site, and the ovarian mucinous tumor is metastatic rather than primary.
Ovarian Mucinous Cystic Tumor Associated with Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
A malignant tumor that occurs in children. Representative examples include soft tissue and bone sarcomas (e.g. osteosarcoma) and embryonal neoplasms (e.g. hepatoblastoma and rhabdoid tumor).
An invasive malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary characterized by the presence of malignant, endometrial-type cells. It includes endometrioid adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma.
An endometrioid adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and exhibits squamous differentiation. The squamous cell component often has a cytologically benign appearance.
Ovarian Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
A rare invasive mesenchymal tumor that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the absence of marked pleomorphism and nuclear atypia in the neoplastic mesenchymal cells. It may have a favorable clinical outcome.
Ovarian Low Grade Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma
A category of rare neoplasms that arise from the ovary. It includes low grade endometrioid stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma.
Ovarian Endometrioid Stromal and Related Neoplasms
An aggressive high grade sarcoma that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of marked pleomorphism and nuclear atypia in the neoplastic mesenchymal cells. The prognosis is poor.
An epithelial neoplasm that arises from the ovary characterized by the presence of glandular or cystic spaces which contain atypical glandular epithelial cells resembling endometrial cells. The surrounding ovarian stroma is fibrotic. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Ovarian Endometrioid Adenofibroma
A non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the small intestine.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the ovary characterized by the presence of glands or cysts lined by benign endometrial-type cells. It includes endometrioid adenofibroma, endometrioid cystadenofibroma, and endometrioid cystadenoma.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by endometrial-type well-differentiated cells.
A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor of the ovary that is characterized by a predominance of clear and hobnail cells.
An invasive malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by a predominance of clear and hobnail malignant epithelial cells.
A malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of clear and hobnail cells. It is highly associated with ovarian endometriosis, pelvic endometriosis and paraendocrine hypercalcemia.
A carcinoma arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm in a fibrotic stroma.
Ovarian Clear Cell Malignant Adenofibroma
The reemergence of gallbladder carcinoma after a period of remission.
An epithelial neoplasm with low malignant potential affecting the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of clear or hobnail cells. In some cases, the cells may display nuclear atypia and prominent nucleoli. When such cells are present, they remain confined to the glands. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
An epithelial neoplasm with low malignant potential affecting the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of atypical glands and/or cystic spaces lined with clear or hobnail cells.
Borderline Ovarian Clear Cell Adenofibroma
An epithelial neoplasm with low malignant potential affecting the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of atypical glands and/or cystic spaces lined with clear or hobnail cells. The cells display nuclear atypia and prominent nucleoli. There is no invasion of the ovarian stroma by the atypical cells.
Borderline Ovarian Clear Cell Adenofibroma with Intraepithelial Carcinoma
An epithelial neoplasm with low malignant potential affecting the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of prominent cystic spaces lined with clear or hobnail cells. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Ovarian Clear Cell Cystadenofibroma
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by a predominance of clear and hobnail benign epithelial cells.
An uncommon benign neoplasm of glandular epithelium characterized by the presence of clear or hobnail cells within a dense fibrous stroma.
A benign neoplasm of glandular epithelium characterized by the presence of clear or hobnail cells within a dense fibrous stroma and cystic structures.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that resemble urothelial cells.
Benign Ovarian Transitional Cell Neoplasm
An ovarian epithelial neoplasm that resembles the transitional cell neoplasms found in the urinary tract. It is characterized by the presence of atypia and absence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Ovarian Transitional Cell Tumor
Borderline Ovarian Transitional Cell Neoplasm
An invasive malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that resemble malignant urothelial cells. It includes transitional cell carcinoma and malignant Brenner tumor.
Malignant Ovarian Transitional Cell Tumor
Malignant Ovarian Transitional Cell Neoplasm
A hormone producing or non-producing pituitary gland adenoma or carcinoma, not associated with a hormonal syndrome.
Non-Functioning Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Non-Functioning Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Non-Functioning Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Non-Functioning Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Non-Functioning Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Non-Functioning Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
A malignant mixed epithelial neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is composed predominantly of serous and endocervical-type mucinous epithelium.
Malignant Ovarian Mixed Epithelial Tumor
Malignant Ovarian Mixed Epithelial Neoplasm
A squamous cell tumor that arises from the ovary and is not associated with a germ cell tumor.
A usually high grade squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is not associated with a germ cell tumor. The prognosis is poor.
A serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube. It is usually a high grade invasive adenocarcinoma.
An adenocarcinoma that is characterized by the presence of papillary patterns and cellular budding. Psammoma bodies may be present. Representative examples include cervical serous adenocarcinoma, endometrial serous adenocarcinoma, ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, and primary peritoneal serous adenocarcinoma.
A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor of the fallopian tube characterized by the presence of neoplastic serous epithelial cells.
An extremely rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin. The cases that have been reported are predominantly in situ mucinous adenocarcinomas.
A rare transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube.
Fallopian Tube Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ (limited to tubal mucosa). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. FIGO no longer includes stage 0. (AJCC 7th ed.)
A rare epithelial tumor arising from the fallopian tube without definitive morphologic characteristics of malignancy. This category includes borderline mucinous and serous neoplasms and borderline endometrioid tumor.
Fallopian Tube Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
A neoplasm of low malignant potential arising from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by an atypical proliferation of serous-type epithelial cells without evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Fallopian Tube Serous Tumor/Atypical Proliferative Serous Tumor
Borderline Fallopian Tube Serous Neoplasm
A neoplasm of low malignant potential arising from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by an atypical proliferation of mucinous-type epithelial cells without evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Fallopian Tube Mucinous Tumor
Borderline Fallopian Tube Mucinous Neoplasm
A rare borderline or malignant epithelial tumor of the fallopian tube characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin and may resemble the epithelial cells of the endocervix or gastrointestinal tract.
A neoplasm of low malignant potential arising from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of glandular or cystic spaces which contain atypical glandular epithelial cells resembling endometrial cells. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Fallopian Tube Endometrioid Tumor
Borderline Fallopian Tube Endometrioid Neoplasm
A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor of the fallopian tube that is characterized by the presence of glands and/or cysts lined by neoplastic cells that resemble endometrial cells.
A benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular stalks lined by serous epithelial cells.
A rare, benign, asymptomatic neoplasm that arises from the fallopian tube. The majority of cases are incidental findings during operation for an unrelated gynecologic disorder. The tumors are round and solitary and contain connective tissue and papillary or tubular structures lined by serous-type epithelium.
A rare, benign, asymptomatic neoplasm that arises from the fallopian tube. The tumors are round and solitary and contain connective tissue and cystic structures lined by serous-type epithelium. The majority of cases are incidental findings during operation for an unrelated gynecologic disorder.
A rare metaplastic lesion that arises from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of an intraluminal papillary proliferation composed of atypical epithelial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. In the vast majority of cases, it is an incidental finding during microscopic examination of a fallopian tube in the postpartum period.
Fallopian Tube Metaplastic Papillary Tumor
Stage IV includes: (Any T, Any N, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b). M1a: Lung cancer with separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural nodules or malignant pleural (or pericardial) effusion. M1b: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7
The tumor may be any size and cancer may have spread to lymph nodes. One or more of the following is true: (1) there are one or more tumors in both lungs; (2) cancer is found in fluid around the lungs or the heart; and/or (3) cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, or bone.
Metastatic Non-Oat Cell Carcinoma of Lung
Metastatic Non-Oat Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Metastatic Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung
Metastatic Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Stage IV Non-Oat Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Stage IV Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung
Stage IV Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
A disorder characterized by marked discomfort sensation in the pelvis.
A carcinosarcoma that arises from the fallopian tube. It usually affects postmenopausal women and presents with abdominal pain, abdominal distension or genital bleeding. The prognosis is usually poor.
Fallopian Tube Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Mullerian) Tumor
Fallopian Tube Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Müllerian) Tumor
An extremely rare malignant neoplasm that arises from the fallopian tube and is characterized by the presence of a benign epithelial component and a sarcomatous component.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the fallopian tube. Representative examples include leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A benign neoplasm that arises from the fallopian tube and originates from mesothelial cells. It is characterized by the presence of gland-like structures that are lined by flat or cuboidal cells. It is usually discovered as an incidental finding.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the head and neck. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.
Cancer that arises in the head or neck region (in the nasal cavity, sinuses, lip, mouth, salivary glands, throat, or larynx [voice box]).
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the uterine ligaments. Representative examples include Wolffian adnexal tumor, papillary cystadenoma, and adenocarcinoma.
A rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the uterine ligament.
A rare serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the uterine ligament.
A rare mucinous adenocarcinoma that arises from the uterine ligament.
Uterine Ligament Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
A rare endometrioid adenocarcinoma that arises from the uterine ligament. Some of the reported cases were associated with endometriosis.
Uterine Ligament Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine ligament composed mainly of clear or hobnob cells. The clear cells are large, bizarre, and multinucleated.
Uterine Ligament Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
An oligodendroglioma occurring during adulthood.
A rare borderline tumor that arises from the uterine ligament. The majority of the reported cases are serous cystic tumors.
Uterine Ligament Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
A benign mesonephric neoplasm that arises from the uterine ligament and occurs in women with von Hippel-Lindau disease. It is a cystic lesion characterized by the presence of multiple papillary excrescences.
Uterine Ligament Papillary Cystadenoma Associated with von Hippel-Lindau Disease
A primary, usually low grade adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in which the majority of the malignant epithelial cells contain abundant intracytoplasmic mucin.
A classification of primary endometrial adenocarcinomas that refers to endometrioid adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma.
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that contains equal to or less than 5% non-squamous solid areas.
Grade 1 Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that contains 6-50% non-squamous solid areas.
Grade 2 Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A primary endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that contains more than 50% non-squamous solid areas.
Grade 3 Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that contains equal to or less than 5% non-squamous solid areas.
Grade 1 Endometrial Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the central nervous system from another anatomic site or system. The majority are carcinomas (usually lung or breast carcinomas).
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Central Nervous System
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Central Nervous System
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the central nervous system (CNS).
Metastatic Neoplasm to the Central Nervous System
Metastatic Tumor to the Central Nervous System
A primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that contains 6-50% non-squamous solid areas.
Grade 2 Endometrial Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
A primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that contains more than 50% non-squamous solid areas.
Grade 3 Endometrial Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
A precursor of endometrial serous adenocarcinoma characterized by the replacement of the normal endometrial cells by malignant glandular cells that resemble the malignant cells of invasive serous adenocarcinoma. The endometrial neoplastic process is non-invasive. It may coexist with invasive endometrial adenocarcinoma or can be associated with metastases outside the uterus, in the absence of invasive endometrial carcinoma.
Serous Endometrial Intraepithelial Carcinoma
Endometrial Serous Intraepithelial Carcinoma
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the endometrium and is characterized by the presence of both type I and type II endometrial adenocarcinoma components. The minor component constitutes at least 5% of the entire tumor.
A rare primary carcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells resembling urothelial transitional cells. The malignant transitional cells constitute at least 90% of the tumor cells.
A primary carcinoma of the endometrium that is similar to the small cell carcinoma of the lung, histologically.
A primary carcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of malignant cells that lack evidence of differentiation.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the bone or articular cartilage.
A solid malignant neoplasm that develops or arises in the bone.
Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the bone. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Secondary bone cancer is cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (such as the prostate, breast, or lung).
A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by an increased number of mitoses (up to 19 mitoses per 10 high-powered fields).
Uterine Corpus Leiomyoma, Mitotically Active Variant
A morphologic variant of leiomyoma arising from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by a dense cellular infiltrate composed of spindle or round cells with scant cytoplasm and a less obvious interlacing fascicle pattern.
A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by the presence of round or polygonal epithelioid smooth muscle cells forming clusters.
A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by zones of hemorrhagic infarction surrounded by hypercellular areas. It usually develops in women of childbearing years, particularly those that are pregnant, post-partum, or taking oral contraceptives.
Uterine Corpus Hemorrhagic Cellular Leiomyoma
Uterine Corpus Leiomyoma with Apoplectic Change
A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by extensive myxoid degeneration of the neoplasm connective tissue stroma.
A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by significant cytologic atypia. The atypical cells are large with pleomophic hyperchromatic nuclei.
Uterine Corpus Leiomyoma with Bizarre Nuclei
Uterine Corpus Leiomyoma, Atypical Variant
A rare morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by the presence of scattered islands of mature adipocytes within the smooth muscle neoplasm.
A breast carcinoma arising from the ducts. While ductal carcinomas can arise at other sites, this term is universally used to refer to carcinomas of the breast. Ductal carcinomas account for about two thirds of all breast cancers. Two types of ductal carcinomas have been described: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma. The latter often spreads to the axillary lymph nodes and other anatomic sites. The two forms of ductal carcinoma often coexist.
The most common type of breast cancer. It begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast.
An unusual condition characterized by the presence of numerous small benign smooth muscle neoplasms located throughout the body of the uterus.
A morphologic variant of leiomyosarcoma arising from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid round cells with eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm.
Uterine Corpus Epithelioid Leiomyosarcoma
A morphologic variant of leiomyosarcoma arising from the uterus corpus. It is characterized by the presence of cellular pleomorphism, malignant cells with large nuclei, and a myxoid stroma.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the uterine corpus and is composed of neoplastic cells with smooth muscle differentiation.
A smooth muscle neoplasm which arises from the uterine corpus and can not be reliably diagnosed as benign or malignant, because of the presence of ambiguous morphologic findings.
Uterine Corpus Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Borderline Uterine Corpus Smooth Muscle Neoplasm
Uterine Corpus Smooth Muscle Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the uterine corpus. Representative examples include leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, and endometrial stromal sarcoma.
A non-invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of monomorphic cells completely filling the lumina. The overall lobular architecture is preserved. It is frequently multifocal (90% in some series) and bilateral. It seldom becomes invasive; however there is an increased risk of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma.
A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. Lobular carcinoma in situ seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having it in one breast increases the risk of developing breast cancer in either breast.
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast (LCIS)
Non-Infiltrating Lobular Breast Carcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of Breast
Non-Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast
Non-Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of Breast
Non-Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast
A primary, benign or malignant neoplasm of the uterine corpus characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a mesenchymal component. Representative examples include adenomyoma, adenosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma.
Uterine Corpus Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
Uterine Corpus Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumor
An uncommon malignant neoplasm arising from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by the presence of a malignant epithelial component and a benign mesenchymal (usually fibrous) component.
A variant of cervical squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of keratin pearls. Intercellular bridges and cytoplasmic keratinization are usually present.
Cervical Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
An aggressive variant of cervical squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of nests of malignant basaloid squamous cells with scant amount of cytoplasm.
Cervical Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Paget disease of the breast associated with the presence of a usually high grade ductal carcinoma in situ in the lactiferous glands.
Paget Disease and Intraductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Paget's Disease and Intraductal Carcinoma of Breast
Paget's Disease and Intraductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Paget's Disease of Breast with Intraductal Carcinoma
Paget's Disease of the Breast with Intraductal Carcinoma
A highly differentiated variant of cervical squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of a warty surface and stromal invasion with pushing borders. The malignant cells have abundant cytoplasm and minimal nuclear atypia. Koilocytosis is not present.
A human papillomavirus-related cervical squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of a warty surface and koilocytotic atypia.
Cervical Condylomatous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A human papillomavirus-related cervical squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of papillary structures covered with epithelial cells which show features of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The malignant cellular component below the papillary structures is a squamous cell carcinoma.
Cervical Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A variant of cervical squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of islands of cells with uniform, vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli and a dense lymphocytic infiltrate.
Cervical Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma
A human papillomavirus-related cervical squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of papillary structures with fibrovascular cores. It is covered with multiple layers of atypical cells that resemble cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3.
A benign, precancerous, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the squamous epithelium of the cervix. Representative examples include condyloma acuminatum, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma.
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the cervical squamous epithelium without evidence of invasion. It is usually associated with human papillomavirus infection. It is characterized by the presence of mild atypia in the superficial epithelial layer that may be associated with koilocytosis. Maturation is present in the upper two thirds of the epithelium. Mitotic figures are not numerous and are present in the basal third of the epithelium.
Low Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1
Low Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Low-Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the cervical squamous epithelium. It is usually associated with human papillomavirus infection. It is classified as cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 2 when there is nuclear atypia in both the upper and lower epithelial layers, mitotic figures are confined to the basal two-thirds of the epithelium, and maturation is present in the upper half of the epithelium. It is classified as cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 3 when there is nuclear atypia and mitotic figures throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium, and maturation is absent or confined to the upper third of the epithelium.
High Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
High Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
High-Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of maturation in the upper half of the squamous epithelium and conspicuous nuclear atypia which is present in all epithelial layers. Mitotic figures are present in the basal two thirds of the epithelium.
Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2
A condition in which moderately abnormal cells grow on the thin layer of tissue that covers the cervix. These abnormal cells are not malignant (cancer) but may become cancer.
Moderate Squamous Dysplasia of the Cervix
Cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of maturation in the upper two-thirds of the squamous epithelium and mild nuclear atypia which is present in all epithelial layers. Mitotic figures are present in the basal third of the epithelium.
A condition in which slightly abnormal cells grow on the thin layer of tissue that covers the cervix. These abnormal cells are not malignant (cancer) but may become cancer.
A conventional osteosarcoma characterized by the presence of spindle shaped cells.
A rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of papillary patterns and cellular budding. Psammoma bodies are often seen.
A cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma that resembles the large intestinal adenocarcinoma.
Cervical Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Intestinal-Type
Cervical Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Intestinal Variant
A rare cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of signet ring cells.
Cervical Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Signet Ring Cell Type
Cervical Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Signet Ring Cell Variant
A rare, extremely well differentiated cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma in which most of the neoplastic glands cannot be distinguished from the normal endocervical glands.
Cervical Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Minimal Deviation Type
Cervical Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Minimal Deviation Variant
A cervical adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of a prominent villoglandular pattern.
Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Villoglandular Variant
An osteosarcoma characterised by the presence of atypical cartilage of variable cellularity. It may or may not be associated with the presence of myxoid areas or focal bone formation.
A benign, malignant, or precancerous neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the cervix. Representative examples include endocervical polyp, cervical adenocarcinoma, and cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia.
A rare, aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of malignant cells with abundant cytoplasm, large nuclei, and prominent nucleoli.
Cervical Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A rare, benign, papillary neoplasm that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular core covered by mucinous epithelial cells.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the cervix. Representative examples include rhabdomyoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma.
A category of benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasms that arises from the uterine corpus. This category includes the endometrial stromal nodule which is benign and non-invasive, the endometrial stromal sarcoma, and the undifferentiated uterine sarcoma. The endometrial stromal sarcoma is an invasive malignant neoplasm, further subdivided into low grade and high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Undifferentiated uterine sarcoma was previously also known as high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. In 2014, high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma was reclassified and is currently considered a distinct and rare neoplasm. It appears to have a prognosis that falls between low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma.
Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal and Related Neoplasms
Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal and Related Tumors
A category of rare neoplasms that arise from the cervix. It includes low grade endometrioid stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated endocervical sarcoma.
Endometrioid Stromal and Related Neoplasms of the Cervix
Endometrioid Stromal and Related Tumors of the Cervix
A uterine corpus sarcoma originating from the endometrial stroma. It is further subdivided into low grade and high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma.
Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
A very rare sarcoma that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of cells that resemble endometrial stromal cells.
Low Grade Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma of the Cervix
A rare, indolent, invasive mesenchymal tumor that arises from the endometrial stroma. It is characterized by the presence of a plexiform vasculature, infrequent mitoses, and insignificant cytologic atypia. Late recurrences may occur.
Uterine Corpus Low Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
A high grade undifferentiated sarcoma that arises from the endocervix.
Undifferentiated Sarcoma of the Endocervix
An alveolar soft part sarcoma arising from the cervix.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. This category includes adenofibroma, adenomyoma, adenosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma.
Cervical Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
A neoplasm that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of benign epithelial and benign mesenchymal elements. This category includes adenofibroma and adenomyoma.
Benign Cervical Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
A mixed epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of malignant mesenchymal elements and benign or malignant epithelial elements. This category includes adenosarcoma and carcinosarcoma.
Malignant Cervical Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
A rare malignant mixed epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of malignant mesenchymal elements and benign epithelial elements.
A benign, polypoid neoplasm that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal elements.
A rare, benign, usually polypoid neoplasm that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of a glandular component and a smooth muscle cell component. Variants include the endocervical type, endometrial type, and atypical polypoid adenomyoma.
An embryonal neoplasm arising from the cervix with morphologic features resembling Wilms tumor of the kidney.
An aggressive malignant tumor of melanocytic origin that arises from the cervix.
A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the esophagus. It is associated with a long history of tobacco and alcohol abuse and is exceedingly rare before the age of 30. The median age is around 65 in both males and females. It is located mostly in the middle and lower third of the esophagus. Grossly, polypoid, ulcerated, plaque-like and occult lesions have been described. The microscopic features are the same as in other squamous cell carcinomas. Any degree of differentiation may occur, and variation within a single tumor is common. The prognosis is poor.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the cervix. Representative examples include cervicitis, endocervical polyp, and carcinoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the squamous epithelium of the vagina. Representative examples include condyloma acuminatum, squamous papilloma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of keratin pearls. Intercellular bridges and cytoplasmic keratinization are usually present.
Vaginal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of nests of malignant basaloid squamous cells with scant amounts of cytoplasm.
Vaginal Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by a papillary growth pattern, hyperkeratosis, and koilocytosis.
A malignant tumor with glandular differentiation arising predominantly from Barrett mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus. Rare examples of esophageal adenocarcinoma deriving from ectopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus have also been reported. Grossly, esophageal adenocarcinomas are similar to esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Microscopically, adenocarcinomas arising in the setting of Barrett esophagus are typically papillary and/or tubular. The prognosis is poor.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of neoplastic glandular epithelial cells. Representative examples include adenoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and clear cell adenocarcinoma.
A rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the vagina with histologic features resembling the endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium.
A rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the vagina with histologic features resembling cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma, endocervical type or cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma, intestinal variant.
A benign papilloma that arises from the vagina in infants and young women.
A glandular epithelial neoplasm that arises from the vagina and shows intestinal differentiation.
An adenoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by a tubular architectural pattern.
An adenoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by a tubulovillous architectural pattern.
An adenoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by a villous architectural pattern.
An invasive cystic adenocarcinoma arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. The malignant cells invade the ovarian stroma and the cystic spaces contain mucoid material. In a minority of cases both ovaries are involved by the tumor. The prognosis for stage I tumors is excellent. Patients with metastases usually have a poor prognosis.
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Ovary
A carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular and malignant squamous epithelial components.
An adenoid cystic carcinoma that arises from the vagina. Myoepithelial cells are usually not present.
A rare neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is composed of small cells.
A carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the lack of specific cellular differentiation.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the vagina. Representative examples include leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, endometrioid stromal sarcoma, and botryoid-type embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
A category of rare neoplasms that arise from the vagina. It includes low grade endometrioid stromal sarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma.
Endometrioid Stromal and Related Neoplasms of the Vagina
Endometrioid Stromal and Related Tumors of the Vagina
An uncommon intraepithelial malignant neoplasm of eccrine or apocrine origin, arising from the vulva. It usually affects post-menopausal women. In approximately 10-20% of the cases there is an associated anorectal, or urothelial carcinoma or a skin appendage adenocarcinoma identified. It presents as a red, eczematous lesion. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of the typical Paget cells which are large, round cells with abundant cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
An infiltrating sarcoma that arises from the vagina. It is characterized by the presence of cells that resemble endometrial stromal cells.
Low Grade Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma of the Vagina
A high grade infiltrating sarcoma that arises from the vagina. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small spindle cells with scant cytoplasm.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. This category includes benign mixed tumor, adenosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, and malignant mixed tumor resembling synovial sarcoma.
Vaginal Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
Vaginal Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumor
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of benign epithelial and benign mesenchymal elements.
Benign Vaginal Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
Benign Vaginal Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Tumor
A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the cervical epithelium. It usually evolves from a precancerous cervical lesion. Increased numbers of sexual partners and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are risk factors for cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The following histologic patterns have been described: conventional squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, condylomatous carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma. Survival is most closely related to the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis.
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
A benign, precancerous, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the squamous epithelium of the vulva. Representative examples include vestibular papilloma, intraepithelial neoplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vulva and is characterized by the presence of keratin pearls.
Vulvar Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vulva and is characterized by the presence of nests of malignant basaloid cells with a scant amount of cytoplasm.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vulva and is characterized by the presence of a warty surface and cellular changes that are caused by human papillomavirus infection.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the cervical epithelium. It accounts for approximately 15% of invasive cervical carcinomas. Increased numbers of sexual partners and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are risk factors. Grossly, advanced cervical adenocarcinoma may present as an exophytic mass, an ulcerated lesion, or diffuse cervical enlargement. Microscopically, the majority of cervical adenocarcinomas are of the endocervical (mucinous) type.
Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A benign neoplastic process characterized by the presence of multiple vestibular papillomas in the vulva.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the vulva and is composed of glandular epithelial cells. Representative examples include adenoma of the minor vestibular glands, Bartholin gland adenoma, and Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma.
A carcinoma that arises from the Bartholin gland and is characterized by the presence of malignant squamous epithelial cells.
Bartholin's Gland Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the Bartholin gland and is characterized by the presence of islands of uniform malignant cells forming cribriform patterns.
Bartholin Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Bartholin's Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the Bartholin gland and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells and malignant squamous epithelial cells.
Bartholin's Gland Adenosquamous Carcinoma
A rare carcinoma that arises from the Bartholin gland and is characterized by the presence of malignant urothelial-type epithelial cells.
Bartholin Gland Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Bartholin's Gland Transitional Cell Carcinoma
A rare neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the Bartholin gland and is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells and high mitotic activity.
A rare, benign neoplasm that arises from the Bartholin gland and is characterized by the presence of clustered glands and tubules lined by mucin-secreting epithelial cells.
A malignant neoplasm derived from the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract (urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, or renal pelvis). It is frequently papillary.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract
Transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract
A rare, benign neoplasm that arises from the vulva It is characterized by the presence of clusters of small glands lined by mucinous epithelial cells. Bartholin duct structures are not present.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the vulva and is characterized by differentiating characteristics towards sweat or sebaceous glands or hair follicles. Representative examples include trichoepithelioma, syringoma, and eccrine adenocarcinoma.
Vulvar Neoplasm of Skin Appendage Origin
A malignant neoplasm that arises from sweat glands in the vulva. Representative examples include eccrine adenocarcinoma, apocrine adenocarcinoma, and Paget disease.
An eccrine adenocarcinoma that arises from the sweat glands in the vulva.
An eccrine porocarcinoma that arises from the sweat glands in the vulva.
A vulvar sweat gland carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells.
An apocrine adenocarcinoma that arises from the sweat glands in the vulva.
A carcinoma that arises from the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of malignant basaloid glandular epithelial cells that resemble sebaceous epithelium and are arranged in cords and nests.
A squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder arising from metaplastic epithelium. It represents less than 10% of bladder carcinomas. The exception is the Middle East along the Nile Valley, where it represents the most common form of carcinoma because of the endemic nature of schistosomiasis. Bladder squamous cell carcinoma is often associated with long-standing chronic inflammation of the bladder and usually has a poor prognosis. The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder should be reserved for those tumors that are predominantly keratin forming.
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
An adenocarcinoma with sebaceous differentiation. It presents as a painless mass and it may be multifocal. It grows in the ocular adnexae and in the skin of head and neck, trunk, genitals, and extremities. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells with multivesicular and clear cytoplasm. It may recur and metastasize.
An adenocarcinoma with sebaceous differentiation.
A benign neoplasm that arises from eccrine ducts in the vulva and is characterized by the presence of tubules and cysts which are lined by epithelial cells in the densely fibrotic dermis.
A benign neoplasm that arises from sweat glands in the vulva and is characterized by the presence of lobules composed of epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm.
A benign neoplasm that arises from the vulva and is characterized by the presence of nests of monomorphic basaloid cells forming small cysts that contain keratin.
An astrocytic tumor of uncertain relation to pilocytic astrocytoma. It occurs predominantly in infants and young children. It is characterized by a monomorphic architectural pattern, usually associated with the absence of Rosenthal fibers and eosinophilic granular bodies. The clinical course is usually aggressive.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the vulva. Representative examples include leiomyoma, cellular angiofibroma, angiomyxoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, and childhood botryoid-type embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the vulva. Representative examples include childhood botryoid-type embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the vulva. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A rare adenocarcinoma arising from metaplastic bladder epithelium. It is frequently associated with long-standing local irritation. The majority of cases originate from the trigone and the posterior wall of the bladder.
An alveolar soft part sarcoma arising from the vulva.
A rare malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the vulva.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue of the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, numerous dilated vascular channels, and increased cellularity.
A usually benign granular cell tumor that arises from the vulva.
A usually pigmented, nodular or polypoid malignant neoplasm that originates from melanocytes and arises from the vulva. It presents with bleeding and dysuria.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm of the kidney characterized by the presence of lipid-containing clear cells within a vascular network. The tumor may metastasize to unusual sites and late metastasis is common.
The most common type of kidney cancer. It begins in the lining of the renal tubules in the kidney. The renal tubules filter the blood and produce urine.
Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Adenocarcinoma
Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma
A neoplasm that originates from melanocytes and arises from the vulva. This category includes congenital and acquired melanocytic nevus, blue nevus, dysplastic melanocytic nevus, atypical melanocytic nevus, genital type, and melanoma.
Retroperitoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the peritoneum. This is an extragastrointestinal tumor, meaning that it does not arise directly from the gastrointestinal tract.
Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the mesentery. This is an extragastrointestinal tumor, meaning that it does not arise directly from the gastrointestinal tract.
Mesenteric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Mesenteric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
The reemergence of laryngeal carcinoma after a period of remission.
A congenital abnormality in which the external urethral orifice is on the underside of the penis. In a minority of cases it is associated with other genitourinary abnormalities.
A birth defect in which the opening of the urethra (the tube through which urine leaves the body) is not in its normal place. In males with hypospadias, the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or between the anus and the scrotum. In females with hypospadias, it opens into the vagina. Hypospadias is much more common in males than in females, and can be corrected by surgery. Children with hypospadias have an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer).
A congenital condition in which the urethra fails to develop properly, and the opening of the urethra is located on the ventrum of the penis, scrotum, or perineum.
Urethra opening on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. (Makris S, Solomon HM, Clark R, Shiota K, Barbellion S, Buschmann J, Ema M, Fujiwara M, Grote K, Hazelden KP, Hew KW, Horimoto M, Ooshima Y, Parkinson M, Wise LD. Terminology of developmental abnormalities in common laboratory mammals (Version 2). Part B. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2009 Aug;86(4):227-327.)
A non-invasive lesion of the testis, characterized by the presence of malignant large germ cells with abundant cytoplasm in the seminiferous tubules. It may be associated with undescended or atrophic testis and infertility. The vast majority of cases progress to invasive germ cell tumors.
Testicular Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia, Unclassified
Testicular Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia of Unclassified Type
Testicular Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia of the Unclassified Type
An invasive breast carcinoma containing both ductal and lobular carcinomatous components.
A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it is the most common malignant thyroid lesion, comprising 75% to 80% of all thyroid cancers in iodine sufficient countries. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy. Microscopically, the diagnosis is based on the distinct characteristics of the malignant cells, which include enlargement, oval shape, elongation, and overlapping of the nuclei. The nuclei also display clearing or have a ground glass appearance.
A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The diagnosis is based on the distinct characteristics of the malignant cells, which include enlargement, oval shape, elongation, and overlapping of the nuclei. The nuclei also display clearing or have a ground glass appearance.
Cancer that forms in follicular cells in the thyroid and grows in small finger-like shapes. It grows slowly, is more common in women than in men, and often occurs before age 45. It is the most common type of thyroid cancer.
Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
An invasive ductal breast carcinoma, not otherwise specified, characterized by increased levels of human beta-chorionic gonadotropin in the serum. Morphologic evidence of choriocarcinomatous differentiation is rare.
Breast Carcinoma with Choriocarcinomatous Features
An invasive breast adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of tall columnar neoplastic cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Grossly, cystic changes are identified.
An invasive breast adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of tall columnar neoplastic cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Grossly, cystic changes are not identified.
A poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the breast. It is characterized by the presence of large neuroendocrine cells and high mitotic activity.
Breast Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the breast parenchyma and is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped malignant cells.
Squamous Cell Breast Carcinoma, Spindle Cell Variant
A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by an anemia in which 15% or more of the erythroid precursors are ring sideroblasts. The ring sideroblast is an erythroid precursor in which one third or more of the nucleus is encircled by granules which are positive for iron stain. (WHO, 2001)
Refractory Anemia with Ringed Sideroblasts
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Ring Sideroblasts
Refractory Anemia with Ring Sideroblasts
An invasive breast carcinoma characterized by the presence of tubular and glandular neoplastic cell structures, admixed with islands of neoplastic cells showing squamous differentiation.
A low grade metaplastic carcinoma of the breast with morphologic features similar to the adenosquamous carcinoma of the skin. In the majority of cases the prognosis is excellent.
Low Grade Adenosquamous Breast Carcinoma
Infiltrating Breast Syringomatous Adenoma
An invasive, non-metastasizing neoplasm with sweat duct differentiation that arises in the area of the nipple. Local recurrences have been reported.
Infiltrating Nipple Syringomatous Adenoma
A rare breast adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic oncocytic cells. The oncocytic cells comprise more than 70 percent of the malignant cellular population.
A breast adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of serous (acinic cell) differentiation.
A very rare breast adenocarcinoma with sebaceous differentiation.
An acute myeloid leukemia developing in patients with a prior history of myelodysplastic syndrome.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Arising from Previous Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Multilineage Dysplasia following Myelodysplastic Syndrome
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that arises from the breast. It is the most common type of primary breast lymphoma.
A Burkitt lymphoma that arises from the breast. It usually affects pregnant or lactating women and presents with bilateral breast involvement and breast swelling.
A follicular lymphoma that arises from the breast as a primary tumor.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the skin of the breast secondary to radiation treatment for breast cancer.
An angiosarcoma arising from the skin of the arm following radical mastectomy and resulting lymphedema.
Angiosarcoma of the Skin of the Arm after Radical Mastectomy followed by Lymphedema
A neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of uniform polygonal cells with small or moderate amount of cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli. The cells are usually arranged in organoid and trabecular patterns. It is classified as typical or atypical carcinoid tumor based on the number of mitotic figures and the absence or presence of necrosis. Atypical carcinoid tumors have a worse prognosis.
A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm that arises from the breast. Representative examples include apocrine adenoma, tubular adenoma, and pleomorphic adenoma.
A rare, benign and well circumscribed neoplasm that arises from the breast. It is characterized by the proliferation of epithelial cells with extensive apocrine metaplasia.
A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm that is located within the lumen of a duct in the breast parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of glandular structures at the periphery and fibrous tissue at the center of the tumor.
A multifocal neoplastic process characterized by the proliferation of spindle to cuboidal myoepithelial cells within and/or around small breast ducts.
A neoplastic process characterized by the proliferation of spindle to cuboidal myoepithelial cells around small breast ducts.
A benign or malignant tumor that arises from the breast and originates from or is composed of myoepithelial cells. Representative examples include adenomyoepithelioma, myoepitheliosis, and malignant myoepithelioma.
A benign or malignant tumor characterized by the presence of cells that show myoepithelial differentiation. Based on its morphologic features, it is classified as benign or malignant. A representative example of benign myoepithelioma is benign salivary gland myoepithelioma. Representative examples of malignant myoepithelioma or myoepithelial carcinoma are malignant breast myoepithelioma and salivary gland myoepithelial carcinoma.
A benign or malignant tumor that arises from the salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with myoepithelial differentiation. This category includes benign myoepithelioma and myoepithelial carcinoma.
An invasive malignant tumor that arises from the breast. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells. Mitoses are present. Rarely, local recurrences and distant metastases have been reported.
A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the breast. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
Breast Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the breast. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity that arises from the buccal mucosa.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Buccal Mucosa
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Buccal Mucosa
A usually benign neoplasm that arises from the breast. It presents as a single, firm, and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm.
A benign or malignant biphasic neoplasm that arises from the breast parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a mesenchymal (stromal) component. The typical examples are fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the breast. Representative examples of benign mesenchymal neoplasms include leiomyoma, lipoma, and myofibroblastoma. Representative examples of malignant mesenchymal neoplasms include angiosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma.
An embryonal pediatric tumor of the kidney which may also be seen rarely in adults. The peak incidence of Wilms tumor is between the second and fifth year of life. Microscopically, it is composed of a mixture of cellular elements (blastemal, stromal, and epithelial). The most common sites of metastasis include the regional lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.
A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the kidney, and may spread to the lungs, liver, or nearby lymph nodes. Wilms tumor usually occurs in children younger than 5 years old.
A malignant embryonal neoplasm of the kidney.
A rare, benign and well circumscribed neoplasm that arises from the breast. It is characterized by the proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells surrounded by chondroid stroma.
A benign, slow-growing tumor composed of cells that demonstrate both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. It is the most common neoplasm of salivary gland origin, and mostly occurs in the parotid gland. The average age of patients has been reported to be 43 years; women are more often affected than men. The malignant change rate has been estimated to be 6%. The malignant counterpart is carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.
A squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity that arises from the floor of the mouth.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Floor of Mouth
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Floor of Mouth
A carcinoma that arises from a pleomorphic adenoma in the salivary glands. It usually originates in the parotid gland. Patients usually present with a history of a long-standing tumor mass which grew rapidly in the past few months. Patients with non-invasive or minimally invasive carcinoma have an excellent prognosis. In cases where there is invasion of the surrounding tissues, the clinical course is aggressive.
Salivary Gland Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the lip. It affects males more often than females and it usually involves the lower lip. Risk factors include UV exposure, alcohol consumption, smoking, and immunosuppression.
A representation of the sequence of biological or biochemical events that occur as a protein is cycled between the plasma membrane and endosomal vesicles.
A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the hypopharynx. Signs and symptoms include dysphagia, hemoptysis, and the presence of a neck mass.
Hypopharyngeal Throat Squamous Cell Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the BRAF gene.
v-raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1 Gene Mutation
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is the most common histologic type of laryngeal carcinoma. It can arise from the glottis, supraglottic area, or it can be transglottic. Glottic squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent laryngeal carcinoma in the United States. The symptoms, clinical behavior and the prognosis depend on the site of origin within the larynx.
An aggressive small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the ovary. Morphologically, it resembles the small cell carcinoma that arises from the lung.
Ovarian Small Cell Carcinoma, Pulmonary Type
A rare malignant trophoblastic tumor that arises from the ovary as a result of ectopic ovarian pregnancy. There is no germ cell component present.
An embryonal neoplasm arising from the ovary with morphologic features resembling Wilms tumor of the kidney. It occurs during the reproductive age and may present as a rapidly growing adnexal mass.
A rare malignant mesothelial neoplasm that usually involves both the ovarian surface and the ovarian stroma. In most cases there is bilateral ovarian involvement.
An oligodendroglioma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.
An oligodendroglioma that occurs during childhood.
Fallopian tube carcinoma that has developed in relatives of patients that have a history of fallopian tube carcinoma.
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the CHEK2 gene.
CHK2 Checkpoint Homolog (S. pombe) Gene Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the ATM gene.
ATM Serine/Threonine Kinase Gene Mutation
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Gene Mutation
A light brown, sharply demarcated skin patch. It is a manifestation of neurofibromatosis type 1 and McCune-Albright syndrome.
Abnormal deposits of calcium in the cerebral tissue.
An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome caused by mutations in the PMS2, MLH1, or MSH2 genes. It is characterized by the presence of glioblastoma and the absence of familiar adenomatous polyposis. Patients often develop hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma.
An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome caused by mutations in the APC gene. It is characterized by the presence of medulloblastoma and familiar adenomatous polyposis.
Alkylating Activity in biological systems is typically a process of covalent bonding in which a chemical substance replaces hydrogen atom(s) in biologically active molecules with alkyl radical(s), hindering proper function. DNA alkylation results in strand cross-linking and can inhibit DNA replication.
A WHO grade I, relatively circumscribed, slowly growing, often cystic astrocytoma occurring in children and young adults. Histologically it is characterized by a biphasic pattern with compacted bipolar cells associated with Rosenthal fibers and multipolar cells associated with microcysts and eosinophilic bodies/hyaline droplets. (WHO)
A benign neoplasm of the brain or spinal cord arising from astrocytes associated with single or multiple cysts.
Antigen Binding Interaction involves specific and high affinity non-covalent interaction (binding) of an endogenous antibody through intermolecular physical forces of attraction and spatial complementarity with a soluble or particulate substance (antigen) that induces an immune response.
A pilocytic astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
Chelating Activity involves non-covalent, often coordinated, bonding between a metal and a biological molecule or complex where the biological molecule forms a ring around the metal.
A process that involves the binding of any member of the cytokine family to a cognate cytokine receptor. These interactions are involved in the regulation of responses that promote antibody synthesis and cellular immune functions.
A WHO grade III malignant glioma of ependymal origin with accelerated growth and an unfavorable clinical outcome, particularly in children. It is characterized by high mitotic activity, often accompanied by microvascular proliferation and pseudo-palisading necrosis. (Adapted from WHO)
A malignant neoplasm of ependymal origin with anaplastic cellular morphology.
A WHO grade II tumor composed of a conspicuous mixture of two distinct neoplastic cell types morphologically resembling the tumor cells in oligodendroglioma and diffuse astrocytoma. (WHO)
A benign neoplasm of the central nervous system with an astrocytic and oligodendrocytic component.
A brain tumor that forms from both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which are types of glial cells (cells that cover and protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord and help them work the way they should). An oligoastrocytoma is a type of mixed glioma.
Mixed Astrocytic-Oligodendroglial Neoplasm
A WHO grade III meningioma characterized by the presence of malignant morphologic features, including malignant cytology and a very high mitotic index (20 or more mitoses per ten high power fields).
A malignant neoplasm of the meninges, exhibiting poor differentiation (anaplasia).
A rare, fast-growing tumor that forms in one of the inner layers of the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Malignant meningioma often spreads to other areas of the body.
An invasive squamous cell carcinoma arising from the vulva. Risk factors include the human papilloma virus and cigarette smoking. Precursor lesions include the vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, lichen sclerosus with associated squamous cell hyperplasia, and chronic granulomatous vulvar disease such as granuloma inguinale. Symptoms include vulvar pruritus or irritation, discharge, bleeding, and pain. The following morphologic variants have been identified: keratinizing, non-keratinizing, basaloid, warty, verrucous, keratoacanthoma-like, and squamous cell carcinoma with tumor giant cells. Risk factors for recurrence include advanced stage, tumor diameter greater than 2.5 cm, multifocality, capillary-like space involvement, associated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 or 3, and margins of resection involved by tumor. (WHO, 2003)
Nucleic Acid Binding involves temporary non-covalent interaction of a protein or low molecular weight ligand through intermolecular physical forces of attraction with DNA or RNA, in either a sequence dependent or independent fashion.
Receptor Binding involves a temporary non-covalent, typically highly specific and high affinity, interaction through intermolecular physical forces of attraction and spatial complementarity with a diverse group of intrinsic membrane or cytoplasmic proteins that mediate the biological effects of secreted regulatory signaling molecules through modification of the activity of signal transduction pathways.
A human papillomavirus-related neoplasm arising from the anus. Morphologically, it is characterized by an exophytic papillary proliferation of squamous cells and acanthosis.
A grade I, slowly growing meningioma. Only a minority of tumors recur following complete resection.
A tumor arising at a location distant to the primary lesion.
A term that refers to a pathologic process in its original anatomic site of growth.
A raised, outward growing lesion from the surface epithelium or the lumen of an organ. Representative examples include adenomatous and fibroepithelial polyps.
A benign intraluminal polypoid neoplasm of the esophagus. It includes the squamous papilloma and the giant fibrovascular polyp.
A benign ovarian surface epithelial-stromal tumor characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by serous epithelial cells, mucinous columnar epithelial cells, or endometrial-type well-differentiated cells.
A papillomatous lesion that arises from the eyelid. The representative example is eyelid squamous cell papilloma.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of a trabecular glandular architectural pattern.
A rare sarcoma arising from the meninges.
A B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of large noncleaved cells. This is a subtype of diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Cell Migration Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, active directed translocation of a whole cell, or cell body, from one site to another in response to a gradient. (NCI)
Cell Membrane Alteration consists of a change in the quality of the existing state of activities involved in the composition, fabrication, construction, or maintenance of the regular structure and function of semipermeable lipid bilayer membranes that surround or reside within a cell.
Any process that takes place on the cellular level, and which results in the assembly or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures or the arrangement of their constituent parts.
Any biochemical process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of chromatin.
An inflammatory lesion comprised of lipoid material.
A polyp found mainly in the stomach and colon. Microscopically, it is characterized by elongated, serrated crypts lined by proliferative epithelium. Hyperplastic polyps are traditionally considered non-neoplastic, but ras mutation is common, clonality has been demonstrated and biochemical abnormalities and epidemiological associations that occur in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas have been found (WHO Tumors of the Digestive System, 2000).
Lymphocyte Activation involves stimulation of the production and activity of lymphocytes. Stimulation increases the immune response to invading substances.
An Antimicrobial Effect involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities of biologic molecules and complexes, or cellular components involved in the life cycle of a microorganism, resulting in suppression of microbial growth. Mechanisms to suppress growth include inhibition of cell wall synthesis; increased cell wall permeability; protein synthesis inhibition; and inhibition of reverse transcriptase and protease.
A usually neoplastic transformation of the cell, associated with altered architectural tissue patterns. The cellular changes include nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities. Molecular genetic abnormalities are also often found and, in some instances, may lead to cancer.
Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer.
The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane).
A malignant neoplasm characterized by then presence of atypical giant cells.
A malignant neoplasm of bone comprised of giant cells (osteoclast-like) and mononuclear cells.
A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells. It is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (severe cytologic atypia, tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic rate). Benign epithelial neoplasms remain confined to the original site of growth and only rarely metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A benign neoplasm arising from epithelial cells of the skin.
A usually aggressive malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of cells with significant cytologic atypia and nuclear pleomorphism.
A rare malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the testis and is characterized by the presence of embryoid bodies.
This gene plays a role in cell survival and the negative regulation of cell growth.
A neoplastic lymphoproliferative process characterized by an angiocentric arrangement of the tumor cells which is associated with angiodestruction. It includes lymphomatoid granulomatosis which is a lymphoproliferative lesion derived from mature B-lymphocytes and cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas of nasal type.
Germinal Centers with Prominent Hyalinized Vessels Present
Sheets of Interfollicular Plasma Cells Present
A term that helps define and render a concept unique.
A well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary, exophytic growth pattern and hyperkeratosis. The most commonly affected anatomic sites are the larynx, penis, cervix, vagina, and vulva.
Neoplastic Plasma Cells Present in Bone Marrow
Neoplastic Plasma Cells Between 10 and 30 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that at least 10 percent of the nucleated cells in a bone marrow sample are neoplastic plasma cells.
Neoplastic Plasma Cells 10 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
A mature white blood cell, differentiated in the bone marrow, activated to preferentially migrate to the bone marrow.
A squamous cell carcinoma which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
Destruction of an area of bone due to a disease process, such as cancer.
Squamous cell carcinomas with morphologically prominent production of keratin.
A specialized, self-renewing cell in the bone marrow that has the capacity to differentiate into a cell with a particular function.
A squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the formation of gland-like structures.
Pseudoglandular Epidermoid Cell Carcinoma
A primitive, undifferentiated blood cell which can undergo division and usually gives rise to a white blood cell in the neutrophil lineage.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell with Predominant Neutrophil Differentiation
An undifferentiated cell which can undergo division and can give rise to any of the early stage myeloid cells.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell at the Earliest Stage of Myeloid Differentiation
Leukemic Small Lymphocyte with Clumped Chromatin
Leukemic Medium-Sized B-Lymphocyte with Basophilic Cytoplasm
A nonkeratinizing carcinoma which occurs predominantly in the nasopharynx but also in the tonsils and rarely in other anatomic sites. It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, syncytial growth pattern, and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.
Nasopharyngeal Type Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Expression of a fusion protein that results from a t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocation, which involves the human genes EVI1 and RUNX1 and is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia.
A benign neoplasm arising from the outer hair sheath and infundibulum. It occurs in the head and neck, usually on the face. It usually presents as an exophytic wart-like lesion or a dome-shaped lesion with smooth surface. Multiple facial lesions are usually associated with Cowden disease.
A very rare, locally aggressive, malignant neoplasm of the hair follicle. The majority of the cases arise de novo, however malignant transformation from a pre-existing pilomatricoma has been reported. It usually presents as a solitary nodule in the head and neck, upper extremities, or buttocks. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of aggregates of basaloid cells infiltrating the dermis. Masses of ghost cells are present in the cellular aggregates. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice. If it is not completely removed, it usually recurs, but it rarely metastasizes to distant anatomic sites.
A benign papillary neoplasm composed of transitional cells which show preservation of the nuclear polarity.
A benign papillary neoplasm composed of transitional cells.
A lesion in which the surface epithelium of the bladder or the renal pelvis and ureter contains transitional cells which display malignant cytologic characteristics. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
The bodily system of organs and tissues, primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, involved in the production of blood considered together with the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body.
Any of the tissues that contain hematopoietic cells and/or lymphocytes and immune system cells.
Immature Granulocytes in Peripheral Blood Under 10 Percent
A benign papillary neoplasm composed of transitional cells and characterized by an endophytic growth pattern.
A poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells with spindle cell morphologic features.
Transitional Cell Spindle Cell Carcinoma
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, small amount of cytoplasm, and peripheral nuclear palisading.
A non-invasive or invasive transitional cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary growth pattern. It may occur in the bladder or the renal pelvis.
A lesion in which the normally situated glands are partially or completely replaced by atypical cells with malignant characteristics.
Polycythemia vera characterized by the proliferation of the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages. The peripheral blood shows excess of red blood cells, neutrophilia, and thrombocytosis. The bone marrow is hypercellular for the patient's age.
Progression of polycythemia vera characterized by decreased erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis, reticulin and collagen fibrosis of the bone marrow, leucoerythroblastic reaction in the peripheral blood, poikilocytosis, tear-drop shaped red blood cells, and splenomegaly.
Polycythemia Vera, Post-Polycythemic Myelofibrosis Phase
Polycythemia Vera, Post-Polycythemic Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia Stage
Hematopoiesis that occurs outside of the bone marrow. It occurs during fetal development or it may result from pathologic processes that affect the bone marrow.
Formation of blood cells that occurs outside of the bone marrow.
Primary myelofibrosis characterized by bone marrow hypercellularity and the presence of atypical megakaryocytes. There is no increase in the percentage of myeloblasts and no significant increase in reticulin or collagen fibrosis in the bone marrow.
Primary Myelofibrosis, Prefibrotic/Early Stage
Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis, Cellular Phase
Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis, Prefibrotic Stage
Primary Myelofibrosis, Prefibrotic Stage
Primary myelofibrosis characterized by reticulin or collagen fibrosis in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is usually normocellular or hypocellular. Myeloblasts account for less than 10% of the bone marrow cells. Atypical megakaryocytes are present.
Primary Myelofibrosis, Overt Fibrotic Stage
Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis, Fibrotic Stage
Minimal Reticulin Fibrosis of the Bone Marrow
An adenocarcinoma which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
Blasts Under 10 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
A cystic epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of columnar mucin-producing epithelial cells, ovarian-type stroma formation, and a focal or extensive invasive carcinomatous component.
Pancreatic Mucinous-Cystic Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Carcinoma
Pancreatic Invasive Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma
Pancreatic Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Carcinoma
A non-invasive or invasive cystic epithelial neoplasm that affects almost exclusively females. It is characterized by the presence of columnar mucin-producing epithelial cells and ovarian-type stroma formation.
A benign or malignant epithelial neoplasm that is usually cystic and arises from the exocrine pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that produce fluid similar to serum. Representative examples include serous cystadenoma and serous cystadenocarcinoma.
A non-invasive pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that form a single layer and are well polarized. The neoplastic cells exhibit small and uniform nuclei, mild pleomorphism, and rare mitotic figures.
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm with Low Grade Dysplasia
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm with Low Grade Dysplasia
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Adenoma
A non-invasive pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that exhibit loss of polarity, nuclear stratification, hyperchromasia, and pleomorphism. There is severe architectural atypia and frequent mitotic figures present.
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm with High Grade Dysplasia
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm with High Grade Dysplasia
Pancreatic Non-Invasive Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Carcinoma
An adenocarcinoma arising from epithelium which has undergone intestinal metaplasia. Representative examples include gastric, gallbladder, and ampulla of Vater intestinal type adenocarcinomas.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of a diffuse cellular infiltrate which is composed of poorly cohesive cells with minimal or no glandular formations. Representative example is the gastric diffuse adenocarcinoma.
An epithelial, usually multiloculated neoplasm arising from the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. It occurs predominantly in females. Signs and symptoms include abdominal mass, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Morphologically, the cystic spaces are lined by columnar epithelium and contain mucinous or serous fluid.
A mucinous cystic neoplasm that arises from the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts and it is associated with an invasive carcinomatous component.
Bile Duct Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Carcinoma
A distinctive type of liver cell carcinoma that arises in non-cirrhotic livers and is seen predominantly in young patients. The tumor cells are polygonal and deeply eosinophilic, and are embedded in a fibrous stroma. The prognosis is similar to classical hepatocellular carcinoma that arises in non-cirrhotic livers, and better than hepatocellular carcinoma that arises in cirrhotic livers.
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma of the Liver Cells
Polygonal Cell Type Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Fibrous Stroma
A usually polypoid neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. It is characterized by a tubular architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features. Representative examples include the tubular adenomas of the colon and rectum.
A benign neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium, characterized by a tubular architectural pattern.
Adenocarcinomas developing in colorectal adenomas in patients with a history of adenomatous polyposis coli. The mean age of development of adenocarcinoma is about 40 years.
Adenocarcinoma in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A condition in which multiple adenomas develop in the gastrointestinal tract.
Adenocarcinomas developing in gastrointestinal tract adenomas in patients with multiple adenomatous polyps.
Adenocarcinoma in Multiple Adenomatous Polyps
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the KRAS gene.
v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene Mutation
MAP2K4 Tumor Suppressor Gene Inactivation
A carcinoma morphologically characterized by the presence of solid sheets of malignant epithelial cells in tissues.
A change in the structure of the NRAS gene.
Neuroblastoma RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene Mutation
Expression of the ETV6-PDGFRB fusion transcript resulting from the rearrangement of the PDGFRB gene.
TEL-PDGFbeta Receptor Fusion Protein Expression
A malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of a mixture of neuroendocrine cells with morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of carcinoid tumor and malignant glandular cells.
Combined Carcinoid Neoplasm and Adenocarcinoma
Combined Carcinoid Tumor and Adenocarcinoma
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that less than 20 percent of the nucleated cells in a bone marrow sample are immature mononuclear cells.
Blasts Under 20 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that less than 10 percent of the nucleated cells in a bone marrow sample are immature mononuclear cells.
Blasts Under 10 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Blasts Less Than 10 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that less than 5 percent of the nucleated cells in a peripheral leukocyte sample are immature mononuclear cells.
Blasts Under 5 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Blasts Less Than 5 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
A benign, well circumscribed lung neoplasm morphologically characterized by the presence of cystic spaces resembling alveoli, lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium. The cystic spaces are surrounded by a spindle cell stroma which may show myxoid changes. It is a solitary, usually peripheral lung lesion. Patients are usually asymptomatic and its discovery is an incidental finding during chest X-ray examination. Surgical excision is curative.
A benign lung neoplasm arising from the alveolar/bronchiolar epithelium.
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that 5-19 percent of the nucleated cells in a peripheral leukocyte sample are immature mononuclear cells.
Blasts 5-19 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
A semi-quantitative microscopic finding indicating that between 10 and 19 percent of the nucleated cells in a bone marrow sample are immature mononuclear cells.
Blasts 10-19 Percent of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Myeloblasts Under 10 Percent of Peripheral Blood White Cells
A grouping for all the different types of cells of the nervous system.
Neuron, Neuroepithelial Cell, and Supporting Cell of the Nervous System
Nerve Cell, Neuroepithelial Cell, and Supporting Cell of the Nervous System
Neural Cell, Neuroepithelial Cell, and Supporting Cell of the Nervous System
The basic components of the nervous system. They contain neurons, supporting cells, and neuroepithelial cells.
Nerve Tissue, Neuroepithelial Tissue, and Nerve Sheaths
Neoplastic Neuroepithelial Cell and Neoplastic Perineural Cell
Tissue composed of neuroepithelial cells. The latter include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, neuroblasts, and olfactory receptor cells.
A non-invasive or invasive adenocarcinoma arising from a villous adenoma.
A cell found in the nervous system. It includes glial cells, neuroblasts, and olfactory cells.
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of a villous architectural pattern. It may arise from a villous adenoma.
A pathologic process that contains a single or multiple sac-like spaces.
A cystic lesion that has more than one compartment.
A neurofibroma characterized by the presence of cellular pleomorphism.
A neurofibroma characterized by the presence of areas with increased cellularity.
An epithelial neoplasm morphologically characterized by the presence of a villous and a tubular architectural pattern. Most often it occurs in the large intestine, small intestine, and the stomach in which the neoplastic epithelial cells show dysplastic features.
A neoplasm that grows in the colon and other places in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes in other parts of the body. These adenomas may become malignant (cancerous).
A protective cover encircling a nerve, nerve fiber or axon.
A non-invasive adenocarcinoma arising from a tubulovillous adenoma.
Adenocarcinoma In Situ in Tubulovillous Adenoma
A cell that belongs to the supporting tissue surrounding a nerve fiber bundle. It has thin long bipolar cytoplasmic processes, pinocytotic vesicles, fragments of external lamina and/or external lamina-like material, attachment plaques, and desmosome-like junctions.
Tissues that contain neurons and supporting cells that form the covers encircling nerves, nerve fibers, and axons.
Tissue located below the ependyma lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. It is a dense feltwork of glial processes and is believed to contain neural stem cells.
A non-invasive or invasive adenocarcinoma arising from a tubulovillous adenoma.
A neuroepithelial cell that is situated just beneath the ependyma, which is the lining membrane of the ventricles of the brain and of the central canal of the spinal cord.
A microscopic finding indicating that the neoplastic cells exhibit an infiltrating growth in a tumor sample.
A microscopic finding indicating the formation of cystic structures in a tissue sample.
A finding consisting of multilocular cysts lined by fine septa containing fine flocculent eosinophilic material or, in some tissues, blood. The cysts are not lined by endothelial cells and do not compress the surrounding parenchyma. This does not include congenital polycystic change. (INHAND)
A type of carcinoma that comprises a minority of renal cell carcinomas. It is characterized by loss of chromosomes 1 and Y. Based on the cytoplasmic characteristics of the neoplastic cells, this type of carcinoma is classified as classic (typical) or eosinophilic. It has a much better prognosis than other renal cell carcinomas.
Chromophobe Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney
Dense Intercellular Reticulin Network Present
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of dense stromal fibrosis in a tissue sample.
A Musculoskeletal Process consists of a function of cellular, cell, or tissue components of the organ system comprised of muscle, bone, and cartilage.
A benign neoplasm composed of glands containing epithelial clear cells.
A benign neoplasm comprising glands containing epithelial clear cells.
A Circulatory Process consists of functions of cellular, cell, or tissue components of the heart and vessels by which blood and lymph is circulated through the body.
A cellular process initiated by cell adhesion molecules which results in the attachment of a cell to either another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix.
The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces.
The cellular process resulting in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell.
A Cell Movement Process consists of a change of position or place of a major cell surface extension (such as cilia, axons, micorovilli, filopodia), or of a whole cell or a cell body from one site to another.
A parathyroid gland adenoma composed predominantly of neoplastic chief cells. These cells have either slightly eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm, and round nuclei.
Chief Cell Adenoma of the Parathyroid Gland
A DNA Maintenance Process consists of activities of biologic molecules, complexes, or subcellular components that preserve DNA integrity through faithful DNA replication, DNA repair, or recombination. (NCI)
Nucleotide Biosynthesis consists of activities of biologic molecules or complexes involved in the enzymatic formation of nucleoside phosphates, the monomeric building blocks from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed.
A Resistance Process consists of activities of biologic molecules or complexes involved in processes that maintain immunity to, or counteract, defeat, or withstand the effects of, an antagonistic agent.
An adenoma characterized by the presence of a mixed epithelial cell population.
An adenoma in which the neoplastic epithelial cells are admixed with adipose tissue cells.
Benign mixed neoplasm comprised of epithelial/glandular and lipomatous structures.
A cell that forms the supporting matrix of one of the glands that secretes substances into the blood or lymph.
Tissue from reproductive organs within the endocrine system.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of a cellular infiltrate with a mixed population of cells in a tissue sample.
A molecular abnormality referring to the loss of at least one copy of the CDKN2A gene.
An intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma that produces abundant mucin.
Mucin-Producing Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Mucinous Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
An intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma characterized by the presence of signet ring adenocarcinoma cells.
Signet Ring Cell Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Structures that have evolved from embryonic development of the neural tube. The ependyma is a specialised epithelium lining the ventricles and central canal of the brain and spinal cord. The remnants of the central canal of the spinal cord represent modified ependyma left from embryonic development of the neural tube
Ependyma and Remnants of the Central Canal of the Spinal Cord
A solid strand of modified ependyma left from embryonic development of the neural tube.
Remnants of the Central Canal of the Spinal Cord
Fascicles of Spindly Tumor Cells Present
An adenoma of the adrenal cortex composed of a mixed neoplastic cellular population, including varying numbers of neoplastic clear and compact cells.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the apocrine sweat glands. Representative examples include tubular apocrine adenoma and external auditory canal ceruminous adenoma.
A carcinoma with apocrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands. It presents as single or multiple nodular lesions which may be ulcerated or hemorrhagic and is usually in the axilla and less often in the anogenital region. It grows in the dermis and infiltrates subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by the presence of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large often vesicular nuclei. Most cases are slow growing tumors and have a prolonged course.
A benign epithelial neoplasm with eccrine or apocrine differentiation, arising from the sweat glands. It usually presents as a solitary, well circumscribed, firm nodule in the face and upper trunk. It is characterized by the presence of basaloid cells forming nodules in the dermis. Cases of carcinoma arising from long standing spiradenomas have been reported.
A benign neoplasm arising from the sweat glands. It presents as a slow growing cystic nodular lesion most often in the skin of the vulva and the perianal region. It is characterized by the presence of cystic and large papillary structures. The papillary structures contain connective tissue and are covered by two layers of epithelium. Complete excision is curative.
A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm arising from the sebaceous glands. It usually presents as a small yellowish tumor in the sun exposed skin of head and neck. It is characterized by the presence of sebaceous cells aggregates with a peripheral rim of basaloid cells.
A benign neoplasm arising from sebaceous glands.
A serous cystic glandular epithelial neoplasm of low malignant potential. It is characterized by the presence of atypical or malignant glandular epithelial cells with an absence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Malignancy Serous Cystadenoma
Low Malignancy Potential Serous Cystadenoma
Serous Tumor of Borderline Malignant Potential
A serous or mucinous cystic glandular epithelial neoplasm of low malignant potential. It is characterized by the presence of atypical or malignant glandular epithelial cells forming papillary structures with an absence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Malignancy Papillary Cystadenoma
Low Malignancy Potential Papillary Cystadenoma
A benign, malignant, or borderline neoplasm characterized by the presence of papillary mucinous, serous, or clear cell structures and cystic structures.
A serous benign or low malignant potential cystic epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of glandular epithelial cells forming papillary structures.
A non-invasive papillary serous epithelial neoplasm usually arising from the ovary.
An invasive serous adenocarcinoma arising from the ovary. Cases with identical morphology have been described arising in the peritoneum, almost exclusively in women. Morphologically, it may be a well, moderately, or poorly differentiated neoplasm. It is characterized by a papillary growth pattern often associated with the presence of psammoma bodies.
A low malignant potential cystic serous epithelial neoplasm arising from the ovary. Cases with identical morphology have been described arising from the peritoneum as well. It is characterized by an atypical epithelial proliferation and a papillary growth pattern. There is no evidence of destructive stromal invasion.
Borderline Malignancy Papillary Serous Cystadenoma
Low Malignancy Potential Papillary Serous Cystadenoma
Low Malignant Potential Papillary Serous Neoplasm
Low Malignant Potential Papillary Serous Tumor
Papillary Serous Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Papillary Serous Tumor of Low Malignant Potential
A disorder characterized by marked discomfort sensation in the back region.
Nests of Tumor Cell Nuclei in a Fibrillary Matrix
Neoplastic Small Immature Neuroepithelial Cell
Neoplastic Small Mature Neuroepithelial Cell
A usually benign and less often low malignant potential cystic epithelial neoplasm composed of cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. It is characterized by the presence of papillary structures.
A disease or condition that extends beyond the site and spreads into adjacent tissues and regional lymph nodes.
A low malignant potential cystic epithelial neoplasm usually arising from the ovary. It is composed of glandular cells with intracytoplasmic mucin. It is characterized by an atypical epithelial proliferation and a papillary growth pattern. There is no evidence of destructive stromal invasion.
Borderline Papillary Mucinous Cystadenoma
Borderline Malignancy Papillary Mucinous Cystadenoma
Borderline Malignancy Papillary Pseudomucinous Cystadenoma
Borderline Papillary Pseudomucinous Cystadenoma
Low Malignancy Potential Papillary Mucinous Cystadenoma
Low Malignancy Potential Papillary Pseudomucinous Cystadenoma
Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Papillary Mucinous Tumor of Low Malignant Potential
A high grade carcinoma characterized by the presence of comedo-type of tumor cell necrosis in which the necrotic areas are surrounded by a solid proliferation of malignant pleomorphic cells.
A rare, low grade invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast characterized by the presence of cells that secrete milk-like material. Morphologically, it usually appears as a circumscribed lesion, composed of cystic spaces, tubular structures, and solid areas.
Cystic Hypersecretory Carcinoma of Breast
Cystic Hypersecretory Carcinoma of the Breast
Infiltrating Cystic Hypersecretory Duct Breast Carcinoma
Invasive Cystic Hypersecretory Duct Breast Carcinoma
Juvenile Secretory Carcinoma of the Breast
A non-invasive breast adenocarcinoma located in a distended duct. It is characterized by the presence of papillary structures with fibrovascular stalks. In the absence of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma in adjacent tissues, the prognosis is usually favorable.
Intraductal Papillary Breast Adenocarcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Intraductal Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Intraductal Papillary Carcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Papillary Breast Adenocarcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Papillary Breast Carcinoma
Non-Invasive Intraductal Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Non-Invasive Intraductal Papillary Carcinoma
Non-Invasive Papillary Breast Adenocarcinoma
A papillary epithelial neoplasm arising in a cystically dilated breast duct.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the nipple. Signs and symptoms include serous or sanguineous nipple discharge and nipple erosion. It is characterized by the presence of aggregates of small tubules replacing the nipple stroma. The tubules are lined by epithelial and myoepithelial cells.
The most common type of invasive breast carcinoma, accounting for approximately 70% of breast carcinomas. The gross appearance is usually typical with an irregular stellate outline. Microscopically, randomly arranged epithelial elements are seen. When large sheets of malignant cells are present, necrosis may be seen. With adequate tissue sampling, in situ carcinoma can be demonstrated in association with the infiltrating carcinoma. The in situ component is nearly always ductal but occasionally may be lobular or both.
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
The most common type of invasive breast cancer. It starts in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast, grows outside the ducts, and often spreads to the lymph nodes.
Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, No Specific Type
The co-existence of ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ in the breast, without evidence of stromal invasion.
Ductal Breast Carcinoma In Situ and Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
Ductal Carcinoma in situ with Lobular Carcinoma in situ of Breast
Ductal Carcinoma in situ with Lobular Carcinoma in situ of the Breast
Ductal and Lobular Breast Carcinoma in situ
Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma in situ of Breast
Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma in situ of the Breast
Intraductal Carcinoma and Lobular Carcinoma in situ
Intraductal and Lobular Breast Carcinoma in situ
Intraductal and Lobular Carcinoma in situ of Breast
Intraductal and Lobular Carcinoma in situ of the Breast
Non-Infiltrating Ductal and Non-Infiltrating Lobular Breast Carcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Ductal with Non-Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of Breast
Non-Infiltrating Ductal with Non-Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast
Non-Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma with Non-Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma
Non-Invasive Ductal Carcinoma with Non-Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of Breast
Non-Invasive Ductal Carcinoma with Non-Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast
Non-Invasive Ductal and Non-Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma
Non-Invasive Ductal and Non-Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Non-Invasive Ductal with Non-Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma
A benign glandular epithelial neoplasm consisting of secretory cells forming acinar patterns.
A benign glandular epithelial neoplasm comprising secretory cells forming acinar patterns.
A benign or malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm consisting of secretory cells forming acinar patterns. It includes the acinar cell adenoma and acinar cell carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm which occurs mostly in the major salivary glands (most frequently in the parotid gland), but also in the minor salivary glands of the oral mucosa and the tracheobronchial tree. It is characterized by the presence of ductal structures which are lined by an inner layer of cuboidal epithelial-type cells and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells with clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm.
An invasive adenocarcinoma characterized by focal or extensive transformation of the malignant glandular cells to cells with abundant, usually granular eosinophilic cytoplasm.
A neuroblastoma characterized by the absence of differentiating neuroblasts.
A neuroblastoma in which the differentiating neuroblasts constitute less than five-percent of the tumor cells.
A neuroblastoma in which the differentiating neuroblasts constitute more than five-percent of the tumor cells.
A finding indicating the presence of a Schwann cell-rich stromal component in a neoplastic tissue specimen.
An embryonic cell on the dorsal surface of the early vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the cells of the nervous system
Differentiating Neuroblasts Under 5 Percent of the Tumor Cells
Differentiating Neuroblasts More than 5 Percent of the Tumor Cells
A ganglioneuroblastoma characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells in a Schwannian stroma, without the presence of hemorrhagic neuroblastic nodules.
Ganglioneuroblastoma, Intermixed (Schwannian Stroma-Rich)
A ganglioneuroblastoma characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells in a Schwannian stroma, and the formation of hemorrhagic neuroblastic nodules.
Schwannian Stroma More than 50 Percent of the Tumor Volume
Schwannian Stroma Predominant Component of the Tumor Volume
Hemorrhagic Neuroblastic Nodules Present
Scattered Collections of Differentiating Neuroblasts Present
An influx of cells, generally leukocytes, in locations or numbers not normally found, without other features of inflammation.
A neoplasm that arises from the choroid plexus in the brain and occurs during childhood.
A neoplasm that arises from the choroid plexus during childhood.
Vertical strabismus in which there is permanent downward deviation of the visual axis of one eye.
Aggregates of Poorly Differentiated Neuroepithelial Cells Present
Malformation of the cerebral cortex due to improper migration of neurons in utero.
A benign or malignant paraganglioma arising from the chromaffin cells of the paraganglia that are located along the sympathetic nerves. It includes extra-adrenal paragangliomas and paragangliomas that arise from the adrenal medulla. The latter are commonly referred to as pheochromocytomas. Representative examples of extra-adrenal sympathetic paragangliomas include the bladder, and superior and inferior paraaortic paragangliomas. Clinical signs are related to the secretion of catecholamines resulting in hypertension.
A benign or malignant, usually non-functioning, extra-adrenal paraganglioma that arises from paraganglia located along the parasympathetic nerves. Representative examples include aorticopulmonary, carotid body, jugulotympanic, and mediastinal paragangliomas.
Parasympathetic Extra-Adrenal Paraganglioma
An extra-adrenal paraganglioma that metastasizes to regional or distant anatomic sites. Common sites of metastasis include the lymph nodes, lungs, bones, and liver.
A pheochromocytoma that metastasizes to other anatomic sites. Common sites of metastasis include lymph nodes, bones, liver, and lung. Morphologic features associated with malignant pheochromocytomas include: atypical mitotic figures, capsular and vascular invasion, tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic activity.
Malignant Adrenal Gland Pheochromocytoma
A malignant neoplasm of the adrenal gland medulla.
Malignant Adrenal Gland Chromaffin Neoplasm
Malignant Adrenal Gland Chromaffin Paraganglioma
Malignant Adrenal Gland Chromaffin Tumor
Malignant Adrenal Medullary Paraganglioma
Malignant Adrenal Medullary Pheochromocytoma
A very rare morphologic variant of glomus tumor with a size greater than 2 cm. The tumor arises in subfascial or visceral tissues. It is characterized by the presence of atypical mitotic figures, or marked nuclear atypia, or the combination of both. It has an aggressive clinical course.
A morphologic variant of the glomus tumor characterized by the presence of dilated veins, surrounded by small clusters of glomus cells. Glomangiomas are most often present in patients with multiple lesions.
An aggressive form of melanoma, frequently metastasizing to the lymph nodes. It presents as a papular or nodular raised skin lesion. It comprises approximately 10-15% of melanomas. Morphologically, it often displays an epithelioid appearance.
An uncommon variant of melanocytic nevus. It presents as a small pigmented skin lesion. It is characterized by the presence of large melanocytes with clear, foamy or finely vacuolated cytoplasm. It may recur if it is not completely excised.
A skin lesion characterized by the disappearance of the melanoma cells from the primary melanoma site. The disappearance of the malignant cells is associated with fibroplasia of the papillary dermis. According to some authors, complete regression of the primary melanoma may occur in 4-8% of patients.
A nevus characterized by the presence of an intraepidermal proliferation of nevus cells. The nevus cells form multiple nests in the dermal-epidermal junction. It presents as a small, slightly raised, pigmented skin lesion.
A type of nevus (mole) found at the junction (border) between the epidermis (outer) and the dermis (inner) layers of the skin. These moles may be colored and slightly raised.
A melanoma arising from a melanocytic nevus which involves the dermal-epidermal junction of the skin.
Cutaneous (Skin) Melanoma in Junctional Nevus
Malignant Melanoma of Skin in Junctional Nevus
Malignant Melanoma of the Skin in Junctional Nevus
Malignant Skin Melanoma in Junctional Nevus
A melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant large epithelioid melanocytes.
A melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant spindle-shaped melanocytes.
A rare melanoma which develops in a pre-existing blue nevus. It occurs more frequently on the scalp, face, orbit, back, buttocks, extremities, hands, and feet.
Cutaneous (Skin) Melanoma Arising from Blue Nevus
A blue nevus characterized by a multinodular cellular infiltrate with a dumb-bell architecture occupying the reticular dermis. The cellular infiltrate often extends into the subcutaneous tissue. The cellular infiltrate is composed of spindle-shaped melanocytes with pale cytoplasm alternating with bundles of pigmented spindle-shaped melanocytes. In occasional cases an increased mitotic activity, focal necrosis, and nuclear pleomorphism may be seen. Such cases with atypical features may have an uncertain malignant potential.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the soft tissue.
The occurrence of several sarcomas in different anatomic locations.
A fibrosarcoma that occurs in infants. It shares identical morphologic features with adult fibrosarcoma but carries the t(12;15)(p13;q25) translocation that results in ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. It usually affects the superficial and deep soft tissues of the extremities. The prognosis is generally much more favorable than for adult fibrosarcoma, and it rarely metastasizes.
A fibrosarcoma typically congenital, and occurring most commonly within the first three months of life, sharing identical morphologic features with adult fibrosarcoma but rarely metastatic. It usually affects the superficial and deep soft tissues of the extremities. The majority of infantile fibrosarcomas carry the t(12;15)(p13;q25) translocation.
Infantile fibrosarcoma (congenital fibrosarcoma)
An intermediate cutaneous mesenchymal neoplasm of uncertain differentiation, usually affecting the actinic-damaged skin of the elderly. The tumor presents as a single cutaneous nodule which is often ulcerated. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of highly atypical cytologic features, pleomorphism and abundant mitotic figures. The vast majority of patients have an excellent prognosis following conservative therapy. Recurrences are infrequent, and metastasis is rare.
Superficial Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
An undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the presence of a pleomorphic malignant cellular infiltrate. It is also known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma.
A malignant neoplasm composed of a fibroblastic and a histiocytic component.
A soft tissue sarcoma that usually occurs in the limbs, most commonly the legs, and may also occur in the abdomen.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Soft Tissue and Bone
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Soft Tissue and Bone
Storiform-Pleomorphic Fibrous Histiocytoma
Storiform-Pleomorphic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly "MFH")
Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma")
Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Soft Tissue Sarcoma
A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of adipose (fatty) tissue.
A benign well-circumscribed tumor composed of mature adipocytes, characterized by areas of abundant fibrous tissue.
A benign neoplasm comprising mature adipocytes, characterized by areas of abundant fibrous tissue.
A locally aggressive malignant neoplasm composed of mature adipocytes showing cell size variation and nuclear atypia. It is often associated with the presence of hyperchromatic multinucleated stromal cells, and varying numbers of lipoblasts. There are three histologic subtypes, sclerosing, inflammatory, and spindle cell liposarcoma. These tumors do not usually metastasize unless they undergo dedifferentiation.
Well Differentiated Liposarcoma of Deep Soft Tissue
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of a combination of liposarcomatous morphologic subtypes: myxoid/round cell and well differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma or myxoid/round cell and pleomorphic liposarcoma.
A benign disorder characterized by the presence of multiple lipoblastomas.
A morphologic variant of classic leiomyoma characterized by a dense cellular infiltrate composed of spindle or round cells with scant cytoplasm and a less obvious interlacing fascicle pattern.
A morphologic variant of leiomyoma characterized by the presence of pleomorphic muscle cells with bizarre hyperchromatic nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm.
An aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with skeletal muscle differentiation, occurring in adults and rarely in children. The tumor is characterized by the presence of bizarre round, spindle, and polygonal cells. Clinical presentation includes a rapidly enlarging painful mass usually of the lower extremities.
A rhabdomyosarcoma composed of embryonic and alveolar components. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with myoblastic differentiation, a myxoid stroma, and fibrous septa. These tumors were previously considered variants of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The lack of PAX3-FOXO1 fusions in most of these tumors suggests that are biologically and clinically related to embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma with Mixed Embryonal and Alveolar Features
A retinoblastoma that occurs in a patient without a family history of the disease.
A well differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma that arises from the appendix. It is characterized by slow growth and it is associated with the development of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Unlike the high grade mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix, it usually does not spread beyond the peritoneum and it does not metastasize to distant anatomic sites.
Appendix Well Differentiated Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
The common saw-tooth architectural pattern observed within hyperplastic polyps.
A rare benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle. It is characterized by the presence of immature spindle and polygonal cells within a scant myxoid stroma. It usually develops in the head and neck region of young children.
The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects associated with the action or administration of therapeutic agents.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle and occurring in adults.
Adult Extracardiac Rhabdomyomatous Hamartoma
A non-infiltrating, benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells that resemble the cells of the proliferative phase of endometrial stroma and numerous thin-walled small vessels. It usually presents with abnormal uterine bleeding and menorrhagia.
A lesion characterized by the proliferation of atypical or dysplastic cells without evidence of stromal invasion.
An infiltrating mesenchymal tumor arising from the uterine corpus, cervix, vagina, and the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of oval to spindle-shape cells that resemble the cells of the endometrial stroma, without evidence of significant atypia and pleomorphism. Numerous small vessels are also present. It is usually characterized by indolent growth and late recurrences.
A rare pediatric sarcoma affecting the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid or spindle cells forming cords or nests, separated by fibrovascular septa. It is associated with internal tandem duplications in the BCOR gene. It metastasizes to lung, bone, brain and soft tissue.
A rare primary renal tumor characterized by nests or cords of cells that are separated by regularly spaced fibrovascular septa, and which are known to metastasize to lung, bone, brain and soft tissue. It is associated with internal tandem duplications in the BCOR gene.
A rare type of kidney cancer, in which the inside of the cells look clear when viewed under a microscope. Clear cell sarcoma can spread from the kidney to other organs, most commonly the bone, but also including the lungs, brain, and soft tissues of the body.
Childhood Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney
A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the lip or the oral cavity. The oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma usually arises from the buccal mucosa, tongue, or gums. It occurs predominantly in adults who use tobacco and alcohol and has a tendency to metastasize early to lymph nodes.
Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of an invasive malignant transitional cell component and nests of benign transitional cells in a fibrotic stroma. When the neoplasm is confined to the ovary, the prognosis is good.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the uterine corpus and less often the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of two components: a malignant epithelial component and a sarcomatous component. In the uterine corpus the epithelial component is usually glandular whereas in the cervix is usually non-glandular. Carcinosarcoma of the cervix, although it is aggressive, it may have a better prognosis compared to the uterine corpus carcinosarcoma.
Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Mullerian) Tumor of the Uterus
Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Müllerian) Tumor of the Uterus
Uterine Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Mullerian) Tumor
Uterine Malignant Mixed Mesodermal (Müllerian) Tumor
A morphologic variant of breast fibroadenoma without clinical significance. It is characterized by distortion and compression of the ducts by proliferating stromal cells.
Intracanalicular Fibroadenoma of the Breast
A primitive, undifferentiated blood cell which can undergo division and give rise to white blood cells in the neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil lines.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell with Potential to Differentiate to Granulocytic Lineage
Cells of Monocytic Lineage 80 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Leukemic Cells
A morphologic variant of breast fibroadenoma without clinical significance. It is characterized by circumferential proliferation of stromal cells around the ducts. This results in the formation of rounded ductal-epithelial structures.
Pericanalicular Fibroadenoma of the Breast
Neoplastic Granulocytes and Precursors 20 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Cells
A breast fibroadenoma characterized by a very large size. This term has also been used as a synonym for juvenile fibroadenoma by some authors. The latter is characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and an increased stromal cellularity.
A benign, circumscribed fibroepithelial neoplasm arising from the breast and rarely the prostate gland. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial structures which are arranged in clefts and by a hypercellular mesenchymal stroma which is organized in leaf-like structures. There is no evidence of cellular atypia or sarcomatous features.
A phyllodes tumor with sarcomatous stroma. The sarcomatous component is usually of the fibrosarcomatous type. Liposarcomatous, chondrosarcomatous, osteosarcomatous, or rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation may also occur in the stroma. It may recur and metastasize following surgical resection. The lung and skeleton are the anatomic sites most frequently involved by metastases.
A breast fibroadenoma characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and an increased stromal cellularity.
A primitive, undifferentiated blood cell which can undergo division and give rise to white blood cells in the neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil or monocyte lines.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell with Potential to Differentiate to Granulocytic and Monocytic Lineages
Neoplastic Promyelocytes in Bone Marrow Markedly Increased
An increased number of myeloid precursors in the bone marrow.
Immature Myeloid Cells Increased in Bone Marrow
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia without an abnormal eosinophilic component in the bone marrow.
Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia without Abnormal Eosinophils
A primitive, undifferentiated blood cell which can undergo division and tends to give rise to a blood cell of the monocyte lineage.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell with Some Commitment to Monocytic Differentiation
A localized neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation, that arises from the pericardium. It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle-shaped cells, hylanized stroma formation, thin-walled branching blood vessels, and thin bands of collagen.
A malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells in the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelioid cells and sarcomatoid features.
A teratoma composed of immature, fetal-type tissues.
A malignant germ-cell neoplasm derived from pluripotent cells and consisting of components from one or more of the three germ-cell layers.
A rare type of malignant (cancer) germ cell tumor (type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs) that often contains several different types of tissue such as hair, muscle, and bone.
Neoplastic Blast Coexpressing Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineage Antigens
Neoplastic Blast Co-expressing Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineage Antigens
Dual Population of Bone Marrow Blasts Present
A bone marrow stem cell with variable lineage potential is an undifferentiated cell which can undergo division and give rise to a variety of hematopoietic cells.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell with Variable Lineage Potential
A teratoma which is characterized by morphologic transformation to malignancy and an aggressive clinical course. The malignant component most often is sarcomatous or carcinomatous.
Dermoid Cyst with Malignant Transformation
A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of at least two different germ cell components. The different germ cell components include choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, and seminoma. It occurs in the ovary, testis, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system and mediastinum.
A hemangioma characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Myeloblasts 90 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Non-Erythroid Cells
A benign neoplasm of bone surface composed of hyaline cartilage. It arises beneath the periosteum and is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes, a lobulated growth pattern, and calcification.
A chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of myxoid changes.
A malignant tumor that arises from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of an area of high grade sarcoma in an otherwise typical giant cell tumor (primary malignancy in giant cell tumor), or the presence of sarcoma in which the pre-existing giant cell tumor may or may not be apparent (secondary malignancy in giant cell tumor).
A malignant neoplasm of bone comprised of osteoclast-like giant cells and mononuclear cells.
Malignancy in Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone
A diffuse glial tumor which infiltrates the brain extensively, involving more than two lobes. It is frequently bilateral and often extends to the infratentorial structures, even to the spinal cord. It is probably of astrocytic origin, although GFAP expression may be scant or absent. (Adapted from WHO.)
A rare variant of ependymoma characterized by well formed papillae. Tumor cell processes abutting capillaries are usually GFAP-positive. Differential diagnoses include choroid plexus papilloma, papillary meningioma and metastatic papillary carcinoma. (Adapted from WHO)
A rare variant of diffuse astrocytoma. It is predominantly composed of neoplastic astrocytes showing a small cell body with few, flaccid processes with a low content of glial filaments and scant GFAP expression. This lesion is not well defined and is considered by some authors as an occasional histopathological feature rather than a reproducibly identifiable variant. When occurring in children, this neoplasm may be difficult to separate from pilocytic juvenile astrocytoma. (Adapted from WHO)
A rare variant of diffuse astrocytoma. It is characterized by the presence of a conspicuous, though variable, fraction of gemistocytic neoplastic astrocytes. Gemistocytes are round to oval astrocytes with abundant, glassy, non-fibrillary cytoplasm which appears to displace the dark, angulated nucleus to the periphery of the cell. To make the diagnosis of gemistocytic astrocytoma, gemistocytes should amount to more than approximately 20% of all tumor cells. (Adapted from WHO)
The most frequent histological variant of diffuse astrocytoma. It is predominantly composed of fibrillary neoplastic astrocytes. Nuclear atypia is a diagnostic criterion but mitotic activity, necrosis and microvascular proliferation are absent. The occasional or regional occurrence of gemistocytic neoplastic cells is compatible with the diagnosis of fibrillary astrocytoma. (WHO)
A primitive undifferentiated cell which can undergo division and can give rise to one of the early megakaryocytes.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell Committed to the Megakaryocytic Lineage
Acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome occurring in children with Down syndrome. The acute myeloid leukemia is usually an acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, and is associated with GATA1 gene mutation.
Myeloid Leukemia Associated with Down Syndrome
Acute myeloid leukemia occurring in children with Down syndrome. During the first 3 years of life, it is usually the megakaryoblastic subtype, and is associated with GATA1 gene mutation. After age 4 this is no longer the case.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Occurring in Children with Down syndrome
AML Occurring in Children with Down Syndrome
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with GATA1 Mutations
A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21 in somatic cells.
A primitive, undifferentiated blood cell which can undergo division and will give rise to a cell in the basophil lineage.
Bone Marrow Stem Cell Committed to the Basophil Lineage
A WHO grade ll astrocytic tumor with a relatively favorable prognosis. It is characterized by pleomorphic and lipidized cells expressing GFAP often surrounded by a reticulin network and eosinophilic granular bodies. It presents in the superficial cerebral hemispheres and involves the meninges. It typically affects children and young adults.
A rare glial neoplasm more commonly found in young adults. It is characterized by tumor cells with characteristics suggestive of an astrocytic origin (positive for GFAP), arranged perivascularly. The cells have broad, non-tapering processes radiating towards a central blood vessel. The biologic behavior of astroblastomas is variable, so no WHO grade has been established, yet. (Adapted from WHO.)
A macrophage found in connective tissue. It is part of the reticuloendothelial system. The primary function of a mature tissue histiocyte is to phagocytose and digest tissue fragments especially apoptotic bodies and those fragments resulting from tissue injury and death.
A rare histological variant of glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) with a predominance of bizarre, multinucleated giant cells, an occasionally abundant stromal reticulin network, and a high frequency of TP53 mutations. (WHO)
A grouping of hematopoietic cells derived from monocytes.
Neoplastic Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell
Large Multinucleated Malignant Histiocyte
A WHO grade III oligodendroglioma with focal or diffuse malignant morphologic features (prominent nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses, and increased cellularity).
A malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system arising from oligodendrocytes, exhibiting poor differentiation (anaplasia).
OLIGODENDROGLIOMA, ANAPLASTIC, MALIGNANT
A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of bone.
A disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of urine, accompanied by excessive thirst. Causes include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone or failure of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone. It may also be drug-related.
A condition characterized by excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, accompanied by excessive thirst. Causes include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone or failure of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone.
HMB-45-Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
A rare, usually aggressive malignant embryonal neoplasm of the central nervous system occurring in children. It is characterized by the presence of neuroepithelial cells which form papillary, trabecular, or tubular structures and absence of C19MC amplification. Symptoms include headache, nausea, and vomiting.
A rare malignant embryonal neoplasm of the central nervous system, occurring in children. It is characterized by the presence of neuroepithelial cells that form papillary, trabecular, or tubular structures.
Central Nervous System Medulloepithelioma
Medulloepithelioma, Central Nervous System
Paracortical Involvement with Residual Follicles Present
Mast Cells 20 Percent or More of Bone Marrow Nucleated Cells
Mast Cells 10 Percent or More of Peripheral Blood White Cells
Monoclonal Myeloid or Lymphoid Cells Present
Clonal Myeloid or Lymphoid Cells Present
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of tumor cells that form lobules. The tumor cells are generally uniform. Whorls and psammoma bodies are usually not present.
A change in the structure of the RET gene.
An autosomal dominant inherited adenocarcinoma that arises from the gastric mucosa and is characterized by the presence of poorly cohesive malignant cells and absence of glandular formations.
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Adenocarcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the pancreas in a patient with a family history of pancreatic cancer. In the minority of cases, patients have recognized genetic syndromes (e.g., FAMMM syndrome, BRCA2 syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome) however, in the majority of cases the genetic cause has not been identified.
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of spindle cells that form bundles in a collagen matrix.
An infection that is caused by Campylobacter jejuni.
COL1A1-PDGFbeta Fusion Protein Expression
Neoplastic Connective and Soft Tissue Epithelioid Cell
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of psammoma bodies that predominate over the meningeal cells.
A neoplasm that arises from the hair follicle and metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the hair follicle.
Germinative Follicular Epithelium Neoplasm
Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Hair Follicle Neoplasm
Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Hair Follicle Tumor
A mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the pilar sheath of the hair follicle.
Benign Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum Neoplasm
Benign Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum Tumor
Malignant Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum Neoplasm
Malignant Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum Tumor
Benign Germinative Follicular Epithelium Neoplasm
Benign Germinative Follicular Epithelium Tumor
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of small and medium sized vessels that predominate over the meningioma cells.
Malignant Germinative Follicular Epithelium Neoplasm
Malignant Germinative Follicular Epithelium Tumor
Benign Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Hair Follicle Neoplasm
Benign Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Hair Follicle Tumor
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the pilar sheath of the hair follicle. Representative examples include fibrofolliculoma, perifollicular fibroma, pilar leiomyoma, and trichogenic myxoma.
Benign Pilar-Associated Mesenchyme Neoplasm
Benign Pilar-Associated Mesenchyme Tumor
Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum Neoplasm
Neoplasm of the Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum
Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum Tumor
Tumor of the Outer Hair Sheath and Infundibulum
A rare malignant tumor arising from the outer hair sheath and infundibulum on the face. It is considered the malignant counterpart of tricholemmoma. Complete surgical excision is required.
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the coexistence of meningothelial cells and fibrous architectural patterns.
A rare, pilar-associated mesenchyme neoplasm with follicular differentiation. It usually occurs in the face, neck, and chest. It presents as a dome-shaped papular lesion. It is composed of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Patients with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome may develop follicular fibromas.
A cutaneous leiomyoma arising from the arrector pili muscle.
A rare condition characterized by diffuse spread of sarcoma cells throughout the meninges. The neoplastic cells are derived from meningeal connective tissue. Clinically, this disorder may present as a fulminant pachymeningitis and/or encephalitis.
Extraocular Cutaneous Sebaceous Carcinoma
A slow-growing, usually solitary, dome-shaped benign sweat gland adenoma, most frequently located on the eyelid. It is characterized by a cystic proliferation of apocrine glands. Surgical excision is curative.
Ductal Eccrine Carcinoma with Spindle Cell Elements
Ductal Eccrine Carcinoma with Squamous Metaplasia
A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor which shows rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. More than half of the patients have neurofibromatosis type 1. The prognosis is usually poor.
Malignant Neoplasm of Peripheral Nerve Sheath with Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath with Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm with Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor with Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant Tumor of Peripheral Nerve Sheath with Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant Tumor of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath with Rhabdomyosarcoma
An uncommon granular cell tumor which may metastasize to other anatomic sites. Morphologic characteristics include the presence of spindling neoplastic cells, necrosis, extensive pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli, and increased mitiotic activity.
A malignant neoplasm, comprised of large cells with cytoplasmatic granules, occurring in various organs/tissues.
An aggressive, usually diffuse non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of small to medium sized B-lymphocytes (centrocytes). Most patients present with advanced stage disease with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and bone marrow involvement. The gastrointestinal tract is the most commonly affected extranodal site by this type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The vast majority of cases express the t(11;14)(q13;q32) resulting in the rearrangement of the BCL-1 gene and the overexpression of cyclin D1 mRNA.
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that usually occurs in middle-aged or older adults. It is marked by small- to medium-size cancer cells that may be in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood, and gastrointestinal system.
An atypical proliferation of atypical melanocytes in the dermal-epidermal junction, without infiltration of the papillary or reticular dermis. The melanocytic proliferation is associated with actinic damage and epidermal atrophy. It usually occurs in the sun-exposed skin of elderly people. It is a form of melanoma in situ.
A clinico-pathological entity reflecting the multiple polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract created as a result of involvement by a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Typically, mantle cell lymphomas involving the gastrointestinal tract give rise to multifocal lymphomatous polyposis. Importantly, other histologic subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma can also produce this clinico-pathological entity. (WHO, 2000) -- 2003
Aggressive nodal or extranodal mature (peripheral) T-cell lymphomas that do not belong to the better defined entities of the remainder of mature T-cell lymphomas. This category includes the following variants: lymphoepithelioid cell variant (Lennert's lymphoma), follicular variant, and T-zone variant.
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified
A usually indolent mature B-cell lymphoma, arising from the marginal zone of lymphoid tissues. It is characterized by the presence of small to medium sized atypical lymphocytes. It comprises three entities, according to the anatomic sites involved: extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, which affects extranodal sites (most often stomach, lung, skin, and ocular adnexa); nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, which affects lymph nodes without evidence of extranodal disease; and splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, which affects the spleen and splenic hilar lymph nodes, bone marrow, and often the peripheral blood.
An indolent (slow-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that begins forming in certain areas (the marginal zones) of lymph tissue. There are three types based on whether it forms in the spleen, lymph nodes, or other lymphoid tissue that contains a lot of B cells (a type of white blood cell).
A rare extranodal B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by the presence of lymphoma cells exclusively in the lumina of small vessels, particularly capillaries. This is an extremely aggressive lymphoma which responds poorly to chemotherapy. (WHO, 2001) -- 2003
An acute myeloid leukemia characterized by bone marrow fibrosis without preexisting primary myelofibrosis.
A clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder, characterized by proliferation in the bone marrow of one or more of the myeloid (i.e., granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mast cell) lineages. It is primarily a neoplasm of adults. (WHO 2008)
A group of slow growing blood cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, in which large numbers of abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets grow and spread in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood.
Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma with Sebaceous Differentiation
Basal Cell Carcinoma with Sebaceous Differentiation
Basal Cell Epithelioma with Sebaceous Differentiation
An astrocytoma, without designation of benign or malignant, that is found in the supratentorial region. The infratentorial location is more common in children.
A hormone producing or non-producing pituitary gland adenoma not associated with a hormonal syndrome.
Functionless Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Non-Functioning Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Non-Functioning Adenoma of the Pituitary
Non-Functioning Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Non-Secretory Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Non-Secretory Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
An adenocarcinoma arising from the colon. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, colonic adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.
A primary adenocarcinoma of the stomach in a patient with no family history of gastric cancer or inherited high risk mutations.
A sporadic adenocarcinoma that arises from the gastric mucosa and is characterized by the presence of poorly cohesive malignant cells and absence of glandular formations.
A molecular genetic abnormality indicating the presence of multiple copies of the MET gene.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor Gene Amplification
MET Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Gene Amplification
Met Proto-Oncogene (Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor) Gene Amplification
A carcinoma that arises from the small intestine. It is composed of malignant squamous cells.
Small Intestinal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the small intestine. It is composed of malignant glandular cells and malignant squamous cells.
Small Intestinal Adenosquamous Carcinoma
An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the small intestine. It is composed of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Often, the infiltrating glandular structures are associated with mucoid stromal formation.
Small Intestinal Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the small intestine. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells with vesicular nucleus, distinct nucleolus, and abundant pink cytoplasm.
A carcinoma that arises from the small intestine. It is composed of malignant epithelial cells which do not display evidence of glandular, squamous, or transitional cell differentiation.
Small Intestinal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Small Intestinal Cancer
Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene Overexpression
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the upper or lower eyelid.
A pituitary gland adenoma with a diameter equal or less than 10 mm.
A pituitary gland adenoma with a diameter greater than 10 mm. Clinical manifestations include headache, visual field disturbances, pituitary insufficiency, and mild hyperprolactinemia.
An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the small intestine. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by the presence of intracytoplasmic mucus.
Small Intestinal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
An adenoma arising from the appendix. It is characterized by the presence of tubular epithelial structures and it is associated with dysplasia.
An adenoma arising from the appendix. It is characterized by the presence of tubular and villous epithelial structures and it is associated with dysplasia.
An adenoma that arises from the appendix. It is characterized by prominent serration of the glands and the presence of generalized low-grade dysplasia.
A circumscribed neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium of the appendix. Morphologically, it is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic glandular cells and it is associated with dysplasia. According to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous. The dysplasia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the small intestine. It is characterized by a villous architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A usually polypoid neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the small intestine. It is characterized by a tubular architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the small intestine. It is characterized by tubular and villous architectural patterns. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the appendix, characterized by the presence of signet-ring, mucin-producing malignant cells. The signet-ring cells constitute more than fifty-percent of the malignant cells.
An aggressive, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine malignant neoplasm arising from the wall of the appendix. It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells, necrotic changes, and an increased mitotic rate.
Appendix Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A high grade carcinoma arising from the appendix, characterized by the absence of glandular or squamous differentiation.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the appendix, characterized by the presence of mucinous stroma formation.
A carcinoma that arises from the appendix. It is characterized by the presence of a malignant glandular epithelial component and a malignant neuroendocrine component. At least 30 percent of either component should be present for the diagnosis to be made.
Appendix Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma
Appendix Mixed Endocrine-Exocrine Neoplasm
A neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the appendix. It does not show the morphologic characteristics of typical carcinoid tumors (neoplastic cells forming solid nests). In contrast, the tumor cells form small discrete tubules.
This gene is involved in transcription and may play a role in cell cycle progression.
Cell Division Cycle 73, Paf1/RNA Polymerase II Complex Component, Homolog (S. cerevisiae) Gene
A capillary hemangioma arising from the eyelid.
A microscopic finding indicating the presence of cells with glandular differentiation in a tumor sample.
A morphological appearance characteristic of invasive carcinomas in which there is focal or extensive transformation (metaplasia) of nests of malignant epithelial cells into cells which resemble neurosecretory cells morphologically, immunohistochemically, and by electron microscopy.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm involving the wall of the appendix.
An adenoma that arises from the colon. It is characterized by prominent serration of the glands and the presence of generalized low-grade dysplasia.
A melanoma that arises from the upper or lower eyelid.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the rectosigmoid area. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, rectosigmoid adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.
An invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of extracellular mucin pools that contain malignant glandular epithelial structures. The extracellular mucin pools occupy more than 50% of the malignant lesion.
An invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells with prominent intracytoplasmic mucin resulting in the displacement of the nuclei. The malignant glandular cells with intracytoplasmic mucin constitute more than 50% of the malignant cellular infiltrate.
An aggressive, high-grade, and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the colon or rectum. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Colorectal Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Large Intestinal Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A very rare colorectal carcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant squamous cell infiltrate.
An unusual colorectal carcinoma characterized by the presence of glandular and squamous carcinomatous components. The two carcinomatous components may be admixed within the tumor, or the two may appear separately in different areas.
A rare, invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of sheets of malignant epithelial cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. It usually has a favorable prognosis.
An invasive malignant epithelial tumor that arises from the colon or rectum. There is no morphologic, immunophenotypic, or molecular biological evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation.
An invasive adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid area characterized by the presence of pools of extracellular mucin. Malignant glandular epithelial cells are present in the mucin collections. Mucin constitutes more than 50% of the lesion.
An infiltrating adenocarcinoma arising from the rectosigmoid area. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells with prominent intracytoplasmic mucin. These cells constitute more than 50% of the malignant cellular population.
An unusual rectal carcinoma characterized by the presence of glandular and squamous carcinomatous components. The two carcinomatous components may be admixed within the tumor, or the two may appear separately in different areas.
The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.
v-MYC Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog (Avian) Gene Mutation
v-myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Cellular Homolog Gene Mutation
An adenoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of a tubular growth pattern.
An adenoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of a papillary growth pattern.
An adenoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of tubular and papillary growth patterns.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic tubular glands lined by columnar cells or neoplastic glands lined by goblet cells.
Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma, Intestinal-Type
A rare morphologic variant of gallbladder adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular epithelium with a predominance of glycogen rich clear cells. The cells display hyperchromic nuclei and well-defined cytoplasmic borders.
A neoplastic, non-invasive lesion that affects the gallbladder epithelium. It is characterized by the presence of atypical epithelial cells with an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear hyperchromasia, and loss of nuclear polarity.
Gallbladder Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Intracystic Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Having an appearance of thin plate-like structures.
A benign polypoid growth in the external ear.
A benign exophytic squamous cell neoplasm with papillary growth that arises from the nasal vestibule.
Squamous Papilloma of the Nasal Vestibule
A non-neoplastic polyp that arises from the stomach and is characterized by the presence of connective tissue stroma overgrowth and cystic formations.
A non-metastasizing cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the exocrine pancreas.
An acute or chronic condition that is characterized by the inability of the kidneys to adequately filter the blood.
A condition in which the kidneys stop working and are not able to remove waste and extra water from the blood or keep body chemicals in balance. Acute or severe renal failure happens suddenly (for example, after an injury) and may be treated and cured. Chronic renal failure develops over many years, may be caused by conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes, and cannot be cured. Chronic renal failure may lead to total and long-lasting renal failure, called end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A person in ESRD needs dialysis (the process of cleaning the blood by passing it through a membrane or filter) or a kidney transplant.
A benign, borderline, or malignant tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples of benign tumors include serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, and benign Brenner tumor. Representative examples of borderline tumors include serous surface papillary tumor, mucinous adenofibroma, and borderline Brenner tumor. Representative examples of malignant tumors include serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and malignant Brenner tumor.
Ovarian Surface Epithelial-Stromal Tumor
Ovarian Surface-Epithelial Stromal Neoplasm
A benign, human papillomavirus-related neoplasm that arises from the vulva and is characterized by the presence of papillary structures with fibrovascular cores covered by stratified squamous epithelium showing koilocytotic changes.
A rare benign neoplasm that arises in the area of the nipple. Clinically, it usually presents as a tender erythematous crusting lesion with hardening of the nipple. Morphologically, there is proliferation of ducts lined with epithelial and myoepithelial cells and focal erosion of the epidermis.
A morphologic variant of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular epithelium, an abundant fibrous stroma, and the presence of clear cells. Clinical symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss and malaise.
Clear Cell Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
A reactive, well-circumscribed vascular lesion. It is characterized by the formation of thin papillae projecting within the lumen of blood vessels. The papillae are lined by plump endothelial cells. Blood clots are also present.
Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia
A neoplastic process characterized by a symmetric poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the neck. It predominantly affects middle age men of Mediterranean origin.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the adrenal medulla.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Adrenal Medulla
A carcinoma arising in a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma. It most often occurs in the parotid gland and less often in the submandibular gland and minor salivary gland. Patients usually present with a history of a long-standing mass which recently had undergone rapid growth. The prognosis depends on the invasiveness of the malignant component. Patients with non-invasive or minimally invasive tumors usually have a good prognosis following surgical resection. Invasive tumors are usually aggressive and are associated with recurrences and metastases.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the floor of the mouth.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the buccal mucosa.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the buccal mucosa.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the major salivary glands. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Warthin tumor, monomorphic adenoma, and pleomorphic adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the minor salivary glands.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma and malignant mixed tumor.
Malignant Neoplasm of Minor Salivary Gland
Malignant Neoplasm of the Minor Salivary Gland
Malignant Tumor of the Minor Salivary Gland
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the minor salivary glands.
Benign Neoplasm of the Minor Salivary Gland
Benign Tumor of the Minor Salivary Gland
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the middle ear. Representative examples include adenoma, paraganglioma, and carcinoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the nasal cavity. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the sphenoid sinus.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the glottic area of the larynx.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the subglottic area of the larynx.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the subglottis.
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial tumor without invasion of the lamina propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Gastric Body Carcinoma In Situ AJCC v6 and v7
Carcinoma in situ of the Body of the Stomach
Gastric Pylorus Carcinoma In Situ AJCC v6 and v7
Carcinoma in situ of the Gastric Pylorus
Carcinoma in situ of the Pylorus of the Stomach
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the small intestine. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the cecum. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Cecal adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the appendix.
A carcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic biliary tree (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) or from the junction, or adjacent to the junction, of the right and left hepatic ducts (hilar cholangiocarcinoma). Grossly, the malignant lesions are solid, nodular, and grayish. Morphologically, the vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Signs and symptoms include malaise, weight loss, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and night sweats. Early detection is difficult and the prognosis is generally poor.
A malignant neoplasm arising from/comprising cells resembling those of bile ducts.
A rare type of cancer that develops in cells that line the bile ducts in the liver. Cancer that forms where the right and left ducts meet is called Klatskin tumor.
Cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts (adenocarcinoma)
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the liver. Representative examples include angiosarcoma, undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
Stage 0 includes: (Tis, N0, M0). Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)
Stage 0 Gallbladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Abnormal cells are found in the innermost (mucosal) layer of the gallbladder. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the gallbladder wall.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include adenoma and adenocarcinoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the ampulla of Vater.
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreatic tissue.
A usually slow-growing, grade 1 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that secretes serotonin. When it metastasizes to the liver, it produces the clinical symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome.
Enterochromaffin Cell Serotonin-Producing Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
EC Cell, Serotonin Producing Pancreatic NET
EC Cell, Serotonin Producing Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Serotonin-Producing Tumor of the Pancreas
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the retroperitoneum.
A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the mucosal lining of the trachea. It usually grows as an intraluminal mass and later invades extraluminal structures. The majority of patients present with hemoptysis, coughing, dyspnea, or stridor.
A poorly differentiated non-small cell lung carcinoma composed of large polygonal cells without evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation. There is a male predilection.
Large Cell Undifferentiated Lung Carcinoma
A morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by a predominance of clear cells that may or may not contain glycogen.
Large Cell Lung Carcinoma, Clear Cell Variant
Clear Cell Carcinoma of Lung, Large Cell Type
Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Lung, Large Cell Type
Clear Cell Lung Carcinoma, Large Cell Type
A morphologic variant of lung sarcomatoid carcinoma characterized by the presence of mononuclear and multinucleated pleomorphic neoplastic giant cells that lack cohesion.
A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm arising from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells. The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.
Epithelioid Angioendothelioma of the Lung
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of Lung
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Lung
Pulmonary Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the lung parenchyma or the bronchi. Representative examples include lung adenoma, lung hamartoma, and endobronchial lipoma.
A benign, well circumscribed epithelial neoplasm that arises from the bronchus or the lung parenchyma. Representative examples include alveolar adenoma, papillary adenoma, and mucus gland adenoma.
A malignant neoplasm of the pleura or peritoneum, arising from mesothelial cells. It is associated with exposure to asbestos.
A malignant neoplasm originating from mesothelial cells of the pleura or peritoneum.
A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.
A localized neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation, that arises from the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle-shaped cells, hylanized stroma formation, thin-walled branching blood vessels, and thin bands of collagen.
Localized Fibrous Mesothelioma of Pleura
Localized Fibrous Mesothelioma of the Pleura
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the thymus.
A squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with a prominent clear cell component.
Clear Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Skin
Clear Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or sweat glands.
A benign, small, papular or nodular skin neoplasm that usually arises above the upper lip. It is characterized by an epithelial proliferation with a central cavity. The cavity wall is lined with keratinocytes.
A benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts surrounding the hair follicle.
A rare, benign, slow-growing and painless neoplasm of sweat glands. It usually arises in the head and neck. It is characterized by the presence of a mesenchymal chondroid stroma, fibrosis, and epithelial structures.
Mixed Tumor of the Skin (Chondroid Syringoma)
Benign Mixed Tumor of Skin (Chondroid Syringoma)
Benign Mixed Tumor of the Skin (Chondroid Syringoma)
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the dermis.
Cutaneous Neoplasm of Smooth Muscle Origin
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the arrector pili muscle, tunica media of blood vessels, and dartos muscle of the genitalia. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the skin. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A capillary hemangioma of the skin usually presenting with patches or plaques.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the skin.
A malignant vascular neoplasm of the skin arising from the lymphatic vessels.
A glomus tumor arising from the skin. It usually presents as a small red-blue nodule and it often associated with pain at the site.
A vascular proliferation arising from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of prominent endothelial cells and formation of vascular channels.
A bacterial infection caused by Chlamydophila psittaci. Humans are infected by handling sick birds. The Chlamydiae cause respiratory infection manifests with fever, malaise, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, photophobia and headaches.
An infection that is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci, which is transmitted by infected birds; it typically causes a febrile respiratory illness.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma that arises from the ocular adnexa and caused by stimulation of lymphoid tissue due to Chlamydia psittaci bacterial infection.
Chlamydia Psittaci-Associated Ocular Adnexal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Chlamydophila Psittaci-Associated Ocular Adnexal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
A benign melanocytic nevus characterized by the presence of desmoplastic stroma.
A rare benign neoplasm that arises from the mesothelial cells of the pleura. It is characterized by a proliferation of epithelioid cells forming glandular and tubular patterns in a fibrous stroma.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from adipocytes.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Adipose Tissue
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm composed of adipose (fatty) tissue. The most common representative of this category is the lipoma.
Breast carcinoma that has developed in relatives of patients with history of breast carcinoma.
A phyllodes tumor of the breast characterized by infiltrative margins and a sarcomatous stromal component. The sarcomatous stroma usually displays features of fibrosarcoma. Liposarcomatous, osteosarcomatous, or rhabdomyosarcomatous elements may also be present.
Malignant Cystosarcoma Phyllodes of Breast
Malignant Cystosarcoma Phyllodes of the Breast
Malignant Phyllodes Neoplasm of the Breast
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the breast parenchyma.
A benign, borderline, or malignant mixed epithelial tumor of the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of more than one epithelial cell type, most often serous and endocervical-type mucinous.
An aggressive carcinoma arising from the ovary. Most patients present with advanced disease. Microscopically, it is characterized by significant cytologic atypia, increased mitotic activity, and necrosis. The prognosis is usually poor.
A non-metastasizing tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples include serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, clear cell adenofibroma, and benign Brenner tumor.
Benign Ovarian Surface Epithelial Neoplasm
Benign Ovarian Surface Epithelial-Stromal Tumor
Benign Surface Epithelial Neoplasm of Ovary
Benign Surface Epithelial Neoplasm of the Ovary
Benign Surface Epithelial Tumor of Ovary
Benign Surface Epithelial Tumor of the Ovary
A benign, usually bilateral neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of cystic structures that contain watery fluid and are lined by serous epithelial cells. Signs and symptoms include abdominal enlargement, pain, and vaginal bleeding.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by mucinous columnar epithelial cells.
Benign Mucinous Cystadenoma of the Ovary
An invasive malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and originates from primordial germ cells. Representative examples include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, dysgerminoma, and non-gestational choriocarcinoma.
Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Ovary
A choriocarcinoma arising from the ovary. When it appears before puberty is of germ cell origin. In children and young adults signs and symptoms include precocious pseudopuberty and vaginal bleeding. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin is elevated. Germ cell derived ovarian choriocarcinoma should be differentiated from primary or metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma affecting the ovary. The prognosis of germ cell derived choriocarcinoma is less favorable and requires more aggressive chemotherapy treatment regimens compared to gestational choriocarcinoma.
A non-metastasizing germ cell tumor that arises from the ovary. The vast majority of cases are benign dermoid cysts.
An infectious disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Early manifestations of infection may include fever, headache, fatigue, depression, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. Left untreated, late manifestations involving the joints, heart, and nervous system can occur.
An infectious disease that is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that arises from chronically stimulated lymphoid tissue in the skin in response to Borrelia burgdoferi infection.
Borrelia Burgdoferi-Associated Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Borrelia Burgdoferi-Associated Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma that arises from the small intestine and it is associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection.
Campylobacter Jejuni-Associated Small Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the fallopian tube. Representative examples include papilloma, adenofibroma, and leiomyoma.
A rare benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of smooth muscle cells growing within veins.
An uncommon carcinoma arising from the cervix. It is composed of malignant glandular epithelial cells and malignant squamous epithelial cells.
Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma of Cervix Uteri
Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix
Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Cervix Uteri Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma
Uterine Cervix Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that arises from the skin. This category includes primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, other, which includes primary cutaneous intravascular large B-cell lymphoma and primary cutaneous T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma.
Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
An aggressive primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, usually involving the lower leg. It is composed of a generally monotonous proliferation of immunoblasts, or less frequently centroblasts, with few admixed reactive cells. This type of lymphoma occurs most often in elderly women who present with rapidly growing tumors, usually on one or both legs. Dissemination to extracutaneous sites is frequent. Treatment with combination chemotherapy is usually required.
Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type
Stage 0 includes: (Tis, N0, M0). Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. FIGO no longer includes stage 0. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Adenocarcinoma in situ of Uterine Cervix
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the Cervix Uteri
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the Uterine Cervix
A low grade, late-metastasizing variant of fibrosarcoma characterized by alternating fibrous and myxoid areas and a whorling growth pattern. The neoplastic cells have a spindle morphology, and lack hyperchromasia or significant nuclear atypia. Approximately 40% of cases show the focal presence of collagen rosettes. A t(7;16)(q33;p11) translocation has been identified in the majority of cases, associated with the presence of FUS-CREB3L2 fusion protein. Rare cases carry the t(11;16)(p11;p11) translocation which is associated with the presence of the FUS-CREB3L1 fusion protein.
A superficial neoplastic process involving exclusively the vaginal squamous epithelium without extension to underlying tissue. It is classified as low- or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia.
A rare type of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that does not belong in the group of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, leg type, or the group of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphomas. It includes subtypes/entities of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (e.g. intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, T-cell/histiocyte rich lymphoma) that can involve the skin as the primary anatomic site. Such cases, unlike their nodal counterparts, usually have an excellent prognosis.
Primary Cutaneous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Other
Primary Cutaneous Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous T-Cell/Histiocyte-Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous T-Cell/Histiocyte Rich Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous Plasmablastic Lymphoma
A header term that includes the following diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtypes by gene expression profiling: activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and type 3 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma by Gene Expression Profile
Stage 0 includes: pTis, N0, M0, S0. pTis: Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (carcinoma in situ). N0: regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. S0: Marker study levels within normal limits. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Abnormal cells are found in the tiny tubules where the sperm cells begin to develop. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. All tumor marker levels are normal.
A biologic subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) that do not overexpress the genes whose overexpression characterizes the germinal center B-cell-like and activated B-cell-like DLBCL. Morphologically, these lymphomas are either immunoblastic or centroblastic. Patients with this type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are reported to have a less favorable outcome, similar to those with an activated B-cell-like gene expression profile.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Unclassifiable
Non-GCB/ABC Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the respiratory system.
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the respiratory system. (NCI)
Cutaneous Precursor Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
A rare type of renal cell carcinoma. It is a well-circumscribed multicystic mass without solid areas. The inner lining of the cystic structures is composed of clear cells.
Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Multilocular Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Neoplasm
Cutaneous B Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma
Cutaneous B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma
Cutaneous Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
Cutaneous T Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma
Cutaneous Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
Cutaneous Mature B-Cell Lymphocytic Neoplasm
Cutaneous Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Neoplasm
A benign tumor of the kidney, characterized by the presence of large cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The majority of these tumors are discovered incidentally, during work-up of other conditions.
Cutaneous Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
An aggressive mature T-cell non Hodgkin lymphoma involving the skin. It is characterized by the presence of a polymorphic cellular infiltrate which contains neoplastic small to medium sized T-lymphocytes.
Cutaneous Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma
A benign neoplasm of the renal pelvis that involves the transitional epithelium projecting above the surrounding epithelial surface and consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma.
Stage 0is includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage 0is Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
An exophytic and polypoid lesion attached to the ureter by a broad base or a thin stalk.
Stage 0is includes: (Tis, N0, M0); (Tis pu, N0, M0); (Tis pd, N0, M0). Tis: Carcinoma in situ. Tis pu: Carcinoma in situ, involvement of the prostatic urethra. Tis pd: Carcinoma in situ, involvement of the prostatic ducts. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Neoplastic Small to Medium-Sized B-Lymphocyte Resembling a Centrocyte
Confluent Sheets of Neoplastic B-Lymphocytes Present
Benign Accessory Urethral Gland Neoplasm
A rare, EBV-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, composed of CD8 positive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. It affects children, almost exclusively in Latin America and Asia. Patients present with papulovesicular skin lesions, clinically resembling hydroa vacciniforme, in areas of sun-exposed skin.
Hydroa Vacciniforme-Like Lymphoproliferative Disorder
In contrast to hydroa vacciniforme (HV), HV-like lymphoma is not induced by sun exposure and the lesions can occur in both sun-exposed and covered body areas. It affects children, almost exclusively in Latin America and Asia.
Hydroa Vacciniforme-Like Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Malignant Neoplasm of the Choroid Plexus
Neoplastic Immunoblast-Like T-Lymphocyte
A rare, mature T-Cell lymphoma arising from the skin.
Primary Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Rare Subtype
An aggressive, epidermotropic primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It is characterized by the presence of eruptive papules and nodules, or tumors, which may be localized or disseminated. Morphologically, it is composed of small to medium-sized, or medium-sized to large, CD8-positive T-lymphocytes with pleomorphic or blastic nuclei. Epidermotropism is often pronounced. Angiocentricity and angioinvasion may be present.
Primary Cutaneous CD8-Positive Aggressive Epidermotropic Cytotoxic T-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous Aggressive Epidermotropic CD8-Positive T-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous CD8-Positive Aggressive Epidermotropic T-Cell Lymphoma
A neoplasm that arises from glial cells in the spinal cord. Representative examples include astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma.
An aggressive cutaneous lymphoma of mature, activated gamma/delta T-lymphocytes. It usually presents with disseminated plaques and nodules. Involvement of mucosal sites is frequent. However, involvement of lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow is uncommon. Morphologically, there are three patterns of cutaneous involvement: epidermotropic, dermal, and subcutaneous. Often, more than one pattern may co-exist in a single biopsy specimen, or may be present in different biopsy specimens from the same patient. The lymphocytic infiltrate is composed of medium- to large-sized lymphocytes expressing CD56. Most cases lack both CD4 and CD8, although CD8 may be present in some cases. This group of lymphomas includes cases previously known as subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma with a gamma/delta phenotype.
Primary Cutaneous Gamma-Delta T-Cell Lymphoma
A mature lymphocyte whose T cell receptor, a gamma polypeptide chain linked by a disulfide bridge to a delta polypeptide chain, has recognized specific foreign antigens and self MHC antigens. This type of cell is most often found in the gut and epidermis.
Activated Mature Gamma/Delta T-Lymphocyte with a Cytotoxic Phenotype
Well Differentiated Spinal Cord Oligodendroglial Tumor
Well Differentiated Spinal Cord Oligodendroglioma
A rare adenocarcinoma with poor prognosis, arising from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or pre-existing adenomas. The majority are hormonally functioning neoplasms, usually producing prolactin or ACTH. The diagnosis is based on the presence of metastases. Syndromes associated with pituitary gland carcinomas include hyperprolactinemia, Cushing disease, and acromegaly.
A primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. It usually presents with a solitary plaque or tumor on the face, neck, or upper trunk. Morphologically, it is composed of small to medium-sized CD4-positive, CD8-negative, and CD30-negative pleomorphic T-lymphocytes. A small number of large pleomorphic T-lymphocytes may also be present. The lymphocytic infiltrate is dermal. Focal epidermotropism and subcutaneous involvement may be present. The clinical behavior is almost always indolent and most patients present with localized disease.
Primary Cutaneous CD4-Positive Small/Medium T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Primary Cutaneous CD4-Positive Small/Medium-Sized T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Primary Cutaneous CD4-Positive Small/Medium-Sized Pleomorphic T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A glioma that affects the optic nerve. This condition can be seen in association with neurofibromatosis 1. It is most commonly seen in the pediatric age group.
Abnormal malignant growth of the cells that comprise cranial nerve VIII. This can lead to difficulties with hearing and balance.
Malignant Vestibulocochlear Nerve Neoplasm
Malignant Neoplasm of Eighth Cranial Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of the Acoustic Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of the Eighth Cranial Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Malignant Tumor of Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Malignant Tumor of the Eighth Cranial Nerve
Malignant Tumor of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Expression of a fusion protein that results from the translocation mutation t(V;11)(v;q23), which involves the human MLL gene and various fusion gene partners. The fusion transcript is the result of the translocation of genetic material from any one of several chromosomes to the 11q23 region. This fusion protein is associated with acute myelomonocytic leukemia.
Various Partners-MLL Fusion Protein Expression.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland
A benign, usually encapsulated neoplasm of the lacrimal gland composed of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Pleomorphic adenomas are neoplasms that develop in the salivary glands or heterotopic salivary gland tissues. It has been suggested that myoepithelial cells play a major role in the histogenesis of these tumors. In the lacrimal gland, pleomorphic adenomas presumably develop from metaplastic myoepithelial cells. --2003
Benign Mixed Tumor of the Lacrimal Gland
Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Lacrimal Gland
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the colonic glandular epithelium and invades the lamina propria or muscularis mucosa but not the submucosa.
This gene plays a role in the regulation of T-cell proliferation.
A borderline blood vessel neoplasm that has locally aggressive behavior.
Intermediate (Locally Aggressive) Blood Vessel Neoplasm
A borderline blood vessel neoplasm that may metastasize on rare occasions.
Intermediate (Rarely Metastasizing) Blood Vessel Neoplasm
An intermediate, locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of spindle, plump, and epithelioid endothelial cells and cellular atypia.
An intermediate, rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of a polymorphic cellular infiltrate.
A localized lymphangioma characterized by microcystic changes.
A low-grade squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the conjunctiva. It is the most common primary malignant tumor that arises from the conjunctiva. It usually affects older white males. Excessive exposure to sunlight is a risk factor. Patients may present with a mass, red eye, or pain.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Conjunctiva
A malignant melanoma within the conjunctiva of the eye.
A morphologic variant of squamous cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of papillary structures.
Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma, Papillary Variant
A morphologic variant of squamous cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells.
Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma, Clear Cell Variant
A poorly differentiated morphologic variant of squamous cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of small tumor cells with focal squamous differentiation.
Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma, Small Cell Variant
A morphologic variant of squamous cell lung carcinoma characterized by nuclear palisading.
Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma, Basaloid Variant
A rare morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of glandular structures containing glycogen-rich cells forming tubules that resemble fetal lung tubules.
Pulmonary Endodermal Tumor Resembling Fetal Lung
Well-Differentiated Fetal Lung Adenocarcinoma
A benign melanocytic neoplasm that arises from the conjunctiva.
A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of mucin pools containing islands of well differentiated adenocarcinoma cells.
Lung Mucinous Cystic Tumor of Borderline Malignancy
A morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of a syncytial growth pattern, large vesicular nuclei with esophnophilic nucleoi, and dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration.
A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the cornea.
A melanoma within the cornea of the eye.
A rare, aggressive, poorly differentiated, non-small cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of a sarcomatoid component often associated with giant cell differentiation. There is a male to female ratio of 4:1. Clinical symptoms include cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, progressive dyspnea and fever secondary to recurrent pneumonia. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor.
A morphologic variant of sarcomatoid carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant spindle cells and focal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. Adenocarcinoma cells, malignant squamous cells, and giant cells are not present.
A morphologic variant of sarcomatoid carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular or squamous cells associated with malignant giant and spindle cells.
A morphologic variant of lung sarcomatoid carcinoma composed of a mixture of non-small cell lung carcinoma and a sarcomatous component.
A lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant non-keratinizing squamoid cells, mucin-producing cells and intermediate type cells.
A lung carcinoma arising within the bronchi or bronchial tubes. It is characterized by the presence of myoepithelial cells, spindle cells, clear cells, and duct-forming epithelial cells. Surgical resection may be curative.
A carcinoid tumor of the lung showing focal necrotic changes or a number of mitotic figures between 2 and 10/10 high power fields.
A low grade malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the lung. This category includes typical carcinoid tumor.
An intermediate grade malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the lung. This category includes atypical carcinoid tumor.
Intermediate Grade Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
A high grade malignant neoplasm that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant neuroendocrine cells. This category includes small cell lung carcinoma, large cell lung neuroendocrine carcinoma, and combined lung carcinoma.
A malignant medulloepithelioma arising from the ciliary body of the uvea.
Malignant Ciliary Body Medulloepithelioma
Malignant Medulloepithelioma of Ciliary Body
Malignant Medulloepithelioma of the Ciliary Body
Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of mutation range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.
Any change in the DNA of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. If they occur in cells that make eggs or sperm, they can be inherited; if mutations occur in other types of cells, they are not inherited. Certain mutations may lead to cancer or other diseases.
An increase in the copy number of a particular gene. This type of abnormality can be either inherited or somatic.
Generation of an extra copy of a particular gene in the genome. A gene duplication abnormality may occur by gene amplification, random breakage and reunion, retrotransposition or unequal crossing-over at meiosis. A gene duplication abnormality can be either heritable or somatic.
Loss of a DNA sequence that contains one or more genes. This typically occurs via rearrangement, whereby DNA sequences that are normally separated become joined together. A gene deletion abnormality can be either heritable or somatic.
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the ciliary body of the eye. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign papillary neoplasm that arises endobronchially. It is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular cores lined by columnar, cuboidal, and goblet cells. Patients usually present with signs and symptoms of bronchial obstruction. Complete resection is curative.
A very rare, well circumscribed, benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the bronchus. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, and fibromyxoid stroma.
A very rare, well circumscribed, benign cystic neoplasm that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of cysts which are lined by tall mucinous epithelium and filled with mucin.
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that is localized to the lungs at the time of presentation. Signs and symptoms include cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis.
Primary Pulmonary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the lung.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the lung and pleura.
A pleuropulmonary blastoma composed of malignant small cells. Sarcomatous features are absent.
A pleuropulmonary blastoma comprising malignant small cells in a cystic pattern.
A pleuropulmonary blastoma composed of malignant small cells and characterized by the presence of a sarcomatous component. It usually follows an aggressive clinical course.
A pleuropulmonary blastoma comprising malignant small cells in a cystic and solid pattern.
A pleuropulmonary blastoma characterized by a solid pattern and sarcomatous features. It usually follows an aggressive clinical course.
A pleuropulmonary blastoma comprising malignant small cells in a solid pattern.
A benign neoplasm composed of hyaline cartilage arising from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes, a lobulated growth pattern, and calcification.
A rare myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by a clonal proliferation of eosinophilic precursors resulting in persistently increased numbers of eosinophils in the blood, marrow and peripheral tissues. Since acute eosinophilic leukemia is at best exceedingly rare, the term eosinophilic leukemia is normally used as a synonym for chronic eosinophilic leukemia. In cases in which it is impossible to prove clonality and there is no increase in blast cells, the diagnosis of "idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome" is preferred. (WHO, 2001)
Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia, Not Otherwise Specified
A disease in which too many eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) are found in the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues. Chronic eosinophilic leukemia may stay the same for many years, or it may progress quickly to acute leukemia.
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia/hypereosinophilic syndrome
Lymphangiomatosis diffusely involving the lung parenchyma.
A germ cell tumor that arises from the lung.
A benign or malignant teratoma that arises from the lung.
An epithelial neoplasm that arises from ectopic thymic tissue in the lung. Histologically it is identical to the thymomas that arise from the mediastinum. Signs and symptoms include cough, dyspnea, fever, and weight loss. Surgical excision is the recommended treatment.
An invasive or non-invasive thymoma that arises from the mediastinum. Thymomas are the most common anterior mediastinal tumors.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the spleen.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from any of the organs of the thoracic cavity. Representative examples include pleural adenomatoid tumor, chest wall lipoma, mediastinal schwannoma, and lung hamartoma.
A rare malignant neoplasm that derives from melanocytes and arises from the lung in a patient with no history of previous melanoma and no evidence of melanoma in another site at the time of diagnosis. It usually presents as a solitary lesion and the prognosis is poor.
A diffuse malignant mesothelioma arising from the pleura and less often the peritoneum. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells. Anaplastic morphologic features and multinucleated malignant cells may also be seen.
A rare, non-invasive, localized or multifocal neoplasm that arises from the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of papillae with myxoid fibrovascular cores, lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells. The clinical course is usually indolent.
Pleural Well Differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma
A localized or multifocal mesothelioma arising from the peritoneum. It predominantly occurs in women. It is characterized by the formation of papillae, covered by a single layer of blunt mesothelial cells. Mitotic figures are not present. There is no evidence of severe cytologic atypia. It has a relatively favorable clinical outcome, compared to diffuse malignant mesothelioma.
Peritoneal Well Differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma
Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura and is characterized by the presence of cells with epithelioid morphology. The epithelioid cells usually have eosinophilic cytoplasm, bland nuclei, and form tubulopapillary, microglandular, or sheet-like patterns.
Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura and is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped cells forming fascicles, or that are distributed haphazardly resembling a sarcoma.
Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura and is characterized by the presence of dense collagenized stroma occupying at least 50% of the tumor. The malignant cells are arranged in a vague storiform pattern.
Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid and sarcomatoid components, with each component representing at least 10% of the tumor.
A malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura with the gross appearance of a localized nodular lesion without gross or microscopic evidence of diffuse pleural involvement.
Localized Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma
A molecular genetic abnormality that refers to the mutation of the NF2 gene located at 22q12.2.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the pericardium.
Natural or synthetic substances that are used in various industries or in laboratories for a broad range of applications. This group includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutical excipients, research/diagnostic agents, agricultural agents, and other non-edible products that may have human health implication.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the inner layer of the pericardium.
A rare extranodal lymphoma that arises from the pleura with no evidence of involvement of other sites at the time of diagnosis. This category includes primary effusion lymphoma and pyothorax-associated lymphoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the myocardium.
A B-lymphocyte that has been activated to be receptive to Epstein Barr virus and is found in the area of a lymph nodule containing aggregations of actively proliferating lymphocytes.
EBV-Transformed Late Germinal Center/Post-Germinal Center B-Lymphocyte
A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm arising from the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells. The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.
Pleural Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
A malignant neoplasm that affects the endocardium.
A reticular epithelial cell generated in the thymus that, in optimal conditions, can become either a cortex type of thymus cell that mediates positive selection or a medullary type of thymus cell that mediates negative selection of developing thymocytes.
Thymic Epithelial Cell Capable of Differentiating Towards Both Cortical and Medullary Cell Type
A reticular epithelial cell generated in the thymus that, in optimal condition, can become a cortex type of thymus cell that mediates positive selection of developing thymocytes.
Thymic Epithelial Cell Capable of Differentiating Towards Cortical Cell Type
A rare type of well circumscribed or encapsulated thymoma with a biphasic architecture, consisting of epithelial cell islands and bundles of spindle cells. The vast majority of reported cases had a benign clinical course.
Biphasic Thymoma Mixed Polygonal and Spindle Cell Type
A rare type of thymoma, characterized by an exuberant amount of collagen-rich stroma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the lung parenchyma, bronchial tree, or trachea. Representative examples include lung carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, lung lymphoma, lung sarcoma, and tracheal carcinoma.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Respiratory Tract
Malignant Tumor of the Respiratory Tract
A recently reported thymic tumor, morphologically resembling fibroadenoma of the breast, and described in a patient with thymoma type B1 and pure red cell aplasia.
A rare, highly aggressive and lethal carcinoma that affects children and young adults. It arises from midline epithelial structures, most commonly the head, neck, and mediastinum. It is a poorly differentiated carcinoma and is characterized by mutations and rearrangement of the NUT gene. A balanced translocation t(15;19) is present that results in the creation of a fusion gene involving the NUT gene, most commonly BRD4-NUT fusion gene.
Carcinoma with t(15;19)(q13;p13.1) Translocation
Midline Carcinoma of Children and Young Adults with NUT Rearrangement
A primary thymic carcinoid tumor, characterized by a high mitotic rate often associated with the presence of necrosis and nuclear pleomorphism. This type of thymic carcinoid tumor has a more aggressive clinical course, compared to typical thymic carcinoid tumors.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Representative examples are carcinomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.
A primary thymic epithelial neoplasm, characterized by the presence of at least two distinct areas, one representing a thymoma and the other a carcinoma. The most aggressive component usually determines the clinical outcome.
An epithelial cell that exists in the early fetal thymus that has the capacity to give rise to both cortical and medullary thymic epithelium.
Malignant Neoplasm of Epidermal Appendage
Malignant Neoplasm of the Epidermal Appendage
Malignant Tumor of the Epidermal Appendage
A mass-forming malignant neoplasm that arises from the mediastinum and is characterized by the proliferation of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It may present in association with or precede acute myeloid leukemia, or it may be the first manifestation of relapse of acute myeloid leukemia.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal parasympathetic paraganglioma that arises from paraganglia in the mediastinum. Clinical signs and symptoms include chest pain, cough, hoarseness, and dysphagia.
A localized neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation, that arises from the mediastinum. It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle-shaped cells, hylanized stroma formation, thin-walled branching blood vessels, and thin bands of collagen.
A cardiac myxoma arising from the ventricle.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the great vessels.
A hemangioma arising from the heart. It is characterized by the presence of cavernous vascular spaces.
A capillary hemangioma arising from the heart.
A hemangioma arising from the myocardium.
An intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the heart. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
Cardiac Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma usually arising from the left atrium of the heart. It is characterized by the presence of fibrohistiocytic cells, giant cells, and spindle cells arrranged iin a storiform pattern. Clinical presentation includes signs and symptoms associated with left atrial hemodynamic changes.
Cardiac Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Cardiac Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Cardiac Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly Cardiac "MFH")
Cardiac Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly Cardiac "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma")
A rare malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation arising within the myocardium. It is characterized by the presence of small round spindle cells. Most cardiac rhabodomyosarcomas are of embryonal type and usually present in children and young adults.
A rare benign or malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the pericardium. The majority of the reported cases are teratomas.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the pericardium from another primary anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Pericardium
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Pericardium
Malignant Neoplasm of Cerebral Hemispheres
Malignant Neoplasm of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Malignant Tumor of the Cerebral Hemispheres
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the conjunctiva.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the cornea.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the large intestine. This may be from a primary large intestine malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Large Intestine
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Large Intestine
Metastatic Neoplasm to the Large Intestine
The spread of a malignant neoplasm from its original site of growth to the bone marrow.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Bone Marrow
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone marrow.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Bone Marrow
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the peritoneum from another primary anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Peritoneum
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Peritoneum
An intermediate grade well differentiated tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. The mitotic count is 2-20 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is 3-20%.
Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Carcinoma
Well Differentiated Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A low or intermediate grade well differentiated tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the absence of a hormone-related clinical syndrome.
Non-Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Non-Functioning Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor
Non-Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Non-Functioning Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor
Non-Syndromic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Nonsyndromic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
An intermediate grade well differentiated tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the absence of a hormone-related clinical syndrome.
Non-Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor G2
Non-Functioning Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the testis from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Testis
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Testis
A low or intermediate grade well differentiated tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of a clinical syndrome that results from hormone hypersecretion.
Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Functioning Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm
Functioning Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor
Syndromic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
An intermediate grade well differentiated tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of a clinical syndrome that results from hormone hypersecretion.
Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor G2
Functioning Well Differentiated Pancreatic Endocrine Carcinoma
A rare carcinoma with a poor prognosis, characterized by the presence of a mixture of exocrine and neuroendocrine malignant epithelial cells in both the pancreas and metastatic sites. Symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
Pancreatic Carcinoma with Mixed Differentiation
Mixed Exocrine-Endocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the spinal cord from another anatomic site or system. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Spinal Cord
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Spinal Cord
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Spinal Cord
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Spinal Cord
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the eye from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Eye
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Eye
Stage 0 Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)
Stage 0 Nasal Cavity Cancer AJCC v6, v7, and v8
Stage 0 Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the oropharynx (the part of the throat at the back of the mouth). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
An adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces gonadotrophic hormones (FSH and/or LH) or shows evidence towards gonadotroph differentiation. The majority of cases are hormonally non-functional. Clinical manifestations include visual disturbances, hypopituitarism, headache, and acute hemorrhagic necrosis of the pituitary gland.
Gonadotropin-Producing Pituitary Gland Adenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor that produces one or more gonadotropins.
Gonadotropin Producing Pituitary Gland Adenoma
Gonadotropin Secreting Pituitary Gland Adenoma
An infrequent chromophobic or slightly eosinophilic pituitary gland adenoma that shows immunoreactivity for more than one pituitary hormone, excluding the following two combinations: growth hormone/prolactin/TSH, and FSH/LH.
A tumor characterized by the presence of mature ganglion cells and neuronal differentiation, arising in the pituitary gland. It is often associated with the presence of pituitary gland adenomas. Symptoms include acromegaly and precocious puberty.
One of five types of secreting cells (somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs) found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
A neoplasm arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The vast majority are adenomas.
Neoplasm of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
A non-functioning pituitary gland adenoma without hormonal immunoreactivity or evidence of specific adenohypophysial cell derivation.
Hormone Immunonegative Pituitary Gland Adenoma
An infrequent pituitary gland adenoma composed of an admixture of acidophilic and chromophobic cells that produce growth hormone and prolactin respectively. Unlike mammosomatotroph adenomas, these two hormones are not localized in the same cell by immunohistochemistry.
Mixed Somatotroph-Lactotroph Pituitary Gland Adenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor composed of both acidophilic and chromophobic cells that produce growth hormone and prolactin, respectively.
A pituitary gland adenoma composed of acidophilic cells that produce both growth hormone and prolactin. Immunohistochemical studies reveal the presence of these two hormones localized in the same cell.
Mammosomatotroph Pituitary Gland Adenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor composed of acidophilic cells that produce both growth hormone and prolactin. Immunohistochemical studies reveal the presence of these two hormones localized in the same cell.
An infrequent pituitary gland adenoma composed of cells showing immunoreactivity for prolactin and less often growth hormone. Electron microscopic studies reveal giant mitochondria, a finding not present in any other type of pituitary gland adenomas.
Acidophil Stem Cell Pituitary Gland Adenoma
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the HRAS gene.
HRas Proto-Oncogene, GTPase Gene Mutation
Harvey Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene Mutation
v-Ha-ras Harvey Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene Mutation
A null cell pituitary gland adenoma, characterized by the presence of eosinophilic cells and mitochondrial abundance.
Null Cell Pituitary Gland Adenoma, Oncocytic Variant
Neoplastic Somatotroph Cell with Abundant Secretory Granules
Concentric Aggregates of Intermediate Filaments Present
A precancerous neoplastic lesion that arises from the penis and is associated with human papillomavirus infection. It is characterized by the proliferation of transformed basaloid cells within the epithelium. The basaloid cells exhibit nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and loss of polarity.
No Evidence of Hormonal Immunoreactivity Present
No Evidence of Hormone Immunoreactivity Present
Stage 0is Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma
Stage 0is Carcinoma of the Kidney Pelvis
Stage 0is Kidney Renal Pelvis Urothelial Cancer
Stage 0is Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
A type of skin lesion that is marked by ulcerations (breaks on the skin or surface of an organ) and necrosis (death of living tissue) and that usually has a bad smell. This kind of lesion may occur in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, and especially in advanced disease.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the upper or lower gingiva.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include Warthin tumor, monomorphic adenoma, and pleomorphic adenoma.
A papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland measuring 10mm or less in diameter. The survival rates of patients with this type of carcinoma are the same with those of the normal population.
Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
A gene rearrangement involving the RET proto-oncogene. RET gene rearrangements are associated with several different neoplastic conditions.
A molecular abnormality indicating rearrangement of the NTRK1 gene.
Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1 Gene Rearrangement
Neurotrophic Tyrosine Kinase, Receptor, Type 1 Gene Rearrangement
A rapidly growing primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of malignant squamous cells. The clinical course is usually aggressive.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the sublingual gland.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the middle ear. Representative examples include middle ear polyp and adenoma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the nasal cavity. Representative examples include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the oropharynx.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the glottis.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the myocardium.
Breast carcinoma of one breast, or one side of the breast.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the endocardium.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the small or large intestine.
Benign Neoplasms of Large and/or Small Intestine
Benign Neoplasms of the Large and/or Small Intestine
A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland that predominantly affects children. It is characterized by the presence of a solid growth pattern. The malignant cells have nuclear features that are characteristic of papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland.
Solid Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma
A non-hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland not associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia. The majority of thyroid gland medullary carcinomas are sporadic.
Sporadic Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
A medullary thyroid gland carcinoma inherited through an autosomal dominant mode. It is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (2a) or III (2b).
Hereditary Thyroid Gland Medullary Cancer
Hereditary Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
An inherited form of medullary thyroid cancer (cancer that forms in the cells of the thyroid that make the hormone calcitonin).
Familial Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the wall of the colon and rectum.
Neoplastic or reactive proliferation of the C-cells in the thyroid gland. The neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia is associated with familial medullary thyroid gland carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type II and IIB. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of clusters of intrafollicular C-cells with atypical cytologic features. The reactive C-cell hyperplasia is also known as physiological or secondary C-cell hyperplasia and it is associated with conditions that cause hypercalcemia (e.g., hyperparathyroidism).
A neoplastic process arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It is considered a precursor of hereditary medullary thyroid gland carcinoma, and it is associated with mutations of the RET gene.
A benign neoplasm arising from C-cells of the thyroid gland.
No tumor is found in the thyroid but abnormal cells are found by screening tests. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
stage 0 medullary thyroid carcinoma in situ
A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland containing a medullary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for calcitonin, and follicular cell carcinoma structures that are immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin.
Thyroid Gland Mixed Medullary and Follicular Cell Carcinoma
Thyroid Gland Mixed Medullary and Papillary Carcinoma
A rare, slow growing, primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by a lobulated architectural pattern and the presence of a biphasic cellular population composed of spindle epithelial cells and glandular cells. A small number of cases are composed exclusively of spindle epithelial cells or glandular cells.
Thyroid Gland Spindle Cell Tumor with Thymus-Like Differentiation
A rare primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, composed of groups of carcinoma cells, separated by a desmoplastic stroma. The architectural pattern resembles the lobulation that is present in thymomas and thymic carcinomas.
Thyroid Gland Carcinoma Showing Thymus-Like Differentiation
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the anus. Representative examples include squamous papilloma and papillary hidradenoma.
A thyroid gland adenoma affecting predominantly children and adolescents. It is composed of branching papillary structures and follicles.
Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Papillary Hyperplasia
Papillary Variant Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma
A thyroid gland adenoma composed of follicles and mature adipocytes.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the pancreas.
A mature or immature multicystic germ cell tumor involving or being in direct continuity with the thyroid gland. Microscopically, many tissue types and growth patterns may be seen. According to the presence of mature or immature tissue elements, these lesions are graded from I to IV. The prognosis depends on the age of the patient, the tumor size at presentation, and the histologic grade.
A rare, circumscribed or encapsulated neuroendocrine tumor arising from the thyroid gland. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of tumor cells arranged in a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. The reported cases have followed a benign clinical course.
A microscopic finding indicating the infiltration of the capsule that surrounds an organ by a malignant cellular population.
A benign, non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the exocrine pancreas.
Benign Neoplasm of the Exocrine Pancreas
A benign papillary neoplastic growth on the skin composed of epithelial cells and a fibrous stalk. It usually develops in the eyelid, axilla, neck, upper chest, and groin.
A benign papillary neoplasm of the skin.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or sweat glands. Representative examples include cylindroma, hidrocystoma, hidradenoma, and sebaceoma.
Benign Neoplasm of the Epidermal Appendage
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the skin.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the external ear.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the spinal cord. It is usually associated with dysraphism in which the intraspinal component communicates with a subcutaneous lipoma through a defect in the posterior elements of the spine. Non-dysraphic intramedullary spinal cord lipomas are very rare.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the breast parenchyma in males.
A non-metastasizing, functioning or non-functioning neoplasm that arises from an endocrine organ. Representative examples include thyroid gland follicular adenoma and parathyroid gland adenoma.
A jugulotympanic paraganglioma that metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Glomus Jugulare
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the brain or spinal cord. Representative examples include anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, anaplastic (malignant) meningioma, lymphoma, and metastatic carcinoma from another anatomic site.
Malignant Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Central Nervous System Neoplasms, Malignant
Malignant Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Malignant Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Malignant Tumor of Central Nervous System
Malignant Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A primary or metastatic malignant tumor occurring in the meninges, which surround the brain and spinal cord. The most common are meningiomas. - 2004
Squamous or glandular cervical intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of mild dysplastic changes.
Low Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Low-Grade Cervix Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Low-Grade Cervix Uteri Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Cervix
Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Cervix Uteri
Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Uterine Cervix
Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Cervix
Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Cervix Uteri
Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Uterine Cervix
Low-Grade Uterine Cervix Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A benign hamartomatous tumor that possesses various epidermal derivatives and is due to sequestration of skin along the lines of embryonic closure.
Amelanotic Malignant Melanoma of the Skin
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the dermis. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic fibroblasts.
An extranodal lymphoma that arises from the stomach with the bulk of the mass located in the stomach. The vast majority of cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and B-cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the small or large intestine. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the small intestine. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor G1
A melanoma arising from the anus. Clinical presentation includes rectal bleeding, tenesmus, pain, and change in bowel habit. The prognosis is usually poor.
An aggressive malignant melanocytic neoplasm that arises from the rectum.
A low or high grade astrocytoma that arises in the spinal cord.
A WHO grade IV malignant astrocytic tumor that arises from the brain, usually the cerebral hemispheres. It is characterized by the presence of poorly differentiated astrocytes, cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, and increased mitotic activity. The prognosis is poor.
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Brain
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of koilocytosis and disorganization and thickening of the basal layer.
Low Grade Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade 1 Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade I Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Vagina Grade 1
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Vagina Grade 1
Low Grade Vaginal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Low-Grade Vaginal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 1
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of nuclear intraepithelial neoplastic changes in the lower two-thirds of the epithelium and parakeratosis.
Grade 2 Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade II Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Vagina Grade 2
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Vagina Grade 2
Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2
A rare, highly malignant epithelial tumor that develops from a hydatidiform mole (50%), following abortion (25%), or during normal pregnancy (22%). It is characterized by the presence of invasive and anaplastic trophoblastic tissue composed of intermediate trophoblastic cells, cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts, abundant vascularity, and secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin. Because of rapid growth and a high propensity for hemorrhage, this neoplasm often constitutes a medical emergency.
A benign, mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the breast. It is surrounded by a thin capsule and composed of mature adipose tissue cells. Atypia is absent.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the tongue. It usually presents as a painful ulcerated or nodular lesion. The size of the tumor and the status of the lymph nodes are the most important factors that determine prognosis.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the hard or soft palate.
A benign, slow-growing tumor that arises from the parotid gland. It is composed of cells that demonstrate both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. It is the most common neoplasm of salivary gland origin and women are more often affected than men.
Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the pericardium.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the external ear. Representative examples include ceruminous adenoma, polyp, and carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the external ear. Representative examples include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and ceruminous adenocarcinoma.
An endometrial hyperplasia characterized by cytologic and architectural changes which may lead to endometrial carcinoma. Despite the atypical features and possible course, there is debate on whether to consider this a neoplasm. The relationship with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia is also unclear.
A congenital or acquired cyst that is present in the central nervous system.
A solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma that arises from the meninges.
Meningeal Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
A B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of small lymphocytes which surround and replace the splenic white pulp germinal centers. It involves the spleen and splenic hilar lymph nodes, bone marrow, and often the peripheral blood. When lymphoma cells are present in the peripheral blood, they are usually, but not always, characterized by the presence of short polar villi. (WHO)
Splenic Lymphoma with Circulating Villous Lymphocytes
Splenic Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma with Villous Lymphocytes
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma with Villous Lymphocytes
A T-cell peripheral neoplasm characterized by a persistent (>6 months) increase in the number of peripheral blood large granular lymphocytes, without a clearly identified cause. (WHO, 2001)
T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia
A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells which are large and granular, originating from lymphoid cells.
A type of leukemia in which large T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that contain granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that may last for a long time and get worse.
LEUKEMIA, LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTIC, MALIGNANT
Large Cell Granular Lymphogenous Leukemia
T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia
Tgamma Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia
A clonal proliferation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. This category includes plasma cell myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
A malignant neoplasm composed of plasma cells.
A tumor that begins in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and plasmacytoma are types of plasma cell tumors.
Spindle Cell (Sarcomatoid) Squamous Cell Skin Carcinoma
Spindle Cell Squamous Carcinoma of the Skin
A malignant mesenchymal cell neoplasm that affects the urinary bladder.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the breast. Representative examples include angiosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and extraskeletal osteosarcoma.
A lymphoma that arises from the breast. There is no history of extramammary breast lymphoma and ipsilateral axillary lymph node involvement does not exclude the diagnosis of primary breast lymphoma. Most patients present with a painless breast lump. The vast majority of cases are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue are the most common types of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast. Primary Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast is rare.
An acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage characterized by blasts which coexpress myeloid and T or B lineage antigens or concurrent B and T lineage antigens. (WHO, 2001)
An acute leukemia characterized by a single population of blasts that coexpress myeloid and lymphoid antigens.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the skull base.
A superficial fibromatosis arising from soft tissue of the plantar regions. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, hypercellularity, and an infiltrative growth pattern.
A low grade fibroblastic neoplasm presenting as a nodular cutaneous mass, most often on the trunk and the proximal extremities. The tumor diffusely infiltrates the dermis and the subcutaneous tissues. It is considered a locally aggressive neoplasm, which often recurs but rarely metastasizes.
A type of tumor that begins as a hard nodule and grows slowly. These tumors are usually found in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) of the limbs or trunk of the body. They can grow into surrounding tissue but do not spread to other parts of the body. These tumors are related to giant cell fibroblastomas.
An aggressive, predominantly extranodal, mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is characterized by an often angiocentric and angiodestructive cellular infiltrate composed of EBV positive NK/T cells. The nasal cavity is the most common site of involvement. Patients often present with midfacial destructive lesions (lethal midline granuloma). The disease may disseminate rapidly to various anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, testis, and cervical lymph nodes. It is also known as angiocentric T-cell lymphoma. The term "polymorphic reticulosis" has been widely used to describe the morphologic changes seen in this type of lymphoma. However, the latter term may also apply to lymphomatoid granulomatosis, which is an angiocentric and angiodestructive EBV positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.
A malignant lymphoid neoplasm composed of EBV-positive NK/T cells arranged in an angiocentric pattern.
Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type
A diverse group of pregnancy-related tumors characterized by excessive proliferation of trophoblasts. Representative examples include hydatidiform mole, gestational choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor.
Any of a group of tumors that develops from trophoblastic cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta) after fertilization of an egg by a sperm. The two main types of gestational trophoblastic tumors are hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.
A rare, locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasm typically affecting young patients (predominantly boys). It manifests with painless nodules in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. Morphologically, it contains giant cells and wide vessel-like spaces. This tumor can recur but metastases have not been reported.
A rare type of soft tissue tumor marked by painless nodules in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) and subcutaneous (beneath the skin) tissue. These tumors may come back after surgery, but they do not spread to other parts of the body. They occur mostly in boys and are related to dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
A rare neoplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of unilateral lipomas of the cranium, face and neck, and ipsilateral cerebral malformations.
An ependymoma which shows conspicuous cellularity without a significant increase in mitotic rate. (Adapted from WHO)
An ependymoma, often supratentorial in location, characterized by the presence of ependymal cells with a perinuclear halo.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the choroid plexus. It shows anaplastic features and usually invades neighboring brain structures. Cerebrospinal fluid metastases are frequent. (Adapted from WHO)
A malignant neoplasm arising from the choroid plexus of the brain.
An aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the nervous system or soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of a sarcomatous component (most often rhabdomyosarcoma) and a ganglionic or a neuroectodermal component.
A rare, fast-growing tumor of the nervous system or soft tissue that occurs in children and young adults. Ectomesenchymomas may form in the head and neck, abdomen, perineum, scrotum, or limbs.
Sarcoma with Ganglionic or Neuroectodermal Differentiation
A WHO grade III neuroepithelial neoplasm composed of neoplastic, mature ganglion cells and anaplastic glial cells. The anaplastic changes in the glial component and high MIB-1 and TP53 labeling indices may indicate aggressive behavior. However, the correlation of histological anaplasia with clinical outcome is inconsistent. (Adapted from WHO)
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of epithelial differentiation and numerous intracellular PAS positive bodies that are rich in glycogen.
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of prominent chronic inflammatory infiltrates that predominate over the meningioma cells.
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of intercellular microcystic spaces that contain mucinous fluid.
A WHO grade II morphologic variant of meningioma characterized by the presence of clear glycogen-rich polygonal cells.
A WHO grade II meningioma characterized by the presence of brain invasion and an increased mitotic activity, or at least three of the following morphologic features: small cells, high cellularity, prominent nucleoli, lack of architectural pattern, and necrosis.
A morphologic variant of schwannoma characterized by hypercellularity, Antoni A pattern, and the absence of well-formed Verocay bodies.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a polyclonal (benign) or clonal (malignant) proliferation of lymphoid cells that develops as a consequence of immunosuppression in a recipient of a solid organ or bone marrow allograft. PTLDs comprise a spectrum ranging from early, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven polyclonal lymphoid proliferations to EBV-positive or EBV- negative lymphomas of predominantly B-cell or less often T-cell type. (WHO, 2001)
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A condition in which a group of B-cells grow out of control after an organ transplant in patients with weakened immune systems. This usually happens if the patient has also been infected with Epstein-Barr virus. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder may progress to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Abnormal proliferation of B lymphocytes as a complication of immunosuppression occurring after solid organ or allogenic stem cell transplantation.
A rapidly growing, poorly circumscribed, mass-forming proliferation that arises from the subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, round ganglion-like cells, myxoid to collagenous stroma formation, and high mitotic activity. It recurs only rarely following local excision and does not metastasize.
A disorder affecting the cranial nerves or the peripheral nervous system. It manifests with pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cancer, and drugs.
A nerve problem that causes pain, numbness, tingling, swelling, or muscle weakness in different parts of the body. It usually begins in the hands or feet and gets worse over time. Neuropathy may be caused by physical injury, infection, toxic substances, disease (such as cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, or malnutrition), or drugs, including anticancer drugs.
A hamartomatous polyp that occurs in the stomach, small and large intestines, and rarely within the esophagus, nasopharynx and the urinary tract. The Peutz-Jeghers polyps are grossly lobulated and dark. Microscopically, they have a central core of smooth muscle covered by mucosa. The smooth muscle shows tree-like branching. The question of whether or not the Peutz-Jeghers polyp is precancerous is a matter of controversy. The loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 19p (where the responsible gene LKB1 is located) suggests that the increased risk of malignancy may be due to malignant transformation from hamartoma to adenocarcinoma. --2002
A rare type of multiple myeloma in which the plasma cells synthesize but do not secrete immunoglobulins. As a result, none of the immunoglobulins appear out of the normal range. The symptoms are generally the same with those of immunoglobulin-secreting myeloma; however, the incidence of renal insufficiency is lower in non-secretory myeloma. The diagnosis can be missed because of the absence of monoclonal immunoglobulin in the serum or urine.
An uncommon mature T-cell lymphoma of intraepithelial lymphocytes. It usually arises from the small intestine, most commonly the jejunum or ileum. Other less frequent primary anatomic sites include the duodenum, stomach, colon, or outside the gastrointestinal tract. It is seen with increased frequency in regions with a high prevalence of celiac disease.
Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma, Type I
A WHO grade I large cystic tumor that occurs almost exclusively in infants, with a prominent desmoplastic stroma having a neuroepithelial population of neoplastic astrocytes together with a variable neuronal component. It involves the superficial cerebral cortex and leptomeninges, and often attaches to the dura. Although clinically it presents as a large tumor, it generally has a good prognosis following surgical resection. (Adapted from WHO)
A WHO grade I large cystic tumor that occurs almost exclusively in infants. It involves the superficial cerebral cortex and leptomeninges, and often attaches to the dura.
A classification system grouping neoplasms according to their cellular characteristics.
A neoplasm composed of basal cells that remains localized and does not metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A benign transitional cell neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is composed of a fibrotic stroma and nests of transitional cells without evidence of atypia. There is no evidence of invasion.
A group of central nervous system neoplasms with a variable amount of neuronal and, less consistently, glial differentiation. They occur at a low frequency and usually carry a favorable prognosis. Representative examples include dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma, and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor. (Adapted from WHO)
Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors
A rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells that contain melanin.
Malignant Melanotic Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Melanocytic Neoplasm of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Melanocytic Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Melanocytic Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
A cavernous hemangioma arising from the skin.
A benign, small and slightly elevated brown or black skin lesion with usually well-demarcated borders. It is characterized by the presence of a melanocytic proliferation resulting in the formation of uniform cellular nests. Sometimes the clinical and morphologic features may be difficult to distinguish from melanoma.
An aggressive T-cell leukemia, characterized by the proliferation of small to medium sized prolymphocytes with a mature T-cell phenotype, involving the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and skin. (WHO, 2001)
A malignant B-cell lymphoproliferative process affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. The B-prolymphocytes are medium-sized, round lymphoid cells with prominent nucleoli. The B-prolymphocytes must exceed 55% of lymphoid cells in the blood. Cases of transformed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and CLL with increased prolymphocytes are excluded. The prognosis is poor. (WHO, 2001)
A hemangioma characterized by the presence of spindle endothelial cells.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing neoplasm. Representative examples include osteochondroma, chondroblastoma, and chondrosarcoma.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the liver from another (primary) anatomic site. Such malignant neoplasms may be carcinomas, lymphomas, melanomas, or sarcomas.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Liver
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Liver
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the major salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Malignant Neoplasm of Major Salivary Gland
Malignant Neoplasm of the Major Salivary Gland
Malignant Tumor of the Major Salivary Gland
A malignant neoplasm that affects the middle ear. Representative examples include adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the structures of the eye (conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina), the lacrimal gland, and the eyelid. Representative examples include melanoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, and retinoblastoma.
Cancer that forms in tissues of and around the eye. Some of the cancers that may affect the eye include melanoma (a rare cancer that begins in cells that make the pigment melanin in the eye), carcinoma (cancer that begins in tissues that cover structures in the eye), lymphoma (cancer that begins in immune system cells), and retinoblastoma (cancer that begins in the retina and usually occurs in children younger than 5 years).
Abnormal malignant growth of the cells that comprise cranial nerve I. This can lead to difficulties with the sense of smell. Since taste and smell are intimately linked in terms of the enjoyment of food, a deficiency in the ability to smell can lead to decreased food intake with possible malnutrition.
Malignant Neoplasm of First Cranial Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of the First Cranial Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of the Olfactory Nerve
Malignant Tumor of the First Cranial Nerve
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the pituitary gland. Representative examples include functioning or non-functioning carcinomas arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, chordomas, chondrosarcomas, and metastatic carcinomas from the breast, lung, and gastrointestinal tract.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland. Representative examples include Warthin tumor, monomorphic adenoma, pleomorphic adenoma, and lipoma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the major salivary glands. Representative examples include Warthin tumor, monomorphic adenoma, and pleomorphic adenoma.
Benign Neoplasm of the Major Salivary Gland
Benign Tumor of the Major Salivary Gland
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the wall of the cecum.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the appendix.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the wall of the rectum.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the wall of the duodenum.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Benign Neoplasm of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Benign Neoplasm of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Benign Tumor of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the male reproductive system. Representative examples include benign prostate phyllodes tumor, benign Sertoli cell tumor, seminal vesicle cystadenoma, and epididymal adenomatoid tumor.
Benign Male Reproductive System Neoplasm
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the kidney. Representative examples include cystic nephroma, metanephric adenoma, oncocytoma, and urothelial papilloma of the renal pelvis.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the ciliary body. Representative examples include leiomyoma and adenoma of the ciliary epithelium.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that affects the structures of the eye (conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina), the lacrimal gland, and the eyelid.
A laboratory test result indicating an increased concentration of calcitonin in the blood serum.
Malignant Neuroendocrine Small Round Cell
Thyroglobulin Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
Calcitonin Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
A primary, slow growing, noninvasive neoplasm of the brain. In children, astrocytomas of the cerebellum represent relatively common benign brain neoplasms. In adults meningiomas, neurilemomas and pituitary tumors comprise the majority of benign tumors.
An abnormal intracranial solid mass or growth arising within the brain without histologic features suggesting the potential to metastasize.
Harsh and raspy voice secondary to laryngeal infection, voice overuse, irritants inhalation, vocal cord paralysis, vocal cord polyps, and malignant neoplasms arising from or spreading to the larynx.
A disorder characterized by harsh and raspy voice arising from or spreading to the larynx.
The alteration of voice to a harsh and raspy tone.
Paralysis of the muscles of one or both vocal cords. Signs and symptoms include hoarseness, weak voice, dyspnea, and coughing. Affected individuals are at risk for aspiration pneumonia.
Nerve injury that results in inability to move the vocal cords.
Non-Neoplastic Osteoclast-Like Giant Cell
A neoplasm without metastatic potential arising from the anterior or the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The vast majority are adenomas.
A low grade epithelial tumor arising from the ovary. It is characterized by an atypical proliferation of epithelial cells. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
Borderline Ovarian Surface Epithelial-Stromal Tumor
A condition in which cells that may become cancer form in the thin layer of tissue that covers an ovary (female reproductive gland in which eggs are made). In this condition, tumor cells rarely spread outside of the ovary.
Borderline Epithelial Neoplasm of the Ovary
Borderline Epithelial Tumor of the Ovary
Epithelial Neoplasm of Ovary of Borderline Malignancy
Epithelial Neoplasm of the Ovary of Borderline Malignancy
Epithelial Ovarian Neoplasm of Borderline Malignancy
Epithelial Ovarian Tumor of Borderline Malignancy
Epithelial Tumor of Ovary of Borderline Malignancy
Epithelial Tumor of the Ovary of Borderline Malignancy
Ovarian tumors of low malignant potential
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the heart and/or vessels. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include atrial myxoma, hemangioma, and lymphangioma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include pericardial malignant mesothelioma and angiosarcoma.
A malignant neoplasm in which there is infiltration of the skin overlying the breast by neoplastic large cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli (Paget cells). It is almost always associated with an intraductal or invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. The clinical features include focal skin reddening, and eczema. Retraction of the nipple may sometimes occur.
Paget disease involving the skin overlying the mammary gland, without accompanying invasive ductal or lobular breast carcinoma.
Paget Disease of the Breast without Invasive Carcinoma
Paget's Disease of the Breast without Invasive Carcinoma
Loss of intellectual abilities interfering with an individual's social and occupational functions. Causes include Alzheimer's disease, brain injuries, brain tumors, and vascular disorders.
A condition in which a person loses the ability to think, remember, learn, make decisions, and solve problems. Symptoms may also include personality changes and emotional problems. There are many causes of dementia, including Alzheimer disease, brain cancer, and brain injury. Dementia usually gets worse over time.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from any part of the digestive system.
Benign Neoplasm of Gastrointestinal System
Benign Tumor of the Gastrointestinal System
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the nervous system.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Nervous System
Abnormal growth of cells in the nervous system without evidence of malignant characteristics. Unlike other organ systems, tumors in the central nervous system can have benign histological characteristics but still have life threatening effects due to their location within the neuraxis (e.g., brainstem gliomas).
A cardiac myxoma arising from the left atrium.
A cardiac myxoma arising from the right atrium.
An extranodal lymphoma that arises from the colon. The majority are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
A rare non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in and is confined to the lung at the time of diagnosis.
Focal benign glandular hyperplasia in the prostate gland.
The reemergence of a neoplasm after a period of remission.
A broad classification of disorders where circulating numbers of B lymphocytes are decreased or ineffective. Complement components and the production of antibodies may also be deficient.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the retina. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include retinocytoma and hemangioma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include retinoblastoma, lymphoma and melanoma.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the optic or second cranial nerve which extends from the optic disc of the eye and joins the optic chiasm. Clinical features may include visual loss, proptosis, and local pain. The majority of optic nerve tumors or optic gliomas.
A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by gradual and progressive loss of neural tissue and neurologic function.
Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorder
Central Nervous System Neurodegenerative Disorder
A carcinoma that arises from the duodenum. The vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the sweat glands.
The reemergence of a malignant neoplasm after a period of remission.
Cancer that has recurred (come back), usually after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) tumor or to another place in the body.
A carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland. It is usually an adenocarcinoma and includes the following main subtypes: follicular, papillary, medullary, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland.
Cancer that forms in the thyroid gland (an organ at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight). Four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. The four types are based on how the cancer cells look under a microscope.
A small round cell tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It affects mostly males under age 20, and it can occur in soft tissue or bone. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.
A malignant neoplasm of the bone, or the soft tissue adjacent to bone, that is comprised of primitive neuroectodermal cells.
A type of cancer that forms in bone or soft tissue.
A biological process consisting of chromosomal rearrangements and duplications. These phenotypes are often seen in the karyotype of cancer cells, where there is an imbalance between the mechanisms of cell-cycle control and mutation rates within aberrant genes. Ataxia telangiectasia is a disease that is resultant from mutations in the ATM gene, which is a cell cycle checkpoint gene. Nijmegen breakage syndrome is also a disease characterized by chromosomal and genomic instability.
A carcinoma arising from the squamous cells of the epidermis. Skin squamous cell carcinoma is most commonly found on sun-exposed areas. The majority of the tumors are well-differentiated.
A grade III or grade IV glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.
A malignant neuroglial neoplasm. The term can apply to several primary neoplasm of the brain and spinal cord, including astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in addition to others.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium that covers the tongue. The vast majority of tongue carcinomas are moderately or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas.
Cancer that begins in the tongue. When the cancer begins in the front two-thirds of the tongue, it is considered to be a type of oral cavity cancer; when the cancer begins in the back third of the tongue, it is considered to be a type of oropharyngeal or throat cancer.
Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It may be primary or secondary; primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands in patients with chronic renal failure, rickets, and malabsorption syndromes.
A condition in which the parathyroid gland (one of four pea-sized organs found on the thyroid) makes too much parathyroid hormone. This causes a loss of calcium from the bones and an increased level of calcium in the blood. Symptoms include bone pain and kidney problems.
A disorder characterized by an increase in production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands. This results in hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood).
Elevated concentration of parathyroid hormone. Causes include conditions originating within the parathyroid glands (primary), in response to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (secondary), and renal disease (tertiary). Characteristics may include polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, lethargy, cognitive dysfunction, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, and bone demineralization or reduced bone mineral density.
A neuroblastoma arising from the cerebral hemispheres.
Neuroblastoma of the Cerebral Hemispheres
A morphologic finding referring to a tumor that has spread along and infiltrated nerve fibers. The presence of perineural invasion by malignant tumor cells may represent a poor prognostic factor.
A neuroblastoma arising from the adrenal gland.
Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones.
Hyperparathyroidism due to a condition originating within the parathyroid glands, resulting in hypercalcemia due to increased release of calcium and phosphate from bone matrix, increased renal calcium reabsorption, and increased renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which increases intestinal absorption of calcium. Primary hyperparathyroidism is also associated with hypophosphatemia as a result of phosphaturia. Clinical features include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, and, if chronic, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones.
A parathyroid gland adenoma that contains mature adipocytes.
A parathyroid gland tumor that shares certain morphologic characteristics with parathyroid gland carcinomas (e.g. broad fibrous bands formation with or without hemosiderin deposition, presence of mitotic figures) but lacks unequivocal evidence of capsular or vascular invasion. It is considered a tumor of uncertain malignant potential (adapted from WHO, IARC Press, Lyon, 2004).
An autosomal dominant inherited syndrome characterized by the development of parathyroid adenoma or carcinoma, ossifying fibroma of the mandible and maxilla, renal neoplasms, and renal cysts.
An autosomal dominant condition that may be associated with mutation(s) in the CDC73 gene, encoding cell division cycle protein 73 homolog. The condition is characterized by hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenomas and fibro-osseous tumors of the maxilla and mandible. This condition may also be associated with parathyroid carcinoma, Wilms tumor, and Hurthle cell thyroid adenomas.
A carcinoma that arises from the transitional epithelium of the ureter. It is associated with tobacco use and usually presents with gross or microscopic hematuria.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Ureter
A sporadic or familial pheochromocytoma that is confined to the adrenal gland and does not have any metastatic potential. The majority of cases are sporadic, and usually unilateral. Familial cases are usually bilateral.
A benign neoplasm of the adrenal gland medulla.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the adrenal medulla. It combines morphologic characteristics of pheochromocytoma and neuroectodermal tumors such as neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma, or peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
Adrenal Gland Composite Pheochromocytoma
A paraganglioma that is confined to the site of origin, without metastatic potential.
A benign neoplasm arising from paraganglia located along nerves composed of neoplastic neuroectodermal chromaffin cells.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the nasopharynx and nose. Epistaxis or nasal obstruction are common presenting symptoms.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the cerebellum.
A benign neoplasm probably arising from mesothelial inclusions in the adrenal gland tissue. (NCI05)
A rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm arising from the vascular endothelium of the adrenal gland.
A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the tumor and the lymph nodes status.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the bone. It usually involves the long bones and predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Pain and a palpable mass are the most frequent clinical sign and symptom. It may spread to other anatomic sites, particularly the lungs.
A small round cell bone tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It often affects the diaphysis or metaphyseal-diaphyseal portion of long bones. Clinical findings include pain and a mass in the involved area. Fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and an increased sedimentation rate are often seen. X-ray examination reveals osteolytic lesions. The prognosis depends on the stage, anatomic location, and size of the tumor.
An endocrine glandular cell located on the surface of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex). It is responsible for the synthesis of glucocorticoids, aldosterone, and androgens.
A lesion that is characterized by architectural and cytologic abnormalities of the esophageal epithelium, and carries a predisposition for progression to invasive carcinoma. Intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia) of the esophagus is graded as low or high grade. In this two-tier system, severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ are included under the rubric of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia and may have the same clinical implications. (WHO, 2000) -- 2003
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Esophagus
A lesion in which the architectural and cytologic abnormalities are confined to the lower half of the esophageal epithelium. (WHO, 2000) -- 2003
Esophageal Low Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A neoplastic, non-invasive lesion that affects the biliary epithelium. It is characterized by the presence of atypical epithelial cells with an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear hyperchromasia, and loss of nuclear polarity.
Biliary System Intraepithelial Neoplasia
An adenoma of the adrenal cortex that produces cortisol. It may be associated with Cushing syndrome. Clinical presentation includes weight gain, round face, easy bruising, muscle weakness, emotional changes, hirsutism, and hypertension.
Cortisol-Producing Adrenal Cortex Adenoma
Cortisol Producing Adrenal Cortex Adenoma
Cortisol Producing Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
A pre-cancerous, non-invasive pancreatic epithelial neoplasm that arises from and is confined to the pancreatic ducts. It is a papillary or flat neoplasm that usually measures less than 5 mm in diameter.
An adenoma of the adrenal cortex characterized by the absence of a hormonal syndrome or symptoms suggestive of adrenal disease.
Non-Functioning Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
A pancreatic mucinous intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of papillary and less often flat architectural patterns. Moderate cytological atypia is present with some loss of nuclear polarity, nuclear crowding or hyperchromatism.
Grade 2 Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade II Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of the lamina propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Carcinoma that arises from the laryngeal epithelium. More than 90% of laryngeal carcinomas are squamous cell carcinomas. The remainder are adenoid cystic carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas and carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the larynx (area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and is used for breathing, swallowing, and talking). Most laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the larynx).
Diagnostic tests fail to detect presence of metastatic lesions.
A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) neoplasm affecting the adrenal medulla. (NCI05)
A benign or malignant sympathetic paraganglioma arising from paraganglia outside the adrenal gland. Clinical symptoms are related to secretion of catecholamines. Representative examples include the superior and inferior paraaortic and bladder paragangliomas.
Extra-Adrenal Sympathetic Paraganglionic Neoplasm
Bleeding originating from any part of the gastrointestinal tract.
Hemorrhage originating at any site located within the gastrointestinal tract.
A carcinoma that is not confined to the prostatic epithelium but has spread to the surrounding stroma of the prostate gland. The vast majority of invasive prostate carcinomas are adenocarcinomas.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the lung. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.
A melanoma of the skin that is not confined to the dermal-epidermal junction, and has infiltrated the dermis.
An acute myeloid leukemia in which the majority of monocytic cells are promonocytes. (WHO, 2001)
A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells, originating from immature monocytes.
A melanocytic neoplasm displaying morphologic features that are intermediate between those of benign nevus and melanoma. It is characterized by a nodular architectural growth resembling a melanoma, and a loss of nevus cell maturation. The melanocytic cells forming the nodular growth are uniform, and they may display a high mitotic rate, but they do not show cytologic atypia.
Minimal Deviation Cutaneous (Skin) Melanoma
A melanoma of the skin arising from a congenital melanocytic nevus.
Melanoma in Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Cutaneous (Skin) Melanoma in Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
A desmoplastic melanoma characterized by the presence of nerve infiltration by atypical spindled melanocytes.
A term referring to the number of anatomic sites affected by a disease.
A lesion arising from or having a single location.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is composed of granulosa cells, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, theca cells, and fibroblasts. Representative examples include thecoma, fibroma, Sertoli cell tumor, and granulosa cell tumor.
A sex cord-stromal tumor that occurs in the ovary.
A syndrome characterized by the presence of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, cafe-au-lait skin lesions, and sexual precocity. It is caused by mutations within the GNAS genetic locus.
A syndrome caused by activating somatic mutation(s) in the GNAS gene, encoding guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short. This syndrome is characterized most commonly by irregular (coast of Maine) cafe-au-lait skin pigmentation, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, and gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty due to primary gonadal hyperfunction. Other clinical features may include hyperthyroidism, goiter, thyroid nodules, hyperadrenocorticolism, growth hormone excess, and phosphate wasting.
One of the most common malignant tumors afflicting men. The majority of carcinomas arise in the peripheral zone and a minority occur in the central or the transitional zone of the prostate gland. Grossly, prostatic carcinomas appear as ill-defined yellow areas of discoloration in the prostate gland lobes. Adenocarcinomas represent the overwhelming majority of prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) serum test is widely used as a screening test for the early detection of prostatic carcinoma. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen ablation and cryotherapy. Watchful waiting or surveillance alone is an option for older patients with low-grade or low-stage disease. -- 2002
Cancer that forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.
A carcinoma arising from the vulva. It usually affects elderly women but has been observed in premenopausal women as well. The most frequently seen histologic type is squamous cell carcinoma. The most common site of involvement is the labia majora. In many cases, the development of vulvar cancer is preceded by condyloma or squamous dysplasia.
Cancer of the vulva (the external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina).
A malignant neoplasm arising exclusively from the soft tissues.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the brain stem.
A tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem).
A carcinoma arising from the breast, most commonly the terminal ductal-lobular unit. It is the most common malignant tumor in females. Risk factors include country of birth, family history, menstrual and reproductive history, fibrocystic disease and epithelial hyperplasia, exogenous estrogens, contraceptive agents, and ionizing radiation. The vast majority of breast carcinomas are adenocarcinomas (ductal or lobular). Breast carcinoma spreads by direct invasion, by the lymphatic route, and by the blood vessel route. The most common site of lymph node involvement is the axilla.
A malignant neoplasm that develops or arises in breast tissue.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
A disease that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States.
There are more than 5,000 rare disorders that, taken together, affect approximately 20 million Americans. One in every 12 individuals in this country has received a diagnosis of a rare disease.
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the male or female genital system. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include infection, testicular torsion, endometriosis, and adenomyosis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include germ cell tumors, carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Subjective evidence of disease perceived by the patient.
An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the rectosigmoid region. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Rectosigmoid adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.
A carcinoma originating in the lung. Lung carcinomas usually arise from the epithelium that lines the bronchial tree (bronchogenic carcinomas), and are classified as small cell or non-small cell carcinomas. Non-small cell lung carcinomas are usually adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, or large cell carcinomas. Metastatic carcinomas to the lung are also common, and can be difficult to distinguish from primary tumors.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope.
Malignant Connective and Soft Tissue Cell
A neoplasm that arises from the bone or articular cartilage and does not invade adjacent tissues or metastasize to other anatomic sites.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the spine. This may be from a primary spinal malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Spine
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Spine
Metastatic Cancer to the Vertebral Column
Metastatic Neoplasm to the Vertebral Column
Metastatic Tumor to the Vertebral Column
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle tissue.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the skeletal or smooth muscles. Malignant neoplasms arising from the skeletal muscles are called rhabdomyosarcomas. Malignant neoplasms arising from the smooth muscles are called leiomyosarcomas.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the neck region.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the trachea from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Trachea
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Trachea
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Trachea
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Trachea
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma or rarely Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the spleen.
A high-grade malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the notochord. It is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, the presence of physaliphorous cells, and a sarcomatous component.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the heart from another primary anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Heart
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Heart
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving any part of the digestive system.
Malignant Gastrointestinal System Neoplasm
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the submandibular gland.
Benign Neoplasm of the Submandibular Gland
Non Lipogenic Sarcomatous Stroma Present
Non-Lipogenic Sarcomatous Stroma Present
Primitive Mesenchymal Round to Oval Cell
Delicate Arborizing Vascular Channel Formation
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the organs that comprise the urinary system. Representative examples include renal oncocytoma, bladder inverted papilloma, and urothelial papilloma.
A neoplastic endometrial proliferation that is confined to the endometrium and does not have metastatic potential.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the adrenal medulla. (NCI05)
An uncommon, poorly circumscribed, benign neoplasm arising in the soft tissues of infants, children and adolescents. It is characterized by the presence of haphazardly arranged spindle-shaped fibroblasts, collagenous stroma formation, and plaque-like growth pattern. There is a strong genetic component associating the neoplasm with Gardners syndrome and deep fibromatosis/desmoid tumor.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the spleen.
A low grade malignant neoplasm arising from the deep soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped myofibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a storiform growth pattern. Metastasis is very rare.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the thymus from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Thymus
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Thymus
Metastatic Malignant Tumor to the Thymus
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Thymus
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the lymph nodes.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Lymph Nodes
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Lymph Nodes
Neoplastic Ovoid Mononuclear Stromal Cell
A malignant tumor arising from the parenchymal cells of the parathyroid gland. It is associated with the symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism, resulting from the excessive production of parathyroid hormone. Morphologically, the differential diagnosis from parathyroid gland adenoma may be difficult. A definitive diagnosis of carcinoma is made only in the presence of capsular invasion, vascular invasion, and/or perineural invasion.
A rare cancer that forms in tissues of one or more of the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized glands in the neck that make parathyroid hormone, which helps the body store and use calcium).
Malignant Ovoid to Spindle-Shaped Fibrohistiocytic Cell
Malignant Spindle-Shaped Fibrohistiocytic Cell
Neoplastic Spindle-Shaped Fibrohistiocytic Cell
A morphologic variant of cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibrohistiocytic cells and associated acanthosis.
Cutaneous Fibrous Histiocytoma, Fibroblastic Variant
A morphologic variant of cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibrohistiocytic cells and increased cellularity.
Cutaneous Fibrous Histiocytoma, Cellular Variant
A malignant neoplasm originating from the surface ovarian epithelium. It accounts for the greatest number of deaths from malignancies of the female genital tract and is the fifth leading cause of cancer fatalities in women. It is predominantly a disease of older white women of northern European extraction, but it is seen in all ages and ethnic groups. Adenocarcinomas constitute the vast majority of ovarian carcinomas. The pattern of metastatic spread in ovarian carcinoma is similar regardless of the microscopic type. The most common sites of involvement are the contralateral ovary, peritoneal cavity, para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes, and liver. Lung and pleura are the most common sites of extra-abdominal spread. The primary form of therapy is surgical. The overall prognosis of ovarian carcinoma remains poor, a direct result of its rapid growth rate and the lack of early symptoms. --2002
Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.
Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longest part of the large intestine). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).
A painless, well circumscribed tumor arising in soft tissue, usually of the upper and lower extremities. Morphologically, it is characterized by a multinodular growth pattern. The cellular infiltrate is composed of mononuclear round or oval cells and multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, in a rich vascular stroma. It rarely metastasizes.
A malignant epithelial tumor of the stomach mucosa. The vast majority of gastric carcinomas are adenocarcinomas, arising from the gastric glandular epithelium.
Cancer that forms in tissues lining the stomach.
A morphologic variant of angioleiomyoma characterized by the presence of numerous small, slit-like vascular channels.
A morphologic variant of angioleiomyoma characterized by the presence of markedly dilated vascular channels.
Neoplastic Epithelioid Smooth Muscle Cell
A carcinoma arising from the bladder epithelium. Approximately 90% of the bladder carcinomas are transitional cell carcinomas. The remainder are squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder (the organ that stores urine). Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). The cells that form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation.
Intersecting Sharply Marginated Clusters of Spindle Cells Present
Malignant Spindle-Shaped Smooth Muscle Cell
Malignant Epithelioid Smooth Muscle Cell
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the female reproductive system. Representative examples include endometrial carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, uterine corpus leiomyosarcoma, adenosarcoma, malignant mixed mesodermal (mullerian) tumor, and gestational choriocarcinoma.
Malignant Female Reproductive System Neoplasm
Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
Malignant Female Reproductive System Tumor
Malignant Neoplasm of Female Reproductive System
Malignant Neoplasm of the Female Reproductive System
Malignant Tumor of Female Reproductive System
Malignant Tumor of the Female Reproductive System
A carcinoma that arises from the skin. Representative examples are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the skin).
An aggressive malignant embryonal neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of multilayered rosettes formation and the presence of amplification of the C19MC region on chromosome 19 (19q13.42).
Embryonal Tumor with Abundant Neuropil and True Rosettes
Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes
Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes with C19MC Amplification
A non-neoplastic, regenerating hepatocellular hyperplasia, secondary to the presence of focal vascular abnormalities in the liver.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm that shows mature skeletal muscle differentiation.
Neoplastic Large Striated Muscle Cell with Clear Cytoplasm
A highly aggressive subtype of lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant small cells and necrosis. Metastatic disease is usually present at the time of diagnosis.
An aggressive (fast-growing) cancer that forms in tissues of the lung and can spread to other parts of the body. The cancer cells look small and oval-shaped when looked at under a microscope.
Lung Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Lung
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung
A cardiac rhabdomyoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic large striated muscle cells with clear cytoplasm and spider cells.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the nasal cavity. Representative examples include carcinoma and lymphoma.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the rectal mucosa. It is characterized by a villous architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A capillary hemangioma arising from the retina.
Primitive Malignant Skeletal Spindle Cell
Primitive Malignant Skeletal Muscle Cell
A morphologic variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. It is characterized by the presence of large hyperchromatic and anaplastic cells.
A morphologic variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; it is characterized by the presence of large, hyperchromatic, anaplastic cells.
A cavernous hemangioma arising from the retina.
A carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the glottic area.
A gene whose loss or inactivation is associated with one or more types of cancer. However, the function of the gene is currently unknown or has not been characterized.
A gonadal or extragonadal malignant neoplasm that arises from germ cells. Representative examples include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and seminoma.
An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that has spread to other anatomical sites.
Metastatic Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Metastatic
Metastatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Metastatic Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Metastatic Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly Metastatic "MFH")
Metastatic Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly Metastatic "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma")
A circumscribed neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the duodenum. Morphologically, it is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic glandular cells and it is associated with dysplasia. According to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the female reproductive system. Representative examples include uterine corpus leiomyoma, endocervical polyp, and benign ovarian germ cell tumor.
Benign Female Reproductive System Neoplasm
The reemergence of Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the anatomic structures of the neck region.
Stage 0 carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that occurs in sella turcica. Representative examples include craniopharyngioma and pituitary gland adenoma.
A squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the supraglottic area. Signs and symptoms include dysphagia, a sensation of foreign body in the throat, and hemoptysis. It spreads to the space anterior to the epiglottis, pyriform sinus, and base of the tongue.
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Supraglottis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Supraglottis
A human papillomavirus-related neoplasm that arises from the vagina. It is characterized by papillomatosis, acanthotic changes, and hyperkeratosis. Koilocytosis is usually present.
The tissue that forms the wall of the small and large intestine. It consists of mucosa, submucosa, muscular coat, and serosal surface.
A rare lymphoma that arises from the liver and the bulk of the tumor is located in the liver. The most frequent types of lymphoma that arise from the liver are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.
An extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the colon. The majority are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
An astrocytoma that arises from the cerebral hemispheres.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from or metastasizes to structures within the cranium. This includes meningeal and other tumors that occur in the spaces that surround the brain, and neoplasms of the brain.
Intracranial Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Intracranial Central Nervous System Tumor
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the brain. Representative examples include anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, and lymphoma.
Non-malignant neoplasms that arise from cerebellar tissue. During childhood the most common form is pilocytic astrocytoma although fibrillary astrocytomas may also occur. These tumors may present with slowly progressive signs caused by a slowly expanding mass lesion or acutely due to hemorrhage of a vascular tumor. Clinical signs and symptoms may include ataxia, nystagmus, spasticity long tract signs, headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema, diplopia, spasticity, and weakness, etc.)
A medulloblastoma characterized by the presence of nodular, collagenous areas which do not contain reticulin, surrounded by hypercellular areas which contain an intercellular reticulin fiber network.
A benign tumor occurring in the meninges, which surround the brain and spinal cord. The most common are meningiomas. - 2004
Malignant growth of cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)or Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), without specification as to location
Malignant Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasm
Malignant Neoplasm of Peripheral Nervous System
Malignant Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nervous System
Malignant Peripheral Nervous System Tumor
Malignant Tumor of Peripheral Nervous System
Malignant Tumor of the Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms, Malignant
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the thymus. This category includes malignant thymomas, thymic lymphomas, primary thymic carcinomas, and metastatic carcinomas from other anatomic sites.
A primary, noninvasive, slow growing neoplasm of the brain that occurs above the cerebellar tentorium. Representative examples include craniopharyngioma, meningioma and pituitary adenoma.
Malignant neoplasms which arise or occur within the intracranial cavity below the tentorium cerebelli. This includes neoplasms within the brain and/or surrounding spaces.
An acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurring during adulthood.
A malignant neoplasm that arises from a pre-existing lower grade lesion, or as a result of a primary lesion that has spread to secondary sites, or due to a complication of a cancer treatment.
A term that is used to describe either a new primary cancer or cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body.
The development of a malignant neoplasm in response to medical or surgical treatment, induced by the treatment itself.
A disorder characterized by development of a malignancy most probably as a result of treatment for a previously existing malignancy.
A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebral Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Cerebral Hemisphere Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Cerebral Hemisphere Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of Cerebral Hemispheres
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of Cerebrum
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of the Cerebrum
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Cerebral Hemispheres
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Cerebrum
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Cerebrum
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the perineural cells in the sheaths surrounding the nerves. Representative examples include neurofibroma, schwannoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
A rare, almost always benign tumor composed entirely of neoplastic perineurial cells. It may occur in the soft tissues, intraneurally or in mucosal sites.
A congenital abnormality of the arteries and veins that is located in the brain or spina cord, and which may increase the risk of bleeding, possibly resulting in impaired mental or physical function.
Central Nervous System Vascular Malformation
Vascular Malformations of Central Nervous System
Vascular Malformations of the Central Nervous System
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the colon or rectum. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Large Intestine
A leukemia characterized by the absence of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood.
Infiltration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue by leukemic cells without evidence of leukemia in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. It results in clinically identifiable skin lesions. It may be the first manifestation of acute leukemia, preceding the involvement of the bone marrow and peripheral blood by the leukemic process.
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm involving the ovary.
An acute or chronic leukemia that occurs during childhood.
An acute or chronic leukemia that occurs during childhood and adolescence.
Cancers caused by exposure to carcinogens in the general environment
Malignant neoplasm secondary to occupational exposure to carcinogens.
The carcinogens can be of any type: chemicals, electromagnetic fields, UV, viruses, etc. Many of these agents may also be commonly encountered outside the occupational environment (e.g., UV) but in such cases they are not coded in this category; for farmers and sailors, UV is an occupational carcinogen. Epidemiologic studies will usually clearly identify occupational carcinogens but in experimental studies or analyses of carcinogenic mechanisms, a judgment must be made as to whether the primary means of exposure is occupational.
Stage II includes: (T2a, N0, M0); (T2b, N0, M0). T2a: Tumor invades superficial muscle (inner half). T2b: Tumor invades deep muscle (outer half). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage II Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage II Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage II Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
A recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the bladder after a period of remission.
Recurrent Adenocarcinoma of Urinary Bladder
Recurrent Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Recurrent Urinary Bladder Adenocarcinoma
Relapsed Adenocarcinoma of Urinary Bladder
Relapsed Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma resistant to treatment.
Nodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma Refractory
Refractory Nodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
Recurrent Nodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
Follicle Centre Lymphoma, Follicular Grade I, II, III Stage IV
The reemergence of follicular lymphoma after a period of remission.
The reemergence of Burkitt lymphoma after a period of remission.
The re-emergence of squamous cell lung carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Lung
Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Stage II includes IIA (T3, N0, M0) and IIB (T4, N0, M0). T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or into nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues. T4: Tumor directly invades other organs or structures, and/or perforates the visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)
Stage I includes: (T1, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0). T1: Tumor invades submucosa. T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Rectosigmoid Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage 0 Rectosigmoid Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1, Any G, Tumor location: Any. M1: Distant metastasis. Tumor location: Location of the primary cancer site is defined by the position of the upper (proximal) edge of the tumor in the esophagus. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage IV
Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Metastatic Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Stage IV Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage IV Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage IV Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
Stage IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Stage III includes: IIIA (T1-2, N2, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any); (T3, N1, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any); (T4a, N0, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any); IIIB (T3, N2, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any); IIIC (T4a, N1-2, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any); (T4b, Any N, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any); (Any T, N3, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any). T1: Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades adventitia. T4a: Resectable tumor invading pleura, pericardium, or diaphragm. T4b: Unresectable tumor invading other adjacent structures, such as aorta, vertebral body, trachea, etc. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes. N2: Metastasis in 3-6 regional lymph nodes. N3: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. Tumor location: Location of the primary cancer site is defined by the position of the upper (proximal) edge of the tumor in the esophagus. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage III
Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage III
Stage III Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage III Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage III Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage III Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
Stage III Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Stage II includes: IIA (T2-3, N0, M0, G1, GX, Tumor location: Upper, middle); (T2-3, N0, M0, G2-3, Tumor location: Lower, X); IIB (T2-3, N0, M0, G2-3, Tumor location: Upper, middle); (T1-2, N1, M0, Any G, Tumor location: Any). T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades adventitia. T1: Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated. GX: Grade cannot be assessed-stage grouping as G1. G2: Moderately differentiated. G3: Poorly differentiated. Tumor location: Location of the primary cancer site is defined by the position of the upper (proximal) edge of the tumor in the esophagus. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage II
Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage II
Stage II Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage II Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage II Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage II Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
Stage II Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Stage I includes: IA (T1, N0, M0, G1, GX, Tumor location: Any); IB (T1, N0, M0, G2-3, Tumor location: Any); (T2-3, N0, M0, G1, GX, Tumor location: Lower, X). T1: Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa. T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades adventitia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated. GX: Grade cannot be assessed-stage grouping as G1. G2: Moderately differentiated. G3: Poorly differentiated. Tumor location: Location of the primary cancer site is defined by the position of the upper (proximal) edge of the tumor in the esophagus. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage I Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage I
Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage I
Stage I Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage I Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage I Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
Stage I Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Stage 0 includes: Tis (HGD), N0, M0, G1, GX, Tumor location: Any. Tis: High-grade dysplasia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated. GX: Grade cannot be assessed-stage grouping as G1. Tumor location: Location of the primary cancer site is defined by the position of the upper (proximal) edge of the tumor in the esophagus. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage 0 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage 0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stage 0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of Esophagus
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Esophagus
Stage 0 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Esophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
A usually slow-growing neuroendocrine tumor affecting the prostate gland.
The reemergence of nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
A classification of testicular cancers that arise in specialized sex cells called germ cells. Nonseminomas include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.
Malignant Testicular Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Malignant Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Cancer of Testis
Malignant Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Cancer of the Testis
Malignant Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Neoplasm of Testis
Malignant Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Testis
Malignant Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor of Testis
Malignant Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor of the Testis
Malignant Testicular Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Neoplasm
Testicular Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Cancer
Testicular Non-Seminomatous Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasm
Testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, NOS
A papillomavirus related epithelial overgrowth. It can be located anywhere on the body though when it involves the perineal region it is generally referred to as condyloma acuminata.
A growth on the skin with a thickened, rough surface.
A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Abnormal functioning of the small and/or large intestine.
Patient complaints (symptoms), physical or laboratory findings (signs) related to the genitourinary system.
Genital or Reproductive Signs and Symptoms
Patient complaints (symptoms), physical and/or laboratory findings related to the skin or integument.
The presence of an alteration in the ability to move one's body or any body parts in accordance with one's intent.
Ventilation or Perfusion Signs and Symptoms
The leakage of a substance from an orifice or wound.
An eating away or breakdown of any type of external or internal human tissue including but not limited to skin, teeth, mucosa, or somatic, which involves only the outer tissue layer. When tissue surrounds an implanted device, the tissue breakdown may result in migration and loss of the implant material and may result in further complications such as infection or abscess.
A shallow or superficial destruction of a surface, without destruction of the basement membrane. (INHAND)
Cerebral Lymphoma in Immunocompetent Host
Primary Cerebral Lymphoma in Immunocompetent Host
A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the cerebral hemispheres as a primary lesion.
Primary Hodgkin's Disease of the Cerebrum
Primary Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Cerebrum
A Hodgkin lymphoma that has metastasized to the cerebral hemisphere following the initial presentation in another nodal or extranodal site.
Metastatic Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Cerebral Hemisphere
Metastatic Hodgkin Lymphoma to the Cerebral Hemisphere
Metastatic Hodgkin's Lymphoma to Cerebral Hemisphere
Hair loss usually from the scalp. It may result in bald spots or spread to the entire scalp or the entire epidermis. It may be androgenetic or caused by chemotherapeutic agents, compulsive hair pulling, autoimmune disorders or congenital conditions.
A disorder characterized by a decrease in density of hair compared to normal for a given individual at a given age and body location.
The lack or loss of hair from areas of the body where hair is usually found. Alopecia can be a side effect of some cancer treatments.
The reemergence of epithelioid sarcoma after a period of remission
A fibrosarcoma contained in the anatomical site where it initially manifested.
Papilloma's are benign epithelial neoplasms that produce visible warty projections from epithelial surfaces. Papilloma's of the urethra typically occur just within or on the external meatus. - 2003
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm located within the lumen of a bronchus. It is predominantly found in males and usually originates within the fatty tissue between bronchial cartilage. May cause irreversible pulmonary damage distally. Two-thirds of the tumors occur on the right side and most are located on the first three subdivisions of the tracheobronchial tree.
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage I: Involvement of a single lymph node region (I); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in the absence of any lymph node involvement (IE) (rare in Hodgkin lymphoma).- 2003
Stage I Lymphocyte-Depleted Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage I Hodgkin's Disease Lymphocyte Depletion Type
Stage I Hodgkin's Lymphoma Lymphocyte Depleted
Stage I Hodgkin's Lymphoma Lymphocyte Depletion Type
Stage I Lymphocyte Depleted Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage I Lymphocyte Depleted Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage I Lymphocyte Depleted Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in association with regional lymph node involvement with or without involvement of other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE). - 2003
Stage II Lymphocyte-Depleted Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage II Hodgkin's Disease Lymphocyte Depletion Type
Stage II Hodgkin's Lymphoma Lymphocyte Depleted
Stage II Hodgkin's Lymphoma Lymphocyte Depletion Type
Stage II Lymphocyte Depleted Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage II Lymphocyte Depleted Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage II Lymphocyte Depleted Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Stage II Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage II Hodgkin's Disease Nodular Lymphocyte Predominance Type
Stage II Hodgkin's Lymphoma Nodular Lymphocyte Predominance Type
Stage II Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Stage II Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
An enlarged lymph node. Causes include viral and bacterial infections and cancers that affect the lymph nodes.
Abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes.
Stage II Mixed Cellularity Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Disease Stage II
Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Lymphoma Stage II
Stage II Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage II Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Disease
Stage II Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Abnormal perception of sounds experienced by an individual in the absence of auditory stimulation.
A disorder characterized by noise in the ears, such as ringing, buzzing, roaring or clicking.
A disorder in which a person hears noises such as buzzing, ringing, clicking, or the sound of a pulse, when no outside sound is causing them. Tinnitus may have many different causes, and may be a symptom of another disease or condition. It may be caused by certain tumors and anticancer drugs.
A noise in the ears, such as ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking.
Accumulation of urine within the bladder because of the inability to urinate.
A disorder characterized by accumulation of urine within the bladder because of the inability to urinate.
Inability to completely empty the bladder with urination.
Normal or abnormal secretions from the vagina. Mucus produced by the cervical glands is discharged from the vagina naturally, especially during the childbearing years. Causes of abnormal vaginal discharge include infectious agents (e.g., Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas, and Candida albicans), the presence of foreign bodies, and cervical or vaginal cancer.
A disorder characterized by vaginal secretions. Mucus produced by the cervical glands is discharged from the vagina naturally, especially during the childbearing years.
Stage II Nodular Sclerosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin's Disease Stage II
Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin's Lymphoma Stage II
Stage II Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage II Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin's Disease
Stage II Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A gradual breakdown or very shallow ulceration of the skin which involves only the epidermis and heals without scarring.
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue presenting as stage I disease.
Stage I Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type) Stage I
MALT Type Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma Stage I
Stage I Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type )
Stage I Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue presenting as stage II disease.
Stage II Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type) Stage II
MALT Type Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma Stage II
Stage II Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type )
Stage II Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue presenting as stage III disease.
Stage III Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type) Stage III
MALT Type Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma Stage III
Stage III Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type )
Stage III Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue presenting as stage IV disease.
Stage IV Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type) Stage IV
MALT Type Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma Stage IV
Stage IV Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type)
Stage IV Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Recurrent Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Recurrent Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type)
Recurrent Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Relapsed Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Relapsed MALT Type Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that is resistant to treatment.
Refractory Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type) Refractory
Refractory Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma (MALT Type)
Refractory Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Recurrent Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Recurrent Splenic Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
Refractory Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Refractory Splenic Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
A malignant, clinically aggressive astrocytic tumor (glioma) localized in the brain stem. -- 2003
Glioblastoma Multiforme of the Brain Stem
Glioblastoma Multiforme of the Brainstem
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of Brain Stem
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of Brainstem
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Brain Stem
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Brainstem
Grade IV Astrocytic Tumor of the Brain Stem
Grade IV Astrocytic Tumor of the Brainstem
An ependymoma that arises from the brain stem.
A benign neoplasm arising from the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the kidney. It predominantly affects middle-aged females. It may originate from renal parenchymal fat or fat cells within the renal capsule. Clinical presentation includes hematuria and pain.
The reemergence of carcinoma of the pharynx after a period of remission.
The most common type of colorectal carcinoma. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells invading through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which arise from or directly involve the central or peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system.
Neoplasm of the Autonomic Nervous System
The most common morphologic variant of glomus tumor. It is characterized by the presence of a nest of glomus cells surrounding capillary sized vessels.
Capillary Sized Vascular Channel Formation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of the FLCN gene.
A very rare, aggressive carcinoma of the sweat glands arising from malignant transformation of a long standing spiradenoma. It usually grows in the upper extremities, lower extremities, trunk, and head and neck. It has the tendency to recur and metastasize most often to the lymph nodes, bones, and lungs.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which arise from the eighth cranial nerve, also referred to as the vestibulocochlear nerve. Clinical features may include hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus, headache and involvement of the trigeminal or facial nerves.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the olfactory or first cranial nerve. Clinical features may include facial pain and impairments of taste or smell.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve which provides sensory innervation to the face, oral cavity and sinuses and the muscles of mastication. Clinical features may include facial pain or sensory loss or weakness of jaw closure.
An anaplastic astrocytoma that arises from the cerebral hemispheres.
Anaplastic Astrocytoma of Cerebral Hemisphere
Anaplastic Astrocytoma of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Cerebral Hemisphere Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Grade III Astrocytic Neoplasm of Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade III Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade III Astrocytic Tumor of Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade III Astrocytic Tumor of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade III Astrocytoma of Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade III Astrocytoma of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade III Cerebral Hemisphere Astrocytic Neoplasm
Grade III Cerebral Hemisphere Astrocytic Tumor
Grade III Cerebral Hemisphere Astrocytoma
Grade III Hemispheric Astrocytic Neoplasm
Undifferentiated Astrocytoma of Cerebral Hemisphere
Undifferentiated Astrocytoma of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Anaplastic Astrocytoma of the Diencephalon
Grade III Astrocytic Neoplasm of Diencephalon
Grade III Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Diencephalon
Grade III Astrocytic Tumor of Diencephalon
Grade III Astrocytic Tumor of the Diencephalon
Grade III Astrocytoma of the Diencephalon
Grade III Diencephalic Astrocytic Neoplasm
Undifferentiated Astrocytoma of Diencephalon
Undifferentiated Astrocytoma of the Diencephalon
Undifferentiated Diencephalic Astrocytoma
Glioblastoma Multiforme of the Diencephalon
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of Diencephalon
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Diencephalon
Grade IV Astrocytic Tumor of Diencephalon
Grade IV Astrocytic Tumor of the Diencephalon
Grade IV Diencephalic Astrocytic Neoplasm
An adenoid cystic carcinoma primarily involving the breast. Three morphologic patterns are seen: cribriform, trabecular, and solid. The prognosis is excellent.
A benign or malignant neoplasm of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges occurring in adults. Representative examples of primary neoplasms include astrocytoma, meningioma, pituitary adenoma, and neurilemoma. Representative examples of tumor metastases from other organs to the central nervous system include lung and breast carcinoma.
Neoplasm of Adult Central Nervous System
Neoplasm of the Adult Central Nervous System
Tumor of the Adult Central Nervous System
A benign or malignant neoplasm of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges occurring in children. Representative examples include posterior fossa astrocytoma, optic pathway glioma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and craniopharyngioma.
Childhood Central Nervous System Neoplasm
A primary, benign or malignant neoplasm of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges occurring in children.
Childhood Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Childhood Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Childhood Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Childhood Tumor of Central Nervous System
Childhood Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Pediatric Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Pediatric Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Pediatric Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Pediatric Tumor of Central Nervous System
Pediatric Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A glioblastoma that occurs during childhood.
A ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast characterized by the presence of sheets of tumor cells without evidence of central necrosis or cell death.
Intraductal Non-Comedo Breast Adenocarcinoma
Non-Comedo Breast Ductal Carcinoma in situ
Non-Comedo Ductal Carcinoma in situ of Breast
Non-Comedo Ductal Carcinoma in situ of the Breast
Non-Infiltrating Non-Comedo Ductal Breast Carcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Non-Comedo Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
Non-Infiltrating Non-Comedo Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Non-Invasive Non-Comedo Ductal Breast Carcinoma
Non-Invasive Non-Comedo Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
Non-Invasive Non-Comedo Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
A ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast characterized by the presence of a cribriform architectural pattern.
Intraductal Cribriform Breast Adenocarcinoma
Cribriform Ductal Breast Carcinoma in situ
Cribriform Ductal Carcinoma in situ of Breast
Cribriform Ductal Carcinoma in situ of the Breast
DCIS of the Breast with Cribriform Pattern
Ductal Carcinoma in situ of Breast with Cribriform Pattern
Ductal Carcinoma in situ of the Breast with Cribriform Pattern
Non-Infiltrating Cribriform Ductal Breast Carcinoma
Non-Invasive Cribriform Ductal Breast Carcinoma
A ductal breast carcinoma in situ, characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells with apocrine differentiation.
Apocrine Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast
An adenocarcinoma of the breast characterized by the presence of two intermingled cellular components: cells with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm, and cells with abundant cytoplasm containing fine empty vacuoles.
An invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast with a favorable clinical outcome, characterized by the presence of a sieve-like or cribriform infiltrating pattern.
Infiltrating Cribriform Breast Carcinoma
Infiltrating Cribriform Carcinoma of Breast
Infiltrating Cribriform Carcinoma of the Breast
Infiltrating Cribriform Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
Invasive Cribriform Carcinoma of the Breast
Invasive Cribriform Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
An adenomyoepithelioma of the breast in which the epithelial, myoepithelial, or both components have undergone malignant transformation. Such cases may follow an aggressive clinical course, including recurrences and local and distant metastases.
Breast Adenomyoepithelioma with Malignant Change
Malignant Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast
A benign, nodular tumor that arises from the breast parenchyma. It is characterized by the proliferation of myoepithelial cells around spaces that are lined by epithelial cells. Occasionally, adenomyoepitheliomas may undergo malignant transformation.
Benign Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast
A neurofibroma that arises from the spinal cord.
A histologically benign tumor, usually cystic with a vascular mural nodule, that is most often found in the cerebellum though it has been reported at other sites within the neuraxis. It is associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL gene located on chr 3p25-26).
A benign, slow-growing tumor in the cerebellum (part of the brain at the back of the head), made up of abnormal blood vessel growth. People with von Hippel-Landau disease have an increased risk of developing hemangioblastomas.
Grade IV Infratentorial Astrocytic Neoplasm
Grade IV Infratentorial Astrocytic Tumor
Grade IV Supratentorial Astrocytic Neoplasm
Grade IV Supratentorial Astrocytic Tumor
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of Cerebellum
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Cerebellum
Grade IV Astrocytic Tumor of the Cerebellum
Cerebral Hemisphere Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma Multiforme of Cerebral Hemisphere
Glioblastoma Multiforme of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade IV Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade IV Astrocytic Tumor of Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade IV Astrocytic Tumor of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Grade IV Cerebral Hemisphere Astrocytic Neoplasm
Grade IV Cerebral Hemisphere Astrocytic Tumor
Grade IV Hemispheric Astrocytic Neoplasm
A sarcoma that arises from the spinal cord.
A sarcoma that arises from the central nervous system.
A neuroblastoma that affects the spinal cord.
A slow-growing malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the notochord and occurring in the spine. It is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, and the presence of physaliphorous cells.
A non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in the spinal cord as a primary lesion.
A breast carcinoma characterized by the presence of a lobular and a ductal component. The ductal component comprises less than 50 percent of the tumor.
Mixed Lobular and Ductal Breast Carcinoma
Mixed Ductal and Lobular Breast Carcinoma
Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma of Breast
Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast
Mixed Lobular and Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
Mixed Lobular and Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
A group of invasive breast carcinomas characterized by the presence of an adenocarcinomatous component which is admixed with a dominant component that is composed of squamous cells, spindle cells, or mesenchymal cells.
A Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
A carcinoma of the breast characterized by pools of mucin and islands of malignant squamous cells. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the breast are extremely rare.
An aggressive mucoepidermoid carcinoma characterized by the presence of focal necrosis and high mitotic activity. Lymph node and distant metastases are common. The prognosis is usually poor.
High Grade Mucoepidermoid Breast Carcinoma
High-Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Breast
High-Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Breast
A slow growing mucoepidermoid carcinoma characterized by the presence of keratinization in the neoplastic squamous cells and lumina formation by glandular neoplastic cells. Complete excision may be curative.
Low Grade Mucoepidermoid Breast Carcinoma
Low-Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Breast
Low-Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Breast
A neoplasm that arises from the breast and is composed of cells of neuroendocrine origin. Most cases are neuroendocrine carcinomas. Primary carcinoid tumors of the breast are very rare.
A carcinoid tumor that arises from the breast. Primary carcinoid tumors of the breast are rare; most cases represent metastases from other anatomic sites.
A carcinoid tumor that arises from the breast and has metastasized to other anatomic sites.
Metastatic Carcinoid Tumor of the Breast
An invasive breast adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells with signet ring appearance.
Primary Mammary Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
Primary Signet Ring Cell Breast Carcinoma
Primary Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of Breast
Primary Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Breast
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Breast
A signet ring cell carcinoma that arises from the breast and has metastasized to other anatomic sites.
Metastatic Signet Ring Cell Breast Carcinoma
Metastatic Mammary Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
Metastatic Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of Breast
Metastatic Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Breast
A rare carcinoma that arises from the breast parenchyma and is entirely composed of squamous cells.
Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Breast
Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Breast
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the breast parenchyma and has metastasized to other anatomic sites.
Metastatic Squamous Cell Breast Carcinoma
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Breast
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Breast
A rare tumor characterized by malignant transformation of an eccrine spiradenoma of the breast.
Malignant Eccrine Spiradenoma of the Breast
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the breast. There is no history of extramammary breast non-Hodgkin lymphoma and ipsilateral axillary lymph node involvement does not exclude the diagnosis of primary breast non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Most patients present with a painless breast lump. The vast majority of cases are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue are the most common types of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast.
Primary Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Breast
Primary Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Breast
Primary Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Breast
A T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the breast as a primary tumor. Primary T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the breast are rare.
T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Breast
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the breast.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the breast. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the breast. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the breast.
An osteosarcoma arising from the breast tissue.
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the breast.
A very rare, benign sweat gland neoplasm that affects the breast. It is characterized by the proliferation of basaloid epithelial cells.
Benign Eccrine Spiradenoma of the Breast
A breast fibroadenoma that displays fibrocystic changes including apocrine metaplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and cyst formation.
A usually unilateral, benign and well circumscribed biphasic neoplasm that arises from the breast. It usually affects middle-aged women. It is characterized by the presence of a double layer of epithelial cells that are arranged in clefts, surrounded by a cellular, monomorphic spindle cell mesenchymal component. Mitoses are rare. Necrotic changes may be present in large tumors.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises in the area of the nipple.
A benign breast neoplasm characterized by the proliferation of multiple papillomas within the lumen of the ducts.
Intraductal Papillomatosis of the Breast
A benign or malignant papillary neoplasm that arises from the breast. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial proliferations that are supported by fibrovascular cores. Representative examples are intraductal papilloma and papillary carcinoma.
A benign or malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the breast.
A capillary hemangioma arising from the breast.
A hemangioma characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells, arising from the breast.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises in the area of the nipple.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the area of the nipple.
The most common histologic type of breast carcinoma. Representative examples include invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified, ductal carcinoma in situ, inflammatory carcinoma, secretory carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and lobular carcinoma in situ.
A low grade serous epithelial neoplasm arising from the ovary. It is characterized by an atypical proliferation of serous-type epithelial cells without evidence of stromal invasion. It is often asymptomatic but rarely it may present with abdominal pain or abdominal enlargement due to rupture or torsion.
Ovarian Serous Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Ovarian Serous Tumor of Low Malignant Potential
Proliferating Serous Neoplasm of the Ovary
Serous Neoplasm of Ovary with Low Malignant Potential
Serous Neoplasm of the Ovary with Low Malignant Potential
Serous Ovarian Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Serous Ovarian Tumor of Low Malignant Potential
Serous Tumor of Ovary with Low Malignant Potential
Serous Tumor of the Ovary with Low Malignant Potential
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of cystic structures. It includes the serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and clear cell cystadenocarcinoma.
A well differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the ovary. Histologically, it is classified as insular, trabecular, mucinous, or stromal carcinoid. Clinical manifestations of carcinoid syndrome occur in approximately thirty percent of patients with insular carcinoid tumor. Carcinoid syndrome is rare in other types of primary ovarian carcinoid tumor. With the exception of mucinous carcinoid tumor, the prognosis is favorable. Primary ovarian mucinous carcinoid tumor has a more aggressive clinical course and it can metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the ovary.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the ovary. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A liposarcoma that arises from the ovary and is composed of round to oval mesenchymal cells, small signet ring lipoblasts, and a rich network of capillaries in a myxoid stroma.
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the ovaries.
An epithelial neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the ovary. It includes carcinoid tumor, small cell carcinoma pulmonary type, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells exhibiting neuroendocrine differentiation. The prognosis is poor.
Ovarian Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Ovary
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Ovary
Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Ovary
Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Ovary
Non-Small-Cell Type Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Ovary
Non-Small-Cell Type Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Ovary
Ovarian Non-Small-Cell Type Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that resemble malignant urothelial cells. There is no morphologic evidence of a benign or borderline Brenner tumor component present.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary
A biphasic neoplasm that arises from the ovary or the testis. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic germ cells and neoplastic sex cord-stromal cells. It includes the gonadoblastoma and mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumor, unclassifiable.
A biphasic tumor that arises from the ovary or the testis. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic germ cells and neoplastic sex cord-stromal cells; examples include the gonadoblastoma and mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumor, unclassifiable.
Mixed Germ Cell-Sex Cord-Stromal Neoplasm
A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor of the ovary characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin and may resemble the epithelial cells of the endocervix or gastrointestinal tract.
An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin. There is cellular atypia, increased layering of cells, complexity of glands, and papillary formations.
A benign or malignant soft tissue neoplasm of the ovary. Representative examples include myxoma, fibroma, and sarcoma.
A variant of gastric adenocarcinoma with more than half of the tumor containing extracellular mucinous pools.
A poorly cohesive gastric adenocarcinoma characterized by malignant cells containing intracytoplasmic mucin.
Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma of Stomach
Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach
An extranodal Burkitt lymphoma that arises from the stomach with the bulk of the mass located in the stomach.
Primary Burkitt's Lymphoma of the Stomach
An extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that arises from the stomach with the bulk of the mass located in the stomach.
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Gastric Lymphoma
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Stomach
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Stomach
Primary Gastric Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
A rare, extranodal T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the stomach with the bulk of the mass located in the stomach.
Primary Gastric T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A malignant teratoma that arises from the stomach.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the stomach. Clinical presentation includes obstruction and gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastric lipomas occur as solitary lesions most frequently in the antrum.
A mature or immature teratoma that arises from the stomach.
A benign teratoma that arises from the stomach.
An extranodal marginal zone lymphoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of small B-lymphocytes, monocytoid cells and cells with plasma cell differentiation in the marginal zones of reactive lymphoid follicles. The neoplastic cells infiltrate the interfollicular areas and the bronchial epithelium forming lymphoepithelial lesions. The neoplasm is usually discovered as a mass in a chest x-ray in asymptomatic patients. When symptoms occur, they include cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and chest pain. If the lung lesions are resectable, surgery can result in prolonged remission.
Bronchial Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
A lymphoma primarily involving the thyroid gland.
A low grade, indolent B-cell lymphoma, usually associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Morphologically it is characterized by a dense mucosal atypical lymphocytic (centrocyte-like cell) infiltrate with often prominent lymphoepithelial lesions and plasmacytic differentiation. Approximately 40% of gastric MALT lymphomas carry the t(11;18)(q21;q21). Such cases are resistant to Helicobacter pylori therapy.
Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
A meningioma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A rare meningioma that is present in the lung without clinical or radiologic evidence of central nervous system involvement.
A meningioma that is associated with deletion of chromosomal arm 1p.
Deletion of the Short Arm of Chromosome 1 (1p) Associated Meningioma
Deletion of Short Arm of Chromosome 1 (1p) Associated Meningioma
A meningioma that is transmitted from the parents to an offspring.
A meningioma that is associated with deletion of chromosome 22. This abnormality is the most consistent cytogenetic finding that is detected in meningiomas.
Deletion of Chromosome 22 Associated Meningioma
A meningioma that is associated with deletion of chromosomal arm 3p.
Deletion of Chromosome 3p Associated Meningioma
A meningothelial neoplasm that arises from an anatomic site outside the intracranial and intraspinal compartments.
The reemergence of a meningioma after a period of remission.
A phyllodes tumor of the breast characterized by the presence of intermediate features and a stroma which usually resembles low grade fibrosarcoma.
Borderline Phyllodes Neoplasm of the Breast
Borderline Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast
Low Grade Malignant Breast Phyllodes Tumor
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the peripheral nerves.
The rarest histopathologic subtype of Schwannoma. The reported cases have been located in the gastrointestinal submucosa or subcutaneous tissue. Morphologically it is characterized by the presence of a microcyst-rich network of spindle cells with minimal amount of cytoplasm and Antoni A tissue.
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma that affects the brain, meninges, or spinal cord.
Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Anaplastic Central Nervous System Large Cell Lymphoma
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of Central Nervous System
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of the CNS
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System
Primary CNS Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Primary Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the abdominal cavity.
Paraganglioma of the Intra-Abdominal Area
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from paraganglia in the head and neck. Representative examples include the carotid body and jugulotympanic paragangliomas.
A benign or malignant sympathetic paraganglioma arising from the retroperitoneum, outside the adrenal gland.
Extra-Adrenal Retroperitoneal Paraganglioma
Paraganglioma of Extra-Adrenal Retroperitoneal Area
Paraganglioma of the Extra-Adrenal Retroperitoneal Area
A clinical stage I or II non-Hodgkin lymphoma without any of the following risk factors: large mediastinal mass, extranodal spread, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, involvement of at least three lymph node areas, and B symptoms.
A clinical stage I or II non-Hodgkin lymphoma with at least one of the following risk factors: large mediastinal mass, extranodal spread, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, involvement of at least three lymph node areas, and B symptoms.
Early Unfavorable Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A lymphangioma characterized by the presence of thin-walled cavernous lymphatic spaces.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the esophagus. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the small intestine. Representative examples include leiomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the small intestine. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the small intestine.
Hodgkin's Disease of the Small Intestine
Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Small Intestine
Primary Small Intestinal Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the duodenum. It is characterized by a villous architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the small intestine. It usually arises from the submucosa and occasionally protrudes into the lumen.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the small intestine. It is a polypoid or flat circumscribed lesion. Morphologically, it is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic glandular cells and it is associated with dysplasia. According to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the esophagus. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.
An infrequent esophageal carcinoma arising from esophageal glands. (WHO)
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Esophagus
A rare carcinoma of the esophagus which contains squamous cells, mucus secreting cells, and cells of an intermediate type. (WHO)
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Esophagus
A rare neoplasm arising from the distal third of the esophagus. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular cores covered by mature stratified squamous epithelium. Progression to squamous cell carcinoma is extremely rare.
Squamous Cell Papilloma of the Esophagus
Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining healthcare provider.
A benign well circumscribed neoplasm of hyaline cartilage arising from bone or soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes.
A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm arising from the hyaline cartilage in soft tissue or bone. It is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the endocardium.
The central and spongy portion of the bone.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the inner layer of the pericardium.
High Grade Non Cartilaginous Sarcomatous Stroma Present
Low Grade Cartilaginous Component Present
Well Differentiated Hyaline Cartilage Present
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the myocardium.
Malignant Chondrocyte with Clear Cytoplasm
A morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma arising from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small round cells, biphasic growth pattern, and well differentiated hyaline cartilage. Clinical presentation includes pain and swelling. The clinical course is aggressive, with local recurrences and distant metastases.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the esophagus. Representative examples include infections, ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
A disorder that affects the small or large intestine and is non-neoplastic in nature. Representative examples include acute appendicitis, colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the stomach. Representative examples include gastritis and ulcer.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the pancreas. Representative examples include pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency.
A jugulotympanic paraganglioma that has metastasized to other anatomic sites.
Metastatic Neoplasm of the Glomus Jugulare
Any disorder other than abnormal tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Any disorder other than abnormal tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. (NCI)
A capillary or cavernous hemangioma arising from the breast.
A non-neoplastic disorder that causes a disturbance in normal vision. Representative examples include amblyopia, astigmatism, myopia, and cataracts.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the skin.
Non-Neoplastic Disorder by Special Category
Non-Neoplastic Disease by Special Category
A morphologic variant of angioleiomyoma characterized by the adherence of neoplastic smooth muscle cells to the walls of vascular channels.
A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the liver parenchyma and the intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cholangitis.
Non-Neoplastic Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Disorder
A header term that includes the following breast carcinoma subtypes determined by gene expression profiling: luminal A breast carcinoma, luminal B breast carcinoma, HER2 positive breast carcinoma, basal-like breast carcinoma, triple-negative breast carcinoma, and normal breast-like subtype of breast carcinoma.
Breast Carcinoma by Gene Expression Profile
A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of genes characteristic of luminal epithelial cells, including estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen regulated protein LIV-1, and the transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, HNF3A, XBP1, and GATA 3. This subtype of breast cancer is associated with a good prognosis.
Luminal A Estrogen Receptor Positive Subtype of Breast Carcinoma
A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by low to moderate expression of genes characteristic of luminal epithelial cells including estrogen receptor (ER), and high expression of GGH, LAPTM4B, and CCNE1. This subtype of breast cancer is associated with a good prognosis, although not as favorable as the luminal A subtype.
Luminal B Estrogen Receptor Positive Subtype of Breast Carcinoma
A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of HER2, GRB7, and TRAP100, and by lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER).
ERBB2 Overexpressing Subtype of Breast Carcinoma
HER2 Overexpressing Subtype of Breast Carcinoma
A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of many genes expressed by adipose and other non-epithelial tissues.
Normal Breast-Like Subtype of Breast Carcinoma
Normal Breast-Like Subtype of Breast Cancer
A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of genes characteristic of basal epithelial cells, including KRT5 and KRT17, annexin 8, CX3CL1, and TRIM29, and usually by lack of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It is the most common subtype of breast cancer associated with BRCA1 mutations, and is associated with a poor prognosis.
A rare benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of smooth muscle cells growing within the veins of the uterine corpus. The intravascular neoplasm growth occurs outside the confines of an adjacent leiomyoma.
Uterine Corpus Intravenous Leiomyomatosis
Intravascular Leiomyomatosis of the Uterus
Intravenous Leiomyomatosis of the Uterus
A non-metastasizing germ cell tumor that arises from the heart. The majority are benign pericardial teratomas.
An intramuscular myxoma with increased cellularity and increased numbers of collagen fibers and blood vessels.
A rare neurofibroma that affects the heart.
A non-metastasizing soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of a neoplastic stroma containing spindle cells, dilated thin-walled vessels lined by fibrin, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate. The majority of cases develop in the subcutaneous tissues usually in the lower extremities and present as slow growing masses. Recurrences occur in approximately half of the cases.
Pleomorphic Hyalinizing Angiectatic Tumor of Soft Parts
A benign, well-circumscribed tumor of the neck occurring in adults. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells, epithelial islands, and adipose tissue. There is no evidence of thymic origin or differentiation, despite the use of the term thymoma in the literature.
A very rare granular cell tumor that arises from the heart.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the heart. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm, arising from the heart. IIt is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells. The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.
Cardiac Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Epithelioid Angioendothelioma of the Heart
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of Heart
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Heart
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the heart.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the heart. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
Malignant Cell with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels.
Malignant Cell with Large Nucleus and Abundant Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
A very rare malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that arises from the heart.
Malignant Cardiac Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that arises in cardiac tissue.
Malignant Cardiac Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm
Malignant Heart Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm
Malignant Heart Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm of Heart
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm of the Heart
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of Heart
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Heart
An extranodal lymphoma that arises from the heart and/or the pericardium. The majority of the cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Patients may present with chest pain, heart failure, pericardial effusion, arrhythmia, or syncope.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the connective and soft tissue. Representative examples include lipoma, leiomyoma, fibroma, and osteoma.
Benign Connective and Soft Tissue Neoplasm
A benign neoplasm arising from connective and soft tissues that does not invade adjacent tissues or metastasize to other anatomic sites.
Benign Neoplasm of the Soft Tissue and Bone
Benign Tumor of the Soft Tissue and Bone
CONNECTIVE AND SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASM, BENIGN
A choroid plexus papilloma characterized by increased mitotic activity.
A lymphoma that has spread to the heart from another primary anatomic site.
A rare extramedullary myeloid tumor that arises from the heart. It may present in association with or as a site of relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. Rare cases of myeloid sarcoma of the heart preceding acute myeloid leukemia have also been reported.
Extramedullary Myeloid Neoplasm of Heart
Extramedullary Myeloid Neoplasm of the Heart
Extramedullary Myeloid Tumor of the Heart
An osteosarcoma arising from a pre-existing lesion of the bone, usually Paget disease, or due to radiation therapy.
A high grade osteosarcoma arising in an irradiated bone.
A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the bone. It may arise de novo or from a pre-existing lesion of the bone. Pain and a palpable mass are the most frequent clinical sign and symptom. It may spread to other anatomic sites, particularly the lungs.
A rare malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the pericardium.
Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Heart
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the pulmonary artery It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the pulmonary vein. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the aorta.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Pulmonary Artery
A rare choriocarcinoma that arises from a pulmonary artery.
Chorioepithelioma of the Pulmonary Artery
Malignant Neoplasm of the Pulmonary Vein
The reemergence of angiosarcoma after a period of remission.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the uterus.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the walls of the vascular system. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the renal vein. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A non-metastasizing cardiac neoplasm that arises from the right or left atrium.
Benign Neoplasm of the Atrium of the Heart
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from paraganglia located in the cardiac atrium.
Paraganglioma of the Atrium of the Heart
A paraganglioma of the heart that metastasizes to regional or distant anatomic sites.
A lymphangioma arising from the parotid gland.
A solitary benign neoplasm arising from the fibrous soft tissues. The tumor is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A cavernous hemangioma arising from the colon.
A conventional osteosarcoma characterized by the predominance of osteoid matrix.
A usually aggressive high grade malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the surface of the bone.
A locally aggressive hemangioma that arises from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.
A rare, benign neoplasm, usually arising from the non-metaphyseal regions of long bones or pelvis. It is characterized by the presence of fibroblastic spindle cells arranged in a whorled storiform pattern, osteoclast-like giant cells, foam cells, inflammatory cells, hemosiderin deposition and stromal hemorrhage.
Spindle Cell Osteo-Fibrous Component Present
A hemangioma arising from the parotid gland.
A very rare, multisystem non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that predominantly affects adults. It is characterized by the proliferation in the tissues of lipid-laden macrophages and the presence of multinucleated giant cells. It results in sclerosis of the long bones and failure of the affected organs. Patients may present with bone pain, exophthalmos, ataxia, liver failure, kidney failure, and hypopituitarism.
A pathologic process that is not inherited in a familial pattern.
A term that refers to central nervous system embryonal tumors which are not fully characterized. This category includes tumors previously designated as central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
A type of cancer that arises from a particular type of cell within the brain or spinal cord.
CNS Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor, NOS
Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (WHO Grade IV)
Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Describes a tumor border with an expanding and smooth configuration.
An infiltrating high grade mesenchymal tumor arising from the uterine corpus, cervix, vagina, and the ovary.
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that is characterized by a maximum diameter equal or less than 5 cm (gastric localization), or equal or less than 2 cm (intestinal localization) and no more than 5 mitotic figures per 50 high power fields.
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that is characterized by large size (diameter greater than 10 cm for gastric localization and greater than 5 cm for intestinal localization) or more than 5 mitotic figures per 50 high power fields.
Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that is characterized by a maximum diameter greater than 5 cm and equal or less than 10 cm (gastric localization), or greater than 2 cm and equal or less than 5 cm (intestinal localization) and no more than 5 mitotic figures per 50 high power fields.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of more than five mitotic figures per fifty high power fields in a cellular infiltrate.
A medulloblastoma characterized by the loss of one of the p13 regions of chromosome 17. Loss of genetic material of chromosome arm 17p is the most common molecular genetic abnormality found in medulloblastomas.
Region 17p13 Allelic Loss Associated Medulloblastoma
Pseudostratified Neuroepithelial Tumor Cells Present
A medulloblastoma composed of malignant cells with hyperchromatic nucleus and scanty cytoplasm. Homer Wright rosettes may be present.
Malignant Neuroectodermal Cell with Hyperchromatic Nucleus and Scanty Cytoplasm
A medulloblastoma developing in patients with multiple basal cell carcinomas. It is observed in patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and it is associated with PTCH gene inactivation.
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome Associated Medulloblastoma
A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the spinal cord.
Spinal Cord Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of Spinal Cord
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of the Spinal Cord
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Spinal Cord
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Spinal Cord Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
A pathologic process inherited in a familial pattern.
A medulloblastoma characterized by nodularity and neuronal differentiation.
Medulloblastoma with Extensive Nodularity
Medulloblastoma with Extensive Nodularity and Advanced Neuronal Differentiation
A T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma or a mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasm that affects the brain, meninges, or spinal cord.
Central Nervous System T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Central Nervous System T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Central Nervous System T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Primary Central Nervous System T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
T-Cell Lymphoma of Central Nervous System
T-Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System
A benign or malignant granular cell tumor that arises from the stomach.
A germ cell tumor that affects the central nervous system, characterized by the presence of malignant morphologic characteristics. Representative examples include choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, and germinoma.
Malignant Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumor
Malignant Central Nervous System Germ Cell Neoplasm
Fully Differentiated "Adult-Type" Tissues Present
Undifferentiated "Fetal-Type" Tissues Present
A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified that occurs in adults.
Adult Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Adult CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Adult CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Adult Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor, NOS
Adult Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Adult Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Adult Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Adult Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour
Malignant Syncytiotrophoblastic Giant Cell
Malignant Large Germ Cell with Abundant Cytoplasm
A neoplasm that affects the cerebellopontine angle. Representative examples include vestibular schwannoma and meningioma.
Neoplasm of the Cerebellar Pontine Angle
Mixture of Germ Cell Neoplastic Components Present
Secondary Supratentorial Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Anaplastic Secondary Supratentorial Astrocytoma
Grade III Secondary Supratentorial Astrocytic Neoplasm
Grade III Secondary Supratentorial Astrocytic Tumor
Grade III Secondary Supratentorial Astrocytoma
Undifferentiated Secondary Supratentorial Astrocytoma
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of bone elements in a tissue sample.
The area where the sigmoid colon joins the rectum.
The region that includes the colon and the rectum.
An astrocytic tumor affecting young people. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of collagenous tissue surrounding neoplastic astrocytes. In some cases the collagen is produced by the tumor cells (desmoplastic astrocytoma), whereas in others it is produced by mesenchymal cells (mixed glioma/fibroma).
Malignant Small Hyperchromatic Squamous Cell
Mucin-Producing Malignant Epithelial Cell
The dorsal portion of the fibromuscular tube that extends from the skull base to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, and acts as a conduit for both the digestive and respiratory systems.
The lips are the structures that surround the mouth, which is the oral aperture that opens into the oral cavity. The oral cavity is the space bounded superiorly by the hard and soft palates, inferiorly by the tongue and laterally by the cheeks.
A squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, scant amount of cytoplasm, and peripheral nuclear palisading.
Malignant Hyperchromatic Epithelial Cell
A circumscribed and often suppurating skin crater which usually includes loss of skin integrity of the superficial skin or the mucous membranes.
A disorder characterized by circumscribed, inflammatory and necrotic erosive lesion on the skin.
An uncommon carcinoma that arises from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular and malignant squamous cellular components.
Windblown Appearance of Atypical Keratinocytes
A carcinoma that arises from the ear. Representative examples include ceruminous adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear and adenocarcinoma of the middle ear.
A ganglioneuroma arising from the retroperitoneum.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region and is characterized by prominent production of keratin.
Keratinizing Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the paranasal sinuses and is characterized by prominent production of keratin.
Keratinizing Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasal cavity and is characterized by prominent production of keratin.
Keratinizing Nasal Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Childhood Mediastinal Neurogenic Neoplasm
Childhood Neurogenic Neoplasm of Mediastinum
Childhood Neurogenic Neoplasm of the Mediastinum
Childhood Neurogenic Tumor of Mediastinum
Childhood Neurogenic Tumor of the Mediastinum
Pediatric Mediastinal Neurogenic Neoplasm
Pediatric Neurogenic Neoplasm of Mediastinum
Pediatric Neurogenic Neoplasm of the Mediastinum
Pediatric Neurogenic Tumor of Mediastinum
Pediatric Neurogenic Tumor of the Mediastinum
A carcinoma arising from the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma
Cancer that forms in tissues of the paranasal sinuses (small hollow spaces in the bones around the nose) or nasal cavity (the inside of the nose). The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining these tissues and cavities).
A rare, highly aggressive carcinoma that arises from the sinonasal tract. It is characterized by the presence of small to medium size malignant cells. The prognosis is poor.
A cavernous hemangioma arising from the brain and meninges.
A hemangioma arising from the cerebral hemisphere.
An undifferentiated carcinoma that arises from the larynx. This category includes lymphoepithelial carcinoma and giant cell carcinoma.
Undifferentiated Laryngeal Throat Cancer
Neurilemmoma of the Twelfth Cranial Nerve
A rare undifferentiated carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is characterized by the presence of multiple bizarre multinucleated giant cells. The prognosis is poor.
A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the cerebellopontine angle of the infratentorial brain.
Cerebellopontine Angle Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
C-P Angle Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
C-P Angle Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Cerebellar Pontine Angle Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Cerebellar Pontine Angle Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Cerebellopontine Angle Embryonal Tumor, NOS
Cerebellopontine Angle Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Cerebellopontine Angle Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of C-P Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of Cerebellar Pontine Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of Cerebellopontine Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of the C-P Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of the Cerebellar Pontine Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm of the Cerebellopontine Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of C-P Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Cerebellar Pontine Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Cerebellopontine Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the C-P Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Cerebellar Pontine Angle
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Cerebellopontine Angle
An aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx. It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading. Comedonecrosis may be present.
Nasopharyngeal Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A gene that plays a role in the control of gene expression at the level of RNA transcription.
A neuroblastoma arising from an anatomic site other than the brain.
Malignant Epithelial Large Cell with Vesicular Nucleus and Distinct Nucleolus
Leukemia infiltrating the central nervous system structures.
A rare, low-grade exophytic adenocarcinoma with papillary growth that arises from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. If it is completely removed, the prognosis is excellent.
Nasopharyngeal Throat Papillary Adenocarcinoma
A mature or immature teratoma that affects the central nervous system.
The upper tract of the renal system. The renal pelvis is the large cavity in the middle of each kidney. Urine drains from each kidney through a long tube called the ureter, into the bladder, where it is stored until it is passed from the body through the urethra.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm located in the intracranial region. It is a congenital hamartomatous malformation derived from the embryologic meninx primitiva.
An anaplastic oligodendroglioma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.
An anaplastic oligodendroglioma that occurs during childhood.
Undifferentiated Childhood Oligodendroglioma
Undifferentiated Pediatric Oligodendroglioma
Malignant neoplasms which occur in the brain, spinal cord, or meninges of children. Brainstem gliomas, medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and certain pineal tumors are relatively common primary malignant tumors of the CNS in children.
Malignant Childhood Central Nervous System Neoplasm
A malignant neoplasm of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges occurring in children.
Childhood Malignant Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Childhood Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors
Malignant Central Nervous System Neoplasms of Childhood
Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors of Childhood
Malignant Childhood Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Malignant Childhood Central Nervous System Tumor
Malignant Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors
Malignant Childhood Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Malignant Childhood Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Malignant Childhood Tumor of Central Nervous System
Malignant Childhood Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Malignant Pediatric Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Malignant Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumor
Malignant Pediatric Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Malignant Pediatric Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Malignant Pediatric Tumor of Central Nervous System
Malignant Pediatric Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm originating in the central nervous system or the meninges and showing fibrous, fibrohistiocytic, adipose, myoid, endothelial, chondroid or osseous, but not meningothelial differentiation. Depending on the histological features and clinical behavior of these neoplasms, their grade ranges from benign (WHO grade I) to highly malignant (WHO grade IV). (Adapted from WHO)
Central Nervous System Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Neoplasm
Central Nervous System Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Tumor
Central Nervous System Soft Tissue Neoplasm
Central Nervous System Soft Tissue Tumor
Mesenchymal Non-Meningothelial Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Tumor of CNS
Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Tumor of Central Nervous System
Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Tumor of the CNS
Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Soft Tissue Tumor of Central Nervous System
Soft Tissue Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the brain, spinal cord or meninges.
Angiosarcoma of the Central Nervous System
Hemangiosarcoma of Central Nervous System
Hemangiosarcoma of the Central Nervous System
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the central nervous system frequently found in midline locations such as the corpus callosum, the quadrigeminal plate, the hypothalamus, the spinal canal or the cauda equina. Some contain Schwann cells, bone, cartilage or hamartomatous blood vessels.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the internal auditory canal, often presenting as an acoustic tumor. It may be intermixed with the vestibulocochlear nerve and may adhere to adjacent structures.
A slow-growing malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the notochord and occurring in the base of the skull. It is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, and the presence of physaliphorous cells..
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of tissues that do not normally occur in the specific anatomic site or are found admixed with a neoplastic cellular infiltrate of a different cellular origin.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
An invasive breast adenocarcinoma with cytological and immunophenotypic characteristics of apocrine differentiation in more than 90 percent of the malignant cells.
Infiltrating Apocrine Carcinoma of Breast
Infiltrating Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast
Invasive Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast
Bleeding originating in the gastrointestinal tract.
A disorder characterized by bleeding from the gastric wall.
A unique group of rare tumors of the central nervous system that affect mainly children and adolescents. Their morphologic and biologic profile corresponds to that of homologous germ cell tumors that arise in the gonads and in other extragonadal sites. Representative examples include: germinoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma.
Central Nervous System Germ Cell Neoplasm
Germ Cell Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Germ Cell Tumor of Central Nervous System
Germ Cell Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the central nervous system.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of Central Nervous System
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Central Nervous System
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
Fibrosarcoma of the Central Nervous System
A benign melanocytic nevus that arises from the breast skin.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the central nervous system.
Paraganglioma of the Central Nervous System
A nevus that arises from the skin in the head and neck region.
A carcinoma with apocrine and less often eccrine differentiation, arising from the sweat glands. It usually presents as a solitary slow growing nodule in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by a nodular growth pattern and it is often associated with necrotic changes.
A variant of basal cell carcinoma with the architectural features of a nodular basal cell carcinoma. It is characterized by the formation of keratin (horn cysts) in the center of the tumor islands. Dystrophic calcification is frequently present.
Round Adenocarcinoma Cell with Abundant Cytoplasm and Vesicular Nucleus
Mucinous Tall Columnar Adenocarcinoma Cell
An invasive lobular carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells with large intracytoplasmic lumina that cause displacement of the nuclei towards one pole of the cells.
Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma, Signet Ring Variant
Signet Ring Cell Lobular Breast Carcinoma
A broad classification for disorders in which the development of neoplasms typically occur in association with a characteristic set of signs or symptoms. These disorders may be inherited or acquired.
A test result that reports the diastolic and systolic pressure of the blood.
A morphologic finding that refers to the transformation or replacement of a group of non-mesenchymal cells into osseous, cartilagenous, or lipomatous cells.
A variant of gastric adenocarcinoma with exophytic growth and elongated finger-like processes lined by cylindrical or cuboidal cells supported by fibrovascular connective tissue cores.
Intracytoplasmic and Extracytoplasmic Eosinophilic Material Present
Adenocarcinoma Cell with Abundant Pale Staining Cytoplasm
A histopathologic finding characterized by the presence of malignant cells of connective tissue origin in a tumor sample. Examples of connective tissue cells that can undergo malignant transformation include smooth and skeletal muscle cells, adipose tissue cells, osteocytes, and chondrocytes.
A variant of gastric adenocarcinoma characterized by prominent dilated or slit-like tubules.
A carcinoma that arises from the stomach and is characterized by the presence of malignant cells with glandular and squamous differentiation.
A rare carcinoma of the stomach resembling squamous cell carcinomas arising elsewhere in the body.
A carcinoma that arises from the stomach and is characterized by the absence of microscopic features of glandular or squamous differentiation.
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Stomach
Undifferentiated Gastric (Stomach) Cancer
A lymphangioma arising from the stomach.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the gastric wall. It is characterized by the presence of large polygonal cells with abundant granular cytoplasm.
Benign Granular Cell Neoplasm of Stomach
Benign Granular Cell Neoplasm of the Stomach
Benign Granular Cell Tumor of the Stomach
A metastasizing granular cell tumor that arises from the stomach.
Malignant Gastric Granular Cell Neoplasm
Malignant Granular Cell Neoplasm of Stomach
Malignant Granular Cell Neoplasm of the Stomach
Malignant Granular Cell Stomach Neoplasm
Malignant Granular Cell Tumor of Stomach
Malignant Granular Cell Tumor of the Stomach
A malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the stomach. It includes choriocarcinoma and immature teratoma.
Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Stomach
Malignant Germ Cell Tumor of the Stomach
A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the stomach.
A malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the stomach.
A very rare colon carcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant squamous cell infiltrate.
An unusual colon carcinoma characterized by the presence of glandular and squamous carcinomatous components. The two carcinomatous components may be admixed within the tumor, or the two may appear separately in different areas.
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the colon. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm originating in the colon. It is the second most common benign lesion of the colon after benign adenomatous polyps. Older patients are more likely to be affected, and most lesions are located at the right side of large bowel. Colon lipomas may lead to intestinal obstruction.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm that arises from the colon. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the colon. Representative examples include angiosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the colonic mucosa. It is characterized by tubular and villous architectural patterns. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the colon. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
An extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that arises from the colon.
Colon Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Colonic Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
An extranodal Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the colon.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the cecum. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
Benign Peripheral Nerve Granular Cell Tumor
Benign Granular Cell Neoplasm of Peripheral Nerve
Benign Granular Cell Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve
Benign Granular Cell Tumor of Peripheral Nerve
Benign Granular Cell Tumor of the Peripheral Nerve
Benign Peripheral Nerve Granular Cell Neoplasm
A primary or metastatic neoplasm of hematopoietic origin that affects the brain, meninges, or spinal cord. Representative examples include Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, histiocytic tumors, and leukemias.
Central Nervous System Hematopoietic Neoplasm
Central Nervous System Hematopoietic Neoplasms
Central Nervous System Hematopoietic Tumor
Hematopoietic Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Hematopoietic Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Hematopoietic Tumor of Central Nervous System
Hematopoietic Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Lymphomas and Hemopoietic Neoplasms of CNS
Lymphomas and Hemopoietic Neoplasms of the CNS
A primary tumor of the central nervous system that arises from leptomeningeal melanocytes. It may present as a diffuse proliferative leptomeningeal process (often as a component of the neurocutaneous melanosis complex) or as a distinct mass lesion.
Central Nervous System Melanocytic Neoplasm
Central Nervous System Melanocytic Neoplasms
Central Nervous System Melanocytic Tumor
Melanocytic Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Melanocytic Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Melanocytic Tumor of Central Nervous System
Melanocytic Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A melanoma that affects the central nervous system. It is characterized by pleomorphism, melanin pigmentation, a high mitotic rate, necrosis, and hemorrhage. It is a highly aggressive and radioresistant tumor. The prognosis is usually poor.
A central nervous system multilobular lesion, characterized by a thick wall. The Intramural contents are soft and waxy with a variable amount of cholesterol. Teeth are rarely present though hair is not uncommon.
Dermoid Cyst of the Central Nervous System
An adenocarcinoma arising from the appendix, characterized by the presence of mucinous stroma formation and cystic structures.
Appendiceal Colloidal Cystadenocarcinoma
Colloid Cystadenocarcinoma of the Appendix
Colloidal Cystadenocarcinoma of Appendix
Colloidal Cystadenocarcinoma of the Appendix
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Appendix
An adenoma arising from the appendix. It is characterized by the presence of villous epithelial structures and it is associated with dysplasia.
A lymphoma arising from the appendix. The majority of lymphomas affecting the appendix represent disease extension from the intestinal wall; primary lymphomas of the appendix are rare.
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the appendix. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
An extranodal lymphoma that arises from the cecum. The majority are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the colon.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the cecal mucosa. It is characterized by a villous architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
An extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the cecum. The majority are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the prostate.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the prostate.
A rare malignant neoplasm arising from specialized prostatic stroma. It is characterized by the presence of stromal overgrowth and hypercellularity, increased number of mitotic figures, and pleomorphism.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the prostate. It is characterized by the presence of skeletal muscle exhibiting embryonic features.
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Prostate
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the prostate. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
Myeloid sarcoma that affects the prostate gland. It may present in association with or as a site of relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. Cases of myeloid sarcoma of the prostate gland preceding acute myeloid leukemia have also been reported.
Extramedullary Myeloid Neoplasm of Prostate
Extramedullary Myeloid Neoplasm of the Prostate
Extramedullary Myeloid Tumor of Prostate
Extramedullary Myeloid Tumor of the Prostate
Prostate Extramedullary Myeloid Neoplasm
Prostatic Extramedullary Myeloid Neoplasm
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the prostate.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the stomach.
An unusual malignant tumor that arises from the prostate gland. It is characterized by the presence of glandular elements and a cellular stroma that exhibits mitotic activity and nuclear atypia.
Malignant Phyllodes Neoplasm of Prostate
Malignant Phyllodes Neoplasm of the Prostate
Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Prostate
A rare benign neoplasm that arises from the prostate gland and is characterized by the presence of hyperplastic glands and stroma that contains spindle-shaped cells.
Benign Phyllodes Neoplasm of the Prostate
A rare non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the prostate gland.
A rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the prostate gland.
An invasive prostate carcinoma characterized by the presence of squamous differentiation of the malignant cellular infiltrate. There is no evidence of glandular differentiation.
An infrequent invasive carcinoma of the prostate gland characterized by the presence of both glandular and squamous neoplastic components. It is more often located in the transitional zone of the prostate gland and it tends to rapidly metastasize to the bones.
An adenoid cystic carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Prostate
An adenocarcinoma arising from the cecum. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the prostate. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the prostate gland. This category includes carcinoid tumors and small cell carcinomas.
An adenoma that arises from the rectum. The group of rectal adenomas includes tubular, villous, and tubulovillous adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the rectum. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the rectum. Representative examples include angiosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm that arises from the rectum. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the rectum.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the rectum.
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the rectum. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
An extranodal lymphoma that arises from the rectum. The majority are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
A very rare rectal carcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant squamous cell infiltrate.
A carcinoma that arises from the transitional zone at the junction of the rectum and anus.
Transitional Zone Carcinoma of the Rectum
A biphasic rectal carcinoma with a spindle cell, sarcomatoid component.
A carcinoma with eccrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands. It may arise de novo or as a malignant transformation of a pre-existing poroma. It usually grows in the legs, buttocks, feet, and trunk and usually presents as an ulcerative plaque. It is characterized by the presence of intraepidermal and dermal nests of malignant epithelial cells. It may recur after excision and metastasize to the lymph nodes and less frequently to distal anatomic sites.
A benign or malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the skin.
A type of basal cell carcinoma of the skin. It appears as a flesh-colored papule with telangiectatic vessels on its surface. It grows slowly; as it enlarges it becomes necrotic forming a central ulcer with raised borders.
Skin Nodulo-Ulcerative Basal Cell Carcinoma
An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma arising from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells in a storiform pattern and histiocytes with abundant cytoplasm.
Cutaneous Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Cutaneous Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Cutaneous Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Cutaneous Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly Cutaneous "MFH")
Cutaneous Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly Cutaneous "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma")
Malignant Cutaneous Fibrous Histiocytoma
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Skin
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension with less than two high-risk features. High-risk features for the primary tumor staging are defined as follows: depth/invasion of more than 2 mm thickness, Clark level equal or greater than IV, and perineural invasion. Anatomic location: primary site ear and primary site non-hair-bearing lip. Differentiation: poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Cancer that forms in squamous cells in the skin or in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). The tumor is no more than 2 centimeters at its widest point.
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor size greater than 2 cm in greatest dimension or tumor of any size with two or more high-risk features. High-risk features for the primary tumor staging are defined as follows: depth/invasion of more than 2 mm thickness; Clark level equal or greater than IV; and perineural invasion. Anatomic location: primary site ear and primary site non-hair-bearing lip. Differentiation: poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Cancer that forms in squamous cells in the skin or in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). The tumor is more than 2 centimeters at its widest point.
Tubular Structures of Glycogen-Rich Non-Ciliated Cells Present
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor with invasion of maxilla, mandible, orbit, or temporal bone. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension with less than two high-risk features. T2: Tumor size greater than 2 cm in greatest dimension or tumor of any size with two or more high-risk features. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th Ed.)
Cancer that forms in squamous cells in the skin or in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). Cancer has spread below the skin to tissues such as cartilage, muscle, or bone and/or to nearby lymph nodes, but not to other parts of the body.
Stage IV includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T Any, N3, M0); (T4, N Any, M0); (T Any, N Any, M1). T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension with less than two high-risk features. T2: Tumor size greater than 2 cm in greatest dimension or tumor of any size with two or more high-risk features. T3: Tumor with invasion of maxilla, mandible, orbit, or temporal bone. T4: Tumor with invasion of skeleton or perineural invasion of skull base. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M1: Distant metastases. (AJCC 7th Ed.)
Cancer that forms in squamous cells in the skin or in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). Cancer has spread to other places in the body, such as the brain or lung.
A sarcoma that arises from the skin. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, angiosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, liposarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
The reemergence of medulloblastoma after a period of remission.
A neoplasm that affects the jugular foramen. Representative examples include paraganglioma, schwannoma, and meningioma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the central nervous system during childhood.
Benign Childhood Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Benign Childhood Central Nervous System Tumor
Benign Childhood Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Benign Childhood Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Benign Childhood Tumor of Central Nervous System
Benign Childhood Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Benign Pediatric Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Benign Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumor
Benign Pediatric Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Benign Pediatric Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Benign Pediatric Tumor of Central Nervous System
Benign Pediatric Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Childhood Benign Central Nervous System Neoplasms
An invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland composed of secretory cells. It is the most common histologic type of prostate adenocarcinoma. Several morphologic variants exist, including atrophic, pseudohyperplastic, foamy gland, and oncocytic variants.
An invasive prostate carcinoma without evidence of cellular differentiation.
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Prostate
A slowly spreading, erythematous eczematoid plaque in the anal region. Histologically, the basal part or whole thickness of the squamous epithelium is infiltrated by large cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and large nuclei. Half of the cases are associated with an internal malignancy, most often a colorectal adenocarcinoma. The other half of the cases, have a high local recurrence rate and they may become invasive (WHO).
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the anus. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
An adenocarcinoma arising in the anal canal epithelium, including the mucosal surface, the anal glands, and the lining of fistulous tracts. The prognosis is related to the stage at diagnosis.
A usually large cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of B-cell phenotype, arising from the anus. Lymphomas originating from the anal region are rare in the general population, but they are seen with a higher frequency in HIV-positive patients, particularly homosexual men.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the anus. HIV-positive patients have an increased risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma in the perianal region.
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the anal canal. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
An anal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of mucoid stroma formation.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the anus. It is characterized by the presence of large polygonal cells with abundant granular cytoplasm.
Benign Granular Cell Neoplasm of the Anus
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the anus. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the anus.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm arising from the anus. Representative examples include leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.
An anal canal carcinoma which has spread to another anatomic site.
Malignant Granular Cell Neoplasm of Skin
Malignant Granular Cell Neoplasm of the Skin
Malignant Granular Cell Tumor of the Skin
A malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the skin.
A basal cell carcinoma often presenting as elevated skin nodules which may become ulcerated or cystic. In cases which present as endophytic nodules, the overlying skin surface shows indurated flat lesions. It occurs most frequently on the head. Morphologically, the neoplastic basaloid cells form lobules with peripheral nuclear palisading.
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the rectal mucosa. It is characterized by tubular and villous architectural patterns. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
An adenoma that arises from the rectum. It is characterized by the presence of severe epithelial dysplasia.
Adenoma of the Rectum with Marked Dysplasia
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the rectum.
A carcinoma that has spread to the skin from its original site of gowth.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the skin. This may be from a primary skin malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Skin
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Skin
Aleukemic Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cutis
Aleukemic Precursor Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cutis
Stage I Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage I Hodgkin's Disease Nodular Lymphocyte Predominance Type
Stage I Hodgkin's Lymphoma Nodular Lymphocyte Predominance Type
Stage I Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Stage I Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT) that arises from the small intestine. The morphologic characteristics are similar to those seen in gastric MALT lymphomas, with the exception of the lymphoepithelial lesions that are less prominent in the small intestine.
Small Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of Small Bowel
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of Small Intestine
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of the Small Bowel
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of the Small Intestine
Small Bowel Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Small Intestine Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Childhood CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Childhood K-1+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Pediatric Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Pediatric CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Pediatric K-1+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A mature T- and NK-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Childhood Mature T- and NK-Cell Lymphoma
A T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood T Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma
Childhood Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of acinar structures composed of columnar or cuboidal cells. (NCI05)
A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of papillary structures.
A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of polygonal malignant cells forming sheets. Acinar, papillary, micropapillary, or lepidic growth patterns are absent. If the tumor is 100 percent solid, intracellular mucin should be present in at least five tumor cells in each of two high-power fields and confirmed with mucin immunohistochemical stains. Tumors formerly classified as large cell carcinomas expressing pneumocyte immunohistochemical markers, even if intracellular mucin is absent, are now included in this category.
Pulmonary Solid Adenocarcinoma with Mucin
Solid Adenocarcinoma of the Lung with Mucin
A benign tumor of the lung composed of mature adipocytes and smooth muscle cells.
A benign neoplasm arising from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising endobronchially. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign adenomatous neoplasm that arises from the mucous glands in the bronchus.
A preinvasive lesion in the lung. It is characterized by the presence of a small, localized proliferation of mildly to moderately atypical type II pneumocytes and/or Clara cells lining alveolar walls and sometimes respiratory bronchioles.
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia of Lung
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia of the Lung
A rare usually indolent lung carcinoma characterized by a cribiform and tubular pattern and the presence of glandular epithelial cells. Clinical symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, wheeze, hemopytsis and chest pain.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the lung. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A primary or metastatic meningioma that is present in the lung. The lung is the most frequent site of metastasis of meningiomas.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the lungs and/or the pleura. Pleuropulmonary blastoma is seen in children. Microscopically, the tumor may show features of chondrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, or undifferentiated sarcoma. In approximately 25% of patients with pleuropulmonary blastoma, there are other lesions or neoplasms that may affect patients or their families, including lung or kidney cysts, and ovarian or testicular neoplasms. Heterozygous germline mutations in DICER1 gene have been identified in families harboring pleuropulmonary blastomas.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the lungs and/or the pleura. Pleuropulmonary blastoma is seen in children. Microscopically, the tumor may show features of chondrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, or undifferentiated sarcoma. In approximately 25% of patients there is a predisposition for other tumors. Heterozygous germline mutations in DICER1 gene have been identified in families harboring pleuropulmonary blastomas.
A rare and very aggressive (fast-growing) cancer that forms in tissues of the lung and pleura (a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity). Pleuropulmonary blastoma is most common in children.
A low, intermediate, or high grade malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the lung. This category includes typical carcinoid tumor, atypical carcinoid tumor, small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and combined carcinoma.
A high grade malignant neoplasm that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of large neuroendocrine cells. It usually has an aggressive clinical course.
Large Cell Lung Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Large Cell Lung Carcinoma with Neuroendocrine Differentiation
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Lung
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung
Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. The group of colorectal adenomas includes tubular, villous, and tubulovillous adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis.
An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. It is characterized by prominent serration of the glands and the presence of generalized low-grade dysplasia.
Large Bowel Traditional Serrated Adenoma
Traditional Serrated Adenoma of Large Bowel
Traditional Serrated Adenoma of the Large Bowel
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the colonic and rectal mucosa. It is characterized by tubular and villous architectural patterns. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
Tubulovillous Adenoma of the Large Bowel
A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the colonic and rectal mucosa. It is characterized by a villous architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the colorectal area. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm arising from the wall of the colon and rectum.
A polypoid lesion that arises from the colon or rectum and protrudes into the lumen. This group includes adenomatous polyps, serrated polyps, and hamartomatous polyps.
A serrated polypoid lesion that arises in the colon and rectum. It is usually found in the distant colon and it rarely produces symptoms. This group includes goblet cell rich, mucin poor, and microvesicular hyperplastic polyps.
A rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in and is confined to the lung at the time of diagnosis. Representative examples include bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. It is characterized by the presence of severe epithelial dysplasia.
Colorectal Adenoma with Severe Dysplasia
Colorectal Adenoma with Marked Dysplasia
An extranodal lymphoma that arises from the esophagus with the bulk of the mass located in the esophagus. Dysphagia may be the presenting symptom. The vast majority of cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and B-cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
An extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the esophagus with the bulk of the mass located in the esophagus. Dysphagia may be the presenting symptom. The vast majority of cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and B-cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Primary Esophageal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A very rare Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the esophagus.
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the small or large intestine. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm of the Intestine
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the stomach. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the colon. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the rectum. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
A tumor that usually presents with small nodules or small sessile polyps, predominantly in the distal esophagus. Histologically, it is composed of sheets of oval to polygonal cells with a small central nucleus and abundant granular cytoplasm. This is usually a benign tumor. (WHO, 2000) -- 2003
Granular Cell Myoblastoma of the Esophagus
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the esophagus. Clinical presentation includes obstruction, dysphagia, regurgitation, vomiting and reflux. It may be associated with aspiration and consecutive respiratory infections.
A benign neoplasm arising from the fibrous soft tissue of the esophagus. The tumor is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A non-metastasizing encapsulated neoplasm arising from nerves in the esophagus. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of fibroblasts and Schwann cells.
A malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the esophagus, characterized by multivacuolated lipoblasts with hyperchromatic nuclei, a solid pattern of growth, and a rich vascular network. It arises from the mucosal and submucosal layers of the lower esophagus. Clinical presentation includes progressive dysphagia, nausea, throat discomfort, and foreign body sensation.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the esophagus.
A melanoma affecting the esophageal wall. Melanoma in the esophagus is more commonly metastatic than primary. Primary melanomas of the esophagus are polypoid and clinically aggressive. (WHO, 2000)
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3a, N0, M0); IIIB: (T3b, N0, M0); IIIC: (T4, N0, M0). T3a: Multiple tumors more than 5 cm. T3b: Single tumor or multiple tumors of any size involving a major branch of the portal vein or hepatic vein. T4: Tumors(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Childhood Hepatocellular Cancer
Stage III Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7
Either (1) the tumor cannot be removed by surgery; or (2) cancer that can be seen without a microscope remains after surgery; or (3) the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage III Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Stage III Childhood Liver Cell Carcinoma
Stage III Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Stage III Pediatric Liver Cell Carcinoma
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Solitary tumor with vascular invasion or multiple tumors none more than 5 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage II Childhood Hepatocellular Cancer
Stage II Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
All of the cancer was removed by surgery, except for a small amount of cancer that can be seen only with a microscope, or tumor cells that may have spilled into the abdomen during surgery.
Stage II Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage II Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Solitary tumor without vascular invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
All of the cancer was removed by surgery.
Stage I Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage I Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage I Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Cancer may be of any size and has spread to distant organs, such as the liver, lung, and peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen), and may have also spread to organs and tissues near the pancreas or to lymph nodes.
Stage IV Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
A benign, non-metastasizing cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the exocrine pancreas. It is composed of glycogen-rich epithelial cells which produce a watery fluid. Signs and symptoms include abdominal mass, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
A lymphoma that arises from the pancreas with the bulk of the tumor localized to this organ. The vast majority of cases are non-Hodgkin lymphomas of B-cell phenotype and include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, follicular lymphomas, and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.
A rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm that occurs primarily in the pancreas.
A group of epithelial neoplasms that arise from the exocrine pancreatic tissue and have the potential to evolve into invasive malignant neoplasms. This group includes the pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias, non-invasive pancreatic mucinous-cystic neoplasms, pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms, and pancreatic intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms.
Borderline Neoplasm of Exocrine Pancreas
Borderline Neoplasm of the Exocrine Pancreas
Borderline Tumor of the Exocrine Pancreas
Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Exocrine Pancreatic Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential of Exocrine Pancreas
Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential of the Exocrine Pancreas
Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential of Exocrine Pancreas
Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential of the Exocrine Pancreas
A non-invasive pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that exhibit nuclear stratification, loss of polarity, and crowding. There is moderate nuclear hyperchromasia.
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm with Intermediate Grade Dysplasia
Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm of Pancreas with Moderate Dysplasia
Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm of the Pancreas with Moderate Dysplasia
Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Tumor of Pancreas with Moderate Dysplasia
Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Tumor of the Pancreas with Moderate Dysplasia
Pancreatic Borderline Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm with Intermediate Grade Dysplasia
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm with Moderate Dysplasia
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Tumor with Moderate Dysplasia
A rare pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with poor prognosis. It is characterized by the presence of malignant signet ring cells infiltrating the pancreatic parenchyma in an individual cell pattern.
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas
A carcinoma that arises from the pancreas showing both ductal and squamous differentiation. The squamous component should represent at least 30% of the malignant cellular infiltrate. The prognosis is usually worse than that of ductal adenocarcinoma.
Pancreatic Mixed Squamous and Adenocarcinoma
A carcinoma with poor prognosis that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of a significant malignant component that does not show differentiation. The malignant cells represent a mixture of large, pleomorphic cells and giant cells, or adenocarcinoma cells and spindle cells, or spindle cells.
Pleomorphic Large Cell Pancreatic Carcinoma
Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Pancreatic Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Pancreas
A rare variant of undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma characterized by the presence of non-neoplastic osteoclast-like giant cells.
Undifferentiated Pancreatic Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells
Osteoclast-like Giant Cell Neoplasm of Pancreas
Osteoclast-like Giant Cell Neoplasm of the Pancreas
Pancreatic Osteoclast-Like Giant Cell Carcinoma
A metastasizing, slow-growing malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the exocrine pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of cysts and is composed of glycogen-rich malignant epithelial cells which produce a watery fluid. Signs and symptoms include upper gastrointestinal bleeding, weight loss, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
Serous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Pancreas
A pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm characterized by the presence of a focal or multifocal invasive carcinomatous component. The invasive carcinoma is either colloid or ductal adenocarcinoma.
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Carcinoma
Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Carcinoma
Pancreatic Invasive Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Carcinoma
A cystic adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of relatively uniform neoplastic cells which produce pancreatic enzymes and are arranged in acinar patterns. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, and diarrhea. It usually has an aggressive clinical course.
Pancreatic Acinar Cell Cystadenocarcinoma
Acinar Cell Cystadenocarcinoma of Pancreas
Acinar Cell Cystadenocarcinoma of the Pancreas
Stage 0 Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the pancreas. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
Stage 0 Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
A gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the duodenum. It is characterized by the presence of uniform cells that form pseudorosettes. The neoplastic cells have uniform nuclei and small amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm.
Duodenal Gastrin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor
A lymphoma that arises from the gallbladder, with the bulk of the tumor located at this site.
A melanoma that arises from the gallbladder.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the gallbladder. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0); IB: (T2, N0, M0). T1: Tumor invades lamina propria or muscle layer. T1a: Tumor invades lamina propria. T1b: Tumor invades muscle layer. N0: No regional metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
Stage I gallbladder cancer is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, cancer has spread beyond the innermost (mucosal) layer to the connective tissue or to the muscle layer. In stage IB, cancer has spread beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle.
Stage I Carcinoma of Gallbladder AJCC v6
Stage I Carcinoma of the Gallbladder AJCC v6
Stage II includes: IIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIB: (T1, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor perforates the serosa (visceral peritoneum) and/or directly invades the liver and/or one other adjacent organ or structure, such as the stomach, duodenum, colon, or pancreas, omentum or extrahepatic bile ducts. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
Stage II gallbladder cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, cancer has spread beyond the tissue that covers the gallbladder and/or to the liver and/or to one nearby organ, such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, or bile ducts outside the liver. In stage IIB, cancer has spread in one of the following ways: (1) beyond the innermost layer to the connective tissue and to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) to the muscle layer and nearby lymph nodes; or (3) beyond the muscle layer to the connective tissue around the muscle and nearby lymph nodes; or (4) through the tissue that covers the gallbladder and/or to the liver and/or to one nearby organ, such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, or bile ducts outside the liver, and to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage II Carcinoma of Gallbladder AJCC v6
Stage II Carcinoma of the Gallbladder AJCC v6
Stage III includes: (T4, Any N, M0). T4: Tumor invades main portal vein or hepatic artery or invades multiple extrahepatic organs or structures. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
Stage III Carcinoma of Gallbladder AJCC v6
Stage III Carcinoma of the Gallbladder AJCC v6
Stage IV Carcinoma of Gallbladder AJCC v6
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Gallbladder AJCC v6
An intraluminal papillary neoplasm, usually with high grade intraepithelial neoplasia, that arises from the gallbladder. It is associated with the presence of an invasive carcinoma. The carcinomatous component is usually an adenocarcinoma.
Gallbladder Papillary Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Carcinoma
Gallbladder Papillary Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Cancer
Intracystic Papillary Neoplasm with an Associated Invasive Carcinoma
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of extracellular mucin that constitutes more than fifty-percent of the tumor.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of signet ring malignant epithelial cells.
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of Gallbladder
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
A non-metastasizing encapsulated neoplasm arising from nerves in the gallbladder. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of fibroblasts and Schwann cells.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign non-epithelial neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include hemangioma, angiomyolipoma, and solitary fibrous tumor.
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Benign Non-Epithelial Neoplasm
Benign Non-Epithelial Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Benign Non-Epithelial Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the liver.
A solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the liver. It affects females more frequently than males. Signs and symptoms include the presence of an abdominal mass and abdominal discomfort.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the liver. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A morphologic variant of hepatocellular carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the liver. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
Stage I Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage I Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage II Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0); IIIC: (Any T, Any N, M0). IIIA: T3: Multiple tumors more than 5 cm or tumor involving a major branch of the portal or hepatic vein(s). T4: Tumors(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
Stage III Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage III Carcinoma of Liver Cells AJCC v6
Stage III Carcinoma of the Liver Cells AJCC v6
Stage IV includes (Any T, Any N, M1). M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.) - 2003
Stage IV Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6
A rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the liver and the bulk of the tumor is located in the liver. The most frequent types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arise from the liver are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.
A rare mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma that arises from the liver. It is characterized by the presence of centrocyte-like cells surrounding germinal centers. Lymphoepithelial lesions involving the bile duct epithelium may also be present.
Liver Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Hepatic Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Liver Lymphoma
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of Liver
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma of the Liver
A morphologic variant of extrahepatic bile duct adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelium composed of clear cells.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Bile Duct
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterized by the presence of signet ring malignant epithelial cells.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Bile Duct
A carcinoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is composed entirely by malignant squamous epithelial cells.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bile Duct
A carcinoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterized by the presence of glandular and squamous malignant epithelial components.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Adenosquamous Carcinoma
Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Bile Duct
A carcinoma without evidence of differentiation arising from the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Anaplastic Carcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Anaplastic Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Undifferentiated Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma
An extremely rare, usually solitary, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) arising from the liver. There is mild nuclear atypia and low mitotic activity present. The neoplastic cells express immunohistochemical evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation. The vast majority of carcinoid tumors found in the liver represent metastases from other anatomic sites.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the pancreas with the bulk of the tumor localized to this organ. The vast majority of cases are of B-cell phenotype and include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, follicular lymphomas, and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.
Primary Pancreatic Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Adult Central Nervous System Embryonal Carcinoma
Embryonal Carcinoma of Adult Central Nervous System
Embryonal Carcinoma of the Adult Central Nervous System
Germinoma of Adult Central Nervous System
Germinoma of the Adult Central Nervous System
Adult Central Nervous System Choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma of Adult Central Nervous System
Choriocarcinoma of the Adult Central Nervous System
A mature or immature teratoma affecting the central nervous system and occurring in adults.
Teratoma of Adult Central Nervous System
Teratoma of the Adult Central Nervous System
A germ cell tumor arising from brain during childhood.
Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Childhood Brain
Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Pediatric Brain
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the brain during childhood.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the supratentorial region of the brain during childhood.
Benign Childhood Supratentorial Neoplasm
Benign Pediatric Supratentorial Neoplasm
Childhood Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
A neoplasm that affects the infratentorial region of the brain and occurs during childhood.
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the small intestine. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the stomach. It covers a spectrum of benign to malignant soft tissue neoplasms and includes most gastric smooth muscle tumors, leiomyoblastomas, and tumors formerly called gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors.
Digestive Stromal Neoplasm of the Stomach
Gastric (Stomach) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm of Stomach
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm of the Stomach
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Stomach
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Stomach
Stage I includes: (T1, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0). T1: Tumor invades lamina propria or submucosa. T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II includes: IIA (T3, N0, M0); IIB (T4, N0, M0). T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa or into the nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue (mesentery or retroperitoneum) with extension 2 cm or less. T4: Tumor perforates the visceral peritoneum or directly invades other organs or structures (including other loops of small intestine, mesentery, or retroperitoneum more than 2 cm, and abdominal wall by way of serosa; for duodenum only, invasion of pancreas or bile duct). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II Small Intestinal Cancer AJCC v7
Stage III includes: IIIA (Any T, N1, M0); IIIB (Any T, N2, M0); N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes. N2: Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Small Intestinal Cancer AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Small Intestinal Cancer AJCC v7
A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the small intestine. It usually affects adults over fifty years of age. The majority of cases have spindle cell morphology. The prognosis depends on the tumor size and the mitotic activity.
Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Digestive Stromal Neoplasm of Small Intestine
Digestive Stromal Neoplasm of the Small Intestine
Digestive Stromal Tumor of Small Intestine
Digestive Stromal Tumor of the Small Intestine
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm of Small Intestine
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm of the Small Intestine
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Small Intestine
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Small Intestine
Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Small Intestine Digestive Stromal Neoplasm
Small Intestine Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to the brain in an adult patient.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Adult Brain
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Adult Brain
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Adult Brain
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Adult Brain
A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the brain.
Intracranial Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Intracranial Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Intracranial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
An adenoid cystic carcinoma that arises from the pharynx.
A benign, exophytic and polypoid growth that arises from the buccal mucosa. It is covered by hyperplastic epithelium. Some cases are caused by human papillomavirus infection.
A rare, well differentiated, low grade tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the esophagus. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent. The majority of cases have a polypoid appearance, are small lesions, and found incidentally.
Esophageal Neuroendocrine Tumor G1 (Carcinoid)
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the esophagus. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm of the Esophagus
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the liver. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the liver.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm involving the gallbladder wall.
An undifferentiated carcinoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of spindle and giant malignant cells, including osteoclast-like giant cells.
Undifferentiated Gallbladder Carcinoma, Spindle and Giant Cell Type
Pleomorphic Spindle and Giant Cell Carcinoma of Gallbladder
Pleomorphic Spindle and Giant Cell Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the gallbladder.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the gallbladder.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the gallbladder. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the gallbladder.
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Oat Cell Carcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Oat Cell Carcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Oat Cell Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma
Small Cell Adenocarcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Small Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Small Cell Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma
Small Cell Extrahepatic Bile Duct Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterized by the presence of extracellular mucin that constitutes more than fifty-percent of the tumor.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Colloid Adenocarcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Colloid Adenocarcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Colloid Extrahepatic Bile Duct Adenocarcinoma
Colloidal Adenocarcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Colloidal Adenocarcinoma of the Bile Duct
Colloidal Adenocarcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Colloidal Extrahepatic Bile Duct Adenocarcinoma
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Bile Duct
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Mucinous Extrahepatic Bile Duct Adenocarcinoma
An embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Embryonal Extrahepatic Bile Duct Rhabdomyosarcoma
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from an extrahepatic bile duct. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
Leiomyosarcoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Leiomyosarcoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
An adenoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterized by the presence of a papillary growth pattern.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Papillary Adenoma
Papillary Adenoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Papillary Adenoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
An adenoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterized by the presence of a tubular pattern.
Tubular Adenoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Tubular Adenoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
A mucinous cystic neoplasm that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
Cystadenoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
A benign granular cell tumor that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Benign Granular Cell Tumor
Benign Extrahepatic Bile Duct Granular Cell Myoblastoma
Benign Granular Cell Myoblastoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Benign Granular Cell Myoblastoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Benign Granular Cell Tumor of Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
A benign neoplasm arising from the extra hepatic bile duct. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the extrahepatic bile duct.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from an extrahepatic bile duct. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A non-metastasizing mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include leiomyoma and lipoma.
Benign Extrahepatic Bile Duct Soft Tissue Neoplasm
Benign Extrahepatic Bile Duct Soft Tissue Tumor
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
An adenoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. It is classified as papillary, tubular, or tubulopapillary.
A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the liver. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Liver Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Hepatic Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation, arising from the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Neuroendocrine Tumor G1
Carcinoid Tumor of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Carcinoid Tumor of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Neuroendocrine Tumor G1 (Carcinoid)
A mucoepidermoid carcinoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Bile Duct
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0);. IVB (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a (lip): Tumor invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face, i.e., chin or nose. T4b: Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases internal carotid artery. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2a: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in dimension. N2b: Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2c: Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage III Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0);. IVB (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: (oral cavity) Tumor invades adjacent structures (e.g., through cortical bone, into deep [extrinsic] muscles of tongue, maxillary sinus, skin of face). T4b: Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases internal carotid artery. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2a: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in dimension. N2b: Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2c: Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage IV Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage 0 Lip Basal Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. Extraparenchymal extension is clinical or macroscopic evidence of invasion of soft tissues. Microscopic evidence alone does not constitute extraparenchymal extension for classification purposes. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage I Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v7
Cancer that is 2 centimeters or less in diameter and has not spread outside the salivary gland.
Stage I Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland
Stage I Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland
Stage I Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm, but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. Extraparenchymal extension is clinical or macroscopic evidence of invasion of soft tissues. Microscopic evidence alone does not constitute extraparenchymal extension for classification purposes. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v7
Cancer that is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters in diameter and has not spread outside the salivary gland.
Stage II Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland
Stage II Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland
Stage II Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, and/or tumor having extraparenchymal extension. Extraparenchymal extension is clinical or macroscopic evidence of invasion of soft tissues. Microscopic evidence alone does not constitute extraparenchymal extension for classification purposes. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm, but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v7
In stage III salivary gland cancer, (1) the tumor is not larger than 4 centimeters and has spread to a single lymph node on the same side of the body as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters and/or has spread to soft tissue around the affected gland; cancer may have spread to a single lymph node on the same side as the tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
Stage III Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland
Stage III Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland
Stage III Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma
Stage III Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced disease. Tumor invades skin, mandible, ear canal, and/or facial nerve. T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. Extraparenchymal extension is clinical or macroscopic evidence of invasion of soft tissues. Microscopic evidence alone does not constitute extraparenchymal extension for classification purposes. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm, but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, and/or tumor having extraparenchymal extension. T4b: Very advanced disease. Tumor invades skull base and/or pterygoid plates and/or encases carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Cancer AJCC v7
Stage IV salivary gland cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, (1) cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on either or both sides of the body and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; the tumor may be any size and may have spread to soft tissue around the affected gland; or (2) cancer has spread to the skin, jawbone, ear canal, and/or facial nerve, and may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on either or both sides of the body; the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters. In stage IVB, (1) cancer has spread to a lymph node larger than 6 centimeters; the tumor may be any size and may have spread to soft tissue around the affected gland; or (2) cancer has spread to the base of the skull and/or the carotid artery, and may have spread to one or more lymph nodes of any size on either or both sides of the body. In stage IVC, cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.
Stage IV Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV carcinoma of the major salivary glands with regional lymph nodes and/or distant metastases.
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma with Metastasis
Stage IV Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland with Metastasis
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland with Metastasis
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Cancer with Metastasis
Stage IV carcinoma of the major salivary glands without regional lymph nodes or distant metastases.
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma without Metastasis
Stage IV Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland without Metastasis
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland without Metastasis
Stage IV Major Salivary Gland Cancer without Metastasis
A malignant tumor arising from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, or sublingual gland. It includes carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, a malignant epithelial tumor arising from a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma and carcinosarcoma which is characterized by a mixture of malignant epithelial and sarcomatous elements.
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Major Salivary Gland
Malignant Major Salivary Gland Mixed Neoplasm
Malignant Major Salivary Gland Mixed Tumor
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Major Salivary Gland
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Major Salivary Gland
Malignant Mixed Tumor of Major Salivary Gland
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, or sublingual gland.
Adenocarcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland
An aggressive, high grade adenocarcinoma that arises from the salivary glands. It usually affects elderly males and presents as a rapidly enlarging mass. It metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and distant anatomic sites.
An aggressive carcinoma that arises from the major salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming cribriform, tubular, and solid patterns. It usually presents as a slow growing mass. Patients develop pain because of the tendency of these carcinomas to invade perineural tissues.
Major Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland
Major Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Cancer
A carcinoma that arises from the major salivary glands. It usually arises from the parotid gland. It is the most common primary carcinoma of the salivary glands and usually presents as a firm and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of epidermoid cells, mucus producing cells, and cells of intermediate type. The majority of cases have a favorable outcome.
Major Salivary Gland Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Major Salivary Gland Mucoepidermoid Cancer
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Major Salivary Gland
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Gland
A carcinoma that arises from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, or sublingual gland.
A carcinoma that arises from the salivary glands. It is the most common primary carcinoma of the salivary glands and usually presents as a firm and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of epidermoid cells, mucus producing cells, and cells of intermediate type. The majority of cases have a favorable outcome.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Gland
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the oral cavity. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the oral cavity. It usually occurs within the lingual and buccal mucosa.
A rare neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity, usually the tongue. It is characterized by the presence of plump eosinophilic cells with abundant granular cytoplasm. The neoplastic cells extend into the surrounding tissues, usually skeletal muscle. The vast majority of cases follow a benign clinical course. Recurrences are rare after removal of the tumor.
Granular Cell Neoplasm of the Oral Cavity
A monomorphic or pleomorphic adenoma that arises from the salivary glands in the oral cavity.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the oral cavity.
A rare melanoma that arises from the oral cavity. It is associated with a poor prognosis.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma and angiosarcoma.
A verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity that arises from the upper gingiva.
Verrucous Carcinoma of the Upper Gingiva
A rare benign epithelial neoplasm composed of oncocytes, which are large cells with a large amount of granular eosinophilic cytoplasm containing numerous tightly-packed mitochondria. Approximately 85% to 90% occur in the parotid gland; most of the remainder occur in the submandibular gland. The peak incidence is in the seventh through ninth decades of life. In almost all cases, swelling is the only complaint of the patient. -- 2003
An aggressive carcinoma that arises from the submandibular gland. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming cribriform, tubular, and solid patterns. It usually presents as a slow growing mass. Patients develop pain because of the tendency of these carcinomas to invade perineural tissues.
Submandibular Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Submandibular Gland
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland
An aggressive carcinoma that arises from the minor salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming cribriform, tubular, and solid patterns. It usually presents as a slow growing mass.
Minor Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
An aggressive carcinoma that arises from the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming cribriform, tubular, and solid patterns. It usually presents as a slow growing mass. Patients develop pain because of the tendency of these carcinomas to invade perineural tissues.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Parotid Gland
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
A carcinoma that arises from the parotid gland. It usually presents as a firm and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of epidermoid cells, mucus producing cells, and cells of intermediate type. It usually spreads to pre-auricular lymph nodes. The majority of cases have a favorable outcome.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Parotid Gland
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
A carcinoma that arises from the submandibular gland. It usually presents as a firm and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of epidermoid cells, mucus producing cells, and cells of intermediate type. The majority of cases have a favorable outcome.
Submandibular Gland Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Submandibular Gland
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the submandibular gland. Representative examples include polymorphic low-grade adenocarcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma of the Submandibular Gland
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the parotid gland. Representative examples include acinic cell carcinoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and oncocytic carcinoma.
An invasive squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the parotid gland. It usually affects elderly patients and presents as a rapidly enlarging tumor mass, often associated with pain.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Parotid Gland
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
An invasive squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the submandibular gland. It usually affects elderly patients and presents as a rapidly enlarging tumor mass, often associated with pain.
Submandibular Gland Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Submandibular Gland
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland
A malignant tumor arising from the submandibular gland. It includes carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, a malignant epithelial tumor arising from a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma and carcinosarcoma which is characterized by a mixture of malignant epithelial and sarcomatous elements.
Malignant Submandibular Gland Mixed Tumor
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Submandibular Gland
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Submandibular Gland
Malignant Mixed Tumor of Submandibular Gland
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Submandibular Gland
Malignant Submandibular Gland Mixed Neoplasm
A malignant tumor arising from the parotid gland. It includes carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, a malignant epithelial tumor arising from a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma and carcinosarcoma which is characterized by a mixture of malignant epithelial and sarcomatous elements.
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Parotid Gland
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Parotid Gland
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Parotid Gland
A carcinoma that arises from the parotid gland and is characterized by the presence of undifferentiated, anaplastic malignant epithelial cells.
Parotid Gland Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Parotid Gland
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Parotid
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
Undifferentiated Parotid Gland Carcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the submandibular gland and is characterized by the presence of undifferentiated, anaplastic malignant epithelial cells.
Submandibular Gland Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Anaplastic Carcinoma of Submandibular Gland
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Submandibular Gland
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the minor salivary glands.
Adenocarcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
A rare, benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland. It is composed of irregular proliferating nests and islands of epithelium, including solid and gland-like sebaceous elements, surrounded by lymphoid stroma. Patients present with a progressively enlarging and painless mass.
Sebaceous Lymphadenoma of the Parotid Gland
A benign epithelial neoplasm with a uniform, monomorphic appearance that is dominated by basal cells forming trabecular structures. It is rare, and occurs mostly on the parotid gland. The average age of patients has been reported to be 58 years. Swelling is the most constant clinical finding.
Basal Cell Adenoma of the Salivary Gland
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the parotid gland. Representative examples include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Parotid Gland
Primary Parotid Gland Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Primary Parotid Gland Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the parotid gland.
A carcinoma that arises from the minor salivary glands. It usually presents as a firm and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of epidermoid cells, mucus producing cells, and cells of intermediate type. The majority of cases have a favorable outcome.
Minor Salivary Gland Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
A carcinoma that affects the minor salivary glands and is characterized by the presence of undifferentiated, anaplastic malignant epithelial cells.
Minor Salivary Gland Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Anaplastic Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
Anaplastic Minor Salivary Gland Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
A malignant tumor arising from the minor salivary glands. It includes carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, a malignant epithelial tumor arising from a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma and carcinosarcoma which is characterized by a mixture of malignant epithelial and sarcomatous elements.
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Minor Salivary Gland
Malignant Minor Salivary Gland Mixed Neoplasm
Malignant Minor Salivary Gland Mixed Tumor
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Minor Salivary Gland
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Minor Salivary Gland
Malignant Mixed Tumor of Minor Salivary Gland
An infrequent small cell carcinoma that arises from a minor salivary gland and is characterized by the presence of a high number of mitotic figures.
Minor Salivary Gland Small Cell Carcinoma
Anaplastic Small Cell Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Anaplastic Small Cell Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
Minor Salivary Gland Anaplastic Small Cell Carcinoma
Minor Salivary Gland Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
Oat Cell Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Oat Cell Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
A carcinoma that arises from the minor salivary glands. Representative examples include adenoid cystic carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma, and mucinous adenocarcinoma.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the sublingual gland.
A squamous cell carcinoma that affects the minor salivary glands.
Minor Salivary Gland Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Epidermoid Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
Minor Salivary Gland Epidermoid Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
A neoplasm that affects the supratentorial region of the brain and occurs during childhood.
A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified that occurs in childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
A primitive neuroectodermal tumor that arises from the central nervous system during childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Childhood CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Childhood CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor, NOS
Childhood Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Childhood Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Childhood Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Pediatric CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Pediatric CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Pediatric Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Pediatric Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Pediatric Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Neoplasm
Pediatric Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
A rare, hormonally functioning or non-functioning pituitary gland adenocarcinoma that produces prolactin.
Prolactin-Producing Pituitary Gland Carcinoma
Malignant Prolactin Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactin Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactin Producing Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Prolactin Producing Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Prolactin Producing Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Prolactin Producing Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Prolactin Producing Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Producing Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactin Producing Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Producing Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant Prolactin Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactinoma of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Prolactinoma of the Pituitary Gland
Prolactin Producing Pituitary Gland Carcinoma
A rare, hormonally functioning or non-functioning pituitary gland adenocarcinoma that produces growth hormone. It may be associated with acromegaly.
Growth Hormone-Producing Pituitary Gland Carcinoma
Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Gland Carcinoma
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Tumor
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Producing Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant Growth Hormone Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Pituitary Gland Somatotropinoma
Malignant Somatotropinoma of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Somatotropinoma of the Pituitary
Malignant Somatotropinoma of the Pituitary Gland
A rare, hormonally functioning or non-functioning pituitary gland adenocarcinoma that produces corticotropin. It may be associated with Cushing disease.
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Gland Carcinoma
ACTH Producing Pituitary Gland Carcinoma
Malignant ACTH Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant ACTH Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant ACTH Producing Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant ACTH Producing Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant ACTH Producing Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant ACTH Producing Pituitary Tumor
Malignant ACTH Producing Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Producing Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant ACTH Producing Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Producing Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant ACTH Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant ACTH Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant ACTH Secreting Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant ACTH Secreting Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant ACTH Secreting Pituitary Tumor
Malignant ACTH Secreting Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Secreting Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant ACTH Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant ACTH Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Producing Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Corticotropin Secreting Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Corticotropinoma of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Corticotropinoma of the Pituitary
Malignant Corticotropinoma of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Pituitary Gland Corticotropinoma
A rare, hormonally functioning or non-functioning pituitary gland adenocarcinoma that produces thyrotropin.
Malignant Pituitary Gland Thyrotropinoma
Malignant TSH Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant TSH Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant TSH Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant TSH Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant TSH Producing Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant TSH Producing Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant TSH Producing Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant TSH Producing Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant TSH Producing Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant TSH Producing Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant TSH Producing Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant TSH Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant TSH Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant TSH Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant TSH Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant TSH Secreting Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant TSH Secreting Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant TSH Secreting Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant TSH Secreting Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant TSH Secreting Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant TSH Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant TSH Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Tumor
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Producing Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Neoplasm of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Pituitary Gland Neoplasm
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Pituitary Gland Tumor
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Pituitary Neoplasm
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumor
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Tumor of Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Tumor of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary
Malignant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secreting Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyrotropinoma of Pituitary Gland
Malignant Thyrotropinoma of the Pituitary
Malignant Thyrotropinoma of the Pituitary Gland
Thyrotropin Producing Pituitary Gland Carcinoma
A neoplasm that affects the brain stem and occurs during childhood.
A neoplasm that affects the cerebellum and occurs during childhood.
A benign polypoid growth in the external or middle ear.
A carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the subglottic area.
A carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the supraglottic area.
A carcinoma that arises from a pleomorphic adenoma in the parotid gland. Patients usually present with a history of a long-standing tumor mass which grew rapidly in the past few months. Patients with non-invasive or minimally invasive carcinoma have an excellent prognosis. In cases where there is invasion of the surrounding tissues, the clinical course is aggressive.
Parotid Gland Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of Parotid
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of Parotid Gland
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland
Parotid Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
A carcinoma that arises from a pleomorphic adenoma in the major salivary glands. It usually originates in the parotid gland. Patients usually present with a history of a long-standing tumor mass which grew rapidly in the past few months. Patients with non-invasive or minimally invasive carcinoma have an excellent prognosis. In cases where there is invasion of the surrounding tissues, the clinical course is aggressive.
Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of Major Salivary Gland
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Major Salivary Gland
A carcinoma that arises from a pleomorphic adenoma in the minor salivary glands. Patients usually present with a history of a long-standing tumor mass which grew rapidly in the past few months. Patients with non-invasive or minimally invasive carcinoma have an excellent prognosis. In cases where there is invasion of the surrounding tissues, the clinical course is aggressive.
Minor Salivary Gland Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of Minor Salivary Gland
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Minor Salivary Gland
A carcinoma that arises from a pleomorphic adenoma in the submandibular gland. Patients usually present with a history of a long-standing tumor mass which grew rapidly in the past few months. Patients with non-invasive or minimally invasive carcinoma have an excellent prognosis. In cases where there is invasion of the surrounding tissues, the clinical course is aggressive.
Submandibular Gland Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Submaxillary Gland Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
A rare benign tumor composed of sheets and islands of spindle, plasmacytoid, epithelioid, and clear cells that exhibit myoepithelial but not ductal differentiation. The average age of patients has been reported as 44 years. Clinically, these tumors present as asymptomatic masses. Discrimination between myoepithelioma and myoepithelial carcinoma is based primarily on the infiltrative growth of the latter.
Benign Myoepithelioma of the Salivary Gland
A rare, low-grade adenocarcinoma that arises from the salivary glands. It presents as a slow growing asymptomatic mass and is characterized by the presence of multiple cystic spaces.
Cystadenocarcinoma of the Salivary Gland
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, or sublingual gland. Representative examples include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Major Salivary Gland Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Major Salivary Gland Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Major Salivary Gland
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Major Salivary Gland
Primary Major Salivary Gland Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the major salivary gland. It predominantly occurs in males.
A rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, or sublingual gland. Representative examples include fibrosarcoma, angiosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.
A benign exophytic growth that arises from the oropharynx.
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Maxillary sinus: Tumor limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa with no erosion or destruction of bone. Ethmoid sinus: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Carcinoma of the Accessory Sinus
Stage I Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinus
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Maxillary sinus: Tumor causing bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and/or middle nasal meatus, except extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage II Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Carcinoma of the Accessory Sinus
Stage II Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinus
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Maxillary sinus: Tumor invading any of the following: bone of the posterior wall of maxillary sinus, subcutaneous tissues, floor or medial wall of orbit, pterygoid fossa, or ethmoid sinuses. Ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading the medial wall or floor of the orbit, maxillary sinus, palate, or cribriform plate. T1: Maxillary sinus: Tumor limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa with no erosion or destruction of bone. Ethmoid sinus: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. T2: Maxillary sinus: Tumor causing bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and/or middle nasal meatus, except extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Ethmoid sinus: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage III Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage III Carcinoma of the Accessory Sinus
Stage III Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinus
Stage III Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6
Stage III Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Maxillary sinus: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades anterior orbital contents, skin of cheek, pterygoid plates, infratemporal fossa, cribriform plate, sphenoid or frontal sinuses. Ethmoid sinus: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: anterior orbital contents, skin of nose or cheek, minimal extension to anterior cranial fossa, pterygoid plates, sphenoid or frontal sinuses. T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: orbital apex, dura, brain, middle cranial fossa, cranial nerves other than maxillary division of trigeminal nerve, nasopharynx, or clivus. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Accessory Sinus
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinus
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: anterior orbital contents, skin of nose or cheek, minimal extension to anterior cranial fossa, pterygoid plates, sphenoid or frontal sinuses. T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades any of the following: orbital apex, dura, brain, middle cranial fossa, cranial nerves other than maxillary division of trigeminal nerve, nasopharynx, or clivus. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor invading the medial wall or floor of the orbit, maxillary sinus, palate, or cribriform plate. T1: Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. T2: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage III Nasal Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage III Nasal Cavity Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage III Nasal Cavity Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor invading two subsites in a single region or extending to involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage II Nasal Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1:Tumor restricted to any one subsite, with or without bony invasion. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Nasal Cavity Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
A malignant epithelial neoplasm arising in the paranasal sinus.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the nasal cavity. It is classified as intestinal-type or non-intestinal-type adenocarcinoma. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are the presenting symptoms.
An olfactory neuroblastoma arising in the paranasal sinus.
Esthesioneuroblastoma of Accessory Sinus
Esthesioneuroblastoma of Paranasal Sinus
Esthesioneuroblastoma of the Accessory Sinus
Esthesioneuroblastoma of the Paranasal Sinus
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the paranasal sinuses. It is classified as intestinal-type or non-intestinal-type adenocarcinoma. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are the presenting symptoms.
A rare carcinoma that arises from the paranasal sinus. It is characterized by the presence of epidermoid cells, mucus producing cells, and cells of intermediate type.
Paranasal Sinus Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Accessory Sinus Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Accessory Sinus
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Paranasal Sinus
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Accessory Sinus
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinus
A rare adenoid cystic carcinoma that arises from the paranasal sinuses. It usually has an aggressive clinical course characterized by high recurrence rates and distant metastases.
Paranasal Sinus Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Accessory Sinus Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Accessory Sinus
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Paranasal Sinus
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Accessory Sinus
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinus
A rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the larynx.
A rare malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the larynx. It predominantly affects males. Clinical presentation includes dysphonia, dysphagia and respiratory symptoms. The supraglottis is the most common site of involvement.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the larynx. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A benign or malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the larynx. This category includes paraganglioma, carcinoid tumor, small cell carcinoma, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A rare, well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the larynx.
A rare carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is characterized by the presence of small neuroendocrine cells. It metastasizes early and has an aggressive clinical course.
A hemangioma arising from the subglottic area.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the larynx. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the hypopharynx from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Hypopharynx
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Hypopharynx
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the oropharynx from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Oropharynx
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Oropharynx
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the nasopharynx from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Nasopharynx
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Nasopharynx
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the larynx from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Larynx
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Larynx
A neoplasm that arises from mature B-lymphocytes or plasma cells in the lung. Representative examples include bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and primary pulmonary plasmacytoma.
Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Increased
A benign exophytic growth that arises from the nasopharynx.
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8
Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma Stage O
Stage 0 Lymphoepithelioma of Nasopharynx
Stage 0 Lymphoepithelioma of the Nasopharynx
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Lymphoepithelioma
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage 0 Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Throat Cancer
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8
Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of Nasopharynx
Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of the Nasopharynx
Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of Nasopharynx
Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ
Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Nasopharynx Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ
Nasopharynx Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Stage 0 Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma of Nasopharynx
Stage 0 Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx
Stage 0 Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Nasopharynx
Stage 0 Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Throat Keratinizing Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage 0 Nasopharynx Keratinizing Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage 0 Nasopharynx Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A benign exophytic neoplasm that arises from the nasopharynx. It is characterized by the presence of a connective tissue core covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
A benign exophytic neoplasm that arises from the oropharynx. It is characterized by the presence of a connective tissue core covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
Stage 0 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of Oropharynx
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of the Oropharynx
Oropharyngeal Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ
Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Oropharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of Oropharynx
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Oropharynx
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oropharynx
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oropharynx
Stage 0 Oropharyngeal Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage 0 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0 Oropharyngeal Throat Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage 0 Oropharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oropharynx
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx
An adenocarcinoma arising from the thyroid gland showing only limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation. Microscopically, the adenocarcinoma cells are arranged in insular, solid, and trabecular patterns. There is associated necrosis, and vascular invasion. The prognosis depends on the tumor stage, complete or partial surgical removal of the tumor, and the degree of response to radioactive iodine therapy (adapted from WHO Tumors of Endocrine Organs, IARC Press, Lyon 2004)
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Gland Cancer
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm primarily involving the thyroid gland.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm primarily involving the thyroid gland.
A usually aggressive malignant vascular tumor primarily involving the thyroid gland. It is often associated with longstanding nodular goiter.
Thyroid Gland Malignant Hemangioendothelioma
Adenocarcinoma Cell with Abundant Cytoplasm
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma primarily involving the thyroid gland. The vast majority of cases are either mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas or diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Thyroid Gland
Primary Thyroid Gland Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma primarily involving the thyroid gland.
Thyroid Gland Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Thyroid
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Thyroid Gland
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Thyroid
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Thyroid Gland
Primary Thyroid Gland Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of Hypopharynx
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of the Hypopharynx
Hypopharyngeal Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ
Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Hypopharynx Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ
Hypopharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of Hypopharynx
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Hypopharynx
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of Hypopharynx
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx
Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Throat Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage 0 Hypopharynx Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage 0 Hypopharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Hypopharynx
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the trachea. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the trachea.
An adenoid cystic carcinoma that arises from the trachea. It spreads to the submucosal tracheal tissue and to regional lymph nodes.
Stage 0 Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of Oral Cavity
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of the Mouth
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of the Oral Cavity
Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ
Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of Mouth
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of Oral Cavity
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Mouth
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Oral Cavity
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage 0 Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage 0 Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage 0 Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage I Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage I Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage I Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage I Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage I Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage I Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage I Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage I Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage I Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth
Stage I Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage I Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage I Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage II Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage II Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage II Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage II Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage II Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage II Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage II Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage II Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth
Stage II Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage II Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage II Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage III Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage III Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage III Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage III Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage III Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage III Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage III Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage III Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage III Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage III Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth
Stage III Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage III Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage III Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage IV Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
Stage IV Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage IV Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage IV Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Stage IV Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma
Stage IV Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage IV Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage IV Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage IV Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth
Stage IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Stage IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth
Stage IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity after a period of remission.
Recurrent Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Recurrent Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Recurrent Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Mouth
Recurrent Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Recurrent Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma
Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth
Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth
Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Relapsed Epidermoid Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Relapsed Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Mouth
Relapsed Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Relapsed Oral Cavity Epidermoid Carcinoma
Relapsed Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Relapsed Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mouth
Relapsed Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
Relapsed Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth
Relapsed Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
An aggressive, high-grade, and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the rectum. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Rectal Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A rare, invasive rectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of sheets of malignant epithelial cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. It usually has a favorable prognosis.
A rare, invasive colon adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of sheets of malignant epithelial cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. It usually has a favorable prognosis.
A benign or malignant lesion arising during adulthood.
A benign or malignant lesion arising during childhood.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the mucosal epithelial surface of the sphenoid sinus. Patients may present with nasal fullness, obstruction, and/or epistaxis.
Epidermoid Carcinoma of Sphenoidal Sinus
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Sphenoid Sinus
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Sphenoidal Sinus
Sphenoidal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Sphenoid Sinus
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Sphenoidal Sinus
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Sphenoid Sinus
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Sphenoidal Sinus
Painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces; associated with irritable bowel syndrome.
A pathologic process that is confined to the mucosa.
Malignant Epithelial Cell with Vesicular Nucleus, Distinct Nucleolus, and Abundant Pink Cytoplasm
This gene plays a role in the maintenance of genomic integrity and possibly tumor suppression.
Ras Association Domain Family Member 1 Gene
This gene plays a role in signal transduction and in the pathology of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas.
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation Gene 1 Gene
Human MALT1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 18q21 and is approximately 79 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 protein, plays a role in the modulation of the nuclear factor kappa B complex signaling cascade. The gene is involved in a chromosomal translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) with the BIRC2 gene in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas.
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation Gene 1 wt Allele
An immunophenotypic test result indicating positive staining of neoplastic cells for chromogranin A.
Chromogranin A Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
Chromogranin-A Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
Serotonin Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
A lymphoma that arises from the paranasal sinus. Representative examples include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the paranasal sinus. Representative examples include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Accessory Sinus
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Paranasal Sinus
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Accessory Sinus
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Paranasal Sinus
Primary Paranasal Sinus Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Blockage in the biliary tract that carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Causes include gallstones, biliary tract strictures and inflammation, pancreatitis, cirrhosis, lymph node enlargement, and bile duct and pancreas neoplasms.
Gastrin Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
Somatostatin Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
An immunophenotypic test result indicating positive staining of neoplastic cells for neuron-specific enolase.
Neuron-Specific Enolase Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the appendix. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).
Absence of Invasion of the Muscularis Externa
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the paranasal sinus and is characterized by the presence of a diffuse malignant infiltrate composed of large B-lymphocytes.
Paranasal Sinus Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Accessory Sinus Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Accessory Sinus
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Paranasal Sinus
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Accessory Sinus
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Paranasal Sinus
Primary Paranasal Sinus Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
A primary lymphoma that affects the nasal cavity and the bulk of the tumor is in this anatomic area.
Transformation of malignant cells with a specific differentiation to different morphologic types.
The reemergence of carcinoma in the oral cavity after a period of remission.
A carcinoma that arises from the anatomic structures of the neck region.
A carcinoma that arises from the eyelid. Examples include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
A tumor of the brain or spinal cord showing astrocytic differentiation. It includes the following clinicopathological entities: pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.
A malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system that arises from astrocytes.
A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes.
A carcinoma that arises from any of the structures of the eye.
Cysts Containing Proteinaceous Fluid Present
Actinic keratosis that develops in the skin of the external ear.
The section of the tube-like structure carrying bile that is closest to the intestine and furthest from the hepatic and cystic ducts.
A carcinoma that arises from the external ear. This category includes squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and ceruminous adenocarcinoma.
A basal cell carcinoma that arises from the skin of the external ear.
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the External Ear
A rare disorder resulting from neoplastic exocrine excess. It is typically seen in 10-15 % of patients with pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma. Clinical signs include subcutaneous fat necrosis, polyarthralgia and osteolytic lesions. Clinical course may proceed to non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Clinical prognosis is poor due to its usual onset with advanced disease.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the skin of the external ear.
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the External Ear
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the External Ear
A benign or malignant jugulotympanic paraganglioma arising from paraganglia in the middle ear.
Non-Chromaffin Paraganglioma of Middle Ear
Non-Chromaffin Paraganglioma of the Middle Ear
A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the middle ear.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Middle Ear
Cytoplasmic Membrane-Bound Granules Present
A carcinoma that arises from the middle ear. This category includes adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
An extremely rare carcinoma that arises from the lacrimal gland. It is characterized by the presence of infiltrating nests of epidermoid cells and mucus producing cells.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of a dense, collagenous stroma associated with a cellular infiltrate in a tissue sample.
Absence of Invasion or Limited Invasion Present
Low Grade Corneal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade 1 Corneal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade I Corneal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Low Grade Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade 1 Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade I Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness. It is caused by the blockage of the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
A disease in which antibodies made by a person's immune system prevent certain nerve-muscle interactions. It causes weakness in the arms and legs, vision problems, and drooping eyelids or head. It may also cause paralysis and problems with swallowing, talking, climbing stairs, lifting things, and getting up from a sitting position. The muscle weakness gets worse during activity, and improves after periods of rest.
Neoplastic Epithelial Small Polygonal Cell
Malignant Epithelial Small Polygonal Cell
Neoplastic Epithelial Large Polygonal Cell
Malignant Epithelial Large Polygonal Cell
Malignant Epithelial Medium-Sized Polygonal Cell
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the choroid, ciliary body, or iris.
Malignant Round Germ Cell with Glycogen-Rich Cytoplasm and Round Nucleus
Part of the upper urinary tract located in the retroperitoneum. The kidneys are the functional unit of the urinary system producing urine, which is transported from the renal pelvis of each kidney to the urinary bladder by the ipsilateral ureter.
Large Adenocarcinoma Cell with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
Small Adenocarcinoma Cell with Scant Amount of Cytoplasm
Adenocarcinoma Cell with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Conjunctiva
Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Conjunctiva
Stage 0 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8
Epidermoid Carcinoma in situ of the Larynx
Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of Larynx
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ of the Larynx
Stage 0 Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Larynx
Stage 0 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Stage 0 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v8
Stage 0 Laryngeal Throat Squamous Cell Cancer
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Larynx
Stage 0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx
A carcinoma that arises from the lacrimal glands. Representative examples include adenocarcinoma, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
A morphologic finding indicating the presence of an architectural pattern of tubular formations in a tissue sample.
Neoplastic Epithelial Cell with Eosinophilic Cytoplasm
Neoplastic Small Epithelial Cell with Scant Amount of Cytoplasm
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage I Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
Stage I Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland
Stage I Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Stage I Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Stage I Medullary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Stage I Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
Stage II Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland
Stage II Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Stage II Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Stage II Medullary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Stage II Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage III includes: (T1, N1a, M0); (T2, N1a, M0); (T3, N1a, M0). T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues). N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
Stage III Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid
Stage III Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland
Stage III Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Stage III Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Stage III Medullary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Stage III Thyroid Gland Medullary Cancer
Stage III Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1a, M0); (T1, N1b, M0); (T2, N1b, M0); (T3, N1b, M0); (T4a, N1b, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid gland capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues). T4b: Very advanced disease. Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes). N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral or contralateral cervical (Levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma
Stage IV Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid Gland
Stage IV Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Stage IV Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Stage IV Medullary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
Stage IV Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7
Any of the eight ligaments pertaining to the uterus including the anterior, posterior, lateral, sacro-uterine and round ligaments.
A process caused by injury or disease or aging and characterized by a partial/complete disruption of tissue. The disruption may be temporary or permanent and may be associated with either (1) impairment or (2) loss of function of the affected organ(s) or system(s).
Malignant Intermediate Type Trophoblastic Cell
A carcinoma arising in the renal pelvis. The majority of renal pelvis carcinomas are transitional cell and less frequently squamous cell carcinomas.
A congenital disorder characterized by the presence of extremely hypoplastic gonads preventing the development of secondary sex characteristics.
Abnormal development of a gonad (ovary or testicle). Men with gonadal dysgenesis have a greater risk of developing testicular cancer. Gonadal dysgenesis is usually part of a genetic syndrome.
Anomalous development of the gonads, resulting in reduced hormone production and germ cell numbers. The gonads are completely or partially underdeveloped and comprise mainly fibrous tissue.
Stage I includes: T1, M0, M0. T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor invades muscularis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Neoplastic Sex Cord-Stromal Cell Resembling Steroid Hormone-Secreting Cell
Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades beyond muscularis into peripelvic fat or the renal parenchyma. N0: No lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage III Renal Pelvis Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage III Renal Pelvis Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades adjacent organs, or through the kidney into perinephric fat. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node, more than 2 cm but not more than 5cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes, none more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
A papillary transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the renal pelvis.
Renal Pelvis Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Papillary Carcinoma of the Kidney Pelvis
Stage 0 Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor invades the muscularis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades beyond muscularis into periureteric fat. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades adjacent organs, or through the kidney into the perinephric fat. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node, more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes, none more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. N1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Malignant Glandular Epithelium Resembling the Normal Endometrium Present
A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the ureter.
Atypical Glandular Epithelium Resembling the Normal Endometrium Present
Neoplastic Glandular Epithelium Resembling the Normal Endometrium Present
The reduction of a chemical compound to one less complex, as by splitting off one or more groups.
Infiltrating Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Ureter with Squamous Differentiation
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Ureter with Squamous Differentiation
Ureteral Transitional Cell Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Infiltrating Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Ureter with Glandular Differentiation
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Ureter with Glandular Differentiation
Ureteral Transitional Cell Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation
A malignant neoplasm arising from the uterine corpus. This category includes endometrial carcinoma and carcinosarcoma.
Cancer that forms in the tissue lining the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). Most endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Ureter
A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides.
A benign epithelial neoplasm that produces visible warty projections from the epithelial surface of the ureter.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the ureter. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A well differentiated, moderately differentiated, or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the male or female urethra.
A transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the male or female urethra.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urethra
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the male or female urethra.
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Urethra
A sexually transmitted papillary neoplasm that arises from the epithelial surface of the urethra, and caused by the human papillomavirus.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the urethra. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A morphologic variant of urethral adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of tubulocystic or papillary structures lined with clear cuboidal or hobnail cells.
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urethra
A neoplasm of the urethra in which the epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue.
A neoplasm of the ureter in which the epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue, which often causes hematuria.
A rare carcinoma that arises from the ureter. It is characterized by the presence of small neuroendocrine cells. The prognosis is poor.
A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the bladder. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Bladder Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Bladder Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm of Bladder
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm of Urinary Bladder
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm of the Bladder
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm of the Urinary Bladder
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of Bladder
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of Urinary Bladder
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Bladder
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Urinary Bladder
Urinary Bladder Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm
Urinary Bladder Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the bladder. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
Wilms tumor of the kidney which occurs in adults.
An osteosarcoma arising from the kidney.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the kidney. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A rare malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the fat cells surrounding the kidney, usually of the well-differentiated or myxoid type. It may be associated with tuberous sclerosis.
An infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the renal pelvis and exhibits sarcomatoid features.
Infiltrating Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma, Sarcomatoid Variant
Kidney Pelvis Sarcomatoid Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Kidney Pelvis
Sarcomatoid Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Renal Pelvis
Sarcomatoid Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney Pelvis
Sarcomatoid Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis
A neoplasm of the renal pelvis in which the epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue.
Stage 0 includes: 0a (Ta, N0, M0); 0is (Tis, N0, M0). Ta: Noninvasive papillary carcinoma. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: "flat tumor". N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Non-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Stage 0 Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder
Stage 0 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder
Stage 0 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Stage 0 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Stage 0 Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage I Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage I Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage I Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder
Stage I Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder
Stage I Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Stage I Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Stage I Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma
An endophytic lesion in the urinary tract which shares several morphologic features with urothelial papilloma. This lesion may recur after complete excision. Transitional cell carcinomas may arise within inverted urothelial papillomas.
Stage 0 includes: 0a (Ta, N0, M0); 0is (Tis, N0, M0). Ta: Papillary noninvasive carcinoma. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)
Stage 0 Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma
Stage 0 Kidney Renal Pelvis Urothelial Cancer
Stage 0 Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Also known as collecting duct carcinoma, this is a rare type of renal carcinoma. It arises from the collecting ducts of the renal medulla, and most authors suggest that this is an aggressive tumor.
Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini
A rare type of kidney cancer that grows and spreads quickly. It begins in the duct of Bellini in the kidney.
Carcinoma of Collecting Ducts of Bellini
Stage 0 includes: 0a (Ta, N0, M0); 0is (Tis, N0, M0); (Tis pu, N0, M0); (Tis pd, N0, M0). Ta: Noninvasive papillary, polypoid, or verrucous carcinoma. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. Tis pu: Carcinoma in situ, involvement of the prostatic urethra. Tis pd: Carcinoma in situ, involvement of the prostatic ducts. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Abnormal cells are found on the inside lining of the urethra. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
Stage 0a includes: Ta, N0, M0. Ta: Noninvasive papillary, polypoid, or verrucous carcinoma. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor invades any of the following: corpus spongiosum, prostate, periurethral muscle. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0), (T3, N1, M0). T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue. T2: Tumor invades any of the following: corpus spongiosum, prostate, periurethral muscle. T3: Tumor invades any of the following: corpus cavernosum, beyond prostatic capsule, anterior vagina, bladder neck. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0), (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades other adjacent organs. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node more than 2 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage 0a includes: Ta, N0, M0. Ta: Papillary noninvasive carcinoma. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage 0a Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma
Renal Pelvis Papillary Noninvasive Carcinoma
Stage 0a Kidney Renal Pelvis Urothelial Cancer
Stage 0a Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0a Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Two communicating spaces located in the skull: the nasal cavity is a space inside the nose, which is divided into two lateral compartments by the nasal septum; the paranasal sinus is any one of an air-filled space within the ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, or sphenoid bones.
A mature or immature teratoma affecting the central nervous system and occurring in children.
Childhood Central Nervous System Teratoma
A mature or immature teratoma that arises from the central nervous system during childhood.
Childhood Teratoma of Central Nervous System
Childhood Teratoma of the Central Nervous System
Pediatric Central Nervous System Teratoma
Pediatric Teratoma of Central Nervous System
Pediatric Teratoma of the Central Nervous System
A germ cell tumor of the central nervous system occurring in children.
Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumor
A germ cell tumor that arises from the central nervous system during childhood.
Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Neoplasm
Childhood Germ Cell Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Childhood Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Childhood Germ Cell Tumor of Central Nervous System
Childhood Germ Cell Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Pediatric Central Nervous System Germ Cell Neoplasm
Pediatric Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumor
Pediatric Germ Cell Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Pediatric Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Pediatric Germ Cell Tumor of Central Nervous System
Pediatric Germ Cell Tumor of the Central Nervous System
An anaplastic astrocytoma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.
An anaplastic astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.
An astrocytoma that arises from the brain stem and occurs during childhood.
The reemergence of brain stem astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Brain Stem Astrocytoma
Recurrent Childhood Brainstem Astrocytoma
Benign Adult Cerebral Hemispheric Neoplasm
Benign Adult Neoplasm of Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Adult Neoplasm of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Adult Tumor of Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Adult Tumor of the Cerebral Hemispheres
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the cerebral hemispheres during childhood.
Benign Childhood Cerebral Hemispheric Neoplasm
Benign Childhood Cerebral Hemispheric Tumor
Benign Childhood Neoplasm of Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Childhood Neoplasm of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Childhood Neoplasm of the Cerebrum
Benign Childhood Tumor of Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Childhood Tumor of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Pediatric Cerebral Hemispheric Neoplasm
Benign Pediatric Cerebral Hemispheric Tumor
Benign Pediatric Neoplasm of Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Pediatric Neoplasm of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Pediatric Neoplasm of the Cerebrum
Benign Pediatric Tumor of Cerebral Hemispheres
Benign Pediatric Tumor of the Cerebral Hemispheres
A carcinoma that arises from the salivary glands, most often the minor salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic population of malignant epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm and the absence of morphologic features that define other primary neoplasms of the salivary glands.
Salivary Gland Clear Cell Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified
Salivary Gland Clear Cell Carcinoma, NOS
A rare, low-grade adenocarcinoma that arises from the salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by ductal cells which are arranged in cribriform patterns. Adjacent ducts show intraductal proliferation.
Salivary Gland Low Grade Cribriform Cystadenocarcinoma
A rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the salivary glands, most frequently the soft palate and the sublingual gland. It is characterized by the presence of large pools of extracellular mucin in which clusters of malignant epithelial cells are found. Patients usually present with a slow growing mass. It tends to recur locally and metastasize to regional lymph nodes.
A high grade adenocarcinoma that arises from the salivary glands. The vast majority of cases have been described in the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of malignant oncocytes. It recurs and metastasizes to regional or distant anatomic sites.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm within the cerebral hemisphere often associated with partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum.
A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm that arises from the breast. It is composed entirely of tubular structures that contain epithelial and myoepithelial cells.
A benign or malignant lesion typically arising in the period between infancy and adulthood.
Squamous Cell Papilloma of the Conjunctiva
Mixed Neoplastic Glandular and Squamous Cell Population
A basal cell carcinoma of the skin that often appears as elevated nodules which may become ulcerated.
Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
A malignant tumor arising in the epithelial cells of the brain or spinal cord.
Primary Central Nervous System Carcinoma
Melanoma Cell with Large Nucleus and Abundant Pale Cytoplasm
A rare adenoid cystic carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Oropharynx
Oropharyngeal Throat Adenoid Cystic Cancer
A benign, slow-growing and painless neoplasm that arises from the salivary glands in the oral cavity. It is composed of cells that demonstrate both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation.
Benign Mixed Salivary Tumor of Oral Cavity
Benign Mixed Salivary Tumor of the Oral Cavity
Melanocytes Near the Tips and Sides of Elongated Rete Ridges Present
Area of Depigmentation at the Periphery of the Dermal Melanocytic Infiltrate Present
A rare lymphoma that arises from the trachea. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, cough, wheezing, and stridor.
A morphologic finding that indicates the presence of cells with abundant eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm in a tumor sample.
An autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, skeletal abnormalities, and an increase incidence of development of neoplasias.
A chromosomal instability syndrome that is the most common form of inherited aplastic anemia. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive or X-linked disorder. In addition to bone marrow failure, it is associated with skeletal abnormalities and increased incidence of the development of malignancy. Multiple genes are responsible for Fanconi anemia.
A rare inherited disorder in which the bone marrow does not make blood cells. It is usually diagnosed in children between 2 and 15 years old. Symptoms include frequent infections, easy bleeding, and extreme tiredness. People with Fanconi anemia may have a small skeleton and brown spots on the skin. They also have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.
An anaplastic astrocytoma that arises from the brain and occurs during childhood.
Anaplastic Childhood Astrocytoma of Brain
Anaplastic Childhood Astrocytoma of the Brain
Anaplastic Pediatric Astrocytoma of Brain
Anaplastic Pediatric Astrocytoma of the Brain
Grade III Childhood Astrocytic Neoplasm of Brain
Grade III Childhood Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Brain
Grade III Childhood Astrocytic Tumor of Brain
Grade III Childhood Astrocytic Tumor of the Brain
Grade III Childhood Astrocytoma of Brain
Grade III Childhood Astrocytoma of the Brain
Grade III Childhood Brain Astrocytic Neoplasm
Grade III Childhood Brain Astrocytic Tumor
Grade III Pediatric Astrocytic Neoplasm of Brain
Grade III Pediatric Astrocytic Neoplasm of the Brain
Grade III Pediatric Astrocytic Tumor of Brain
Grade III Pediatric Astrocytic Tumor of the Brain
Grade III Pediatric Astrocytoma of Brain
Grade III Pediatric Astrocytoma of the Brain
Grade III Pediatric Brain Astrocytic Neoplasm
Grade III Pediatric Brain Astrocytic Tumor
A serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of a papillary architectural pattern.
Ovarian Serous Surface Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Serous Surface Papillary Carcinoma of Ovary
Serous Surface Papillary Carcinoma of the Ovary
A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor of the ovary characterized by the presence of glands and/or cysts lined by neoplastic cells that resemble endometrial cells.
A form of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a distinct clinicopathological entity and arises from the skin or the mucocutaneous junction. It affects predominantly white males in their 6-8th decades of life. Exposed and non-exposed skin sites are equally affected. UV damage and ingestion of inorganic arsenic may play a role in the development of the disease. On the skin surface, it presents as a single or multiple erythematous, scaly, keratotic patches or plaques. The clinical entity of erythroplasia of Queyrat is regarded as Bowen disease of the penis and it presents as an asymptomatic, red, circumscribed plaque. Morphologically, Bowen disease is characterized by the presence of hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, and acanthosis. The keratotic squamous cells are atypical and display hyperchromatism and abnormal mitotic figures. The dermoepidermal basement membrane is intact. Complete surgical removal of the lesion may be curative.
A skin disease marked by scaly or thickened patches on the skin and often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches often occur on sun-exposed areas of the skin and in older white men. These patches may become malignant (cancer).
Intraepidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Bowen Type
A condition of diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.
Subnormal concentration of two or more pituitary hormones.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube. Histologic subtypes include clear cell, endometrioid, serous, and mucinous adenocarcinoma. It spreads to adjacent organs, regional lymph nodes, and peritoneum.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube and is characterized by a papillary architectural pattern.
Papillary Adenocarcinoma of Fallopian Tube
Papillary Adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
A cerebral ependymoma that occurs during childhood.
A malignant trophoblastic tumor that arises from the fallopian tube during pregnancy.
Fallopian Tube Gestational Choriocarcinoma
Gestational Choriocarcinoma of Fallopian Tube
Gestational Choriocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube and resembles the endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus. It usually has a favorable prognosis.
Fallopian Tube Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of Fallopian Tube
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
Endometrioid Carcinoma of Fallopian Tube
Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
A rare adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube composed of malignant glandular epithelium containing clear cells.
Fallopian Tube Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of Fallopian Tube
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
An invasive carcinoma arising from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of a diffuse malignant infiltrate that is composed of epithelial cells without evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation.
Undifferentiated Fallopian Tube Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Fallopian Tube
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Fallopian Tube
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising during childhood.
A germ cell tumor of the central nervous system occurring in adults.
Adult Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumor
Adult Central Nervous System Germ Cell Neoplasm
Germ Cell Neoplasm of Adult Central Nervous System
Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Adult Central Nervous System
Germ Cell Tumor of Adult Central Nervous System
Germ Cell Tumor of the Adult Central Nervous System
Benign and malignant astrocytomas that arise from astrocytes in the cerebellum. More than 80% of childhood cerebellar astrocytomas are pilocytic astrocytomas which have a favorable prognosis. The remainder are composed of diffuse or fibrillary subtypes with malignant astrocytomas occurring only rarely in the cerebellum during childhood.
A primary endometrial adenocarcinoma composed of neoplastic cells that form complex glandular patterns associated with budding and branching of the neoplastic glands. The neoplastic glands resemble those of the normal endometrium and may or may not be associated with sheet-like proliferation of malignant cells. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most commonly seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of Endometrium
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium
Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Endometrium
Uterine Corpus Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
An endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium showing squamous differentiation.
Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma, Variant with Squamous Differentiation
Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the uterine corpus. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include leiomyoma, adenomyoma, endometrial stromal nodule, and endometrial polyp. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include endometrial carcinoma, adenosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
A pigment that gives color to skin and eyes and helps protect it from damage by ultraviolet light.
A primary malignant neoplasm of the uterine corpus characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a mesenchymal component. This category includes carcinosarcoma, carcinofibroma, and adenosarcoma.
Malignant Uterine Corpus Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Body of Uterus
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Corpus Uteri
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Uterine Body
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Uterine Corpus
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Body of Uterus
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Corpus Uteri
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Uterine Body
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Uterine Corpus
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Body of Uterus
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Corpus Uteri
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Uterine Body
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Uterine Corpus
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vagina and is characterized by a papillary growth pattern, acanthotic epithelium with minimal or absent atypia, and pushing borders.
Vagina Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Vaginal Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Vagina
Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vagina
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the vagina. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the vulva from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Vulva
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Vulva
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the vagina from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Vagina
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Vagina
A carcinoma that has spread to the cervix from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Carcinoma in the Uterine Cervix
Metastatic Carcinoma to the Cervix Uteri
Metastatic Carcinoma to the Uterine Cervix
Secondary Carcinoma to the Uterine Cervix
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the uterine corpus and is composed of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. Representative examples include adenomyoma and adenofibroma.
Benign Uterine Corpus Mixed Epithelial and Mesenchymal Neoplasm
Benign Mixed Neoplasm of the Body of Uterus
Benign Mixed Neoplasm of the Corpus Uteri
Benign Mixed Neoplasm of the Uterine Body
Benign Mixed Neoplasm of the Uterine Corpus
Benign Mixed Tumor of the Body of Uterus
Benign Mixed Tumor of the Uterine Corpus
A primary polypoid malignant neoplasm of the uterine corpus characterized by the presence of a sarcomatous mesenchymal component and a benign epithelial component. Patients usually present with abnormal vaginal bleeding. It is considered a low grade malignant neoplasm and may recur following resection.
A usually polypoid, benign neoplasm that arises from the endometrial cavity. It is characterized by the presence of a mesenchymal core component and an epithelial component that forms a lining on the mesenchymal core.
A usually polypoid, benign neoplasm that arises from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by the presence of benign epithelial glands embedded in benign fibromyomatous tissue.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the wall of the uterine corpus (uterine body). The most representative examples are leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma.
A rare type of uterine cancer that forms in muscle or other tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). It usually occurs after menopause. The two main types are leiomyosarcoma (cancer that begins in smooth muscle cells) and endometrial stromal sarcoma (cancer that begins in connective tissue cells).
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A malignant germ cell neoplasm arising from the testis. It is composed of primitive epithelial cells arranged in solid, papillary, and glandular configurations. Most patients present with a testicular mass, which may be associated with pain. More than half of the patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis. The form of treatment following radical orchiectomy is stage dependent.
A papilloma that arises from the squamous epithelium of the cervix.
Squamous Papilloma of the Uterine Cervix
A cervical adenocarcinoma with the histologic characteristics of the endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium.
Cervix Uteri Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of Cervix Uteri
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Endometrioid Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Endometrioid Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Uterine Cervix Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
A rare morphologic variant of cervical adenocarcinoma composed of clear and hobnail cells. It is associated with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES).
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of Cervix Uteri
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Uterine Cervix Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
A carcinoma that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the lack of specific cellular differentiation.
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Cervix Uteri
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Cervix
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Undifferentiated Uterine Cervix Carcinoma
A rare carcinoma that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of cystic spaces surrounded by palisaded epithelial cells. The cystic spaces contain eosinophilic hyaline material or mucin. Nuclear pleomorphism, necrotic changes, and a high mitotic rate are also present.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Cervix Uteri
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
This gene may play a role in tumor suppression.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Kidney
A sarcoma that arises from the testis. The majority of cases arise from teratomas or spermatocytic seminomas.
A carcinoid tumor that arises from the testis. It usually presents as a testicular mass without the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.
A usually aggressive malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of atypical cells which do not display evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation and giant cells resembling osteoclasts.
Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells
A large penile lesion with indolent clinical course, composed of well-differentiated squamous cells. -- 2003
Buschke-Lowenstein Neoplasm of the Penis
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the vagina. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign papillary neoplasm that arises from the vagina and is characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular stalk lined by normal squamous epithelium. There is no evidence of atypia or relation to human papillomavirus.
A benign papillary neoplasm that arises from the vulva and is characterized by the presence of a delicate fibrovascular stalk lined by squamous epithelium. There is no evidence of epithelial atypia.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the penis.
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the testis.
A rare yolk sac tumor that arises from the vagina.Patients present with abnormal vaginal bleeding or bloody discharge.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the vulva. Representative examples include Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma, eccrine adenocarcinoma, apocrine adenocarcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma.
A slow growing, locally infiltrating carcinoma that arises from the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells that resemble the basal cells that are present in the epidermis.
A benign, usually asymptomatic small mesothelial tumor that arises from the epididymis.
Benign Epididymal Epithelial Mesothelioma
A highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of a warty and hyperkeratinized surface, malignant cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, minimal cytologic atypia, and absence or rarity of mitotic figures. The tumor infiltrates the underlying stroma with a pushing border.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the paratesticular tissues. It is incidentally discovered and presents as a non-tender scrotal mass. It affects patients over a wide age range.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the cervix from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Uterine Cervix
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Cervix
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Uterine Cervix
Metastatic Malignant Tumor to the Cervix
Metastatic Malignant Tumor to the Uterine Cervix
An invasive ductal breast carcinoma associated with an invasive lobular carcinomatous component.
Invasive Ductal and Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma
Infiltrating Ductal and Infiltrating Lobular Breast Carcinoma
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal parasympathetic paraganglioma arising from paraganglia adjacent to the larynx. Patients may present with hoarseness and dysphagia.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from paraganglia located in the heart.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglioma arising from the urinary bladder. Clinical signs include hypertension and hematuria.
An extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglioma of the bladder that metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
Malignant Paraganglioma of Urinary Bladder
Malignant Paraganglioma of the Urinary Bladder
The reemergence of adrenal cortex carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Carcinoma of the Adrenal Cortex
Relapsed Carcinoma of the Adrenal Cortex
A malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the ovary.
A carcinoid tumor that arises from the lung, thymus, esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
A carcinoid tumor that arises from the jejunum, ileum, proximal colon, or appendix.
A carcinoid tumor that arises from the distal colon or rectum.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises in a Meckel diverticulum.
Meckel Diverticulum Neuroendocrine Tumor G1
Carcinoid Tumor of Meckel's Diverticulum
Carcinoid Tumor of the Meckel's Diverticulum
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the duodenum. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the transverse colon. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
Transverse Colon Neuroendocrine Tumor G1
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the ascending colon. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the descending colon. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.
Descending Colon Neuroendocrine Tumor G1
A primary thymic neuroendocrine tumor, often associated with Cushing syndrome. Two morphologic subtypes are recognized: typical and atypical carcinoid tumors. Atypical carcinoid tumors have a more aggressive clinical course.
A carcinoid tumor that has extended beyond its original site of growth to other anatomic sites.
An autosomal dominant inherited neoplastic syndrome characterized by the development of various endocrine neoplasms and abnormalities in various anatomic sites. There are three types recognized: type 1 (MEN 1), caused by inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene MEN-1, type 2A (MEN 2A), caused by mutation of the RET gene, and type 2B (MEN 2B) also caused by mutation of the RET gene. Patients with MEN 1 may develop hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid gland adenomas, pituitary gland adenomas, pancreatic islet cell neoplasms, and carcinoid tumors. Patients with MEN 2A develop medullary thyroid carcinomas, and may also develop pheochromocytomas and parathyroid gland hyperplasia. Patients with MEN 2B develop medullary thyroid carcinomas and numerous neural defects including neuromas.
A genetically heterogenous group of autosomal dominant neoplastic syndromes characterized by the development of neoplasms in various endocrine organs.
An inherited condition that may result in the development of cancers of the endocrine system. There are several types of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, and patients with each type may develop different types of cancer. The altered genes that cause each type can be detected with a blood test.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome(s)
A benign nodular lesion protruding above the surface of the endometrium. It is composed of a fibrous stroma that contains thick-walled blood vessels and dilated endometrial glands. Polypectomy is the treatment of choice. Only few cases with recurrence have been reported.
A benign polypoid neoplasm of the endometrium projecting into the endometrial cavity.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the Bartholin gland. Representative examples include adenoma, adenomyoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
A germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum. Representative examples include seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, and mixed germ cell tumor.
A benign, solid or cystic germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum. Solid tumors are classified as benign teratomas. Cystic tumors are classified as dermoid cysts.
Benign Germ Cell Neoplasm of Mediastinum
Benign Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Mediastinum
Benign Germ Cell Tumor of the Mediastinum
Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Retroperitoneum
A benign or malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the stomach. Representative examples include teratoma and choriocarcinoma.
A germ cell tumor without metastatic potential.
An epithelial neoplasm that affects the thymus gland. This category includes thymomas and carcinomas.
A lymphoma that arises from the thymus. Representative examples include mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.
A well-circumscribed tumor of the thymus composed of islands of normal thymic parenchyma and mature adipose tissue. It is not clear if thymolipoma is a neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesion.
A thymoma of any morphologic type that extends beyond the capsule and infiltrates the surrounding tissues.
A thymic epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle and/or oval neoplastic epithelial cells. Lymphocytic infiltration is minimal or absent. It may be associated with myasthenia gravis or pure red cell aplasia. The majority of cases occur in the anterior mediastinum as Masaoka stage I tumors. Approximately 20% of the cases occur as stage II or stage III tumors. Type A thymoma generally behaves as a benign tumor and the overall survival is reported to be 100% at 5 and 10 years.
A rare primary thymic carcinoma, characterized by the presence of keratinizing or non-keratinizing malignant squamous cells. Approximately 10-20% of cases occur in combination with thymoma. The prognosis depends on the tumor stage and the degree of cellular differentiation.
A rare primary thymic carcinoma, characterized by the presence of squamous cells, intermediate type cells, and mucus-producing cells. Published information on clinical course is limited to single-case reports.
A rare carcinoma that arises from the thymus and is characterized by the presence of glandular and squamous carcinomatous components.
A rare primary thymic carcinoma, characterized by the presence of carcinoma cells with glandular differentiation.
An aggressive, small cell, poorly differentiated thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma, characterized by the presence of a high mitotic rate and numerous apoptotic bodies.
Thymic Small Cell Carcinoma Neuroendocrine Type
An aggressive, non-small cell, poorly differentiated thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma, characterized by the presence of a high mitotic rate and, almost always, necrosis.
Thymic Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Thymus
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Thymus
A rare, usually aggressive, primary thymic carcinoma, characterized by the presence of carcinoma cells with clear cytoplasm.
A rare, usually aggressive, primary thymic carcinoma, characterized by the presence of tumor cells morphologically resembling soft tissue sarcoma.
Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0, G3, G4. T3: Tumor more than 8 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G3: Poorly differentiated. G4: Undifferentiated. (AJCC 7th ed.)
A sarcomatous transformation of pre-existing Paget disease of the bone. Osteosarcomas arising from Paget disease of the bone are high grade lesions and usually have a poor prognosis.
Osteosarcoma Arising in Paget Disease of Bone
Osteosarcoma Arising in Bone Paget's Disease
Osteosarcoma Arising in Osseous Paget's Disease
Osteosarcoma Arising in Osteitis Deformans
Osteosarcoma Arising in Paget's Disease of Bone
A primary bone osteosarcoma affecting multiple bone sites.
A rare, usually low grade chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of tumor cells with clear cytoplasm. It usually arises in the epiphyseal ends of long bones.
An aggressive morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma. It is composed of a low grade chondrosarcoma and a high grade non-cartilagenous sarcomatous component. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, its prognosis is poor.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the bone.
A high-grade malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with endothelial differentiation.
A benign or malignant glomus tumor arising from the bone.
A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm that arises from soft tissue or viscera, in children and young adults. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
A benign neoplasm arising from the dermis. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A small, slow growing, benign neoplasm arising from the tendon sheaths. The tumor is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation.
A rare non-encapsulated and poorly circumscribed lesion that usually affects the posterior neck. It is seen more frequently in men and is characterized by the presence of thick collagen fibers. It may recur but does not metastasize.
An insidious poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the soft tissues outside the abdomen. It is characterized by the presence of elongated spindle-shaped fibroblasts, vascular collagenous stroma formation, and an infiltrative growth pattern.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm composed of fibrohistiocytic cells, spindle fibroblastic cells, and histiocytes, in a storiform pattern.
A fibrohistiocytic neoplasm usually affecting younger patients. It is characterized by an increased risk of local recurrence and a low risk of metastasis.
A rare, well-circumscribed, pseudo-encapsulated benign fibrous histiocytoma that arises entirely within the subcutaneous tissue or deep soft tissue. It usually affects the extremities or the head and neck region. It recurs locally in a minority of cases.
A low malignant potential soft tissue neoplasm of uncertain differentiation. It typically affects young patients, presenting as a slowly growing nodular or cystic tumor mass, most often in the subcutaneous tissues of the extremities. Occasionally, patients have systemic symptoms (anemia, fever, and weight loss). This tumor has a relatively good prognosis. A minority of patients develop local recurrences. Metastases are rare.
Angiomatoid Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
A benign well-circumscribed tumor, composed of mature adipocytes, that arises within deep soft tissues.
A benign tumor, composed of mature adipocytes, that arises within the tendon sheath.
A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue. It has been associated with several genetic disorders and different clinical conditions such as liver disease, excessive alcohol intake, adrenocortical steroid therapy, and antiretroviral therapy.
An intermediate, locally aggressive lipomatous neoplasm. Microscopically, the adipose tissue contains large and pleomorphic lipoblasts, and is dissected by fibrous septa containing spindle cells. It requires a wide local excision, may recur locally, but never metastasizes.
Superficial Well Differentiated Liposarcoma
Well Differentiated Liposarcoma of Superficial Soft Tissue
A rare morphologic variant of well differentiated liposarcoma occurring most often in the retroperitoneum. It is characterized by the presence of a predominant inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphoplasmacytic aggregates.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth muscle tissue.
A malignant neoplasm arising from smooth muscle.
A rare benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from deep tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle tissue.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the absence of neoplastic small epithelial cells. A representative example is the lung non-small cell carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Skeletal Muscle
An epithelial neoplasm with a papillary growth pattern in which the malignant cells are confined to the epithelium, without evidence of invasion.
A benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by an endophytic growth, papillary pattern, and proliferation of neoplastic squamous cells without morphologic evidence of malignancy.
A rare benign skeletal muscle neoplasm arising from the female genital tract. It is characterized by the presence of small nucleated rhabdomyoblasts within a fibrous and myxoid stroma.
A transitional cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary growth pattern and lack of stromal invasion.
Non-Invasive Papillary Transitional Cell Carcinoma
A glucagon-producing neuroendocrine tumor arising from the alpha cells of the pancreas. It may be associated with necrolytic erythema migrans, diarrhea, diabetes, glossitis, weight loss, malabsorption, and anemia. It displays vascular invasion and metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
A gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor. It is characterized by inappropriate secretion of gastrin and associated with Zollinger Ellison syndrome. It displays vascular invasion and metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
An aggressive neuroendocrine tumor located in the pancreas or small intestine. It is composed of cells containing vasoactive intestinal peptide. It is associated with watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria. It displays vascular invasion and metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
An uncommon variant of rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of whorls of spindle cells forming a storiform pattern. In children it usually arises in the paratesticular region. In adults it usually arises from the deep soft tissues in the head and neck.
An uncommon variant of rhabdomyosarcoma that is characterized by the presence of whorls of spindle cells forming a storiform pattern. In children, it usually arises in the paratesticular region; in adults it usually arises from the deep soft tissues in the head and neck.
A malignant neuroendocrine tumor arising from delta cells which produce somatostatin. It displays vascular invasion and metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
An infiltrating adenocarcinoma in which the malignant cells form tubular structures. Representative examples include the tubular breast carcinoma and the gastric tubular adenocarcinoma.
A malignant glandular neoplasm exhibiting tubular structures.
An adenoma of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa which grossly and morphologically does not appear as an elevated or polypoid lesion.
Multifocal neoplastic proliferations of the glandular epithelium displaying a papillary pattern.
A follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland which shows limited capsular and/or vascular invasion.
Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma, Minimally Invasive
A morphologic finding indicating the infiltration of the stroma immediately adjacent to a carcinoma in situ by isolated malignant cells or small groups of malignant cells.
A benign cystic glandular epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic clear or hobnail cells which form papillary structures. There is no evidence of stromal invasion.
An invasive adenocarcinoma characterized by cystic changes, papillary growth pattern, and the presence of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin.
A benign neoplasm arising from the lymphatic vessels.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the perivascular cells of the connective and soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of pericytes that grow in a circumferential pattern around vessels.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the perivascular cells of the connective and soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of pericytes that grow in a circumferential pattern around vessels.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the perivascular cells of the connective and soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of pericytes that grow in a circumferential pattern around vessels, and cytologic atypia.
A well-circumscribed, lobulated tumor, completely or partially covered by a fibrous capsule. It usually arises in the fingers. It is characterized by the presence of mononuclear cells, multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, foam cells, and an inflammatory infiltrate. The tumor is slow-growing, usually developing over several years. Clinical presentation includes painless edema of the affected site.
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Localized Type
Localized Giant Cell Neoplasm of Tendon Sheath
Localized Giant Cell Neoplasm of Tenosynovium
Localized Giant Cell Neoplasm of the Tenosynovium
Localized Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
Localized Giant Cell Tumor of Tenosynovium
Localized Giant Cell Tumor of the Tenosynovium
Localized Tenosynovial Giant Cell Neoplasm
An uncommon malignant tumor arising from the tendon sheath. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of a cellular infiltrate reminiscent of a giant cell tumor with prominent malignant characteristics. Recurrent giant cell tumors with a sarcomatous dedifferentiation are included in this category as well.
Malignant Giant Cell Neoplasm of Tendon Sheath
Malignant Giant Cell Neoplasm of the Tendon Sheath
Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath
Malignant Tendon Sheath Giant Cell Neoplasm
Malignant Tendon Sheath Giant Cell Tumor
A cystic mesothelioma that arises from the peritoneum and usually affects young to middle aged females. Grossly, it presents as a large multiloculated tumor mass, usually in the pelvic peritoneum. Histologically it is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts that are lined by one or more layers of mesothelial cells that do not show atypia. Patients usually present with abdominal or pelvic mass and pain. The clinical course is indolent. The tumor may recur, but transformation to diffuse malignant mesothelioma is rare.
Multicystic Mesothelioma of the Peritoneum
Stage I includes: IA (T1a, N0, M0, G1, GX); (T1b, N0, M0, G1, GX); IB (T2a, N0, M0, G1, GX); (T2b, N0, M0, G1, GX). T1a: Superficial tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1b: Deep tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Superficial tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. T2b: Deep tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Grade 1. GX: Grade cannot be assessed. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB. In stage IA, the tumor is low-grade (likely to grow and spread slowly) and 5 centimeters or smaller. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue). In stage IB, the tumor is low-grade (likely to grow and spread slowly) and larger than 5 centimeters. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).
Stage II includes: IIA (T1a, N0, M0, G2, G3); (T1b, N0, M0, G2, G3); IIB (T2a, N0, M0, G2); (T2b, N0, M0, G2). T1a: Superficial tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1b: Deep tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Superficial tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. T2b: Deep tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Grade 2. G3: Grade 3. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, the tumor is mid-grade (somewhat likely to grow and spread quickly) or high-grade (likely to grow and spread quickly) and 5 centimeters or smaller. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue). In stage IIB, the tumor is mid-grade (somewhat likely to grow and spread quickly) and larger than 5 centimeters. It may be either superficial (in subcutaneous tissue with no spread into connective tissue or muscle below) or deep (in the muscle and may be in connective or subcutaneous tissue).
A non-metastasizing germ cell tumor that occurs during childhood.
A mature or immature teratoma that arises from the ovary and occurs in children.
A mature or immature teratoma that arises from the ovary during childhood.
A hemangioma arising from the deep soft tissues.
A rare neurofibroma with epithelioid morphology.
A variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor characterized by the presence of glandular epithelium.
Glandular Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Glandular Neoplasm of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Glandular Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Glandular Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm
Malignant Glandular Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Glandular Tumor of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Glandular Tumor of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
A rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor composed predominantly or exclusively of epithelioid cells.
Epithelioid Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Epithelioid Neoplasm of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Epithelioid Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Epithelioid Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm
Malignant Epithelioid Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Epithelioid Tumor of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Epithelioid Tumor of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
A cystic neoplasm which arises from the kidney and occurs in children. It includes the cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma and cases in which nephroblastomatous elements are not present.
Childhood Multilocular Cystic Renal Neoplasm
Childhood Multilocular Cystic Kidney Neoplasm
Childhood Multilocular Cystic Kidney Tumor
Childhood Multilocular Cystic Renal Tumor
Pediatric Multilocular Cystic Kidney Neoplasm
Pediatric Multilocular Cystic Kidney Tumor
Pediatric Multilocular Cystic Renal Neoplasm
Pediatric Multilocular Cystic Renal Tumor
A renal cell carcinoma that occurs during childhood.
A low grade childhood congenital malignant neoplasm arising from the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of fibroblastic cells. The majority of cases occur in the first year of life. Complete excision is usually associated with an excellent prognosis.
A congenital malignant neoplasm of the kidney characterized by the presence of fibroblastic cells.
A low grade childhood congenital malignant neoplasm arising from the kidney, which is characterized by the presence of fibroblastic cells.
A type of kidney tumor that is usually found before birth by ultrasound or within the first 3 months of life. It contains fibroblastic cells (connective tissue cells), and may spread to the other kidney or to nearby tissue. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma is more common in males.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with cartilaginous or osseous differentiation arising from the soft tissues exclusively. Representative examples include chondroma, osteoma, and osteosarcoma.
Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Neoplasm
Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Tumor
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm with cartilaginous or osseous differentiation arising from the soft tissues exclusively. Representative examples include chondroma and osteoma.
Benign Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Neoplasm
Benign Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Tumor
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with cartilaginous or osseous differentiation arising from the soft tissues exclusively. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a representative example.
Malignant Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Neoplasm
Malignant Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Tumor
A benign soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle and stellate cells, lobulated growth pattern, and myxoid stroma formation.
A benign soft tissue neoplasm with a myxoid stroma formation.
A benign, painless soft tissue tumor that arises in a muscle, usually in a large muscle of the thigh, buttocks, shoulder, or upper arm. It is associated with point mutations of the GNAS gene. Grossly it is characterized by a gelatinous and lobulated cut surface. Morphologically it is composed of uniform spindled and stellate-shaped cells without atypia. The cells are separated by myxoid stroma. No recurrences have been reported.
A rare myxoma that usually arises in an area close to a large joint. Morphologically it resembles a cellular myxoma. In contrast to an intramuscular myxoma, it is not associated with mutations of the GNAS gene.
A rare, usually benign myoepithelial tumor characterized by the presence of epithelioid, often vacuolated neoplastic cells. Most patients present with painless swelling in the subcutaneous or subfascial soft tissues of the extremities.
An osteosarcoma occurring during childhood.
A rhabdoid tumor which arises in the soft tissues. It occurs in infants and children and may be associated with loss of chromosome 22. It is characterized by the presence of cells with a large eccentric nucleus, prominent nucleolus, and abundant cytoplasm.
A rhabdoid tumor that arises outside of the central nervous system or kidney.
A benign soft tissue tumor in which the line of differentiation is uncertain.
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Uncertain Differentiation
A malignant soft tissue tumor in which the line of differentiation is uncertain.
Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Uncertain Differentiation
A low grade malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the surface of the bone. It occurs in childhood and usually affects the distal posterior femur, the proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. Painless swelling is the usual clinical sign. The prognosis is usually excellent.
A parosteal osteosarcoma occurring during childhood.
A high grade malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm that produces osteoid and occurs in childhood. It arises from the medullary portion of the bone. It affects the long bones, and most commonly, the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. Pain with or without a palpable mass is the most common clinical presentation. It usually has an aggressive growth and may metastasize through the hematogenous route. The lung is the most frequent site of metastasis.
A conventional osteosarcoma occurring during childhood.
A neuroblastoma arising from the peripheral nervous system.
A non-metastasizing mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the mediastinum. Representative examples include lipoma, leiomyoma, and rhabdomyoma.
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Mediastinum
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Mediastinum
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor of the Mediastinum
A ganglioneuroblastoma arising from the peripheral nervous system.
Peripheral Nervous System Ganglioneuroblastoma
A lymphangioma arising from the mediastinum.
A benign neoplasm composed of hyaline cartilage arising from the mediastinum. It is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes, a lobulated growth pattern, and calcification.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the mediastium. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the anterior, middle or posterior mediastinum.
A soluble substance, usually a protein, that induces mitosis in resting cells, thereby causing cell proliferation.
A rare benign skeletal muscle neoplasm arising from the mediastinum.
An exceptionally rare, generally benign, granular cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum. All the reported cases were located in the posterior mediastinum.
Granular Cell Myoblastoma of Mediastinum
Granular Cell Myoblastoma of the Mediastinum
Granular Cell Neoplasm of the Mediastinum
A non-metastasizing bone-forming neoplasm. This category includes osteoma, osteoid osteoma, and osteoblastoma.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant bone-forming neoplasm. Representative examples include osteoma, osteoblastoma, and osteosarcoma.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
A rare sarcoma that arises from the mediastinum. Examples include liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and angiosarcoma.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the mediastinum.
A malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the anterior, middle or posterior mediastinum.
An osteosarcoma arising from the mediastinum.
A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the mediastinum.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the mediastinum. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma or even more rarely, a Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the bone, without lymph node or other extranodal involvement. The femur, spine, and pelvic bones are the most commonly affected sites. The majority of patients present with bone pain in the affected area. A single bone or multiple skeletal sites may be involved. The prognosis is related to the cell type and the stage of the disease.
An Ewing sarcoma of the bone which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
The reemergence of Ewing sarcoma of the bone after a period of remission.
An Ewing sarcoma which is confined to a specific area of the bone and has not spread to other parts of the skeleton.
A neurogenic tumor that arises from the mediastinum. Neural tumors are the most common tumors that arise from the posterior mediastinum. Representative examples include Schwannoma, neurofibroma, and neuroblastoma.
A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that arises from the mediastinum. It may be associated with neurofibromatosis. It often spreads to the lungs or pleura.
Mediastinal Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Mediastinal Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm
Malignant Mediastinal Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm of Mediastinum
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm of the Mediastinum
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of Mediastinum
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Mediastinum
A ganglioneuroblastoma arising from the mediastinum.
A rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that arises from the mediastinum. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells that contain melanin.
Malignant Melanotic Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Mediastinum
Malignant Mediastinal Melanocytic Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Malignant Melanocytic Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of Mediastinum
A neurofibroma that arises from the posterior mediastinum. Excision is usually curative.
A ganglioneuroma arising from the mediastinum.
A lymphoma that arises from the mediastinum. Representative examples include mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.
A benign or malignant soft tissue neoplasm of the mediastinum. Representative examples of benign mediastinal soft tissue neoplasms include chondroma, leiomyoma, lipoma, and rhabdomyoma. Representative examples of malignant mediastinal soft tissue neoplasms include angiosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.
Localized tumor with complete gross excision, with or without microscopic residual disease; representative ipsilateral lymph nodes negative for tumor microscopically. (cancer.gov)
Tumor is only found in one area; all of the tumor that can be seen is completely removed during surgery.
Stage 2 includes stage 2A and stage 2B. Stage 2A: Localized tumor with incomplete gross excision; representative ipsilateral nonadherent lymph nodes negative for tumor microscopically. Stage 2B: Localized tumor with or without complete gross excision, with ipsilateral nonadherent lymph nodes positive for tumor. Enlarged contralateral lymph nodes must be negative microscopically. (cancer.gov)
Stage 2 is divided into stages 2A and 2B. In stage 2A, the tumor is in one area only and not all of the tumor that can be seen can be completely removed during surgery. In stage 2B, the tumor is in one area only and all of the tumor that can be seen may be completely removed during surgery, but cancer cells are found in nearby lymph nodes.
Unresectable unilateral tumor infiltrating across the midline, with or without regional lymph node involvement; or localized unilateral tumor with contralateral regional lymph node involvement; or midline tumor with bilateral extension by infiltration (unresectable) or by lymph node involvement. The midline is defined as the vertebral column. Tumors originating on one side and crossing the midline must infiltrate to or beyond the opposite side of the vertebral column. (cancer.gov)
In stage 3 neuroblastoma, the tumor (1) cannot be completely removed during surgery and has spread from one side of the body to the other side and may also have spread to nearby lymph nodes; or (2) is in one area of one side of the body only, but has spread to lymph nodes on the other side of the body; or (3) is in the middle of the body and has spread to tissues or lymph nodes on both sides of the body, and the tumor cannot be removed by surgery.
Any primary tumor with dissemination to distant lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, liver, skin, and/or other organs, except as defined for stage 4S. (cancer.gov)
Stage 4 neuroblastoma is divided into stages 4 and 4S. In stage 4, the tumor has spread to distant lymph nodes, the skin, and/or other parts of the body. In stage 4S, (1) the child is younger than 1 year; and (2) the cancer has spread to the skin, liver, and/or bone marrow; and (3) the tumor is in one area only and all of the tumor that can be seen may be completely removed during surgery; and/or (4) cancer cells may be found in the lymph nodes near the tumor.
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the soft tissues of the mediastinum.
Malignant Mediastinal Soft Tissue Neoplasm
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Mediastinum
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Mediastinum
Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor of Mediastinum
Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor of the Mediastinum
A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the pleural cavity. It may be purely intra-thoracic or extend to the chest wall.
A capillary hemangioma that may regress spontaneously. It occurs in infants and children.
Stage I includes: (T1, N0, M0); IA: (T1a, N0, M0); IB: (T1b, N0, M0). T1: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal pleura with or without mediastinal pleura and with or without diaphragmatic pleural involvement. T1a: Pleural mesothelioma with no involvement of the visceral pleura. T1b: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor also involving the visceral pleura N0: No regional lymph metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage I Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7
Cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen), or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest.
Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle; extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7
Cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and the lymph nodes on the same side of the chest. Cancer may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen), or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest. Stage II malignant mesothelioma is advanced malignant mesothelioma.
Stage III includes: (T1, T2, N1, M0); (T1, T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, N1, N2, M0). T1: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal pleura with or without mediastinal pleura and with or without diaphragmatic pleural involvement. T2: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle; extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. T3: Pleural mesothelioma with a locally advanced but potentially respectable tumor. Tumor involving all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following: involvement of the endothoracic fascia; extension into the mediastinal fat; solitary, completely respectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall; nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Pleural mesothelioma with metastases in the ipsilateral bronchopulmonary or hilar lymph nodes. N2: Pleural mesothelioma with metastases in the subcarinal or the ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes including the ipsilateral internal mammary and peridiaphragmatic nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7
Cancer has spread to the chest wall, mediastinum, heart, lining of the peritoneum, and/or beyond the diaphragm. Cancer may also have spread to lymph nodes on the other side of the chest or outside the chest. Stage III malignant mesothelioma is advanced malignant mesothelioma.
Stage IV includes: (T4, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Pleural mesothelioma with a locally advanced technically unresectable tumor. Tumor involving all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following: diffuse extension or multifocal masses of tumor in the chest wall, with or without associated rib destruction; direct transdiaphragmatic extension of tumor to the peritoneum; direct extension of tumor to the contralateral pleura; direct extension of tumor to mediastinal organs; direct extension of tumor into the spine; tumor extending through to the internal surface of the pericardium with or without a pericardial effusion or tumor involving the myocardium. N3: Pleural mesothelioma with metastases in the contralateral mediastinal, contralateral internal mammary, ipsilateral or contralateral supraclavicular lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage IV Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7
Cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues. Stage IV malignant mesothelioma is advanced malignant mesothelioma.
An invasive carcinoma with glandular differentiation arising from the ampulla of Vater. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Invasive Adenocarcinoma of the Ampullary Region
Stage I includes: IA (T1, N0, M0); IB (T2, N0, M0). T1: Tumor limited to ampulla of Vater or sphincter of Oddi. T2: Tumor invades duodenal wall. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
Stage II includes: IIA (T3, N0, M0); IIB (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor invades the pancreas. T1: Tumor limited to ampulla of Vater or sphincter of Oddi. T2: Tumor invades the duodenal wall. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
Stage II Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v7
Stage III includes: T4, Any N, M0. T4: Tumor invades peripancreatic soft tissues or other adjacent organs or structures other than the pancreas. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
Stage III Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v7
Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)
Stage IV Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v7
An aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the ampulla of Vater and the periampullary region. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells, necrosis, and a high mitotic rate. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Ampulla of Vater Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Ampullary Region
An adenocarcinoma arising from the ampulla of Vater. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of mucin-containing signet-ring cells.
Ampulla of Vater Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
An adenoma that arises from the ampulla of Vater and resembles the adenomas of the small and large intestines. Morphologically, according to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, tubulovillous, or villous. Dysplasia is always present. Jaundice may be an early symptom.
Ampulla of Vater Intestinal-Type Adenoma
An intestinal-type adenoma arising from the ampulla of Vater. It is characterized by the presence of villous epithelial structures and it is associated with dysplasia.
An intestinal-type adenoma arising from the ampulla of Vater. It is characterized by the presence of tubular epithelial structures and it is associated with dysplasia.
Stage II includes: IIA (T2b, N0, M0); (T1a, N1, M0); (T1b, N1, M0); (T2a, N1, M0) and IIB (T2b, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a. T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 7 cm or one that directly invades any of the following: parietal pleural (PL3) chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumor in the main bronchus (less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina); or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage II Large Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Stage I includes: IA: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0) and IB: (T2a, N0, M0). T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less n greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a. T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7
Stage I Non-Oat Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Stage I Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung
Stage I Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
A signet ring cell carcinoma which has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.
An invasive ductal breast carcinoma characterized by the presence of a predominantly syncytial architectural pattern. It may have some, but not all the strictly defined additional morphologic criteria which are necessary for the diagnosis of medullary breast carcinoma (presence of a diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, neoplastic round cells with abundant cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, complete histological circumscription, and absence of glandular or tubular structures). It does not have the relatively favorable outcome that characterizes medullary breast carcinoma.
Infiltrating Ductal Breast Carcinoma with Medullary Features
An invasive adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of focal or extensive neurosecretory cell differentiation with the formation of organoid patterns.
Adenocarcinoma with Neuroendocrine Differentiation
A melanoma arising from an atypical intraepithelial melanocytic hyperplasia.
Malignant Melanoma in Precancerous Melanosis
Malignant Cutaneous (Skin) Melanoma in Precancerous Melanosis
A benign proliferation of epithelioid or spindled melanocytes usually in the upper or mid dermis in a background of congenital melanocytic nevus. The congenital melanocytic nevus is usually of the deep type, involving the dermis and extending into the subcutaneous tissue. It presents as a dark plaque or nodule above a giant congenital melanocytic nevus.
Proliferative Dermal Lesion in Congenital Nevus
A melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant large epithelioid melanocytes and malignant spindle-shaped melanocytes.
Mixed Epithelioid and Spindle Cell Melanoma
A nevus characterized by the presence of large epithelioid melanocytes.
A nevus characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped melanocytes.
A benign fibrous neoplasm arising from the periosteal connective tissue that surrounds a bone.
A benign neoplasm of the kidney occurring in infants. It develops as an intracalyceal mass and is characterized by the presence of osteoid formation, osteoblast-like cells, and spindle cells.
A rare malignant germ cell tumor arising from the testis and less often from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of embryoid bodies which resemble early embryos.
A malignant mixed germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of a choriocarcinomatous component admixed with another germ cell component (e.g. embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, or seminoma).
Choriocarcinoma Combined with Other Germ Cell Elements
A hemorrhagic lymphatic lesion characterized by the presence of dilated lymphatic spaces, extravasation of red blood cells, hemosiderin deposition, and fibrosis.
An osteoblastoma characterized by the presence of prominent epithelioid osteoblasts and recurrences.
Extensive and diffuse infiltration of tissues by ganglioneuroma.
A rare, unilateral, benign embryonic neoplasm typically presenting as a cilliary body mass during childhood. It is composed of medullary epithelial cells.
A rare, unilateral, benign embryonic neoplasm typically presenting as a cilliary body mass during childhood. It is composed of medullary epithelial cells and heterologus elements, particularly cartilage, skeletal muscle, and brain tissue.
Benign Intraocular Teratoid Medulloepithelioma
A rare, unilateral, benign or malignant embryonic neoplasm typically presenting as a cilliary body mass during childhood. It is composed of medullary epithelial cells and heterologus elements, particularly cartilage, skeletal muscle, and brain tissue.
A rare, unilateral or bilateral benign retinal neoplasm. Since there is a risk of malignant transformation to retinoblastoma, patients should be closely observed.
A retinoblastoma with well differentiated features. It often produces Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes or Homer-Wright rosettes. In some cases the tumor cells form fleurettes.
A retinoblastoma composed of small, undifferentiated cells. It is often associated with necrotic changes.
A retinoblastoma characterized by the absence of a distinct retinal mass and the presence of malignant cells diffusely infiltrating the retina. It is often confused with uveitis and endophthalmitis, resulting in delayed diagnosis of the malignancy.
This term applies to a retinoblastoma which has regressed spontaneously. Histologic examination of the tumor reveals benign-appearing tumor cells, with no evidence of nuclear atypia, pleomorphism, or rosettes formation. There is a well-vascularized stroma which contains calcifications.
A rare neurofibroma characterized by the presence of melanin-laden cells and the absence of atypia.
An adenoma that arises from the parotid gland. It is characterized by an oncocytic, often papillary, epithelial component, dense lymphoid stroma, and cystic spaces. A strong association with smoking has been reported. It typically presents as a painless swelling in the lower portion of the parotid gland.
Parotid Gland Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum
A ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in which the tumor cells fill the ductal spaces as solid sheets.
Ductal Breast Carcinoma In Situ, Solid Type
An adenocarcinoma with morphologic characteristics similar to hepatocellular carcinoma, arising from an anatomic site other than the liver.
Stage IV includes: IVA (Any T, N0, M1a, Any G); IVB (Any T, N1, Any M, Any G); (Any T, Any N, M1b, Any G). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M1a: Distant metastasis to lung. M1b: Metastasis to other distant sites. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage I includes: IA (T1, N0, M0, G1, G2, GX); IB (T2, N0, M0, G1, G2, GX); (T3, N0, M0, G1, G2, GX). T1: Tumor 8 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor more than 8 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Discontinuous tumors in the primary bone site. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated-low grade. G2: Moderately differentiated-low grade. GX: Grade cannot be assessed. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage II includes: IIA (T1, N0, M0, G3, G4); IIB (T2, N0, M0, G3, G4). T1: Tumor 8 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor more than 8 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G3: Poorly differentiated. G4: Undifferentiated. (AJCC 7th ed.)
A benign adenofibroma characterized by the presence of serous secretory cells and minute cystic spaces filled with watery fluid. A representative example is the ovarian serous adenofibroma. Cases with epithelial atypia described in the ovary lacking stromal invasion are designated as borderline serous adenofibromas and have a low grade malignant potential.
A malignant neoplasm of the ovary with an invasive epithelial component and a fibrotic stroma. The epithelial component is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells of serous type, forming glandular, papillary, and solid patterns.
A rare, benign (olfactory neurocytoma) or malignant (olfactory neuroblastoma) neuroectodermal tumor originating from olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity.
A rare benign neuroectodermal tumor originating from olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity. Microscopically, it is characterized by the absence of malignant characteristics and the absence of rosettes formation.
A nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the presence of lacunar cells, nodular growth, and the absence of fibrosis.
Nodular Sclerosis Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, Cellular Phase
Hodgkin's Disease Nodular Sclerosis, Cellular Phase
Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma, Cellular Phase
A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation arising from the kidney.
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Kidney
Malignant Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Kidney
A rare genetic neoplastic syndrome with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance but incomplete penetrance. It is associated with a greater than 70 % risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. It is caused by a mutation in one of the mismatch repair genes: MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 or PMS2. It usually manifests at age 50 or younger with multiple synchronous or metachronous colorectal carcinomas. Clinical course is rapidly progressive. Prognosis is variable with a high risk for the development of additional colorectal carcinomas. However, survival is significantly better than non-HNPCC carcinomas of equivalent stage.
Familial Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer Type 1
Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer Type 1
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Type 1
A rare genetic neoplastic syndrome with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance but incomplete penetrance. It is associated with an inherited risk for malignancy, in particular, colorectal, endometrial or gastric carcinoma. It is caused by mutations in one of the mismatch repair genes: MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 or PMS2. It usually manifests at age 50 or younger with multiple synchronous or metachronous proximal colonic or extracolonic cancers. Clinical course is rapidly progressive. Prognosis is variable with high risk for development of gastrointestinal, reproductive or urinary tract cancer. However, survival is significantly better than non-HNPCC carcinomas of equivalent stage.
Familial Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer Type 2
Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer Type 2
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Type 2
An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome. Two distinct clinicopathological entities are recognized: neurofibromatosis type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 2. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is associated with the presence of cafe-au-lait cutaneous lesions, multiple neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, optic nerve gliomas, and bone lesions. Neurofibromatosis type 2 is associated with the presence of schwannomas, meningiomas, and gliomas.
A variant of familial adenomatous polyposis. It is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by multiple colonic polyps predisposing to carcinoma of the colon, osteomas of the skull, epidermoid cysts, and fibromas. It is associated with mutation of the APC gene.
A rare genetic syndrome with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. It was formerly called hereditary flat adenoma syndrome (HFAS) but is now recognized as an attenuated variant of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). It is most commonly associated with mutations in the APC gene specifically: exons 1-5, exon 9 and in the distal 3' terminus. Clinical presentation occurs in the middle decades and is characterized by the proximal development of multiple (but less than 100), non-polypoid colonic adenomas. Clinical progression to colorectal cancer may occur later in life but the risk is less than with classic FAP.
Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
A malignant neuroendocrine tumor arising from the delta cells of the pancreas. It is characterized by inappropriate secretion of somatostatin and associated with diabetes mellitus, hypochlorhydria, gallbladder disease, diarrhea, steatorrhea, anemia, and weight loss. It displays vascular invasion and metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
A well circumscribed benign tumor arising from cardiac muscle. It usually affects children and may be present in the fetus. Depending on tumor location and size, cardiac, respiratory, and hemodynamic parameters may be affected. There is an association between cardiac rhabdomyoma and tuberous sclerosis.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the heart usually originating in the epicardial or pericardial fatty tissue.
A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the epicardium of the heart.
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the pericardium. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
A benign teratoma that arises from the pericardium.
A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the pulmonary artery.
A malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells. It is characterized by the presence of a dense collagenous tissue and atypical neoplastic cells. Sarcomatoid features, collagenous necrosis, and infiltration of muscle and adipose tissue may be present. It occurs in the pleura and less commonly in the peritoneum.
A glomus tumor of small size characterized by the absence of nuclear atypia and mitotic activity.
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the palate.
Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of mild epithelial atypia.
Grade 1 Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of moderate epithelial atypia.
Grade 2 Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of severe epithelial atypia.
Grade 3 Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A glomus tumor arising from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of dilated veins surrounded by glomus cells.
A non-metastasizing germ cell tumor that arises from an anatomic site other than the testis or ovary.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the gastric mucosa and is characterized by the presence of both glandular and poorly cohesive malignant cellular components.
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6
Stage I Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v7
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6
Stage II Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v7
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6
Stage III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v7
Stage IV maxillary sinus cancer: Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. Stage IVA: cancer has spread to either one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but smaller than 6 centimeters; or, cancer has spread to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck, and all are 6 centimeters or smaller; cancer is also found in any of the following areas: the maxillary sinus, bones around the maxillary sinus, tissues under the skin, the eye socket, the base of the skull, and the ethmoid sinuses or cancer is found in one or more lymph nodes in the neck, none larger than 6 centimeters, and in any of the following areas: the front of the eye, the skin of the cheek, the base of the skull, behind the jaw, the bone between the eyes, and the sphenoid or frontal sinuses. Stage IVB: cancer has spread to either: one or more lymph nodes larger than 6 centimeters; or the back of the eye, the brain, the base and middle parts of the skull, nerves in the head, and/or the upper part of the throat behind the nose; cancer may also be found in one or more lymph nodes. Stage IVC: cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Stage IV nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus cancer: Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. Stage IVA: cancer has spread to either one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but smaller than 6 centimeters; or, cancer has spread to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck, and all are 6 centimeters or smaller; cancer is also found in any of the following places: the nasal cavity or ethmoid sinus., the eye socket, the maxillary sinus, the roof of the mouth, and the bone between the eyes or cancer is found in one or more lymph nodes in the neck, and the lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller; cancer is also found in any of the following areas: the front of the eye, the skin of the nose or cheek, front parts of the skull, the base of the skull, and the sphenoid or frontal sinuses. Stage IVB: cancer is found in any of the following areas: the back of the eye, the brain, the middle parts of the skull, nerves in the head the upper part of the throat behind the nose and the base of the skull. Cancer may also be found in one or more lymph nodes or cancer is found in a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters. Stage IVC: cancer has spread to other parts of the body (from PDQ).
Stage IV Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer AJCC v6
The reemergence of nasal cavity or paranasal sinus carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer
Recurrent Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma
A central nervous system neoplasm arising from the fourth ventricle. It is characterized by the presence of neurocytes forming pseudorosettes and astrocytes which contain Rosenthal fibers. Cytologic atypia is minimal.
Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor of the Fourth Ventricle
An aggressive epithelial neoplasm arising from the temporal bone. It is characterized by the presence of a papillary pattern, and has been described as an adenoma or carcinoma in the literature. There is disagreement regarding its relationship to endolymphatic sac tumor.
Aggressive Papillary Tumor of the Temporal Bone
A leiomyoma characterized by the presence of abundant myxoid matrix.
A non-metastasizing mesenchymal, non-meningothelial neoplasm that arises from the central nervous system.
Benign Central Nervous System Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Neoplasm
Benign Central Nervous System Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Tumor
Benign Central Nervous System Soft Tissue Neoplasm
Benign Central Nervous System Soft Tissue Tumor
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor of Central Nervous System
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A metastasizing mesenchymal, non-meningothelial neoplasm that arises from the central nervous system.
Malignant Central Nervous System Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Neoplasm
Malignant Central Nervous System Mesenchymal, Non-Meningothelial Tumor
Malignant Central Nervous System Soft Tissue Neoplasm
Malignant Central Nervous System Soft Tissue Tumor
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the CNS
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor of Central Nervous System
Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor of the Central Nervous System
Soft Tissue Cancer of Central Nervous System
Soft Tissue Cancer of the Central Nervous System
A small cell carcinoma that arises from the breast. The morphologic and immunohistochemical features are identical to those seen in the small cell carcinoma of the lung.
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Breast
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Breast
An aggressive, high-grade, and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the colon. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Colon Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the esophagus. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Esophageal Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Gallbladder Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the stomach. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.
Gastric Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate gland with unfavorable prognosis, composed of small cells containing neurosecretory granules. Approximately half of the cases show a mixture of small cells and adenocarcinoma cells.
Prostate Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A group of neoplasms which arise from the ependymal lining of the cerebral ventricles and from the remnants of the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymal tumors occur predominantly in children and young adults with varied morphological features and biological behavior. There are 4 types: ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma and subependymoma. (WHO)
A type of brain tumor that usually begins in the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymal tumors may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and spinal cord.
An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered that arises from the supratentorial brain and occurs in children.
Childhood Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered
Childhood Supratentorial Ependymoblastoma
Pediatric Supratentorial Ependymoblastoma
An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered that arises from the infratentorial region and occurs in children.
Childhood Infratentorial Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered
Childhood Infratentorial Ependymoblastoma
Pediatric Infratentorial Ependymoblastoma
The reemergence of childhood medulloblastoma after a period of remission.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of stromal cells. Representative examples include gastrointestinal stromal tumor, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and prostate stromal sarcoma.
A tumor that arises in the supporting connective tissue of an organ.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that contains a single or multiple cystic spaces. Examples include cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and serous cystadenocarcinoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the eyelid.
A carcinoma that arises from the parotid gland. Representative examples include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the sphenoid sinus. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the supraglottic area of the larynx.
A carcinoma that arises from the pylorus.
A non-metastasizing eccrine appendage sweat gland neoplasm. Representative examples include hidrocystoma, syringoma, and syringofibroadenoma.
A benign or malignant sweat gland neoplasm with apocrine differentiation. Representative examples include apocrine adenoma, ceruminous adenocarcinoma, and apocrine breast carcinoma.
A solitary, slowly growing, nodular mass, most often affecting the extremities. It is composed of fibrous and histiocytic cells which infiltrate the dermis and occasionally the underlying subcutaneous tissue. Usually local excision is curative. Recurrences are reported only in a small minority of cases.
A sex cord-stromal tumor arising from the ovary, without metastatic potential.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary, originating from the sex-cord stroma.
Benign Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Neoplasm
Benign Sex Cord-Stromal Neoplasm of Ovary
Benign Sex Cord-Stromal Neoplasm of the Ovary
Benign Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor of the Ovary
A carcinoma arising in a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma in the lacrimal gland.
Lacrimal Gland Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of Lacrimal Gland
Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Lacrimal Gland
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of Lacrimal Gland
Malignant Mixed Neoplasm of the Lacrimal Gland
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Lacrimal Gland
A malignant neoplasm metastasizing to the pituitary gland from another anatomic site. The vast majority are carcinomas usually arising from the breast, lung, and gastrointestinal tract.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Pituitary Gland
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Pituitary Gland
Metastatic Neoplasm to the Pituitary Gland
A benign neoplasm arising from the dermis. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic fibroblasts without malignant characteristics.
Benign Cutaneous Fibrous Tissue Neoplasm
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the external ear. Representative examples include ceruminous adenoma, polyp, and lipoma.
A WHO Grade 1 astrocytoma which arises in the cerebellum. The tumor is composed of spindle shaped cells with numerous collections of reddish astrocytic fibers called Rosenthal fibers. Over 80% or the cerebellar astrocytomas of childhood are pilocytic. Pilocytic astrocytomas may rarely occur in adults. They are usually treated by surgical resection and in most cases have a favorable prognosis.
A lymphoma that arises from the testis and is not associated with lymphoma in another anatomic site.
A usually aggressive invasive adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland composed of large glands containing tall columnar cells. The columnar cells have abundant cytoplasm and are reminiscent of endometrial carcinoma. This type of adenocarcinoma has a tendency to metastasize to the lung and penis.
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate
A poorly circumscribed, intermediate fibrocytic neoplasm arising from the superficial soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, and an infiltrative growth pattern.
A pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the presence of tall columnar cells that form flat or papillary, micropapillary, and basally pseudostratified architectural patterns. Mild cytological atypia is present.
Grade 1 Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade I Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Interchanges of genetic material among different chromosomes following the breaking off of pieces of chromosomes such that the total chromosome composition may still contain all of the genetic material.Balanced Chromosomal Rearrangement.
Balanced Chromosomal Aberration/Rearrangement
Interchanges of genetic material among different chromosomes following the breaking off of pieces of chromosomes such that the total chromosome composition does not contain all of the genetic material.
Unbalanced Chromosomal Alteration/Rearrangement
An irregularity in the number of chromosomes.
A type of chromosome rearrangement in which a segment has been turned through 180 degrees (inverted), and inserted back into its original location on the chromosome.
A chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment a segment of DNA is added internally to a chromosome.
A region on a chromosome which, when stained, is uniform in appearance. (Normally, a stained chromosome shows a banding pattern.) Homogeneously staining regions contain multiple copies of a single gene. (Online Medical Dictionary)
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the salivary glands in the oral cavity. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic cellular infiltrate.
A rare, circumscribed or encapsulated tumor arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by a trabecular growth pattern and hyalinized stroma formation. The vast majority of cases have a benign clinical course.
Thyroid Gland Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor
Hyalinizing Trabecular Adenoma of Thyroid
Hyalinizing Trabecular Adenoma of the Thyroid
A benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic cellular infiltrate.
Monomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland
A rare adenocarcinoma that arises from the middle ear.
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the paranasal sinus.
An aggressive malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the paranasal sinus. It is characterized by the presence of high-grade histologic features.
High Grade Sarcoma of the Accessory Sinus
High Grade Sarcoma of the Paranasal Sinus
A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the paranasal sinus. It is characterized by the presence of low-grade histologic features.
Low Grade Sarcoma of the Accessory Sinus
Low Grade Sarcoma of the Paranasal Sinus
An atypical meningioma that occurs during adulthood.
A benign endocervical polypoid epithelial hyperplasia characterized by the presence of tightly packed glandular structures. It is usually seen in women on oral contraceptive therapy and during pregnancy.
Microglandular Polyp of the Uterine Cervix
A B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising from the skin. Representative examples include cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous follicle center lymphoma.
Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Primary B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Skin
Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Cutaneous Large B Cell Follicular Lymphoma
Large B Cell Follicular Lymphoma of Skin
Large B Cell Follicular Lymphoma of the Skin
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma limited to the skin at the time of diagnosis. Most patients present with solitary or localized skin lesions, which may be tumors, nodules or papules. The t(2;5) translocation that is present in many cases of systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, is not found in this disease. (WHO, 2001)
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, primary cutaneous type
Primary Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of Skin
Primary Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of the Skin
Primary Cutaneous CD30 Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A non-keratinizing carcinoma arising from the oropharynx. It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, syncytial growth pattern, and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.
Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Oropharyngeal Throat Cancer
A rare, keratinizing or non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma arising from the mucosal epithelium of the nasal cavity or the paranasal sinuses. It affects most often the maxillary sinus. Less frequently, it arises from the nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, and frontal sinus. Symptoms include nasal fullness, epistaxis, rhinorhea, pain, and paresthesia. Patients with nasal squamous cell carcinoma usually present earlier than patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma and have a better prognosis compared to the latter group.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Cancer
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A mature or immature teratoma occurring in children.
A childhood benign or malignant germ cell tumor arising from an anatomic site other than the brain.
A rare cancer that forms in germ cells in the testicle or ovary, or in germ cells that have traveled to areas of the body other than the brain (such as the chest, abdomen, or tailbone). Germ cells are reproductive cells that develop into sperm in males and eggs in females.
An atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor occurring in children.
Childhood Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
A rare, clinically aggressive tumor of the CNS that most often affects children aged 3 years and younger, but that can occur in older children and adults.
An adrenal cortex carcinoma characterized by the presence of morphologic and cytologic features reminiscent of the normal adrenal cortex and absence of sarcomatous or anaplastic features.
Well Differentiated Adrenal Cortex Cancer
Well Differentiated Adrenal Cortex Carcinoma
An adrenal cortex carcinoma characterized by the presence of necrotic changes, hemorrhage, nuclear atypia, and mitotic activity.
A B-cell acute leukemia occurring in childhood. It is characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts that carry a translocation between the BCR gene on chromosome 22 and the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9. It results in the production of the p190 kd or p210 kd fusion protein. It has an unfavorable clinical outcome.
Childhood B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
Childhood B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurring during childhood that is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22), which leads to production of a BCR-ABL1 fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity.
Childhood B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2); BCR-ABL1
Philadelphia Positive Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Philadelphia Positive Childhood Precursor Lymphoblastic Leukemia
A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by a deletion between bands q31 and 33 on chromosome 5. The number of blasts in the bone marrow and blood is <5%. The bone marrow is usually hypercellular or normocellular with increased number of often hypolobated megakaryocytes. The peripheral blood shows macrocytic anemia. This syndrome occurs predominantly but not exclusively in middle age to older women. The prognosis is good and transformation to acute leukemia is rare. (WHO, 2001)
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Isolated del(5q)
A rare disorder caused by loss of part of the long arm (Q arm) of human chromosome 5. This syndrome affects myeloid (bone marrow) cells, causing treatment-resistant anemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes that may lead to acute myelogenous leukemia.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome Associated with Isolated del (5q) Chromosome Abnormality
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with 5q Deletion
Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II) or localized involvement of a single associated extralymphatic organ or site and its regional lymph nodes with or without other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE). Note: The number of lymph node regions involved may be indicated by a subscript (e.g., II3). (PDQ)
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: (Supraglottis) T4a: Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). T4b: Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. (Glottis) T4a: Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). T4b: Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. (Subglottis) T4a: Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). T4b: Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2a: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2b: Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2c: Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)
Stage IV is divided into stage IVA, stage IVB, and stage IVC. In stage IVA, (1) cancer has spread through the thyroid cartilage and/or has spread to tissues beyond the larynx, such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus; cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or (2) cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters, or has spread to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck with none larger than 6 centimeters; cancer may have spread to tissues beyond the larynx, such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus. The vocal cords may not move normally. In stage IVB, (1) cancer has spread to the space in front of the spinal column, surrounds the carotid artery, or has spread to parts of the chest; cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck and the lymph nodes may be any size; or (2) cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters and may have spread as far as the space in front of the spinal column, around the carotid artery, or to parts of the chest. The vocal cords may not move normally. In stage IVC, cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bone.
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Larynx AJCC v6
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Larynx AJCC v6
The reemergence of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.
Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II) or localized involvement of a single associated extralymphatic organ or site and its regional lymph nodes with or without other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE). Note: The number of lymph node regions involved may be indicated by a subscript (e.g., II3). (from PDQ)
Stage II Aggressive Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage II Indolent Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
An ependymal tumor of the central nervous system occurring in adults.
An oligodendroglial tumor of the central nervous system occurring in adults.
A nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma occurring in childhood.
Childhood Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
A nasal type of non-anaplastic peripheral NK/T cell lymphoma occurring during childhood.
An acute myeloid leukemia with t(9;11)(p22.3;q23.3); MLLT3-KMT2A occurring in adults.
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(9;11)(p22;q23); MLLT3-MLL
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(9;11)(p22.3;q23.3); MLLT3-KMT2A
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with t(9;11)(p22.3;q23.3); MLLT3-KMT2A
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with 11q23 (MLL) Abnormalities
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with 11q23 Abnormalities
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with MLL Abnormalities
An acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16)(p13.1q22) occurring in adults.
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with inv(16)(p13.1q22); CBFB-MYH11
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with inv(16)(p13.1q22); CBFB-MYH11
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with inv(16)(p13.1q22)
An acute myeloid leukemia with t(16;16)(p13.1;q22) occurring in adults.
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(16;16)(p13.1;q22); CBFB-MYH11
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with t(16;16)(p13.1;q22); CBFB-MYH11
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(16;16)(p13;q22)
An acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22; q22.1) occurring in adults.
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22); RUNX1-RUNX1T1
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(8;21); (q22; q22.1); RUNX1-RUNX1T1
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with t(8;21); (q22; q22.1); RUNX1-RUNX1T1
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22)(AML1(CBFa)/ETO)
An acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities occurring in adults.
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities
A giant cell glioblastoma occurring in adults.
A supratentorial embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified that occurs in adults.
Adult Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Adult Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified
Adult Supratentorial Embryonal Tumor, NOS
Stage IV includes: (Any T, Any N, M1). M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)
Stage IV Anal Canal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7
The tumor may be any size, and cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. It may also have spread to lymph nodes and nearby organs.
Stage IV Anal Canal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
An uncommon hematologic malignancy occurring during childhood. Many of the morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic changes seen in adult myelodysplastic syndromes are also observed in the childhood variants of the disease. Children present with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia more often than adults, and bone marrow hypocellularity is more often seen in children than adults.
An uncommon hematologic malignancy occurring during childhood. Children present with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia more often than adults, and bone marrow hypocellularity is more often seen in children than adults. Childhood MDS includes persistent cytopenia with less than 20% blasts.
The absence of detectable HER2/Neu in a tissue sample.
A usually aggressive carcinoma composed of large malignant cells which display neuroendocrine characteristics. It is characterized by the presence of high mitotic activity and necrotic changes. The vast majority of cases are positive for neuron-specific enolase. Representative examples include lung, breast, cervical, and thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas.
A rare poorly differentiated morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of rhabdoid cells.
Large Cell Lung Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Phenotype
Large Cell Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Phenotype
A tumor component characterized by the presence of a diffuse, homogeneous population of tumor cells (oligodendroglial cells) with round nuclei and clear cytoplasm. The infiltrate has a honeycomb appearance. An oligodendroglial component can be seen in central nervous system tumors including glioblastomas and mixed gliomas.
A high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in which there is marked architectural distortion and crowding of the glands, associated with severe cellular atypia. The neoplastic cells display pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei.
Grade III Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A carcinoma that arises from the pancreas showing a mixture of acinar and neuroendocrine malignant cells.
Mixed Acinar-Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas
A malignant pancreatic neoplasm characterized by the presence of a mixture of acinar and islet cell elements.
Mixed Acinar-Endocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas
Mixed Carcinoid-Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas
Mucinous Carcinoid Tumor of the Pancreas
A carcinoma that arises from the pancreas showing a mixture of ductal and neuroendocrine malignant cells in both the primary tumor and in the metastatic sites.
Mixed Ductal-Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas
Mixed Ductal-Endocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas
A non-invasive, papillary epithelial neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts.
A thymic epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of a lymphocyte-poor component similar to that seen in type A thymoma and a lymphocyte-rich component which contains neoplastic small polygonal epithelial cells. It may be associated with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia. The majority of cases occur in the anterior mediastinum as Masaoka stage I tumors. A minority of the cases occur as stage II or stage III tumors. The overall survival is reported to be 80-100% at 5 and 10 years.
A type AB thymoma which is characterized by an aggressive clinical course (capsular invasion, infiltration of the surrounding tissues) and can metastasize.
A thymic epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of expanded areas which resemble the normal thymic cortex. The neoplastic epithelial cells are small and scant and there is a dense T-lymphocytic component present. Areas of medullary differentiation with or without Hassall's corpuscles are also present. It may be associated with myasthenia gravis, pure red cell aplasia, and hypogammaglobulinemia. It has a low grade malignant potential. The majority of cases occur in the anterior mediastinum as Masaoka stage I tumors. A minority of the cases occur as stage II tumors.
A thymic epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic large, polygonal epithelial cells with large vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The neoplastic cells are arranged around perivascular spaces and along septa. Immature T-lymphocytes are also present. It may be associated with myasthenia gravis, pure red cell aplasia, and hypogammaglobulinemia. It is a tumor of moderate malignancy. The majority of cases occur in the anterior mediastinum as Masaoka stage I, stage II, or stage III tumors. Metastatic, stage IV tumors occur less frequently.
A type B2 thymoma which is characterized by an aggressive clinical course (capsular invasion, infiltration of the surrounding tissues) and can metastasize.
A morphologic variant of fibroma characterized by increased cellularity.
A malignant neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation. It is characterized by the presence of atypical round to spindle-shaped cells, increased cellularity, necrotic change and high mitotic activity.
A variant of Wilms tumor of the kidney characterized by the presence of cystic spaces separated by septa. The septa contain immature epithelial cells, immature stromal cells, and blastema cells. Surgical resection is usually curative.
Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma
A rare, cystic variant of Wilms tumor wholly comprising cysts in which their thin septa form the only solid portion of the tumor.
A usually benign tumor arising from the breast. It is characterized by the proliferation of cells with myoepithelial differentiation around spaces which are lined by epithelial cells. Rarely, the epithelial and/or myoepithelial cells may undergo malignant transformation. Cases with malignant transformation may follow an aggressive clinical course, including recurrences and local and distant metastases.
A gestational trophoblastic tumor characterized by the presence of a monomorphous cellular population of intermediate trophoblastic cells infiltrating in a nodular pattern.
A slow-growing malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the notochord and occurring in the base of the skull. The tumor is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, and the presence of physaliphorous cells and cartilage.
A variant of ependymoma, often found in the spinal cord, with tumor cells arranged in fascicles of variable width and cell density. Ependymal rosettes are generally absent, so this lesion must be distinguished from astrocytic neoplasms, but its EM characteristics are ependymal. (Adapted from WHO.)
A medulloblastoma composed of large cells with prominent nucleoli and a larger amount of cytoplasm in contrast with the cells of the classic medulloblastoma.
A rare, WHO grade II cerebellar neoplasm which shows consistent neuronal, variable astrocytic and focal lipomatous differentiation. It occurs in adults, has a low proliferative potential and usually has a favorable prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)
Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma (WHO Grade II)
An aggressive malignant embryonal neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It is composed of cells with a large eccentric nucleus, prominent nucleolus, and abundant cytoplasm. Mutations of the INI1 gene or very rarely SMARCA4 (BRG1) gene are present. The vast majority of cases occur in childhood. Symptoms include lethargy, vomiting, cranial nerve palsy, headache, and hemiplegia.
An aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, kidney, or liver that occurs in very young children.
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (WHO Grade IV)
Central Nervous System Rhabdoid Neoplasm
Malignant Rhabdoid Neoplasm of the Brain
Primary Malignant Brain Rhabdoid Neoplasm
Primary Malignant Rhabdoid Neoplasm of Brain
Primary Malignant Rhabdoid Neoplasm of the Brain
Primary Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of Brain
Primary Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Brain
Rhabdoid Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Rhabdoid Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Rhabdoid Tumor of Central Nervous System
Rhabdoid Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A WHO grade I meningioma characterized by the presence of a prominent mesenchymal component. The mesenchymal component may be osseous, cartilaginous, myxoid, lipomatous, or a mixture of mesenchymal elements.
A WHO grade II, usually recurring meningioma characterized by the predominance of tissues that are histologically similar to chordoma.
A WHO grade III meningioma characterized by the predominant presence of rhabdoid cells forming sheets.
A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor characterized by the presence of malignant cells that contain melanin and formation of psammoma bodies.
Melanotic Psammomatous Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Melanocytic Psammomatous Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
A usually benign perineurioma not associated with a nerve, arising from the soft tissues.
Soft Tissue Perineurioma (WHO Grades I, II, or III)
A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with scattered Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and a nodular or less often diffuse cellular background consisting of small lymphocytes and with an absence of neutrophils and eosinophils. (WHO, 2008)
Lymphocyte-Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Disease
Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Lymphocyte-Rich Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A classical Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
A classical Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood. Four subtypes are included: mixed cellularity, nodular sclerosis, lymphocyte-depleted, lymphocyte-rich.
An aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma composed of large cells, presenting as a serous effusion without detectable tumor masses. It is universally associated with human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)/Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) [HHV-8/KSHV]. It mostly occurs in the setting of immunodeficiency; most cases have been reported in HIV positive patients. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. The prognosis is extremely unfavorable.
A rare, aggressive (fast-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by an abnormal build-up of fluids in a body cavity. It usually occurs together with a human herpesvirus in people who have weakened immune systems, such as in AIDS.
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma variant characterized by the presence of large round, oval, or polygonal cells with bizarre pleomorphic nuclei resembling Hodgkin or Reed-Sternberg cells. It is unrelated to anaplastic large cell lymphoma which is a T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
A morphologic variant of Burkitt lymphoma characterized by marked nuclear pleomorphism, abundant apoptotic debris, and the presence of tangible body macrophages.
Atypical Burkitt's/Burkitt's-Like Lymphoma
A cytotoxic primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Recent studies suggest there are at least two groups of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphomas, each with distinct histologic features, immunophenotypic profile, and prognosis. One group has an alpha/beta, CD8 positive phenotype, involves only subcutaneous tissues, and usually has an indolent clinical course. The second group has a gamma/delta phenotype, is CD8 negative, often co-expresses CD56, is not confined to the subcutaneous tissues, and usually has a poor prognosis. In the recent WHO-EORTC classification, the term subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma is reserved for cases with an alpha/beta, CD8 positive phenotype. Cases with a gamma/delta phenotype are included in the group of cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphomas.
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma (Alpha/Beta Type)
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma, Alpha/Beta Type
The most frequent type of lymphoblastic lymphoma. It comprises approximately 85-90% of cases. It is more frequently seen in adolescent males. It frequently presents with a mass lesion in the mediastinum. Pleural effusions are common. (WHO, 2001)
A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the lymph nodes and spleen. It is most common in young men.
A multifocal, unisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple sites in one organ system, most frequently the bone. Patients are usually young children presenting with multiple destructive bone lesions.
Multifocal Unisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Classic Multifocal Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
A neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells with overtly malignant cytologic features. It can be considered a higher grade variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and it can present de novo or progress from antecedent LCH. (WHO, 2001)
An acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage in which there is a dual population of blasts with each population expressing markers of a distinct lineage (myeloid and lymphoid or B-and T-lymphocyte). (WHO, 2001) -- 2003
An acute leukemia in which there is a dual population of blasts with each population expressing markers of a distinct lineage (myeloid and lymphoid or B-and T-lymphocyte).
A term referring to acute myeloid leukemias with rearrangement of the MLL gene which results in translocations with various genes other than the MLLT3 (AF9) gene.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Variant MLL Translocations
A term referring to acute myeloid leukemias with rearrangement of the MLL gene which results in translocations with more than 50 partner genes other than the MLLT3 (AF9) gene.
A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the perianal skin.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Margin
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of atypical mesenchymal-stromal cells. Representative examples include endometrial stromal sarcoma and prostate stromal sarcoma.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of atypical mesenchymal-stromal cells.
A neoplasm composed of at least two distinct cellular populations.
A localized clonal (malignant) plasma cell infiltrate either in the bony skeleton or soft tissue without peripheral blood involvement.
A benign polypoid growth in the middle ear.
A well differentiated, slow growing neuroepithelial neoplasm composed of neoplastic, mature ganglion cells.
A carcinoma arising from the sweat glands. Representative examples include tubular carcinoma, spiradenocarcinoma, eccrine carcinoma, hidradenocarcinoma, and apocrine carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm arising from sweat glands.
A breast carcinoma characterized by the presence of a ductal carcinoma in situ component and an invasive lobular carcinomatous component.
Ductal Breast Carcinoma In Situ and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Ductal Carcinoma in situ and Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma and ILC
Non-Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma and Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma
A rare benign heart neoplasm usually occurring in young children. It is characterized by the presence of bland spindle cells and collagenous stroma formation. Clinical presentation may include cardiac arrhythmia, cyanosis, heart failure or sudden death.
Wilms tumor of the kidney characterized by the absence of nuclear anaplasia.
Wilms tumor of the kidney characterized by the presence of nuclear anaplasia. Anaplasia is defined by the presence of all of the following: multipolar polyploid mitotic figures, marked nuclear enlargement, and hyperchromasia. When anaplasia is diffuse, it is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome.
A neuroblastoma arising from the retina.
An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered that arises from the cerebral hemispheres and occurs in children.
Childhood Cerebral Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered
A glial tumor of the brain or spinal cord showing astrocytic differentiation. It includes the following clinicopathological entities: pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.
An oligoastrocytoma characterized by the presence of increased cellularity, nuclear atypia, pleomorphism, and high mitotic activity.
A neoplasm of the central nervous system composed predominantly of cells morphologically resembling oligodendroglia. Oligodendroglial tumors histologically comprise a continuous spectrum ranging from well-differentiated neoplasms to frankly malignant tumors. WHO grading system recognizes two malignancy grades: WHO grade II for well-differentiated tumors (oligodendroglioma) and WHO grade III for anaplastic oligodendroglioma. (Adapted from WHO)
A rare, slow-growing tumor that begins in the oligodendrocytes (brain cells that provide support and nourishment for nerve cells).
A group of nervous system tumors which display neuronal differentiation. It includes tumors that are composed of immature round cells and tumors that display advanced differentiation and the formation of ganglion cells.
A common pediatric extracranial tumor arising from neural crest cells. It involves the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system.
Neuroblastoma of the Adrenal Gland and Sympathetic Nervous System
Neuroblastomas of Adrenal Gland and Sympathetic Nervous System
A neoplasm arising from the pineocyte, a cell with photosensory and neuroendocrine functions. It may be composed of mature elements or primitive, immature cells. The cellular composition determines the biological behavior and clinical outcome. Three types are recognized: pineoblastoma, pineocytoma, and pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (Adapted from WHO.)
A WHO grade I slow growing tumor, more frequently affecting young adults. It is composed of small, uniform, mature cells resembling pineocytes with occasional large pineocytomatous rosettes. It may show a wide range of divergent phenotypes, including neuronal, glial, melanocytic, photoreceptor and mesenchymal differentiation. Pineocytoma generally has a relatively favorable prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)
A benign neoplasm of the brain arising from the pineal gland.
A benign, slow growing, pineal parenchymal tumor that more frequently affects young adults.
A slow growing type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain.
A WHO grade II or III pineal parenchymal neoplasm of intermediate-grade malignancy, affecting all ages. It is composed of diffuse sheets or large lobules of uniform cells with mild to moderate nuclear atypia and low to moderate level mitotic activity. (Adapted from WHO)
Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation
A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the supratentorial region.
Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
A neoplasm that arises from meningothelial cells. This category refers to meningiomas.
Also known as chromophil carcinoma, it represents a minority of renal cell carcinomas. It can be hereditary or sporadic. The sporadic papillary renal cell carcinoma is characterized by trisomy of chromosomes 7, 16, and 17, and loss of chromosome Y. The peak incidence is in the sixth and seven decades. It is classified as type 1 or 2, based on the cytoplasmic volume and the thickness of the lining neoplastic cells. The prognosis is more favorable than for conventional (clear cell) renal cell carcinoma. -- 2003
Papillary (Chromophil) Renal Cell Carcinoma
A benign breast neoplasm characterized by the proliferation of multiple papillomas.
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis and cannot be classified according to other morphologic subtypes.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis, Usual Type
Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Usual Type
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Penis, Usual Type
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis. It is characterized by a papillary growth pattern, hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. Koilocytotic atypia is present. Human papillomavirus types 16 and 6 have been identified in some cases.
Condylomatous Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Condylomatous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Penis
Condylomatous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Penis, Condylomatous Type
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Penis, Warty Type
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis, Condylomatous Type
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis, Warty Type
Warty Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis
A slow growing, locally recurring, very well differentiated papillary squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis. It is characterized by the presence of acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The neoplastic infiltrate extends into the underlying stroma with a pushing border. Koilocytotic atypia is not present.
Squamous Carcinoma of Penis, Verrucous Type
Squamous Carcinoma of the Penis, Verrucous Type
Verrucous Squamous Carcinoma of the Penis
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis and is characterized by the presence of a papillary growth pattern.
Papillary Squamous Carcinoma of the Penis
Squamous Carcinoma of Penis, Papillary Type
Squamous Carcinoma of the Penis, Papillary Type
A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis and is characterized by the presence of malignant spindle-shaped cells.
Sarcomatoid Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Penis, Sarcomatoid Type
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis, Sarcomatoid Type
A malignant neoplasm of embryonal origin, arising from the central nervous system. It usually affects children. Representative examples include ependymoblastoma, medulloblastoma, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor.
Embryonal Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Embryonal Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Embryonal Tumor of Central Nervous System
Embryonal Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of intersecting fascicles composed of spindle cells that often lack mitotic activity.
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the central nervous system. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
Leiomyosarcoma of Central Nervous System
Leiomyosarcoma of the Central Nervous System
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It consists of mature skeletal muscle tissue.
Rhabdomyoma of the Central Nervous System
An extraskeletal chondroma usually arising from the dura.
Osteochondroma of Central Nervous System
Osteochondroma of the Central Nervous System
An osteosarcoma arising from the brain or spinal cord.
Central Nervous System Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma of the Central Nervous System
A hemangioma arising from the brain and spinal cord.
Hemangioma of the Central Nervous System
A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
Kaposi Sarcoma of Central Nervous System
Kaposi Sarcoma of the Central Nervous System
A hemangioblastoma arising from structures of the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System Capillary Hemangioblastoma
Hemangioblastoma of Central Nervous System
A myeloid sarcoma that affects the meninges or the cerebral hemispheres.
A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the central nervous system. It is composed of uniform cells resembling primitive germ cells. These cells have large, vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and a clear, glycogen-rich cytoplasm. Additional features are lymphoid or lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and, less frequently, scattered syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells. (Adapted from WHO)
A malignant germ cell tumor of the central nervous system composed of large cells that proliferate in cohesive nests and sheets. In rare occasions, tumor cells may replicate the structure of the early embryo, forming "embryoid bodies" replete with germ discs and miniature amniotic cavities. Additional morphologic characteristics include enlarged nucleoli, abundant clear to somewhat violet-hued cytoplasm, a high mitotic rate and zones of coagulative necrosis. (Adapted from WHO)
Central Nervous System Embryonal Carcinoma
Embryonal Carcinoma of the Central Nervous System
A malignant germ cell tumor of the central nervous system composed of primitive-appearing epithelial cells - putatively representing yolk sac endoderm - set in a loose, variably cellular, and often conspicuously myxoid matrix, resembling extra-embryonic mesoblast. Eosinophilic hyaline globules immunoreactive for AFP are a diagnostic feature. (WHO)
Yolk Sac Tumor of Central Nervous System
Yolk Sac Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A malignant germ cell tumor of the central nervous system characterized by extra-embryonic differentiation along trophoblastic lines. The diagnosis requires the identification of cytotrophoblastic elements, as well as syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells. (WHO)
A teratoma composed exclusively of fully differentiated, 'adult-type' tissue elements that are sometimes arranged in a pattern resembling normal tissue relationships. Mitotic activity is low or absent. The more common ectodermal components present in a mature teratoma include skin, brain and choroid plexus. The more common mesodermal components include cartilage, bone, fat and muscle (both smooth and striated). And the most common endodermal components are cysts lined by epithelia of respiratory or enteric type and in some cases pancreatic or hepatic tissue. (Adapted from WHO)
Mature Teratoma of Central Nervous System
Mature Teratoma of the Central Nervous System
A variant of teratoma composed of incompletely differentiated components resembling fetal tissues. Even if the immature component is only a minor element of an otherwise differentiated teratoma, the tumor is still classified as immature. (Adapted from WHO)
Central Nervous System Immature Teratoma
Immature Teratoma of Central Nervous System
Immature Teratoma of the Central Nervous System
A central nervous system teratoma characterized by the presence of a malignant component. The malignant component most often is sarcomatous (rhabdomyosarcoma or undifferentiated sarcoma) or carcinomatous (squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma).
Central Nervous System Teratoma with Malignant Transformation
CNS Teratoma with Malignant Transformation
Teratoma of CNS with Malignant Transformation
Teratoma of Central Nervous System with Malignant Transformation
Teratoma of the CNS with Malignant Transformation
Teratoma of the Central Nervous System with Malignant Transformation
A malignant germ cell tumor of the central nervous system characterized by the presence of at least two types of germ cell neoplasia.
Central Nervous System Mixed Germ Cell Tumor
Mixed Germ Cell Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Mixed Germ Cell Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A generally benign intrasellar and/or suprasellar mass arising from the neurohypophysis or infundibulum. It is composed of nests of large cells with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm due to abundant intracytoplasmic lysosomes. It generally has a slow progression and lacks invasive growth. (Adapted from WHO)
Granular Cell Tumor of the Neurohypophysis
Granular Cell Tumor of the Neurohypophysis (WHO Grade I)
Granular Cell Tumor of the Posterior Pituitary Gland
A benign neoplasm arising from nerve sheaths. It is characterized by the presence of a myxoid stroma.
Trilateral retinoblastoma refers to bilateral (or less often unilateral) retinoblastoma associated with an intracranial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in the pineal or suprasellar region. This syndrome is often associated with a increased familial incidence of retinoblastoma. (From Cancer 86(1): 135-141, 1999).
A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm affecting the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Central Nervous System Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the stomach. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Gastric Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Gastric Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm of Stomach
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Neoplasm of the Stomach
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of Stomach
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Stomach
An adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett metaplastic epithelium in the esophagus. There is evidence supporting the idea that the Barrett adenocarcinomas develop through a stepwise progression through intestinal metaplastic epithelium to epithelial dysplasia to malignancy. Adenocarcinomas arising in the setting of Barrett esophagus are typically papillary and/or tubular. In terms of grading, they are well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. -- 2002
Adenocarcinoma Arising in Barrett's Mucosa
A usually polypoid neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the colonic mucosa. It is characterized by a tubular architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.
A ganglioneuroma that arises from the colon. It usually presents as a small mucosal polyp.
A benign or malignant extra-adrenal paraganglioma that arises from the urinary system. The representative example is bladder paraganglioma.
A hormone producing pituitary gland tumor, associated with a hormonal syndrome.
An astrocytic tumor occurring during adulthood. Representative examples include diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.
A benign, localized, nodular and well-circumscribed neoplasm usually seen as a congenital neoplasm or in the first year of life. It is characterized by a biphasic growth pattern and is composed of small, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells associated with branching thin-walled vessels and more mature neoplastic spindle cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm in a collagenous stroma.
A cavernous hemangioma arising from the face.
Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma occurring in childhood.
Childhood Lymphocyte-Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
A lymphocyte-rich, classical Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Childhood Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Disease
Childhood Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Pediatric Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Disease
Pediatric Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A neoplasm of immature malignant lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) committed to the B-cell or T-cell lineage. Neoplasms involving the bone marrow and the peripheral blood are called precursor lymphoblastic leukemias or acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Neoplasms involving primarily lymph nodes or extranodal sites are called lymphoblastic lymphomas. -- 2003
Precursor Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma
Precursor Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates from mature B lymphocytes. Representative examples include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and small lymphocytic lymphoma.
A condition that is relevant to human neoplasms and non-neoplastic disorders. This includes observations, test results, history and other concepts relevant to the characterization of human pathologic conditions.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the mesenchyma-derived cells of the soft tissue or bone. Representative examples include lipoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma.
Type of substance that may be described as a linear sequence of nucleosides typically linked through phosphate esters.
Former Definition: A family of macromolecules, composed of various moieties: purines, pyrimidines, phosphoric acid, and a pentose, either d-ribose or d-deoxyribose. Nucleic acids as DNA or RNA is found in the chromosomes, nucleoli, mitochondria, and cytoplasm of all cells, and in viruses. Nucleic acids are the major players in controlling cellular function and heredity.
A neoplasm defined by its unique characteristic as they apply to clinical presentation and course, morphologic patterns, frequency, and/or age distribution.
A bone tumor arising from the remnants of the fetal notochord. This category includes the chordoma and benign notochordal cell tumor.
A neoplasm composed of a lymphocytic cell population which is usually malignant (clonal) by molecular genetic and/or immunophenotypic analysis. Lymphocytic neoplasms include Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and plasma cell neoplasms.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic giant cells.
A usually benign neoplasm composed of large cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. Representative examples include oncocytic neoplasms of the thyroid gland, and kidney. (NCI05)
A benign neoplasm composed of large cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm (oncocytes).
A malignant neoplasm composed of large cells with large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant pale cytoplasm (Paget cells). Paget cell neoplasms include Paget disease of the nipple and extramammary Paget disease which may affect the vulva, penis, anus, skin and scrotum.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic fibroblasts.
A header concept for chemicals that are the building blocks of inherited genetic information. The monomer structure (nucleoside) contains either a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose carbohydrate group. Nucleotides are composed of a nucleoside and one to three phosphate groups. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that are linked by phosphodiester bonds.
Nucleic Acids, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the prostate gland from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Prostate Gland
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Prostate Gland
An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the small intestine. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
Regressing Malignant Melanoma of the Skin
A subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA).
A molecule consisting of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA). DNA and RNA are polymers comprised of many nucleotides, strung together like beads in a necklace.
A melanoma that arises from any part of the digestive system.
This gene is involved in the modulation of blood glucose levels.
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Chromosome Region, Candidate 1 Gene
This gene may be involved in transcriptional regulation.
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (Translocation-Associated) Gene
An invasive malignant epithelial tumor that arises from the colon. There is no morphologic, immunophenotypic, or molecular biological evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation.
Adult Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma or intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma, and bile duct adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and lymphoma.
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
A benign or malignant epithelial neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign epithelial neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma and intrahepatic bile duct adenoma. Representative examples of malignant epithelial neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Epithelial Neoplasm
Epithelial Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
A benign or malignant non-epithelial neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign non-epithelial neoplasms include hemangioma, angiomyolipoma, and solitary fibrous tumor. Representative examples of malignant non-epithelial neoplasms include lymphoma, angiosarcoma, and undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma.
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Non-Epithelial Neoplasm
Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Non-Epithelial Neoplasm
Non-Epithelial Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
A carcinoma that arises from the common bile duct distal to the insertion of the cystic duct.
The reemergence of liver carcinoma after a period of remission.
A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor of the female reproductive system characterized by the presence of glands and/or cysts lined by neoplastic cells that resemble endometrial cells.
Endometrioid Neoplasm of Female Reproductive System
Endometrioid Neoplasm of the Female Reproductive System
Endometrioid Tumor of Female Reproductive System
Endometrioid Tumor of the Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive Endometrioid Neoplasm
An epithelial neoplasm arising from the thymus. It may be associated with myasthenia gravis, pure red cell aplasia, and hypogammaglobulinemia. It includes thymoma type B1 which is a thymoma of low grade malignant potential, thymoma type B2 which is a thymoma of moderate malignancy, and thymoma type B3 which is also known as well differentiated thymic carcinoma.
A malignant non-epithelial neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include lymphoma, angiosarcoma, and undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma.
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Malignant Non-Epithelial Neoplasm
Malignant Non-Epithelial Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Stage I carcinoma of the liver according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.
Stage II carcinoma of the liver according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.
Stage III carcinoma of the liver according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.
Stage IV carcinoma of the liver according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.
A non-invasive, papillary epithelial neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Papillary Neoplasm
A non-invasive, papillary epithelial neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
Intrahepatic Bile Duct Papillary Neoplasm
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts tissues, excluding the epithelial tissue.
Benign Extrahepatic Bile Duct Non-Epithelial Neoplasm
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the gallbladder wall. The neoplastic process does not involve the epithelial layer. Representative examples include leiomyoma, lipoma, and neurofibroma.
Benign Non-Epithelial Gallbladder Neoplasm
A grade I meningioma that occurs during adulthood.
A non-invasive, papillary epithelial neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the gallbladder. Intraepithelial neoplasia is present.
A grade I meningioma that occurs during childhood.
A grade II meningioma that occurs during childhood.
A grade III meningioma that occurs during childhood.
A grade II meningioma that occurs during adulthood.
A grade III meningioma that occurs during adulthood.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of large polygonal cells with abundant granular cytoplasm.
Benign Gallbladder Granular Cell Neoplasm
A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the surface of the bone.
A rare malignant neoplasm of the soft tissues. It is typically a disease of children and young adults. Most commonly occurs in the paravertebral region, chest wall, pelvis and lower extremities. Treatment includes local excision with consideration for post-operative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
A localized tumor consisting of mature mast cells. (WHO, 2001) -- 2003
A form of mastocytosis characterized by mast cell infiltration of the skin. (WHO, 2001)
This gene may be involved in both transcriptional regulation and nuclear RNA processing.
Splicing Factor Proline/Glutamine-Rich (Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein Associated) Gene
This gene may play a role in both transcriptional regulation and nuclear RNA processing.
Non-POU Domain Containing, Octamer-Binding Gene
This gene is involved in cellular proliferation.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic fibroblasts without malignant characteristics.
A benign,intermediate, or malignant soft tissue tumor in which the line of differentiation is uncertain. Representative examples include neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation, alveolar soft part sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, epithelioid sarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.
Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation
Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Uncertain Differentiation
A plasma cell myeloma lacking clinical manifestations and organ impairment.
A very slow-growing type of myeloma in which abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) make too much of a single type of monoclonal antibody (a protein). This protein builds up in the blood or is passed in the urine. Patients with smoldering myeloma usually have no symptoms, but need to be checked often for signs of progression to fully developed multiple myeloma.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the thyroid gland showing extensive evidence of follicular cell differentiation. According to the nuclear features of the malignant follicular cells, it is classified either as papillary, or follicular carcinoma.
Thyroid Gland Well Differentiated Carcinoma
Well Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
A rare aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the bone. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.
A chondrosarcoma arising from the central portion of bone without a benign precursor.
A malignant cartiliginous neoplasm of bone.
A low-grade neoplasm that arises from the neurohypophysis. It includes the granular cell tumor of the neurohypophysis and pituicytoma.
A neoplasm arising from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
A monoclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in the vast majority of cases. It is characterized by a bimodal age distribution (15-30 years of life and late life). Epstein-Barr virus has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and mononuclear Hodgkin cells. The Reed-Sternberg and mononuclear Hodgkin cells are CD30 positive in nearly all cases and CD15 positive in the majority of cases. Four histologic subtypes have been distinguished: lymphocyte-rich, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
The most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a cancer of the immune system. Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell.
A myelodysplastic syndrome defined by 5-9% blasts in the bone marrow, and <5% blasts in the blood. Approximately 25% of cases progress to an acute leukemia. (WHO)
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Excess Blasts-1
A myelodysplastic syndrome defined by 10-19% blasts in the bone marrow or 5-19% blasts in the blood and <10% blasts in the bone marrow. Approximately 33% of cases progress to acute leukemia. The prognosis is usually poor. (WHO)
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Excess Blasts-2
The reemergence of a brain neoplasm after a period of remission.
The reemergence of a spinal cord neoplasm after a period of remission.
The reemergence of a central nervous system neoplasm after a period of remission.
Recurrent Central Nervous System Neoplasm
A central nervous system neoplasm resistant to treatment.
Refractory Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Spinal cord neoplasm resistant to treatment.
An acute myeloid leukemia in which the monoblasts represent 80% or more of the total cellular population. (WHO, 2001)
The reemergence of a spinal cord neoplasm in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Spinal Cord Neoplasm
The reemergence of a spinal cord neoplasm in adulthood after a period of remission.
Spinal cord neoplasm in childhood which is resistant to treatment.
Refractory Childhood Spinal Cord Neoplasm
Spinal cord neoplasm in adulthood which is resistant to treatment.
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma arising from the central nervous system.
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
A low-grade (WHO grade II) astrocytic neoplasm. It is characterized by diffuse infiltration of neighboring central nervous system structures. These lesions typically affect young adults and have a tendency for progression to anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma. Based on the IDH genes mutation status, diffuse astrocytomas are classified as IDH-mutant, IDH-wildtype, and not otherwise specified.
A malignant astrocytic neoplasm characterized by a high degree of cellular differentiation, slow growth, and diffuse infiltration of neighboring brain structures.
An invasive breast carcinoma which is negative for expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).
A low grade (WHO grade II) astrocytoma occurring during adulthood. It is characterized by a high degree of cellular differentiation, slow growth, and diffuse infiltration of neighboring brain structures.
A group of acute myeloid leukemias characterized by recurrent genetic abnormalities, mainly balanced translocations. (WHO, 2001)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities
AML with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities
Aleukemic Precursor Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Molecule that contains atoms of the element carbon, usually combined with itself and with atoms of one or more other element such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, or fluorine. Excludes carbides, carbonates and carbon oxides.
A B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with uncertain malignant potential. The representative example of this category is lymphomatoid granulomatosis.
B-Cell Proliferation of Uncertain Malignant Potential
A clonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder arising as a result of post-transplant immunosuppression therapy. It is characterized by destructive infiltration of lymph nodes and extranodal sites by a polymorphic B-cell infiltrate composed of small and medium sized lymphocytes, immunoblasts, and plasma cells. In some cases, reduction of the immunosuppression therapy may lead to regression of the lesions. In other cases the lesions may progress to lymphoma.
Polymorphic Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A Burkitt lymphoma characterized by the presence of a uniform malignant lymphocytic infiltrate that is composed of medium-sized cells with round nuclei and multiple basophilic nucleoli, abundant mitotic figures, and a starry-sky pattern due to the presence of multiple tangible body macrophages.
Burkitt lymphoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells with eccentric basophilic cytoplasm. The nucleoli of these cells are often single and central. This morphologic variant of Burkitt lymphoma is more often seen in patients with immunodeficiency.
Burkitt Lymphoma with Plasmacytoid Differentiation
Burkitt's Lymphoma with Plasmacytoid Differentiation
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the hypopharynx.
A grade 3 follicular lymphoma in which centrocytes are present.
A grade 3 follicular lymphoma composed of solid sheets of centroblasts.
This entity represents a spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by CD30 (Ki-1)-positive cutaneous T-cell infiltrates. The two ends of the spectrum include lymphomatoid papulosis (benign end) and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (malignant end). Borderline lesions are also included in this spectrum. (WHO, 2001)
Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Primary Cutaneous CD30+ T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Borderline Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Borderline Primary Cutaneous CD30+ T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis characterized by the presence of scattered anaplastic large lymphocytes, often resembling Reed-Sternberg cells, admixed with acute and chronic inflammatory cells.
A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis characterized by an epidermotropic infiltrate composed of small atypical cerebriform-like lymphocytes.
A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis characterized clinically by regressing skin papules, and morphologically by features resembling anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Diffuse Large Cell Type Lymphomatoid Papulosis
An aggressive immature hematologic neoplasm formerly known as blastic NK cell lymphoma, composed of cells with a lymphoblast-like morphology. Recent evidence suggests derivation from a plasmacytoid monocyte. Patients present with cutaneous tumors and bone marrow involvement.
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
Agranular CD4+ CD56+ Hematodermic Neoplasm/Tumor
Agranular CD4+ Natural Killer Cell Leukemia
Blastic Natural Killer Leukemia/Lymphoma
Early Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous CD4+/CD56+ Hematolymphoid Neoplasm
A variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. It is characterized by an exclusively perifollicular growth pattern. The neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrate is composed of predominantly small cells with minimal cytologic atypia.
T-Zone Variant Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
A variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic small lymphocytes infiltrating the lymph nodes in a diffuse and less frequently interfollicular pattern. There is an associated proliferation of epithelioid histiocytes forming confluent clusters.
Lymphoepithelioid Variant Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Lennert Variant Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Lennert's Variant Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Lymphoepithelioid Cell Variant Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
A carcinoid tumor characterized by a high mitotic rate, often associated with the presence of necrosis and nuclear pleomorphism.
A histologic variant of anaplastic large cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of a predominant population of small to medium size malignant cells with irregular nuclei.
Small Cell Variant Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
A B lymphoblastic lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
A T lymphoblastic lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma that occurs during childhood and is limited to the skin at the time of diagnosis.
Childhood Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma that occurs during childhood, and is limited to the skin at the time of diagnosis.
Childhood Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Childhood Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Childhood Primary Cutaneous Ki-1 Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Childhood Primary Cutaneous Ki-1+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Pediatric Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Pediatric Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Pediatric Primary Cutaneous K-1+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma by Clinical Course
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma with Variable Clinical Course
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma with Variable Clinical Course
A primary lymphoma of the skin composed of various numbers of small and large irregular neoplastic follicle center cells. Its morphologic pattern can be nodular, diffuse, or nodular and diffuse. It presents with solitary or grouped plaques and tumors, and it usually involves the scalp, forehead, or trunk. It rarely involves the legs. This type of cutaneous lymphoma tends to remain localized to the skin.
Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma
A follicular lymphoma involving the skin. A cutaneous follicular lymphoma may be metastatic to the skin from the lymph nodes or other anatomic sites or primary (cutaneous follicle center lymphoma). --2003
Hodgkin lymphoma primarily involving the skin. This diagnosis can only be made when there is no evidence of Hodgkin lymphoma in the lymph nodes or other anatomic sites. Patients usually present with papules or nodular lesions. Morphologically, primary cutaneous Hodgkin lymphoma may resemble lymphomatoid papulosis or anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical tissue evaluation is essential in establishing the diagnosis. --2003
Adult Lymphocyte-Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Adult Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Adult Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Disease
Adult Lymphocyte Rich Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma
An aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma frequently arising in the setting of HIV infection and characterized by the presence of large neoplastic cells resembling B-immunoblasts which have the immunophenotypic profile of plasma cells. Sites of involvement include the oral cavity, sinonasal cavity, skin, soft tissues, gastrointestinal tract, and bone.
A usually aggressive large B-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of monomorphic immunoblast-like neoplastic B-lymphocytes in a sinusoidal growth pattern. The neoplastic B-lymphocytes express the ALK kinase but they lack the 2;5 translocation.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Expression of Full-Length ALK
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Expression of Full-Length Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
Adult Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Refractory Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Refractory Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Refractory Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
An aggressive mantle cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic B-lymphocytes resembling lymphoblasts.
Classic Blastoid Variant Mantle Cell Lymphoma
A low-grade, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that arises from the skin. It usually presents with multifocal papular or nodular lesions in the arms or trunk. It rarely disseminates to internal organs or progresses to high grade lymphoma.
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Marginal Zone B Cell Lymphoma of the Skin
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
A B-cell or T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the small intestine. Representative examples of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, alpha heavy chain disease/immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. The T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas are the enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma and the monomorphic CD56 positive intestinal T-cell lymphoma.
Primary Small Intestinal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A lymphoproliferative disorder arising as a result of post-transplant immunosuppression therapy. It is characterized by the presence of tissue destruction and effacement of the architecture of the involved tissues. There is clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin or the T-cell receptor genes. It includes the following variants: polymorphic, monomorphic, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma type post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.
Neoplastic Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Neoplasm
Post-Transplant Neoplastic Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A clonal lymphoproliferative disorder arising as a result of post-transplant immunosuppression therapy. It is characterized by destructive infiltration of lymph nodes and extranodal sites by a monotonous population of transformed lymphocytes or plasma cells. It includes two variants: monomorphic B-cell and monomorphic T/NK cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.
Monomorphic Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (Monoclonal), NOS
A clonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder arising as a result of post-transplant immunosuppression therapy. It is characterized by destructive infiltration of lymph nodes and extranodal sites by a monotonous population of transformed B-lymphocytes or plasma cells. The clonal cellular infiltrates fulfill the criteria for a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, or a plasma cell neoplasm.
Monomorphic B-Cell Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A clonal T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder arising as a result of post-transplant immunosuppression therapy. It is characterized by destructive infiltration of lymph nodes and extranodal sites by a monotonous population of transformed T-lymphocytes/NK-cells. The clonal cellular infiltrates fulfill the criteria for any of the T-cell or natural killer cell lymphomas.
Monomorphic T/NK-Cell Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Monomorphic T-Cell Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A lymphoproliferative disorder with morphologic features resembling Hodgkin lymphoma that develops in a patient following transplantation.
Hodgkin-Like Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Hodgkin lymphoma-like post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
Hodgkin's-Like Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Plasma Cell Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Plasmacytoma-Like Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
A lymphoproliferative disorder that develops following an organ transplantation and exhibits plasma cell myeloma features.
Plasma Cell Myeloma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
An Epstein-Barr positive lymphoproliferation fulfilling the criteria for classical Hodgkin lymphoma and arising as a result of post-transplant immunosuppression therapy. It is most often seen in renal transplant patients.
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Type Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Hodgkin Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Burkitt Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Burkitt's Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Burkitt-Like Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Burkitt's-Like Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Anaplastic Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Anaplastic Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma PTLD
Centroblastic Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Centroblastic Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma PTLD
Immunoblastic Lymphoma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Immunoblastic Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma PTLD
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the testis. Representative examples include seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.
A monoclonal B-cell neoplasm characterized by a nodular, or a nodular and diffuse proliferation of scattered large neoplastic cells known as popcorn or lymphocyte predominant cells (LP cells)- formerly called L&H cells for lymphocytic and/or histiocytic Reed-Sternberg cell variants. The LP cells lack CD15 and CD30 in nearly all instances. Patients are predominantly male, frequently in the 30-50 year age group. Most patients present with limited stage disease (localized peripheral lymphadenopathy, stage I or II). (WHO 2008)
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
A rare type of Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a cancer of the immune system. It is marked by the presence of a type of cell called a popcorn cell, which is different from the typical Reed-Sternberg cell found in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. This type of Hodgkin lymphoma may change into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Hodgkin lymphoma nodular lymphocyte predominant type, NOS
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
The reemergence of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Recurrent Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Recurrent Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Relapsed Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Relapsed Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.
Refractory Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Refractory Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Refractory Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Stage IV Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage IV Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Stage IV Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Stage III Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage III Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Disease
Stage III Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma variant, primarily involving the thyroid gland. It is composed predominantly of immunoblasts.
Immunoblastic Lymphoma of the Thyroid Gland
Primary Thyroid Gland Immunoblastic Lymphoma
A lymphoma with the morphologic and immunophenotypic features of a follicular lymphoma that shows entirely a diffuse pattern. It is usually seen in small biopsy specimens and most probably represents a diffuse area of a follicular lymphoma.
A morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of a solid nodular or anastomotic trabecular growth pattern, peripheral palisading, and comedo type necrosis.
A subtype of large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of large neuroendocrine cells in combination with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma and/ or spindle cell carcinoma.
Combined Large Cell Lung Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Combined Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Lung
Combined Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung
Pulmonary Combined Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
A morphologic variant of minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma characterized by tall columnar cells and mucin production.
Minimally Invasive Mucinous Lung Adenocarcinoma
Mucinous Bronchioloalveolar Lung Carcinoma
Mucinous Minimally Invasive Lung Adenocarcinoma
A serous cystadenoma of the ovary characterized by the presence of small papillary projections in the inner surface of the cysts.
A benign serous neoplasm characterized by the presence of papillary proliferations on the surface of the ovary.
A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells that resemble urothelial cells and their neoplastic counterparts. This category includes benign Brenner tumor, borderline Brenner tumor, malignant Brenner tumor, and transitional cell carcinoma.
A low grade, non-invasive mixed epithelial proliferative neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is composed of more than one epithelial cell type, most often serous and endocervical-type mucinous.
Borderline Ovarian Seromucinous Tumor/Atypical Proliferative Ovarian Seromucinous Tumor
Borderline Ovarian Mixed Epithelial Neoplasm
Borderline Ovarian Mixed Epithelial Tumor
Mixed Ovarian Epithelial Neoplasm of Borderline Malignancy
A non-metastasizing mixed epithelial neoplasm that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of more than one epithelial cell type, most often serous and endocervical-type mucinous. This category includes seromucinous cystadenoma and seromucinous adenofibroma.
Benign Ovarian Mixed Epithelial Neoplasm
Benign Seromucinous Cystadenoma/Adenofibroma
A group of sex cord-stromal tumors that arise from the ovary. These tumors are characterized by the presence of granulosa cells, stromal cells, and/or theca cells. This group includes granulosa cell tumor and tumors of the thecoma/fibroma group.
A granulosa cell-stromal tumor that occurs in the ovary.
A group of neoplasms that arise from the ovary and represent a spectrum of tumors ranging from neoplasms that are composed entirely of fibroblasts to those that are composed predominantly of theca cells.
Ovarian Tumor of the Thecoma/Fibroma Group
A benign neoplasm arising from soft tissue of the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and increased cellularity.
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Spleen
Malignant Soft Tissue Neoplasm of the Spleen
Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor of the Spleen
A rare Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the spleen.
Splenic Manifestation of Prolymphocytic Leukemia
Splenic Manifestation of T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia
Splenic Manifestation of B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia
Splenic Manifestation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Splenic Manifestation of Hairy Cell Leukemia
Infiltration and expansion of the red pulp cords and sinusoids of the spleen by T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia. The white pulp of the spleen is not involved and is often hyperplastic.
Splenic Manifestation of T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia
Splenic Manifestation of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive
Splenic Manifestation of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Primary Splenic Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma that involves the spleen.
Splenic Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Splenic Precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Splenic Precursor Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelium that resembles the epithelium of the fallopian tube. It includes serous cystadenoma, serous adenofibroma, serous cystadenofibroma, and surface papilloma.
A biphasic neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of mullerian-type epithelial tissue in a mesenchymal sarcomatous stroma. The presence of a high grade sarcomatous component is associated with recurrences and metastases.
Acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage, including monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes. Bleeding disorders are common presenting features.
Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage, including monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes.
Acute Monoblastic Leukemia and Acute Monocytic Leukemia
An acute monoblastic and monocytic leukemia occurring in adults.
Adult Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia
Adult Acute Monoblastic Leukemia and Acute Monocytic Leukemia
Adult Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia (FAB M5)
Adult Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia (M5)
M5 Adult Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia
A chronic myelogenous leukemia occurring during childhood.
Childhood Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive
A BCR-ABL1 positive chronic myelogenous leukemia occurring during childhood.
A neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of germ cell and sex cord-stromal tissues that are intimately admixed. If there is no malignant germ cell component present, the clinical course is benign.
Ovarian Mixed Germ Cell-Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor
A mixed germ cell-sex cord-stromal tumor that occurs in the ovary.
Ovarian Mixed Germ Cell-Sex Cord Neoplasm
Ovarian Mixed Germ Cell-Sex Cord-Stromal Neoplasm
Stage 0 Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage 0 Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v7
A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the testis. It is believed that it is derived from the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. Treatment with radiotherapy is highly successful when the tumor is diagnosed in localized stages, which represents the majority of presentations of seminoma.
A locally aggressive or rarely metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A vascular neoplasm with borderline malignant potential.
A benign or malignant endocrine neoplasm that arises from the testis or the ovary.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Neoplasm
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the walls and/or cavities of the abdomen, pelvis, and retroperitoneal space.
Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
Adult Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
A benign neoplasm affecting the skin. It is composed of fibrohistiocytic cells, spindle fibroblastic cells, and histiocytes arranged in a storiform pattern.
Benign Cutaneous Fibrohistiocytic Neoplasm
A borderline fibrohistiocytic neoplasm arising from the dermis and extending to the subcutaneous tissues.
Intermediate Cutaneous Fibrohistiocytic Neoplasm
A neoplastic process that affects the squamous epithelium of the cervix. It is classified as cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 1, 2, or 3, according to the degree of squamous cell maturation and cellular atypia, and the number of mitotic figures.
Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Cervix Uteri Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of Cervix
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of Cervix Uteri
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of Uterine Cervix
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of the Cervix
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of the Cervix Uteri
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of the Uterine Cervix
Uterine Cervix Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ
Abnormal cells are found in the cervical epithelium (the innermost lining of the cervix). These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ AJCC v7
Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia 3
Cervix Uteri Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of Cervix
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of Cervix Uteri
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of Uterine Cervix
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Cervix
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Cervix Uteri
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Uterine Cervix
Uterine Cervix Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the squamous, glandular, or transitional cell epithelium without evidence of invasion. According to the degree of nuclear atypia, number of mitotic figures, and presence of architectural distortion, it is classified as grade II (moderate dysplasia) or grade III (severe dysplasia).
Grade II Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade 2 Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Grade II Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
A rare carcinoma that arises from the retroperitoneal space.
A rare, benign neoplasm that arises from the peritoneum and is characterized by the presence of gland like structures. Cytologic atypia is absent.
This gene plays a role in embryonic development and histone methylation.
Suppressor of Zeste 12 Homolog (Drosophila) Gene
A carcinoma that arises from the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis. It is associated with tobacco use and usually presents with gross or microscopic hematuria. Urothelial carcinomas of the renal pelvis are usually of higher grade and higher stage compared to bladder urothelial carcinomas.
Renal Pelvis Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Renal Pelvis
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis
Urothelial Cell Carcinoma of Renal Pelvis
Urothelial Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis
A carcinoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of glandular and squamous malignant epithelial components.
Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
A chondrosarcoma arising from the surface of bone. It is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, high mitotic activity, myxoid stroma formation, and necrotic changes. It occurs in adults. Clinical presentation includes pain, and sometimes swelling.
An adenocarcinoma arising from the uterine body cavity. This is the most frequent malignant tumor affecting the uterine body, and is linked to estrogen therapy. Most patients present with uterine bleeding and are over age 40 at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of the uterine wall invasion, and the histologic subtype. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.
A malignant glandular neoplasm of the uterine lining.
An infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma associated with stromal fibrosis.
Infiltrating Carcinoma of Breast with Fibrotic Stroma
Infiltrating Carcinoma of the Breast with Fibrotic Stroma
A neoplastic process characterized by the presence of multiple intraductal papillomas.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the hair follicle.
A benign adnexal neoplasm arising from hair-bearing skin surfaces, usually the head and neck and upper extremities. It usually presents as a solitary, slow-growing nodular mass. Morphologically, it displays differentiation towards the matrix and inner sheath of the normal hair follicle and the hair cortex. Complete surgical excision is usually curative. Occasionally, it may recur.
A benign adnexal neoplasm arising from hair-bearing skin surfaces.
Malignant epithelial tumor arising in the accessory urethral glands.
Cerebellar Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumor
Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumor of Cerebellum
A nasopharyngeal carcinoma characterized by the lack of keratinization and the presence of a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. It is subdivided into undifferentiated and differentiated types, based on the cytologic features of the malignant cells. The undifferentiated type is characterized by the presence of cells with large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and a syncytial pattern of growth. The differentiated type is characterized by the presence of smaller cells and cellular stratification reminiscent of transitional cell carcinoma. While morphologically distinct, both types have similar clinical presentation and prognosis.
Nasopharyngeal Nonkeratinizing Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal Non-Keratinizing Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal Throat Nonkeratinizing Cancer
A malignant neoplasm that arises from mesothelial cells in the pleura and shows a diffuse growth pattern. It arises on the parietal and sometimes visceral pleura as multiple small nodules that later become confluent and invade the chest wall adipose tissue and muscle. Asbestos exposure is the main cause for the development of pleural malignant mesothelioma. It usually affects patients over sixty years of age. The latency period is long. Patients usually present with pleural effusion, dyspnea and chest wall pain. Additional signs and symptoms include chills, sweating, weight loss, and weakness. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, desmoplastic, sarcomatoid, and biphasic mesothelioma. The clinical course is usually aggressive.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the lung.
A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the anal canal or perianal skin. Representative examples include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.
An invasive or non-invasive papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. It is classified as low - or high-grade. -- 2003
Urothelial Papillary Carcinoma of the Bladder
A thymoma that is confined within the capsule and may display benign or malignant morphologic characteristics.
A benign neoplasm arising from arteries or veins.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm arising from vascular tissue including arteries, veins, venous sinuses, lymphatic vessels, arterioles and capillaries. It may occur in essentially any body location and is characterized by the presence of vascular channel formation and endothelial cells.
A benign neoplasm arising from vascular tissue usually of the skin. It is characterized by the presence of vascular channel formation and endothelial cells.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the vascular tissue. It is characterized by vascular channel formation and malignant endothelial cells.
A borderline blood vessel neoplasm that can be locally aggressive, and may metastasize on rare occasions.
A hemangioma arising from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Neoplastic Cells Present
Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)
Stage I Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6
Cancer (1) is found in the nasopharynx only; or (2) has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat, including the soft palate, base of the tongue, and tonsils) and/or to the nasal cavity.
Stage I Carcinoma of Nasopharynx AJCC v6
Stage I Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx AJCC v6
Stage III includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0). T3: Tumor involves bony structures and/or paranasal sinuses. N2: Bilateral metastasis in lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)
Stage III Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6
Cancer (1) is found in the nasopharynx only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat, including the soft palate, base of the tongue, and tonsils) and/or to the nasal cavity. Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller; or (2) is found in the parapharyngeal space (area near the pharynx, between the base of the skull and the lower jaw). Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller; or (3) has spread to nearby bones or sinuses. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx, and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller.
Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Stage III AJCC v6
Stage III Carcinoma of Nasopharynx AJCC v6
Stage III Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx AJCC v6
Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node(s). N3a: greater than 6 cm in dimension. N3b: extension to the supraclavicular fossa. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)
Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage IV nasopharyngeal cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. In stage IVA, cancer has spread beyond the nasopharynx and may have spread to the cranial nerves, the hypopharynx (bottom part of the throat), areas in and around the side of the skull or jawbone, and/or the bone around the eye. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx, and the affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller. In stage IVB, cancer has spread to lymph nodes between the collarbone and the top of the shoulder and/or the affected lymph nodes are larger than 6 centimeters. In stage IVC, cancer has spread beyond nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body.
Metastatic Carcinoma of Nasopharynx AJCC v6
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx AJCC v6
Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Cancer AJCC v6
Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6
Metastatic Nasopharynx Carcinoma AJCC v6
Stage IV Carcinoma of Nasopharynx AJCC v6
Stage IV Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx AJCC v6
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the oropharynx.
An epithelial neoplasm morphologically characterized by the presence of a villous architectural pattern. Most often it occurs in the large intestine, small intestine, and the stomach in which the neoplastic epithelial cells show dysplastic features. It may also arise in the urinary bladder, urethra, and vagina.
The leukemic counterpart of Burkitt's lymphoma. The characteristic Burkitt cells are seen in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. This is an aggressive leukemia.
A rare, fast-growing type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many white blood cells called B lymphocytes form in the blood and bone marrow. It may start in the lymph nodes as Burkitt lymphoma and then spread to the blood and bone marrow, or it may start in the blood and bone marrow without involvement of the lymph nodes. Both Burkitt leukemia and Burkitt lymphoma have been linked to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.
An indolent chronic B-cell leukemia resembling classic hairy cell leukemia but shows variant cytologic, hematologic, and immunophenotypic features and is resistant to the conventional therapy applied to hairy cell leukemia. Biologically, it is not related to hairy cell leukemia.
Prolymphocytic Variant of Hairy Cell Leukemia
A neoplasm of small B-lymphocytes with "hairy" projections in bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood. Most patients present with splenomegaly and pancytopenia. (WHO, 2001)
A rare type of leukemia in which abnormal B-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) are present in the bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood. When viewed under a microscope, these cells appear to be covered with tiny hair-like projections.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vagina. Representative examples include carcinomas and sarcomas.
A pathologic process that arises from the pancreas and has the potential to evolve into a malignant neoplasm.
An exophytic glandular neoplasm of the bladder, morphologically similar to its intestinal counterpart. It often coexists with in situ or infiltrating bladder adenocarcinoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the rectum. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A benign skin neoplasm composed of epithelial cells.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the rectosigmoid area. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Malignant Neoplasm of Rectosigmoid Junction
Malignant Neoplasm of the Rectosigmoid Junction
Malignant Tumor of Rectosigmoid Junction
Malignant Tumor of the Rectosigmoid Junction
A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the rectosigmoid area and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas. About 50% of colorectal carcinomas occur in the rectosigmoid area.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the rectum. This may be from a primary large intestine malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Rectum
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Rectum
A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland that more often affects young patients and commonly metastasizing to the lungs. It is characterized by a diffuse infiltration of the thyroid gland by malignant follicular cells, squamous metaplasia, stromal fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration.
Thyroid Gland Diffuse Sclerosing Papillary Carcinoma
Nonencapsulated Sclerosing Adenocarcinoma
Nonencapsulated Sclerosing Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreatic tissue.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Exocrine Pancreas
Malignant Tumor of the Exocrine Pancreas
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the ovary. Most primary malignant ovarian neoplasms are either carcinomas (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the ovary include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.
Cancer that forms in tissues of the ovary (one of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed). Most ovarian cancers are either ovarian epithelial carcinomas (cancer that begins in the cells on the surface of the ovary) or malignant germ cell tumors (cancer that begins in egg cells).
A premalignant pathologic process that affects the lungs. This category includes bronchial intraepithelial neoplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia.
A term referring to neoplastic changes in the bronchial epithelium manifested as dysplasia.
A benign epithelial neoplasm that projects above the surrounding epithelial surface and consists of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma.
A benign epithelial neoplasm that projects above the surrounding epithelial surface.
A tumor with myoepithelial differentiation that lacks an infiltrative growth pattern and does not metastasize.
A benign neoplasm composed of myoepithelial cells.
An astrocytoma that arises from the brain stem.
Undifferentiated Glioma of the Brain Stem
Undifferentiated Glioma of the Brainstem
A benign tumor, composed of mature adipocytes, that arises within skeletal muscle fibers.
A benign tumor, composed of lobules of mature adipocytes, that penetrates the surrounding tissue from which it arises. There is usually a higher local recurrence rate when compared with non-infiltrating lipomas.
A carcinoma that arises from the squamous epithelium of the exocervix.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the ovary. This may be from a primary ovarian malignant neoplasm involving the opposite ovary, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Ovary
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Ovary
A common hemangioma characterized by the presence of capillary-sized vascular channels without prominent epithelioid endothelial cells.
An epithelial or non-epithelial malignant neoplasm which has spread to the anus from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Anus
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Anus
An adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces growth hormone. The vast majority of cases are hormonally functioning and are associated with either gigantism or acromegaly.
Growth Hormone-Producing Pituitary Gland Adenoma
A non-malignant pituitary tumor that produces growth hormone.
Growth Hormone Producing Adenoma of Pituitary
Growth Hormone Producing Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone Producing Adenoma of the Pituitary
Growth Hormone Producing Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Adenoma
Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Gland Adenoma
Growth Hormone Secreting Adenoma of Pituitary
Growth Hormone Secreting Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary
Growth Hormone Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Adenoma
Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Gland Adenoma
An adenoma of the pituitary gland that produces corticotropin. The vast majority of cases are associated with Cushing disease. Clinical manifestations include truncal obesity with thin extremities, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and a tendency to bruise easily. Silent or hormonally non-functioning ACTH producing adenomas have also been described. They produce symptoms of a mass-related lesion.
A non-malignant pituitary neoplasm that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone.
ACTH-Secreting Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
ACTH-Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Adrenocorticotropin Producing Adenoma of Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropin Producing Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Adrenocorticotropin Producing Adenoma of the Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropin Producing Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Adrenocorticotropin Producing Pituitary Adenoma
Adrenocorticotropin Producing Pituitary Gland Adenoma
Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Adenoma of Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Adenoma of Pituitary Gland
Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Pituitary Adenoma
Adrenocorticotropin Secreting Pituitary Gland Adenoma
Corticotropin Secreting Adenoma of the Pituitary
Corticotropin Secreting Pituitary Gland Adenoma
Pituitary Corticotropin Secreting Adenoma
An acute leukemia characterized by the proliferation of both neutrophil and monocyte precursors. (WHO, 2001)
Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia (FAB Type M4)
An acute leukemia in which the blasts lack sufficient evidence to classify as myeloid or lymphoid or they have morphologic and/or immunophenotypic characteristics of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. (WHO, 2001)
A rare subtype of acute leukemia in which the blasts lack sufficient evidence to classify as myeloid or lymphoid, or they have morphologic and/or immunophenotypic characteristics of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. These subtypes account for less than 4% of cases of acute leukemia.
A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the mucosa of the anal canal.
A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair.
A large, well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with a cauliflower-like appearance, characterized by the presence of an exophytic and endophytic growth pattern. Morphologically, there is papillomatosis and acanthosis present, however cytologically the neoplastic squamous cells have a benign appearance. Dysplastic changes are minimal. It does not respond to conservative treatment and it is regarded by many authors as an intermediate lesion between condyloma acuminatum and squamous cell carcinoma.
An anal adenocarcinoma arising from the anal canal mucosa. Morphologically, it resembles the adenocarcinoma which arises from the colorectal glandular epithelium. Symptoms include anal pruritus, discomfort when sitting, pain, change in bowel habit, and bleeding.
Adenocarcinoma Arising in the Anal Mucosa
A carcinoma arising in the anal margin or perianal skin (below the anal verge and involving the perianal hair-bearing skin). It includes basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. Anal margin carcinoma is staged as a skin carcinoma, separately from anal canal carcinoma. -- 2003
A basal cell carcinoma arising from the perianal skin. Local excision is the treatment of choice. Metastases are extremely rare.
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Perianal Skin
An anal adenocarcinoma arising from the lining of an anorectal fistulous tract or the anal glands. The overlying anal mucosa does not show evidence of neoplastic changes. It usually presents as a submucosal tumor.
Anal Extramucosal (Perianal) Adenocarcinoma
Extramucosal (Perianal) Adenocarcinoma of Anus
Extramucosal (Perianal) Adenocarcinoma of the Anus
Paget disease involving the perianal skin.
Paget disease involving the squamous epithelium of the anal canal.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the esophagus.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the esophagus from another organ or system, or from another primary esophageal tumor. The primary esophageal tumor is not in continuity with the metastatic lesion. Representative examples of metastatic cancers to the esophagus include breast and lung metastatic carcinomas and melanomas.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Esophagus
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Esophagus
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the fallopian tube. Representative examples include carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Fallopian Tube
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the gallbladder. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, and sarcoma.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the gallbladder from another anatomic site. Representative examples include metastatic melanoma, and metastatic carcinomas from the breast and the stomach.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Gallbladder
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Gallbladder
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Gallbladder
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Gallbladder
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include carcinoma and sarcoma.
Malignant Extrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Malignant Neoplasm of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Malignant Neoplasm of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Malignant Tumor of Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Malignant Tumor of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the larynx. The majority are carcinomas.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the lip.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the paranasal sinuses.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Accessory Sinus
Malignant Neoplasm of the Paranasal Sinus
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the paranasal sinuses. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.
A squamous cell carcinoma or less frequently an adenocarcinoma, often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Homosexual men are at particular risk. The most important prognostic factors are tumor stage and nodal status.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vulva.
A phyllodes tumor with morphologic characteristics which are intermediate between a benign and a malignant phyllodes tumor. The stromal sarcomatous changes are of low grade and are often reminiscent of low grade fibrosarcomas.
A benign encapsulated neoplasm of the kidney, characterized by the presence of cysts separated by septa. There are no solid areas present. The septa are lined by one layer of epithelial cells that have eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm. The cystic spaces contain serous or hemorrhagic fluid.
A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of 5-19% myeloblasts in the bone marrow or 2-19% blasts in the peripheral blood. It includes two categories: myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-1 and myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-2.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Excess Blasts
Refractory Anemia with an Excess of Blasts
Abnormal malignant growth of cells in the urethra (lower urinary tract).
The reemergence of urethral carcinoma after a period of remission
A malignant neoplasm either directly extending to the thyroid gland from adjacent structures (e.g. pharynx, larynx, esophagus, cervical lymph nodes), or spreading to the thyroid gland from distant anatomic sites, most frequently kidney, lung, uterus, breast, and skin. The majority of cases are carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Thyroid Gland
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Thyroid
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Thyroid Gland
Metastatic Malignant Tumor to the Thyroid
Metastatic Malignant Tumor to the Thyroid Gland
Metastatic Neoplasm to the Thyroid Gland
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Thyroid
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Thyroid Gland
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Thyroid
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Thyroid Gland
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the breast. This may be from a primary breast malignant neoplasm on the opposite side, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Breast
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Breast
Stage 0a Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma
Stage 0a Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage 0a Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage 0is Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma
Stage 0is Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage 0is Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage 0is Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v7
Stage I Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma
Cancer has spread through the lining of the renal pelvis and/or ureter, into the layer of connective tissue.
Stage I Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage I Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma AJCC v7
stage I transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Stage II Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma
Cancer has spread through the layer of connective tissue to the muscle layer of the renal pelvis and/or ureter.
Stage II Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage II Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma AJCC v7
stage II transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: For renal pelvis only: tumor invades beyond muscularis into peripelvic fat or the renal parenchyma. For ureter only: tumor invades beyond muscularis into periureteric fat. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)
Stage III Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma
Cancer has spread either (1) to the layer of fat outside the renal pelvis and/or ureter; or (2) into the wall of the kidney.
Stage III Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage III Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage III Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma AJCC v7
stage III transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
Stage IV Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma
Cancer has spread to a nearby organ and/or to the layer of fat surrounding the kidney.
Stage IV Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer
Stage IV Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma AJCC v7
stage IV transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the small intestine.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Small Intestine
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the small intestine from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Small Intestine
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Small Intestine
Metastatic Neoplasm to the Small Intestine
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Small Bowel
Secondary Malignant Neoplasm to the Small Intestine
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Small Bowel
Secondary Malignant Tumor to the Small Intestine
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the renal pelvis.
An intermediate, rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of lymphatic-like vascular channels and papillary endothelial proliferation.
Papillary Intralymphatic Angioendothelioma
Malignant Endothelial Papillary Angioendothelioma
Papillary Endovascular Angioendothelioma
A mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by systemic disease and a polymorphous infiltrate involving lymph nodes and extranodal sites. The clinical course is typically aggressive.
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by enlarged lymph nodes and hypergammaglobulinemia (increased antibodies in the blood). Other symptoms may include a skin rash, fever, weight loss, or night sweats.
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy Type T-Cell Lymphoma
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia
The reemergence of visual pathway glioma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Visual Pathway Glioma
Recurrent Glioma of Childhood Visual Pathway
Recurrent Glioma of Pediatric Visual Pathway
Recurrent Glioma of the Childhood Visual Pathway
Recurrent Glioma of the Pediatric Visual Pathway
Recurrent Pediatric Visual Pathway Glioma
Relapsed Childhood Visual Pathway Glioma
Relapsed Glioma of Childhood Visual Pathway
Relapsed Glioma of Pediatric Visual Pathway
Relapsed Glioma of the Childhood Visual Pathway
Relapsed Glioma of the Pediatric Visual Pathway
Relapsed Pediatric Visual Pathway Glioma
The reemergence of visual pathway astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Visual Pathway Astrocytoma
Recurrent Childhood Optic Tract Astrocytoma
Recurrent Pediatric Optic Tract Astrocytoma
Recurrent Pediatric Visual Pathway Astrocytoma
The reemergence of optic nerve glioma in childhood after a period of remission.
The reemergence of optic nerve astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.
Recurrent Childhood Optic Nerve Astrocytoma
Recurrent Pediatric Optic Nerve Astrocytoma
An astrocytoma that affects the optic tract. This condition can be seen in association with neurofibromatosis 1. It is most commonly seen in the pediatric age group.
An astrocytoma that arises from the visual pathway and occurs during childhood.
An astrocytoma affecting the optic tract that occurs during childhood.
A glioma affecting the optic tract and occurring in childhood.
A glioma affecting the optic tract that occurs during childhood.
A malignant lymphocytic neoplasm of B-cell or T-cell lineage involving primarily the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. This category includes precursor or acute lymphoblastic leukemias and chronic leukemias.
A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells, originating from lymphoid cells.
A type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (white blood cells).
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of monomorphic small, round B-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. When the lymphoid process predominantly involves the bone marrow and the peripheral blood it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (WHO, 2001)
A malignant neoplasm composed of small lymphocytes.
An indolent (slow-growing) type of lymphoma in which too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) are found mostly in the lymph nodes. This causes the lymph nodes to become larger than normal. Sometimes cancer cells are found in the blood and bone marrow, and the disease is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The disease is most often seen in people older than 50 years. SLL is a type of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Diffuse Well Differentiated Lymphocytic Lymphoma
well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma
A malignant tumor that originates in the nuclear layer of the retina. As the most common primary tumor of the eye in children, retinoblastoma is still relatively uncommon, accounting for only 1% of all malignant tumors in pediatric patients. Approximately 95% of cases are diagnosed before age 5. These tumors may be multifocal, bilateral, congenital, inherited, or acquired. Seventy-five percent of retinoblastomas are unilateral; 60% occur sporadically. A predisposition to retinoblastoma has been associated with 13q14 cytogenetic abnormalities. Patients with the inherited form also appear to be at increased risk for secondary nonocular malignancies such as osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and fibrosarcoma.
A malignant neoplasm originating in the nuclear layer of the retina.
Cancer that forms in the tissues of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). Retinoblastoma usually occurs in children younger than 5 years. It may be hereditary or nonhereditary (sporadic).
A primitive neuroectodermal tumor (small round blue cell tumor) of the thorax which can involve the periosteum, thoracic wall and/or pleura though it spares the lung parenchyma.
Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor of Thoracopulmonary Region
Small Cell Tumor of Thoracopulmonary Region
A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the ureter. The majority are carcinomas. -- 2003
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the ureter from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Ureter
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Ureter
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the pharynx.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the pharynx from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Pharynx
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Pharynx
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the penis. Representative examples include penile carcinoma and penile sarcoma.
A group of connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the COL1A1 gene mapped to chromosome 17q21. It includes the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and osteoporosis.
COL1A1 Associated Connective Tissue Disorder
Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the kidney.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the kidney. This may be from a primary kidney malignant neoplasm involving the opposite kidney, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Kidney
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Kidney
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that, in well differentiated tumors, resemble the epithelium of the fallopian tube or, in poorly differentiated tumors, show anaplastic features and marked nuclear atypia.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium that lines the cavity of the uterine body. The vast majority of endometrial carcinomas are adenocarcinomas; squamous cell and adenosquamous carcinomas represent a minority of the cases. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Uterine bleeding is an initial clinical sign. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of myometrial wall invasion, and the degree of differentiation.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm arising from the lining of the uterine body cavity.
An adenoma characterized by increased cellularity and nuclear atypia without evidence of vascular or capsular invasion. A representative example is thyroid gland atypical follicular adenoma.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the sweat glands. Representative examples include tubular apocrine adenoma, syringofibroadenoma, and hidradenoma.
A benign epithelias neoplasm arising from sweat glands.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the sweat glands. Variants include the clear cell and nodular hidradenoma.
A benign sweat gland cystic lesion that arises from the dermis. It is lined by a thin epithelial layer of cells with a slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm.
A carcinoma that arises from the breast and is not caused by inherited genetic mutations.
An uncommon benign neoplasm of the sweat glands characterized by the presence of clear cells.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the sweat glands. It presents as a nodular lesion usually in the scalp, trunk, and proximal extremities. It is characterized by a nodular growth pattern. Complete excision is curative.
A diverse group of carcinomas of the thymus gland, previously known as thymoma type C (WHO-1999). It includes morphologic variants derived from purely epithelial cells, as well as from cells with neuroendocrine differentiation.
A rare type of thymus gland cancer. It usually spreads, has a high risk of recurrence, and has a poor survival rate. Thymic carcinoma is divided into subtypes, depending on the types of cells in which the cancer began.
Thymic Carcinoma (Excluding Well Differentiated Thymic Carcinoma)
Thymic Carcinoma Excluding Well Differentiated Thymic Carcinoma
A neoplasm composed of melanocytes that usually appears as a dark spot on the skin.
A benign (not cancer) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (cells that make a substance called melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes). A mole is usually dark and may be raised from the skin.
A benign, circumscribed proliferation of melanocytes in the skin. Variants include the Spitz nevus, halo nevus, blue nevus, and balloon cell nevus.
A type of renal carcinoma affecting mostly young African-Americans. It is located in the medulla of the kidney, and follows an aggressive clinical course. Most reported cases have shown metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis.
A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the urethra from another anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Urethra
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Urethra
An unusual, biphasic benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the prostate gland. It is characterized by the presence of an epithelial glandular component and a proliferating stroma.
A benign, malignant, or borderline circumscribed biphasic neoplasm that arises from the breast. It usually affects middle-aged women. It is characterized by the presence of a double layer of epithelial cells that are arranged in clefts, surrounded by a spindle cell mesenchymal (stromal) component.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the sebaceous or sweat glands. Representative examples include sebaceous adenoma, tubular apocrine adenoma, and hidradenoma.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the sebaceous or sweat glands.
A low grade adenocarcinoma with ductal differentiation, arising from the sweat glands. It presents as a scar usually in the face. It is characterized by the formation of small ducts and it frequently involves nerves and perineural spaces.
A neoplasm composed of basal cells that metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
A lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of large or small neuroendocrine carcinoma cells in combination with malignant glandular or squamous epithelial cells.
An infiltrating malignant tumor characterized by the presence of atypical cells with myoepithelial differentiation. Representative examples include malignant breast myoepithelioma and salivary gland myoepithelial carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm composed of myoepithelial cells.
A very rare malignant adipose tissue neoplasm that arises from the bone.
An acute myeloid leukemia with at least 20% blasts in the bone marrow or blood, and either a previous history of myelodysplastic syndrome, multilineage dysplasia or myelodysplastic syndrome-related cytogenetic abnormalities. There is no history of prior cytotoxic therapy for an unrelated disorder, and there is absence of the cytogenetic abnormalities that are present in acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes
An acute myeloid leukemia with at least 20% blasts in the bone marrow or blood and one of the following: a previous history of myelodysplastic syndrome; multilineage dysplasia; or myelodysplastic syndrome-related cytogenetic abnormalities.
A benign melanocytic nevus with a halo appearance.
An olfactory neuroblastoma arising in the nasal cavity.
Olfactory Neuroblastoma of the Nasal Cavity
A rare benign neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity, usually the tongue. It is characterized by the presence of plump eosinophilic cells with abundant granular cytoplasm. The neoplastic cells extend into the surrounding tissues, usually skeletal muscle. Recurrences are rare after removal of the tumor.
Oral Cavity Benign Granular Cell Neoplasm
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the oral cavity.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the oral cavity. Representative examples include hemangioma, tongue lipoma, and buccal mucosa papilloma.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity or the lips.
A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in the cerebral hemispheres as a primary lesion.
A non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in the cerebral hemispheres as a primary lesion.
A thymoma that has an aggressive clinical course (capsular invasion, infiltration of the surrounding tissues) and can metastasize. Although any morphologic subtype of thymoma may eventually have a malignant clinical course, this term is most often associated with thymoma types B3 and C.
A malignant neoplasm of the thymus, originating from epithelial thymus cells.
Lymphoproliferative Disorder of the Skin
A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that occurs during childhood.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the male or female reproductive system. Representative examples include benign prostate phyllodes tumor, benign Sertoli cell tumor, uterine corpus leiomyoma, and benign ovarian serous tumor.
The reemergence of female reproductive system carcinoma after a period of remission.
Recurrent Female Reproductive System Carcinoma
Recurrent Female Reproductive System Cancer
The reemergence of a carcinoma that affects the male reproductive system after a period of remission.
Recurrent Male Reproductive System Carcinoma
Recurrent Male Reproductive System Cancer
The reemergence of carcinoma in any part of the digestive system after a period of remission.
Recurrent Gastrointestinal System Cancer
Recurrent Gastrointestinal System Carcinoma
The reemergence of carcinoma in the head and neck region after a period of remission.
The reemergence of pancreatic carcinoma after a period of remission.
A lipomatous neoplasm characterized by a high risk of local recurrence and no risk of metastasis.
A rare malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pericardium. Clinical presentation includes pericardial effusion, congestive heart failure, a mass or cardiac tamponade. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Adjunct treatments of chemotherapy or radiation have not improved outcomes. The prognosis is extremely poor due to its late presentation and difficulty obtaining complete surgical excision. In most cases the diagnosis is made at autopsy or postoperatively.
Malignant Mesothelioma of the Pericardium
A rare neoplasm of mesothelial origin that arises from the pericardium.
A ductal breast carcinoma which has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A lobular breast carcinoma which has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.
A benign or malignant mesothelial neoplasm that arises from the peritoneum.
A localized neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation. It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle-shaped cells, hylanized stroma formation, thin-walled branching blood vessels, and thin bands of collagen.
A localized or multifocal mesothelioma arising from the peritoneum and less often the pleura. Cases arising from the peritoneum predominantly occur in women. It is characterized by the formation of papillae, covered by a single layer of blunt mesothelial cells. Mitotic figures are not present. There is no evidence of severe cytologic atypia. It has a relatively favorable clinical outcome, compared to malignant mesothelioma.
Well Differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma
Well-Differentiated Mesothelial Papillary Neoplasm
Well-Differentiated Mesothelial Papillary Tumor
Well-Differentiated Papillary Neoplasm of Mesothelium
Well-Differentiated Papillary Neoplasm of the Mesothelium
Well-Differentiated Papillary Tumor of Mesothelium
Well-Differentiated Papillary Tumor of the Mesothelium
A malignant neoplasm that affects the labia minora.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the labia majora.
A malignant neoplasm of the urethra that has spread to nearby tissues but has not spread to distant sites.
Regional Malignant Neoplasm of the Urethra
A disorder seen following cancer chemotherapy. It typically manifests a few years after initiation of epipodophyllotoxin chemotherapy. Mutagenic potential of these non-intercalating DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors is believed to be increased with concurrent use of asparaginase or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Balanced translocations involving chromosomal bands 11q23 and 21q22 are commonly associated with this disorder. Clinical signs may include fatigue, dyspnea, bruising and frequent infections. Clinical course usually progresses to acute myeloid leukemia though most epipodophyllotoxin-related leukemias do not have an antecedent myelodysplastic phase. Prognosis is dismal with survivability usually less than one year.
Epipodophyllotoxin-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Epipodophyllotoxin Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
A disorder seen following cancer chemotherapy. It is the most common cause of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes. It typically manifests several years after initiation of single or multi-agent chemotherapy with alkylators. Mutagenic potential of alkylating agents is believed to be age and cumulative dose-dependent. Deletions in chromosomes 5 and 7 are associated with susceptibility to this disorder. Clinical signs may include fatigue, dyspnea, bruising and frequent infections. Clinical course may progress to bone marrow failure or acute myeloid leukemia that is refractory to treatment. Prognosis is dismal with survivability usually less than one year.
Alkylating Agent-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Alkylating Agent Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
A low grade malignant neoplasm arising from the long bones. The tibia is the most frequently affected bone site. Patients present with swelling which may or may not be associated with pain. Morphologically, it is characterized by a biphasic pattern consisting of an epithelial and an osteofibrous component. The vast majority of cases recur if they are not treated with radical surgery. In a minority of cases the tumor may metastasize to other anatomic sites including lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain, and skeleton.
A low-grade malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells and a spindle cell osteo-fibrous proliferation.
An intraductal breast carcinoma characterized by a papillary growth within a large cystic duct. There is no evidence of invasion of the breast parenchyma.
Noninfiltrating Intracystic Breast Carcinoma
A ganglioneuroblastoma arising from the adrenal gland.
A carcinoma that arises from the gallbladder and it has not spread to other anatomic sites.
Cancer found only in the tissues that make up the wall of the gallbladder. Localized gallbladder cancer can be removed completely in an operation.
The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the urinary bladder wall from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Bladder
Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm to the Bladder
Metastatic Neoplasm to the Urinary Bladder
A soft tissue tumor characterized by an increased risk of local recurrence and/or a low risk of metastasis.