pericyte

An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.


RAC1_HUMAN Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (sprot)

A Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


melanoblast

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.


migratory trunk neural crest cell

Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.


mononuclear cell

A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.


multi-potent skeletal muscle stem cell

A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.


progenitor cell of endocrine pancreas

A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.


myofibroblast cell

An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.


protein localization to plasma membrane

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


memory T cell differentiation

The process in which a newly activated T cell acquires specialized features of a memory T cell.


wound healing

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


Wnt-protein binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.


fibronectin binding

Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.


frizzled binding

Binding to a frizzled (fz) receptor.


transcriptional regulator ERG isoform containing exon 3 (mouse)

A transcriptional regulator ERG (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA containing the sequence in exon 3 for the ERG gene.


integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A (mouse)

An integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


otic pit

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles.


neural tube lateral wall

Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube.


ependymal cell

A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen.


basolateral plasma membrane

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


lamellipodium

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


intercalated disc

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.


apicolateral plasma membrane

The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.


fascia adherens

A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


embryonic fibroblast

Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.


cerebral cortex development

The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.


cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.


negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


striated muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.


homeostasis of number of cells

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.


brain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


telencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.


blood vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


neuroepithelial cell differentiation

The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.


mesenchymal cell migration

The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


protein localization to adherens junction

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.


kidney development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


post-anal tail morphogenesis

The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.


neural tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.


ossification involved in bone maturation

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


cochlea development

The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.


branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


condensed mesenchymal cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a condensed mesenchymal cell population. A condensed mesenchymal cell population is a population of adherent mesenchymal cells.


nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


basement membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.


tight junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


cell adhesion mediator activity

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


capillary plexus

A network of capillaries.


steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.


androgen receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by androgen binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


progesterone receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by progesterone binding to its receptor in the cytoplasm.


response to increased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.


palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (systematic name, hexadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].


negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


ZDHC7_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC7 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDHC5_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD36_HUMAN Platelet glycoprotein 4 (sprot)

A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ESR1_HUMAN Estrogen receptor (sprot)

An estrogen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


estrogen receptor isoform h4 (human)

An estrogen receptor (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P03372-4.


ANDR_HUMAN Androgen receptor (sprot)

An androgen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRGR_HUMAN Progesterone receptor (sprot)

A progesterone receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARF6_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDHC4_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC4 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RPGP2_HUMAN Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 2 (sprot)

A Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCKX4_MOUSE Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 (sprot)

A sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


WDR24_HUMAN GATOR complex protein WDR24 (sprot)

A GATOR complex protein WDR24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of defense response to bacterium

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.


cellular anatomical entity

A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.


osteoblast differentiation

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.


insulin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.


insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


bone development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.


neuromuscular junction development

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.


stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal.


cellular hyperosmotic response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


osmosensory signaling MAPK cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.


pheromone response MAPK cascade

A MAPK cascade that is part of a pheromone response ending in conjugation with cellular fusion.


p38MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


torso signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to torso (a receptor tyrosine kinase) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ERBB signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.


guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase.


G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding

Binding to a complex of G-protein beta/gamma subunits.


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.


protein kinase C binding

Binding to protein kinase C.


signaling receptor complex adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.


GTP binding

Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


epidermal growth factor receptor activity

Combining with an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.


epidermal growth factor receptor binding

Binding to an epidermal growth factor receptor.


phosphotyrosine residue binding

Binding to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


receptor tyrosine kinase binding

Binding to a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.


neuregulin receptor activity

Combining with a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor and one or more other proteins, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


insulin receptor activity

Combining with insulin receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


insulin-like growth factor receptor activity

Combining with insulin-like growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


stalled ribosome sensor activity

A molecule that recognizes stalled ribosomes and initiates a signaling response.


ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.


type B pancreatic cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.


synaptic transmission, cholinergic

The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


acetylcholine receptor activity

Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


MK14_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK11_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK12_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK13_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MP2K6_HUMAN Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (sprot)

A dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MP2K3_HUMAN Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (sprot)

A dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SHC-transforming protein 1 isoform p52Shc (mouse)

An shc-transforming protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 isoform ZAKalpha (human)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9NYL2-1.


VGFR2_HUMAN Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (sprot)

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FYN_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn that is encoded in the genome of human.


M3K5_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.


RNA splicing

The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.


secretion

The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.


protein sumoylation

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.


phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.


catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.


response to chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.


localization

Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

An intracellular signal transduction pathway that starts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), activation of PDK1, which recruits and ending with the activation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt). PI3K is activated by cell surface receptors. Note that PTEN is an inhibitor of the pathway.


smoothened signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.


negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


mesodermal cell fate specification

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


endodermal cell fate specification

The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


hemopoiesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.


defense response to fungus

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.


defense response to virus

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.


cellular response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


macrophage activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.


thyroid gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.


cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


activin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes mediated by RNA polymerase II.


cellular response to interferon-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.


positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


cellular response to type II interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.


positive regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


negative regulation of inflammatory response to wounding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.


regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.


calcium ion binding

Binding to a calcium ion (Ca2+).


transcription factor binding

Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.


BMP receptor binding

Binding to a BMP receptor.


oxysterol binding

Binding to oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol.


JNK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


activin receptor activity, type I

Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.


non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein.


co-SMAD binding

Binding to a common mediator SMAD signaling protein.


activin receptor activity

Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta.


3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(3'-5')A-P(2'-5') (cyclic 3',2' GAMP).


3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding

Binding to 3',2' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 3',5' and 2',5' linkages.


2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding

Binding to 2',3' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 2',5' and 3',5' linkages.


double-stranded RNA binding

Binding to double-stranded RNA.


protein serine kinase activity (using GTP as donor)

Catalysis of the reactions: GTP + L-seryl-[protein] = GDP + H+ + O-phospho-L-seryl-[protein].


JAK pathway signal transduction adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two molecules of the JAK signal transduction pathway, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


adenylate cyclase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of adenylate cyclase.


glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity

Combining with glucagon-like peptide 1 and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.


gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glutamate + reduced vitamin K + CO2 + O2 = peptidyl-gamma-carboxyglutamate + vitamin K epoxide.


molecular function inhibitor activity

A molecular function regulator that inhibits or decreases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.


interleukin-22 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-22 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


nodal signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by nodal protein binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.


primitive hemopoiesis

A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.


tissue regeneration

The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.


primitive red blood cell

A large nucleated basophilic erythrocyte found in mammalian embryos. This cell type arises from the blood islands of yolk sacs and expresses different types of hemoglobins (beta-H1, gamma-1 and zeta) than adult erythrocytes. Considered a type of erythroblast as this cell type can enucleate in circulation.


REG3A_HUMAN Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha (sprot)

A regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTN6_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ITB2L_MOUSE Integrin beta-2-like protein (sprot)

An integrin beta-2-like protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ITB2_MOUSE Integrin beta-2 (sprot)

An integrin beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


melanocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.


hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.


glial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.


compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.


myoblast maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


lymphangiogenesis

Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.


RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


NF-kappaB p50/p65 complex

A heterodimer of NF-kappa B p50 and p65 subunits.


CLOCK-BMAL transcription complex

Transcription factor complex which interacts with E-box regulatory elements in target genes, including Period (Per1, Per2, Per3) and Cryptochrome (Cry1, Cry2), to activate their transcription during the daytime. The CRY-PER complexes inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-driven transcription in a negative feedback loop to generate circadian rhythms.


GDF2_HUMAN Growth/differentiation factor 2 (sprot)

A growth/differentiation factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACVL1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AVR2B_HUMAN Activin receptor type-2B (sprot)

An activin receptor type-2B that is encoded in the genome of human.


PCKGC_HUMAN Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP] (sprot)

A phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP] that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSI1_HUMAN Insulin-induced gene 1 protein (sprot)

An insulin-induced gene 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSI2_HUMAN Insulin-induced gene 2 protein (sprot)

An insulin-induced gene 2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


IMB1_HUMAN Importin subunit beta-1 (sprot)

An importin subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MBTP2_HUMAN Membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease (sprot)

A membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease that is encoded in the genome of human.


MBTP1_HUMAN Membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease (sprot)

A membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYK2_HUMAN Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 (sprot)

A non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KCC2A_HUMAN Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha (sprot)

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


CALM1_HUMAN Calmodulin-1 (sprot)

A calmodulin (human) that is a translation product of the CALM1 gene.


V_MUMPS Non-structural protein V (sprot)


IL33_HUMAN Interleukin-33 (sprot)

An interleukin-33 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL22_HUMAN Interleukin-22 (sprot)

An interleukin-22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I22R1_HUMAN Interleukin-22 receptor subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

An interleukin-22 receptor subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XAF1_HUMAN XIAP-associated factor 1 (sprot)

An XIAP-associated factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR9_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 9 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRBP2_HUMAN RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP2 (sprot)

A RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


auditory hair cell

A mechanoreceptor cell of the auditory or vestibular system that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.


follicular epithelial cell

An epithelial somatic cell associated with a maturing oocyte.


cochlear inner hair cell

A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.


radial glial cell

A cell present in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration.


respiratory epithelial cell

An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract.


tracheal epithelial cell

An epithelial cell found in the trachea.


microglial cell

A central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.


dopaminergic neuron

A neuron that releases dopamine as a neurotransmitter.


renal principal cell

A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the apical membrane of the cell is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals this cell type is located in the renal collecting duct system.


mesangial cell

A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries.


colon epithelial cell

Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.


type EC enteroendocrine cell

A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).


primary oocyte

A primary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed female meosis I.


A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.


regulatory T cell

A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.


outer plexiform layer of retina

The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells[ZFA]. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells[GO].


kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell


peptic cell

A cell that is usually basal in position, cuboidal with round nucleus, short microvilli, secretes pepsinogen.


parietal cell

A large, oval stomach epithelial cell with a central nucleus; source of gastric acid. Secretes HCl.


kidney epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the kidney.


retinal rod cell

One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.


germ line stem cell

A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.


retinal neural layer

The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO].


trigeminal nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex.


germ line cell

A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.


thyrotroph

A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center.


multi-ciliated epithelial cell

A ciliated epithelial cell with many cilia.


outer nuclear layer of retina

The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside.


ventral horn of spinal cord

The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO].


mature neutrophil

A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive.


retina horizontal cell

A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina.


luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland

A mammary epithelial cell that occurs in the lumen of the ductal and alveoli structure in the breast.


blood cell

A cell found predominately in the blood.


brush cell of trachebronchial tree

Infrequent type of columnar epithelial cell. This cell is characterized by the presence of a tuft of blunt, squat microvilli (approximately 120-140/cell) on the cell surface. The microvilli contain filaments that stretch into the underlying cytoplasm. They have a distinctive pear shape with a wide base and a narrow microvillous apex. Function not known.


club cell

A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium.


male gonocyte

A primordial germ cell that is destined to become a male germ cell.


serotonergic neuron

A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter.


layer of neocortex

One of the layers of the neocortex. These layers are defined by distinctive populations of cells based on somata size, shape, or density, that are aligned into sheets.


secondary spermatocyte

One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.


immature neutrophil

Any of the immature forms of a neutrophil in which neutrophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.


oogonial cell

An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.


epithelial cell of large intestine

An epithelial cell of the large intestine.


hematopoietic cell

A cell of a hematopoietic lineage.


vestibular ganglion

The ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. Distributed to the maculae of the utricle and saccule and to the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts. The vestibular fibers arise in bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion in the internal acoustic meatus.


cytoplasmic SCF ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex, located in the cytoplasm, in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).


beta-catenin destruction complex

A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.


protein pitchfork isoform m1 (mouse)

A protein pitchfork (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9D9W1-1.


KAP2_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex

An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.


KAP3_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAP0_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAP1_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


pyruvate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: = ADP + H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate => ATP + pyruvate.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in a protein substrate.


translation initiation factor activity

Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


miRNA binding

Binding to a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes.


Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = an N3-methylcytidine in tRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


lipopolysaccharide binding

Binding to a lipopolysaccharide.


SUMO-ubiquitin ligase activity

Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


identical protein binding

Binding to an identical protein or proteins.


protein kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity

Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.


regulation of cell size

Any process that modulates the size of a cell.


histone H3K4 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


mRNA 3'-UTR AU-rich region binding

Binding to a region containing frequent adenine and uridine bases within the 3' untranslated region of a mRNA molecule or in pre-mRNA intron. The ARE-binding element consensus is UUAUUUAUU. ARE-binding proteins control the stability and/or translation of mRNAs.


ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


5'-3' RNA exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of an RNA molecule.


neuropeptide receptor binding

Binding to a neuropeptide receptor.


neuropeptide receptor activity

Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.


dystroglycan binding

Binding to dystroglycan, a glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).


tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding

Binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.


JUN kinase kinase kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: JNKK + ATP = JNKK phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs).


phosphatidylinositol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


long-chain fatty acid transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a long-chain fatty acid from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


protein serine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate.


protein-folding chaperone binding

Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.


serine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).


Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + adenine(37) in tRNA = AMP + N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA.


dipeptidyl-peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.


K48-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 in the target protein.


tyrosine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.


negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.


ISG15 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y = Y-ISG15 + X, where both X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 are covalent linkages.


ISG15 activating enzyme activity

Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.


protein tag activity

A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another protein where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + serotonin.


calcium-dependent protein kinase C activity

Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.


cholate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: (1) ATP + cholate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + choloyl-CoA and (2) ATP + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA.


choloyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + H2O = cholate + CoA.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


3alpha-hydroxy bile acid-CoA-ester 3-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: a 3alpha-hydroxy bile acid CoA + NAD+ = a 3-oxo bile acid CoA + H+ + NADH.


bile-acid 7alpha-dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oate = 12alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochola-4,6-dien-24-oate + H2O.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


Atg12 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ATG12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ATG12 + Y = Y-ATG12 + X, where both X-ATG12 and Y-ATG12 are covalent linkages.


G-protein alpha-subunit binding

Binding to a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.


linear polyubiquitin binding

Binding to a linear polymer of ubiquitin. Linear ubiquitin polymers are formed by linking the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next.


diacetyl reductase ((S)-acetoin forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-acetoin + NAD+ = diacetyl + H+ + NADH.


tRNA methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.


lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.


transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups

Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.


fibroblast growth factor 13 isoform 2 (mouse)

A fibroblast growth factor 13 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RBSK_HUMAN Ribokinase (sprot)

A ribokinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptide antigen

Any peptide displayed by major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Class I MHC accommodate 8 to 13-residue peptides whereas class II MHC can bind 10 to 30-residue peptides, the optimal size being 12 to 16 residues.


Conjugate base of 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oic acid.


A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of cholic acid.


A steroidal acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions of 3-oxocholoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


A steroidal acyl-CoA(4-) oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 12alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochola-4,6-dien-24-oyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


A steroidal acyl-CoA(4-) oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


An acyl-CoA(4-) that is the tetraanion of choloyl-CoA, arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.


Any dibenzodioxine in which two or more hydrogens have been replaced by chlorines.


G3UVW8_MOUSE ELK3, member of ETS oncogene family (trembl)

An ETS domain-containing protein Elk-3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:G3UVW8.


RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform G (mouse)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform G that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform E (mouse)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform E that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform D (mouse)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform D that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


heat shock protein 105 kDa isoform HSP105-alpha (mouse)

A heat shock protein 105 kDa (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61699-1.


cell division control protein 42 isoform 1 prenylated-cysteine methyl ester 1 (mouse)

A cell division control protein 42 isoform 1 (mouse) that has been geranylgeranylated on the Cys residue within the C-terminal CaaX motif (a=an aliphatic residue, X=any residue), followed by cleavage of aaX and methylation of the Cys. UniProtKB:P60766-1, 1-188, Cys-188, MOD:01119.


RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 4 (mouse)

An RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 2 (mouse)

A mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 (mouse)

A BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


disabled homolog 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A disabled homolog 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sperm-associated antigen 16 protein isoform 1 (mouse)

A sperm-associated antigen 16 protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K450-1.


protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 phosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at Ser-97. UniProtKB:Q60829-1, Ser-97, MOD:00046.


potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform A (mouse)

A voltage-gated potassium channel KCNH2 isoform A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform includes the sequence encoded by exon IXa. This isoform is widely expressed.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 unphosphorylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Tyr-261/Tyr-365, PR:000026291.


disks large homolog 2 isoform m3 (mouse)

A disks large homolog 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91XM9-3.


interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


synaptotagmin-8 isoform 2 (mouse)

A synaptotagmin-8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9R0N6-2.


double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 2 (mouse)

A double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This form is produced by alternative splicing of isoform 1.


double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 1 (mouse)

A double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 isoform m2 (mouse)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q810U5-2.


coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 isoform 1 (mouse)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 chromosomal region candidate gene 12 protein isoform 1 (mouse)

A flagellum-associated coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 chromosomal region candidate gene 12 protein isoform 2 (mouse)

A flagellum-associated coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


dynamin-1-like protein isoform 3 (mouse)

A dynamin-1-like protein isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


dynamin-1-like protein isoform m1 (mouse)

A dynamin-1-like protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K1M6-1.


sentrin-specific protease 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A sentrin-specific protease 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZX6-3.


intercellular adhesion molecule 4 isoform 1 (mouse)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9ERM2-1.


intercellular adhesion molecule 4 isoform 2 (mouse)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9ERM2-2.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 isoform 2 (mouse)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R104-2.


carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein isoform 1 (mouse)

A carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99MZ3-1.


Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CALCA gene translation product (mouse)

A CALCA gene translation product that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Q1A6V1_MOUSE phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (trembl)

A type II inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q1A6V1.


Q1A6V0_MOUSE Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II alpha short isoform (trembl)

A type II inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q1A6V0.


gametogenetin isoform m2 (mouse)

A gametogenetin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80WJ1-2.


protein CDV3 isoform 2 (mouse)

A protein CDV3 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein CDV3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A protein CDV3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


OFCC1_MOUSE Orofacial cleft 1 candidate gene 1 protein homolog (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the Ofcc1 gene in mouse.


brain-specific homeobox protein homolog isoform 2 (mouse)

A brain-specific homeobox protein homolog (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q810B3-2.


adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 precursor (mouse)

An interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 (mouse) that has not been subjected to any proteolytic cleavage. UniProtKB:P01582-1, 1-270.


72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 2 (mouse)

A 72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


G5DDB7_MOUSE Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (trembl)

A 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


thyroid hormone receptor alpha isoform Alpha-deltaE6 (mouse)

A thyroid hormone receptor alpha isoform Alpha-deltaE6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Wilms tumor protein homolog isoform 1 (mouse)

A Wilms tumor protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Wilms tumor protein homolog isoform 4 (mouse)

A Wilms tumor protein isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


runt-related transcription factor 2 isoform 8 (mouse)

A runt-related transcription factor 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q08775-8.


runt-related transcription factor 2 isoform 9 (mouse)

A runt-related transcription factor 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q08775-9.


IRAK1_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CASP1_HUMAN Caspase-1 (sprot)

A caspase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDX3X_HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X (sprot)

An ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X that is encoded in the genome of human.


recycling endosome

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.


axon terminus

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.


S14L1_HUMAN SEC14-like protein 1 (sprot)

A SEC14-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTND1_HUMAN Catenin delta-1 (sprot)

A catenin delta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TERA_HUMAN Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (sprot)

A transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SYSC_HUMAN Serine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (sprot)

A serine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human.


MET2A_HUMAN tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL2A (sprot)

A tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


OSGEP_HUMAN tRNA N6-adenosine threonylcarbamoyltransferase (sprot)

A tRNA N6-adenosine threonylcarbamoyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2A_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRAA_HUMAN Granzyme A (sprot)

A granzyme A that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRAB_HUMAN Granzyme B (sprot)

A granzyme B that is encoded in the genome of human.


DPP8_HUMAN Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 (sprot)

A dipeptidyl peptidase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


5NTC_HUMAN Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase (sprot)

A cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPI2_CWPXB Serine proteinase inhibitor 2 (sprot)


ZBP1_HUMAN Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A Z-DNA-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG065_VACCW RNA-binding protein OPG065 (sprot)


IFIT3_HUMAN Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (sprot)

An interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG025_VACCW Ankyrin repeat protein OPG025 (sprot)


IFIT2_HUMAN Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (sprot)

An interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CASP8_HUMAN Caspase-8 (sprot)

A caspase-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EIF2A_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2B_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HSPB1_HUMAN Heat shock protein beta-1 (sprot)

A heat shock protein beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDC_HUMAN Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (sprot)

An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


USP9X_HUMAN Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X (sprot)

A probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X that is encoded in the genome of human.


KPCA_HUMAN Protein kinase C alpha type (sprot)

A protein kinase C alpha type that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAIB_CLOSV Bile acid--coenzyme A ligase (sprot)


BAIA2_CLOSV 3alpha-hydroxy bile acid-CoA-ester 3-dehydrogenase 2 (sprot)


BAICD_CLOSV 3-oxocholoyl-CoA 4-desaturase (sprot)


BAIF_CLOSV Bile acid CoA-transferase BaiF (sprot)


BAIE_CLOSV Bile acid 7alpha-dehydratase (sprot)


BAIH_CLOSV 7-beta-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA 4-desaturase (sprot)


ATG3_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP20_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 20 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP18_HUMAN Ubl carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 18 (sprot)

A Ubl carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI23_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM23 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI27_HUMAN Zinc finger protein RFP (sprot)

A zinc finger protein RFP that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTN11_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ULK1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATG13_HUMAN Autophagy-related protein 13 (sprot)

An autophagy-related protein 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ST38L_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase 38-like (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase 38-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARRB2_HUMAN Beta-arrestin-2 (sprot)

A beta-arrestin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK09_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEK7_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek7 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZAR1_HUMAN Zygote arrest protein 1 (sprot)

A zygote arrest protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DCA12_HUMAN DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 12 (sprot)

A DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETD2_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FXR1_HUMAN RNA-binding protein FXR1 (sprot)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARRD4_HUMAN Arrestin domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

An arrestin domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CARD8_HUMAN Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (sprot)

A caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI22_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM22 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHX16_HUMAN Pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX16 (sprot)

A pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIM8_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM8 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AIM2_HUMAN Interferon-inducible protein AIM2 (sprot)

An interferon-inducible protein AIM2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYCB2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MYCBP2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MYCBP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBSP1_HUMAN F-box/SPRY domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

An F-box/SPRY domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FXL19_HUMAN F-box/LRR-repeat protein 19 (sprot)

An F-box/LRR-repeat protein 19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI45_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM45 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 45 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI60_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 60 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 60 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLD10_HUMAN Kelch domain-containing protein 10 (sprot)

A kelch domain-containing protein 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAB1_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBL7_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like protein 7 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OTUD4_HUMAN OTU domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

An OTU domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OXSR1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase OSR1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase OSR1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STK39_HUMAN STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (sprot)

A STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP2BA_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform h4 (human)

An activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9C0C7-4.


1433E_HUMAN 14-3-3 protein epsilon (sprot)

A 14-3-3 protein epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRC_HUMAN Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (sprot)

A proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src that is encoded in the genome of human.


APBB1_HUMAN Amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 (sprot)

An amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI14_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 14 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI55_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 55 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 55 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAXB1_HUMAN Tax1-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A Tax1-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRKRA_HUMAN Interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A (sprot)

An interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYW4_HUMAN tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 4 (sprot)

A tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYW3_HUMAN tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 3 homolog (sprot)

A tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYW2_HUMAN tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 2 homolog (sprot)

A tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRM9B_HUMAN Probable tRNA methyltransferase 9B (sprot)

A probable tRNA methyltransferase 9B that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRM13_HUMAN tRNA:m(4)X modification enzyme TRM13 homolog (sprot)

A tRNA guanosine-2'-O-methyltransferase TRM13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


aspartate-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).


negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


negative regulation of endodermal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.


negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


TRADD_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FADD_HUMAN FAS-associated death domain protein (sprot)

A FAS-associated death domain protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.


non-motile cilium assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium.


TORC1 signaling

A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC1; TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with at least Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.


peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


glucose homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.


peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.


mitotic chromosome condensation

The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.


myelination

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


protein maturation

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


PERK-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity.


antifungal innate immune response

An defense response against a fungus mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


hippo signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1.


negative regulation of translation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


autophagy

The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.


autophagosome assembly

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.


peptidyl-serine autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein.


necroptotic process

A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.


renal sodium ion absorption

A renal system process in which sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.


interstrand cross-link repair

Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.


chemical synaptic transmission

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


cellular response to nitrogen starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.


negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition

A cell cycle process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.


activation of protein kinase B activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.


cellular response to amino acid starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.


double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.


negative regulation of autophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17A binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


cellular response to osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


positive regulation of translational initiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


sphingolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.


activation of innate immune response

Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.


cGAS/STING signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a double-stranded DNA or RNA from another organism to cytosolic cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) that activates innate immune responses through production of the second messenger cGAMP, which activates the adaptor STING.


cell cycle G2/M phase transition

The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase.


negative regulation of innate immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.


positive regulation of protein localization to kinetochore

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to kinetochore.


negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.


Schwann cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


sister chromatid cohesion

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other.


positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.


protein localization to lipid droplet

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location on or within a lipid droplet.


cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.


positive regulation of protein localization to chromatin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.


regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


meiosis I

The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.


protein stabilization

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.


ERBB2-ERBB3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB3 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3. ERBB3 also has impaired kinase activity and relies on ERBB2 for activation and signal transmission.


positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


double-strand break repair

The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


protein localization to centrosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centrosome.


positive regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.


positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


protein destabilization

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.


positive regulation of autophagy

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


mitigation of host antiviral defense response

A process by which a virus avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defenses. Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the virus or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


apical constriction

The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.