regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.


snoRNA guided rRNA 2'-O-methylation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis using a snoRNA guide that targets the position of methylation.


material anatomical entity

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical entity that has mass.


multicellular organism

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.


ketone body

A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.


A triazaacenaphthylene that is 2,2a,3,4,5,5a,6,7-octahydro-1H-1,8,8b-triazaacenaphthylene which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 7 by methyl, sulfooxy, and (2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)(hydroxy)methyl groups, respectively (the 2aS,3R,4S,5aS,7R stereoisomer in which the carbon bearing the hydroxy group has R configuration). It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater cyanobacteria, such as Aphanizomenon ovalisporum.


Triptonide

A diterpene triepoxide that is triptobenzene K in which the acylhydroquinone moiety has undergone oxidation to the corresponding triepoxyketone derivative. It has been isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii.


A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.


Lithium Chloride

A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.


Thymoquinone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.


Trovafloxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and  6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.


carcinogenic agent

A role played by a chemical compound which is known to  induce a process of carcinogenesis  by corrupting  normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.


Oligomycins

Any of the 26-membered ring macrolides produced by Streptomyces species that can be toxic to other organisms through their ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane-bound ATP synthases.


antirheumatic drug

A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.


Activated Charcoal

An allotropic form of the element carbon with cubic structure which is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 6 GPa at room temperature and metastable at atmospheric pressure. At low pressures diamond converts rapidly to graphite at temperatures above 1900 K in an inert atmosphere. The chemical bonding between the carbon atoms is covalent with sp(3) hybridization.


Tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.


benzoates

A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.


Midostaurin

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.


A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.


The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.


Cu(II) oxide

A metal oxide that has the formula CuO. It has an ionic structure.


A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.


malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein, human


fragrance

A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell.


Deguelin

A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.


Potassium Dichromate

A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.


Sodium Fluoride

A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.


A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).


Vismodegib

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid and the anilino group of 4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)aniline. Used for the treatment metastatic basal cell carcinoma.


Ethyl methanesulfonate

A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.


Triadimefon

A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


Alendronic acid

A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.


Potassium Chromate

A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.


Phosgene

An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.


Pentetrazol

An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.


Diethyl maleate

A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.


Butein

A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2', 3, 4 and 4'.


A nitroarene that is  fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.


Triethylenetetramine

A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.


Potassium Cyanide

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of potassium cations and cyanide anions.


Trimellitic anhydride

A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.


omega-6 fatty acid

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


Cafestol

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and furan diterpenoid with formula C20H28O3 obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee oil (a lipid fraction obtained from coffee beans by organic solvent extraction).


An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.


organic molecule

Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.


Pirimiphos-methyl

An  organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.


Methionine

The L-enantiomer of methionine.


Diethyl malate

A malate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the two carboxy groups of malic acid with two molecules of ethanol respectively.


Tocopherols

A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.


Ionomycin

A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.


Glycodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.


Picryl chloride

The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


Valeraldehyde

A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.


The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers.


Phosphine

The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.


Josamycin

A macrolide antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus.


Methoxyacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.


Belinostat

A hydroxamic acid-type histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.


3-Indolepropionic acid

An  indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is  propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.


Maneb

A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.


Puromycin aminonucleoside

Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.


Plumbagin

A  hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.


An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.


A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.


Osimertinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.


Estragole

A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.


2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


Nitrous acid;phenol

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


Rottlerin

A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.


A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.


A polysaccharide composed of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue joined to a [(2->6)-beta-D-fructosyl]n moiety by an alpha-(1->2) linkage.


Nitenpyram

A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.


p-Coumaric acid

The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.


Vigabatrin

A gamma-amino acid having a gamma-vinyl GABA structure. It is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric 664 acid transaminase


Domoic acid

An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).


A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.


A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).


The open-chain form of D-galactosamine.


nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2)

A nickel coordination entity with formula Ni3S2. Used in the manufacture of lithium batteries.


An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.


An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position


Carbamate

Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.


Methamidophos

An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.


beta-N-Methylamino-L-alanine

A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.


Monocrotophos

An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.


Ceruletide

A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.


An  ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.


Phenylhydrazine

A phenylhydrazine that is the monophenyl derivative of hydrazine.


Crocin

A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.


Pirimicarb

An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.


Hexamethylene diisocyanate

A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.


Iodoacetic acid

A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.


Sulfoxaflor

A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.


Palbociclib

A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-{[5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one bearing additional methyl, acetyl and cyclopentyl substituents at positions 5, 6 and 8 respectively. It is used in combination with letrozole for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.


N-acetylsphingosine

A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.


Oxcarbazepine

A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.


L-Name

An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinol in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.


Hydroxylamine

The simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria.


Ferric nitrilotriacetate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of equimolar amounts of iron(3+) and nitrilotriacetate(3-).


A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.


Nafenopin

A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.


Quinolinic acid

A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.


amphibole asbestos

A class of asbestos minerals that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium.


A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.


Buparlisib

An aminopyridine that is 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine substituted at position 5 by a 2,6-di(morpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4-y group. A selective PI3K inhibitor with anti-tumour properties.


benzoquinones

Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their C-substituted derivatives.


Acifluorfen

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 2-nitrobenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group. It is a herbicide used for the post-emergence control of a variety of annual broadleaf weeds.


Sonolisib

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is obtained from wortmanin via aminolysis of its furan ring by diallyl amine.


Malachite Green

An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.


Phosphocreatine

A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.


A tetrahydropyridine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine having a carboxy group at the 2-position.


Dicloxacillin

A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.


Juglone

A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.


An aromatic amine that is pyridine bearing a single amino substituent at position 4. An orphan drug in the US, it is used to improve walking in adults with multiple sclerosis.


Penicillamine

An optically active form of penicillamine having D-configuration. Pharmaceutical form (L-form is toxic) of chelating agent used to treat heavy metal poisoning.


A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.


A 2-pentenal in which the double bond has (E)-configuration. It is found in cigarette smoke, virgin olive oil, and milk.


Alternariol

A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.


Sepantronium bromide

An organic bromide salt consisting of sepantronium cations and bromide anions. It has been found to selectively inhibit survivin (BIRC5) gene promoter activity and to down-regulate survivin in vitro, so leading to induction of apoptosis.


Thymol

A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.


ACETAMIPRID

The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.


Aloe emodin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is  chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.


Levamisole

A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.


Dimethyl Sulfate

The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.


8-isoprostaglandin E2

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.


A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous tenovir.


Parecoxib

An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.


Ezetimibe

A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and  4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).


Trimethaphan

A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.


N-hexanoylsphingosine

An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.


Heptanal

An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.


Pyrroloquinoline quinone

A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.


Vinorelbine

A vinca alkaloid with a norvinblastine skeleton.


Nonanal

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


Nonivamide

A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.


Methylamine

The simplest of the methylamines, consisting of ammonia bearing a single methyl substituent.


phosphatidic acid

A derivative of glycerol in which one hydroxy group, commonly but not necessarily primary, is esterified with phosphoric acid and the other two are esterified with fatty acids.


Benoxaprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.


Meldonium

An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.


The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.


An oxime O-ether resulting from the formal conversion ot the acyclic keto group of 5-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-propionylcyclohex-2-en-1-one to the corresponding oxime with subsequent O-alkylation of the oxime by an (E)-3-chloroallyl group. It is used as a selective postemergence herbicide for the control of annual and perennial grasses in numerous crops, including alfalfa, celery, clover, conifers, cotton, cranberries, garlic, onions, ornamentals, peanuts, soybeans, strawberries, sugarbeet, sunflowers, and vegetables; the (-)-enantiomer has been reported to be more active than the (+)-enantiomer.


PRODIGIOSIN

A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.


Lomustine

An N-nitrosourea that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 2-chloroethyl group and by a nitroso group, while the other nitrogen is substituted by a cyclohexyl group. An alkylating antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of brain tumours, lung cancer, malignant melanoma and other solid tumours.


Afatinib

A quinazoline compound having a 3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino group at the 4-position, a 4-dimethylamino-trans-but-2-enamido group at the 6-position, and an (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy group at the 7-position. Used (as its dimaleate salt) for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


naphthalenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.


The aminophenol which has the single amino substituent located ortho to the phenolic -OH group.


A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.


Epirubicin

An anthracycline that is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.


Pentosalen

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.


Ttnpb

A  retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).


Emodepside

A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of  D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.


antipsychotic agent

Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


Cyclopentanol

The simplest member of the class of  cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.


Lobeline

An optically active piperidine alkaloid having a 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl group at the 6-position.


Lead chromate

A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio


Etofenprox

An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.


A member of the class of  phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.


Perifosine

A phospholipid consisting of 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium-4-yl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen is replaced by a stearyl (octadecyl) group.


Liquiritigenin

A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.


amino acid

A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.


Liquiritin

A flavanone glycoside that is  liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.


Carboplatin

A platinum coordination entity with cis square-planar geometry in which  platinum(II) is coordinated to two ammonia ligands and a bidentate cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate ligand.


beta-Lapachone

A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.


Piceid

A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.


A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.


Flurazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.


Magnesium Sulfate

A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.


Bicuculline

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.


Saracatinib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by (5-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)amino, (oxan-4-yl)oxy and 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a dual inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases c-Src and Abl (IC50 = 2.7 and 30 nM, respectively). Saracatinib was originally developed by AstraZeneca for the treatment of cancer but in 2019 it was granted orphan drug designation by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a type of lung disease that results in scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.


A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one carrying (6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl, 2-methylphenyl and methyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively.


Perillyl alcohol

A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl  and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.


A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum  wallichii).


A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.


1,7-Dimethyluric acid

An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.


Torin 1

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


KYNURENINE

A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.


Aloin

A diastereoisomeric mixture of aloin A (barbaloin) and aloin B (isobarbaloin), which have similar properties. It is a bitter-tasting, yellow-brown colored compound found in the exudate of at least 68 Aloe species at levels of up to 6.6% of leaf dry weight (making between 3% and 35% of the total exudate), and in another 17 species at indeterminate levels. It is used as a stimulant-laxative, treating constipation by inducing bowel movements.


Salvianolic acid B

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza


p-Cresol sulfate

An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.


Convallatoxin

A cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3.


Lamotrigine

A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6.


Abiraterone

A 3beta-sterol that is androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol substituted at position 17 by a 3-pyridyl group. Administered as the O-acetate, it is used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.


COLISTIN

A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


Nitrous Oxide

A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.


Aphidicolin

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.


Sodium Sulfite

An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion.


Mesalamine

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.


Cucurbitacin B

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated.


A  monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.


isocyanates

Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).


Stigmasterol

A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.


Angiotensin (1-7)

An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.


Moxifloxacin

A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.


Cobimetinib

A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.


Ceritinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


Nimustine cation

An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of nimustine.


A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).


Leptomycin B

A leptomycin having a (2E,10E,12E,16Z,18E)-double bond configuration as well as an ethyl substituent at position 17.


Aceclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.


16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.


Sulindac sulfone

A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps.  Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.


Captopril

A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


Dabrafenib

An organofluorine compound and antineoplastic agent, used as its mesylate salt in treatment of metastatic melanoma.


Indoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.


poly(ethylene glycol monomethacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been acylated by formal condensation with methacrylic acid.


Glabridin

A member of the class of  hydroxyisoflavans that is (R)-isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4' and a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyran group across positions 7 and 8 respectively.


A member of the class of indolones that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one which is substituted by a (2,6-dichlorobenzyl)sulfonyl group at position 5 and by a (1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group at position 2, the pyrrole ring of which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a [2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]carbonyl group at position 4 (the Z,R isomer).


Propoxur

A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.


Amifostine

An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.


p-Phenylenediamine

A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.


surfactin

Any mixture comprising isoforms of a bacterial cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis. The isoforms are cyclodepsipeptides containing at least seven amino acid residues. Among the most effective biosurfactants, surfactin can reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 27 mN/m at a concentration as low as 0.005%.


Physcione

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.


Trabectedin

A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from a Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Used for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed ovarian cancer.


Galunisertib

A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.


Flavokawain B

A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 2' and methoxy groups at positions 4' and 6'. Isolated from Piper methysticum and Piper rusbyi, it exhibits antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities.


3-Bromopyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine. Synthetic brominated derivative and structural analog of pyruvic acid. Highly reactive alkylating agent. Anti-cancer drug


Lactacystin

L-Cysteine substituted at nitrogen by an acetyl group and at sulfur by a substituted-lactam carbonyl group.


Methyl Ethyl Ketone

A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.


flavanones

Members of the class of flavans with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


Phalloidine

A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.


Azelaic Acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.


immunological adjuvant

A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.


Nitrobenzene

A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.


Rifaximin

A semisynthetic member of the class of rifamycins and non-systemic gastrointestinal site-specific broad spectrum antibiotic. Used in the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and irritable bowel syndrome.


Dactolisib

An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.


Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.


Anthrarobin

An anthracenetriol having the three hydroxy substituents at the 1-, 2- and 10-positions.


A dec-2-enal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration.


Epichlorohydrin

An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.


Gossypetin

A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.


Auraptene

A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.


A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.


Everolimus

A macrocyclic lactone that is rapamycin in which the hydroxy group attached to the cyclohexyl moiety has been converted into the corresponding 2-hydroxyethyl ether. It is an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent.


Ruxolitinib

A pyrazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-cyano-1-cyclopentylethyl group and at position 3 by a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl group. Used as the phosphate salt for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis.


An organic anion that is the conjugate base of 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane, obtained by deprotonation of the N-hydroxy group.


Terephthalic acid

A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.


Isoimperatorin

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


The sodium salt of porfimer. The purified component of haematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units (n = 0-6), where R = CH(OH)Me and/or CH=CH2. After addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to pH 7.2 - 7.9, it is used as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, and superficial bladder cancer. The drug is administered by slow intravenous injection and accumulates in malignant tissue. After 40-50 hours, it is activated by laser light at 630 nm, delivered to the tumour using a fibre optic guide. Subsequent spin transfer to oxygen molecules within the tissue, generates highly reactive singlet oxygen, and subsequent radical reactions generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Propagation of radical reactions ultimately kills the tumour cells.


A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.


Oleamide

A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.


BUPROFEZIN

A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.


Arsenic trichloride

A arsenic molecular entity that consists of a single arsenic atom bearing three chloro substituents.


2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


Streptomycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class


L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate

An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.


Dihydroxyacetone

A ketotriose consisting of acetone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 3. The simplest member of the class of ketoses and the parent of the class of glycerones.


Cladribine

2'-Deoxyadenosine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine ring has been substituted by chlorine. It inhibits the synthesis and repair of DNA, particularly in  lymphocytes and monocytes, and is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic drug for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies including  hairy-cell leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.


An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.


A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.


A pyridine alkaloid that is nicotine lacking the methyl group on the pyrrolidine nitrogen.


Rubidium chloride

An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.


Carfilzomib

A synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of morpholin-4-acetyl, L-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl, L-leucyl and L-phenylalanyl residues joined in sequence with the C-terminus connected to the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-1-one via an amide linkage. Used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma


Helenalin

A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


A pyrrolotriazine that is pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine which is substituted at position 2 by the pyrrolidine nitrogen of (2S)-N-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylprolinamide, and at position 4 by a (5-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino group. It is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/insulin receptor family kinases.


Estazolam

A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.


Creatine

A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.


A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


Torin 2

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


Ivabradine

A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.


Pristane

A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.


Dibucaine

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.


Phenylethyl Alcohol

A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.


An indolyl carbohydrate that is glucobrassicin methoxy substituted at position 1 of the indole moiety.


Quinoxaline

A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.


Dibenzoylmethane

A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.


N-phenylanthranilic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of  anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


antineoplastic agent

A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.


Cerulenin

An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.


Antimony (V) derivative of sodium gluconate

A D-gluconate adduct of indefinite composition containing between 30 and 34% of antimony(V), calculated with reference to dried and methanol-free substance. It is used as a treatment for leishmaniasis.


A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.


Diphenylacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by two phenyl groups respectively.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.


A member of the class of phenylacetaldehydes that is phenylacetaldehyde in which a hydrogen alpha to the aldehyde carbonyl group has been replaced by a methyl group. The major species at pH 7.3.


A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.


Paxilline

An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.


Navitoclax

A N-sulfonylcarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{4-[(4'-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro[biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}benzoic acid with the amino group of 4-{[(2R)-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)butan-2-yl]amino}-3-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]benzenesulfonamide. It is a BH3-mimetic drug which targets the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, including BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BCL-w, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Currently under clinical investigation as treatment for solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.


(5alpha)-3-Oxocholestan-26-oic acid

A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholestan-26-oic acid in which the hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by an oxo group.


Enflurane

An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.


Argipressin

The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.


Isoalantolactone

A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.


Paromomycin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.


An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.


oral contraceptive

A compound, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy.


Sapropterin

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


Dopaminechrome

A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.


Isoxaben

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.


BILIVERDIN

A linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the first step of heme degradation, catalysed by heme oxygenase.


A retinal which contains an additional double bond between the 3 and 4 positions of the six-membered ring, and in which all of the double bonds in the side chain have the E-configuration.


Etiocholanolone

An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.


A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


Isophorone diisocyanate

A diisocyanate in which the two isocyanate groups are linked by an isophorone substituent.


Phenylthiourea

A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


Acesulfame

A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.


A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-bromouracil as the nucleobase.


Allyl alcohol

A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.


Kanamycin

Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.


Monobutyryl cyclic AMP

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.


Methomyl

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of  methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of  1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.


Retigabine

A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An  anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.


A PYR-41 that has (Z)-configuration.


Naringenin chalcone

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.


Doxercalciferol

A hydroxy seco-steroid and synthetic vitamin D2 analogue that undergoes metabolic activation in vivo to form 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D2), a naturally occurring, biologically active form of vitamin D2. It is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the body produces excess parathyroid hormone (PTH; a natural substance needed to control the amount of calcium in the blood) in certain people with chronic kidney disease.


Transfluthrin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol.


Fotemustine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


Duroquinone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.


pyrimidines

Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.


The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.


A pentahydroxyflavone that is luteolin with an additional hydroxy group at position 6.


Daunorubicinol

The (13S)-diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.


Azinphos-methyl

A member of the class of  benzotriazines that is  1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.


gamma-Secretase Inhibitor XXI

An L-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanine with the amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. An inhibitor of memapsin 2 (gamma-secretase).


Sonidegib

A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.


A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.


Streptonigrin

Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.


Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.


A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.


Heptanoic Acid

A C7, straight-chain fatty acid that contributes to the odour of some rancid oils. Used in the preparation of esters for the fragrance industry, and as an additive in cigarettes.


CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE

A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.


Chloramine-T

An  organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.


Aliskiren

A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.


Benzamidoxime

A member of the class of amidoximes obtained by formal condensation of the carbonyl group of benzamide with hydroxylamine.


N,N-Dimethylacetamide

A member of the class of  acetamides that is  acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


The 2,3,5,6-isomer of tetrachlorophenol


o-PHENYLENEDIAMINE

A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.


Acamprosate

An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


disinfectant

An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


Cangrelor

A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.


Tetrastearoylcardiolipin

A cardiolipin derivative in which all four of the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).


An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.


An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.


Cefixime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.


A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices.


A member of the class of  hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.


An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.


Geranylgeranic acid

A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.


A trisubstituted guanidine, carrying 4-cyanophenyl, diphenylmethyl and carboxymethyl substituents, which is known to act as a highly potent sweetening agent.


Acenaphthylene

A ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar.


1-Naphthylacetic acid

A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.


Lipoamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of lipoic acid with ammonia.


Sulfadiazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


calcium channel blocker

One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.


Ginsenoside Rd

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.


Norverapamil

A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.


opioid analgesic

A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.


Closantel

An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.


A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.


3-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid

A steroid acid resulting from the oxidation of one of the terminal methyl groups of cholesterol to the corresponding aldehyde.


A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is  salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.


Dauricine

A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).


Carbamic acid, N,N-dimethyl-, 6-(1-naphthalenyl)pyrrolo(2,1-d)(1,5)benzoxazepin-7-yl ester


S-Phenyl-N-acetylcysteine

The S-phenyl derivative of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. It is a urinary metabolite of benzene and used as a biomarker to assess benzene exposure.


3-Phenylpropionic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.


3-Hydroxypyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.


Chlorpropham

A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.


2-Phenylpropionic acid

A 2-arylpropionic acid carrying a phenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of alpha-methylstyrene (AMS), a volatile hydrocarbon.


Diphenylamine

An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


Carbocysteine

An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


Plitidepsin

A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.


2,3-Dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.


A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.


anticoagulant

An agent that prevents blood clotting.


Etanidazole

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.


Vitamin A2

A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.


Ecgonine methyl ester

The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.


Cyanate

Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.


A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.


A 4,5-dihydrocortisone that has beta- configuration at position 5.


Miltefosine

A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.


Coformycin

An N-glycosyl in which (8R)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-8-ol is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(3)-glycosidic bond. compound The parent of the class of coformycins.


Fluopyram

A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethylamine. A fungicide used for foiliar application and as a seed treatment in order to control botrystis, powdery mildew and other diseases.


EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor

An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3).


Piericidin A

A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase


A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


A member of the class of  quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(1H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against  poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.


prostaglandin B1

A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).


N-(3-Oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone

A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide arising from formal condensation of homoserine lactone with 3-oxododecanoic acid.


A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.


Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride

An organic chloride salt having nitro blue tetrazolium(2+) as the counterion.


Sulfentrazone

A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.


alkylating agent

Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.


Valerophenone

An aromatic ketone that consists of benzene substituted by a pentanoyl group.


Quizalofop-ethyl

An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.


A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by a methyl substituent at C-3 and by hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-8.


Ibogaine

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.


PDK1 inhibitor AR-12

A member of the class of pyrazoles that is N-[4-(pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]glycinamide in which the pyrazole ring is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by trifluoromethyl and phenanthrene-2-yl groups respectively.


8-Hydroxyoctanoic acid

An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is caprylic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.


3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.


Cyclopentanone

A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclopentane bearing a single oxo substituent.


Indene

An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.


hydroquinones

Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.


anthracenes

Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.


An alanine derivative that is L-alanine bearing a 5-fluorouracil-1-yl substituent at position 3. A more potent and selective AMPA receptor agonist (at hGluR1 and hGluR2) than AMPA itself (Ki = 14.7, 25.1, and 1820 nM for hGluR1, hGluR2 and hGluR5 respectively).


Stigmatellin a

A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.


Epothilone

Any member of the class of 16-membered macrolide natural products, or their analogues, normally containing a double bond or its epoxide at positions 12-13 and bearing hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 8, methyl groups at positions 5, 5, 7, and 9, an oxo group at position 6, and a 1-(2-substituted-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl substituent at position 15.


Isobutyronitrile

An aliphatic nitrile that is acetonitrile in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.


The simplest member of the class of 2-pyranones that is 2H-pyran with an oxo substituent at position 2.


A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by 4-chlorobenzyl and formyl groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is an anti-cancer agent that is active against lung cancer cells with K-Ras mutations.


rodenticide

A substance used to destroy rodent pests.


Ancitabine

An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.


An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid with the amnio group of 2,6-diethylaniline.


A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl group.


A steroid aldehyde that is cortisol carrying a formyl group at position 18.


Spinosyn A

A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.


EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor

An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.


N,N-dimethylarginine

A L-arginine derivative  having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.


A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-hept-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1. Found in the peel of Malaysian pink and white pomelo peel and in the scent gland secretion of the rice stink bug Oebalus pugnax.


An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.


A heptadienal in which the two double bonds are located at positions 2 and 4 (the E,E-geoisomer).


A bile acid that is lithocholic acid carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 7.


Arachidonoyl Serotonin

An N-acylserotonin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the primary amino group of serotonin.


9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

A hydroxyoctadecanoic acid that is octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 9.


Ramiprilat

A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


Clobazam

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


A platinum coordination entity that consists of a central platunum atom bound to chloro (x2), acetate (x2), amino, and cyclohexylamino groups. Used for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.


S-Methyl-L-cysteine

A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.


Infigratinib

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.


4-Formylbenzoic acid

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by a formyl group at position 4.


2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methyl ether

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a hydroxy group and the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has bee replaced by a methyl group.


Isovaleric acid

A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.


L-Monapterin

A neopterin in which the 1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl side-chain is in 1S,2S configuration.


A 2-methylbutyronitrile that has S configuration.


Sulfoglycolithocholic acid

The 3-O-sulfo derivative of glycolithocholic acid.


Glycolithocholic acid

The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.


Dihydrosanguinarine

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine.


L-Pyroglutamic acid

An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.


Benzoylformic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.


Isoamyl acetate

The acetate ester of isoamylol.


A tertiary carboxamide that is piperazine in which one of the amino groups has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-L-serine, while the other has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-(1-benzothiophen-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-leucine. It is a cell-permeable, potent and selective agonist of the TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channel.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


HEMATOPORPHYRIN

A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.


Dehydrocholic acid

An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.


A peptide zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino terminus of Gly-Gln.


Eluxadoline

An amino acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine with the secondary amino group of 2-methoxy-5-({[(1S)-1-(4-phenylimidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid. It has mixed opioid receptor activity and is used for treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.


Monoethylglycinexylidide

Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.


2,2-Dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 2 respectively.


IB-Meca

A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.


A monocarboxylic acid that is the 4'-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.


Diclofenac acyl glucuronide

A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid (beta-D-glucuronide) that is a metabolite of diclofenac.


A trichlorobiphenyl that is 1,4-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a 3-chlorophenyl group.


Ranolazine

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.


A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10.


A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.


A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.


A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.


Entinostat

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of the pyridin-3-ylmethyl carbamate derivative of p-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase isoform 1 (HDAC1) and isoform 3 (HDAC3).


An N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion derived from N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan.


Astragalin

A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.


Methapyrilene

A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.


Methyl methacrylate

An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.


Nabumetone

A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


Cyclonite

An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.


Chloropicrin

A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.


Perfluorooctanesulfonamide

A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.


Epoxiconazole

The (2S,3R)-stereoisomer of 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole.


Agathisflavone

A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-6 and C-8 of the two chromene rings.


Bathocuproine disulfonate

A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.


Glufosinate

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is 2-aminobutanoic acid which is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl group.


Cetrorelix

A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.


Casticin

A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.


Pyocyanin

An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.


Vancomycin

A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.


Hesperidin

A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


Acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal

A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.


2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.


L-Ethionine

An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.


Quercitrin

A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


Xanthohumol

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.


Cantharidin

A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria.  Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.


Elesclomol

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy groups of malonic acid with the hydrino groups of two molar equivalents of N-methylbenzenecarbothiohydrazide


A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.


Cobalt sulfate

A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.


Dapt

A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.


Memantine

A primary aliphatic amine that is the 3,5-dimethyl derivative of 1-aminoadamantane. A low to moderate affinity uncompetitive (open-channel); NMDA receptor antagonist which binds preferentially to the NMDA receptor-operated cation channels.


alpha-PHELLANDRENE

One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).


Mercuric bromide

A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr2.


Zaragozic acid A

A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.


Ageladine A

An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-amine substituted by a 4,5-dibromo-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group at position 4. It is an alkaloid isolated from a marine sponge Agelas nakamurai and acts as an inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases, the key enzymes involved in tumour growth, migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.


Teflubenzuron

A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.


surfactant

A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.


Demecolcine

A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.


LCL161 is a small molecule inhibitor of IAPs that has potent antitumour activity in a range of solid tumours. In HCC, response to LCL161 therapy has shown to be mediated by Bcl-2 expression.


Nitric Acid

A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.


Calcium dihydrate dichloride

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of calcium chloride.


Flusilazole

An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.


Glafenine

A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.


gallocatechin

A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from  Acacia mearnsii.


Arbutin

A monosaccharide derivative that is  hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.


Suramin

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.


Mecoprop

A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.


Valpromide

A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.


Panobinostat

A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.


Thifluzamide

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline. Used to control Rhizoctonia spp. diseases on rice, potatoes, maize, grass and other crops.


A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid.  Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.


mutagen

An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.


A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.


Carnosic acid

An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11 and 12 and a carboxy group at position 20. It is isolated from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and common sage (Salvia officinalis) and exhibits anti-angiogenic, antineoplastic, antioxidant and anti-HIV activity.


Salubrinal

A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).


A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.


Enasidenib

A 1,3,5-triazine which is substituted by (2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)nitrilo, 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl and [2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl]nitrilo groups at positions 2,4 and 6, respectively. It is an isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2) inhibitor which has been approved for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).


A dihydroxybenzoate having the two hydroxy groups located at the 3- and 4-positions.


An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 2,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 4 by an amino group.


Dibenzothiophene

A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.


pateamine A

A marine macrodiolide that is isolated from the sponge Mycale hentscheli and exhibits anticancer and antiviral properties


Pacific ciguatoxin 1

A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.


Clobetasol

A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.