chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


macrophage chemotaxis

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


chemokine-mediated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a chemokine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


chemokine activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).


lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


channel activator activity

Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity

Binds to and decreases the activity of adenylate cyclase.


Progesterone

A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.


Androstanolone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.


Acetate

A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.


Propionate

The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.


Lactate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of lactic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


Docosahexaenoyl Ethanolamide

An N-acylethanolamine 22:6 that is the ethanolamide of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid.


Guanosine-diphosphate

A nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-) obtained by deprotonation of the three diphosphate OH groups of guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GMP); major species at pH 7.3.


regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.


GPC6A_MOUSE G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PAR3_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 3 (sprot)

A proteinase-activated receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAR4_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 4 (sprot)

A proteinase-activated receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNA14_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNA11_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNA15_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNAQ_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


monocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.


GPR35_HUMAN G-protein coupled receptor 35 (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor 35 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXL17_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 17 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


peritoneal cavity

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum.


external side of plasma membrane

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


early endosome

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


intracellular anatomical structure

A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.


ruffle

Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.


podosome

An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.


phagocytic cup

An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.


phagolysosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


protein-containing complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.


signaling receptor binding

Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


chromatin DNA binding

Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin.


type II interferon production

The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


interleukin-1 production

The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


protein secretion

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.


reactive oxygen species metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


pyroptosis

A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18.


chemokine production

The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


cytokine production

The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to cytokine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


macrophage migration

The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.


interleukin-6 production

The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


protein transport

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Rho protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


cholesterol efflux

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


lipoprotein transport

The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


I-kappaB phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


T cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


cell motility

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.


tumor necrosis factor production

The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Tumor necrosis factor is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.


response to ATP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.


interleukin-10 production

The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


fatty acid oxidation

The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.


resolution phase response

An active host response phase of acute inflammation driven by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and signaling pathways, enabling timely tissue regeneration and return of function.


regulation of transferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus.


myeloid cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.


interleukin-1 beta production

The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


interleukin-18 production

The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to muramyl dipeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


aconitate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H+ = CO2 + itaconate.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


alpha-tubulin acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to the lysine 40 residue of alpha-tubulin.


acute inflammatory response

Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


negative regulation by host of viral genome replication

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


negative regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


phagocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


DNA catabolic process

The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


cholesterol transport

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


interferon-beta production

The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.


stress-activated MAPK cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays a signal; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.


programmed necrotic cell death

A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


positive regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


phagocytosis, engulfment

The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.


nitric oxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.


positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


phagolysosome assembly

The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.


opsonization

The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.


negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


positive regulation of interleukin-6 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.


negative regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


interleukin-12 production

The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.


positive regulation of chemokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


macrophage cytokine production

The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


cellular response to bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


cellular response to lipoteichoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.


regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


cellular response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other.


L-arginine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-arginine across a membrane.


protein K63-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


nuclear speck organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of nuclear specks, a class of nuclear body in which splicing factors are localized.


low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity

Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.


regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.


entry of bacterium into host cell

The process in which a bacterium enters a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


respiratory burst

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


tubulin deacetylation

The removal of an acetyl group from tubulin. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


xenophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a region of cytoplasm containing an intracellular pathogen or some part of an intracellular pathogen (e.g. viral capsid) is enclosed in a double membrane bound autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome leading to degradation of the contents.


positive regulation of xenophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.


manganese ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of manganese (Mn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


manganese ion transport

The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cellular response to peptidoglycan

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.


transforming growth factor beta production

The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3.


immune response involved in response to exogenous dsRNA

Any immune response that is involved in response to exogenous dsRNA.


positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.


positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.


positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.


positive regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.


positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase.


homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.


macrophage differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.


leukocyte migration

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


canonical inflammasome complex

A cytosolic protein complex that is capable of activating caspase-1.


IRG1_HUMAN Cis-aconitate decarboxylase (sprot)

An immune-responsive gene 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


chemoattractant activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.


animal organ regeneration

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ.


X3CL1_MOUSE Fractalkine (sprot)

A fractalkine that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CX3C chemokine receptor 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A fractalkine isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


adrenal medulla chromaffin cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation.


ether lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.


monocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.


neutrophil differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.


bone marrow

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones.


peroxisomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.


Tetraanion of NADPH arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate and phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


Glycerone phosphate(2-)

A dianionic form of glycerone phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


coenzyme A(4-)

Tetraanion of coenzyme A.


coenzyme II

An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of NADP(+); major species at pH 7.3.


Cetyl Alcohol

A long chain fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


hexadecanoyl CoA

A saturated fatty acyl-CoA(4-) that is palmitoyl-CoA in which the phosphate and diphosphate groups have been deprotonated to give the corresponding tetra-anion.


A 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-alkyl group is specified as hexadecyl.


1-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate(2-)

An anionic phospholipid obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of any 1-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate.


Palmitic Acid

A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.


1-Palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1-palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


DRS7B_HUMAN Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7B (sprot)

A dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7B that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNPAT_HUMAN Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (sprot)

A dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

Any process involving glucose that decreases the frequency, rate or extent or transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


glycogen granule

Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.


lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


establishment of endothelial intestinal barrier

The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.


cellular response to interleukin-4

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.


B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


regulation of cell development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


negative regulation of cell development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


positive regulation of cell development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


pro-B cell

A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs.


somatotropin secreting cell

A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.


prolactin secreting cell

A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.


mature natural killer cell

A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules.


condensin complex

A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation in meiosis and mitosis.


filamentous actin

A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin.


cortical actin cytoskeleton

The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface

A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of an apoptotic cell, which acts as an 'eat-me' signal for engulfing cells. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the apoptotic cell surface by a phospholipid scramblase activity.


positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.


cellular response to cytokine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


neutrophil degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.


hypochlorous acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.


respiratory burst involved in defense response

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


cell maturation

The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.


neutrophil chemotaxis

The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


neutrophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


neutrophil extravasation

The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


white adipose tissue

Connective tissue consisting of fat-storing cells and arranged in lobular groups or along minor blood vessels[MP,modified].


inner cell mass derived hypoblast

A thin monolayer of small cuboidal cells that make up the lower layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc, beneath the epiblast.


interleukin-18 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

The appearance of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.


aflatoxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


Carbon Dioxide

A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.


TXTP_HUMAN Tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial (sprot)

A tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


yolk sac hematopoietic stem cell

A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.


peroxisome

A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.


brown fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.


adipose tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.


regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cold-induced thermogenesis.


type 2 immune response

An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.


monocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.


diapedesis

The passage of a leukocyte between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.


neutrophil activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium

The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.


establishment of T cell polarity

The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.


protein K48-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


T-helper 2 cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.


CD40 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


B cell mediated immunity

Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.


eosinophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of eosinophils such that the total number of eosinophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


immunoglobulin production

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


neutrophil activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


behavioral response to pain

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.


TOR signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.


response to metformin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metformin stimulus.


CFAH_HUMAN Complement factor H (sprot)

A complement factor H that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 cleaved 1 (mouse)

An interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 cleaved 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P01582-1, 115-270.


secretory granule

A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.


cell fate commitment

The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.


glandular epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.


epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.


epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


intestinal epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


lung goblet cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung goblet cell. A goblet cell is a cell of the epithelial lining that produces and secretes mucins.


blood serum

The portion of blood plasma that excludes clotting factors.


urine

Excretion that is the output of a kidney.


lumen of esophagus

An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus.


saliva

A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions.


lumen of intestine

The anatomical space within the intestine.


small intestine

Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong].


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell

A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor.


peritoneal fluid

Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.


kidney granular cell

A smooth muscle cell that synthesizes, stores, and secretes the enzyme renin. This cell type are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. While having a different origin than other kidney smooth muscle cells, this cell type expresses smooth muscle actin upon maturation.


juxtaglomerular apparatus

An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP].


seizure protein 6 isoform 3 (mouse)

A seizure protein 6 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7TSK2-3.


Hsp70 protein binding

Binding to a Hsp70 protein, heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding

Binding to a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.


serine-type peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


cobalamin binding

Binding to cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


neuropeptide hormone activity

The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.


triacyl lipopeptide binding

Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.


receptor decoy activity

Binding and sequestering a specific receptor ligand to prevent it from binding to its regular receptor.


heparanase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of heparan sulfate; can degrade both heparan sulfate and heparin glycosaminoglycan chains.


cargo receptor ligand activity

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a cargo receptor and initiates endocytosis.


ErbB-4 class receptor binding

Binding to the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-4/HER4.


peptidyl-dipeptidase activity

Catalysis of the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.


acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+ in an acidic environment.


CoA pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme A or its derivatives + H2O = 3',5'-ADP + 4'-phosphopantetheine.


coenzyme A catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.


pantetheine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantetheine + H2O = (R)-pantothenate + cysteamine.


pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.


Estradiol

The 17beta-isomer of estradiol.


interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 isoform m2 (mouse)

An interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O88786-2.


EGF_HUMAN Pro-epidermal growth factor (sprot)

A pro-epidermal growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


AREG_HUMAN Amphiregulin (sprot)

An amphiregulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGFA_HUMAN Protransforming growth factor alpha (sprot)

A protransforming growth factor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTC_HUMAN Probetacellulin (sprot)

A probetacellulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRG3_HUMAN Pro-neuregulin-3, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-3, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


HBEGF_HUMAN Proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (sprot)

A proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRG1_HUMAN Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


D-Glucose

A glucopyranose having D-configuration.


An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3.


HEXA_HUMAN Beta-hexosaminidase subunit alpha (sprot)

A beta-hexosaminidase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform 3 (mouse)

A vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Q8R037_MOUSE Secreted CD137 antigen (trembl)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CEACAM1a-4C1, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform CEACAM1a-4C1 of allele CEACAM1a in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:Q3LFS5, 35-450, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-2C1, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform CEACAM1a-2C1 of allele CEACAM1a in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:Q3LFS6, 35-270, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-C1, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form in mouse that lacks the transmembrane domain, and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


CEACAM1a-2, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform CEACAM1a-2 of allele CEACAM1a in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:Q3LFS7, 35-236, MOD:00160.


unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 3 (mouse)

A unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


calcitonin isoform 1 (mouse)

A calcitonin isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ATS13_MOUSE A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A8R0U0_MOUSE Exocrine gland secreted peptide 6 (trembl)

A protein that is a translation product of the Esp6 gene in mouse.


sRAGE proteolytic cleavage product (mouse)

An sRAGE proteolytic cleavage product that is produced in mouse.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 3 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-3.


72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 1 (mouse)

A 72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


renin-1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A renin-1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A6P7M8_MOUSE Kidney thyroglobulin variant (trembl)

A thyroglobulin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A6P7M8.


thyroglobulin isoform 1 (mouse)

A thyroglobulin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O08710-1.


IL1B_HUMAN Interleukin-1 beta (sprot)

An interleukin-1 beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD14_HUMAN Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (sprot)

A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


LBP_HUMAN Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (sprot)

A lipopolysaccharide-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANF_HUMAN Natriuretic peptides A (sprot)

An atrial natriuretic factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASM_HUMAN Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (sprot)

A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase that is encoded in the genome of human.


HPBP1_HUMAN Hsp70-binding protein 1 (sprot)

An Hsp70-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGRP1_HUMAN Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (sprot)

A peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S10A4_HUMAN Protein S100-A4 (sprot)

A protein S100-A4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HMGB1_HUMAN High mobility group protein B1 (sprot)

A high mobility group protein B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 isoform h2 (human)

A triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9NP99-2.


A4_HUMAN Amyloid-beta precursor protein (sprot)

An amyloid-beta precursor protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL18_HUMAN Interleukin-18 (sprot)

An interleukin-18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALKL1_HUMAN ALK and LTK ligand 1 (sprot)

An ALK and LTK ligand 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALKL2_HUMAN ALK and LTK ligand 2 (sprot)

An ALK and LTK ligand 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KNG1_HUMAN Kininogen-1 (sprot)

A kininogen-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACE_HUMAN Angiotensin-converting enzyme (sprot)

An angiotensin-converting enzyme that is encoded in the genome of human.


renin isoform 1 (human)

A renin isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CRMB_VAR67 Cytokine response-modifying protein B (sprot)


IFNA2_HUMAN Interferon alpha-2 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG204_VACCW Soluble interferon alpha/beta receptor OPG204 (sprot)


PG038_VACCW Early protein OPG038 (sprot)


PG193_VACCW Soluble interferon gamma receptor OPG193 (sprot)


IL18B_VACCW Interleukin-18-binding protein (sprot)


TSLP_HUMAN Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (sprot)

A thymic stromal lymphopoietin that is encoded in the genome of human.


vomeronasal sensory neuron

Chemosensitive cells that innervate the vomernasal organ epithelium and are responsible for receiving and transmitting pheromone signals.


determination of intestine left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the intestine loops with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


determination of left/right symmetry

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


determination of heart left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


determination of digestive tract left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of various parts of the digestive tract with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


determination of liver left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor activity

Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


determination of pancreatic left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


C-C chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a C-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.


migrasome

A vesicular organelle that forms on retraction fibers behind migrating cells and mediates the release of cytoplasmic contents during cell migration.


CXCR3_HUMAN C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (sprot)

A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCR5_HUMAN C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (sprot)

A C-C chemokine receptor type 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nucleic acid metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.


isotype switching

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


magnesium ion binding

Binding to a magnesium (Mg) ion.


nuclear DNA replication

The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


positive regulation of B cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.


positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes.


signal transduction in response to DNA damage

A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.


endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).


multivesicular body

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.


B cell receptor complex

An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.


microvillus

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.


cell cycle

The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.


protein processing

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


programmed cell death

A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.


cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


DNA recombination

Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.


B cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


B cell receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of zinc (Zn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


positive regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


calcium-mediated signaling using extracellular calcium source

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions imported from an extracellular source to convert a signal into a response.


exocytosis

A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.


receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process involved in intracellular cholesterol transport.


somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes

Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.


somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.


cell-substrate adhesion

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.


calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).


B cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


isotype switching to IgE isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


response to gamma radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.


negative regulation of B cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.


B cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.


antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.


MHC class II biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II.


negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.


isotype switching to IgG isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.


cell gliding

Cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell along a solid surface.


B cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


plasma cell differentiation

The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.


B cell proliferation

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.


lymphocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


T cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


CEAM1_MOUSE Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (sprot)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform x1 (mouse)

A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P06800-1. UniProtKB:P06800-4, 3-1293.


regulation of isotype switching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.


mature B cell

A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen.


regeneration

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).


developmental growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.


liver regeneration

The regrowth of lost or destroyed liver.


forebrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).


ligamentous ossification

Ossification wherein bone tissue forms within ligamentous tissue.


calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.


response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


negative regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


peptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


ATP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity

Enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis.


proton binding

Binding to proton.


hepatocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.


cell dedifferentiation

The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.


Kupffer's vesicle development

The progression of the Kupffer's vesicle over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The Kupffer's vesicle is a small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period.


splenocyte

Any leukocyte that is part of a spleen.


midbrain

The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO].


paired fin bud

An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a paired fin. The fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].


blastema of regenerating fin/limb

A blastema that is part of a regenerating fin/limb.


retinal progenitor cell

A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells.


pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron

A GABAergic interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Parvalbumin.


cortical plate

The outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP].


myeloid cell

A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.


cerebellum external granule cell layer

Transient layer of the cerebellar cortex present during development which is composed of dividing and migrating granule cells[MP].


male reproductive system

The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa.


photoreceptor layer of retina

The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside.


future brain

The embryonic precursor of the brain.


lens vesicle cavity

An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle.


future diencephalon

The foremost region of the future forebrain that develops into the diencephalon.


extraembryonic ectoderm

Layer of the endoderm of the extraembryonic tissue.


hematopoietic stem cell

A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.


glioblast (sensu Vertebrata)

An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube.


A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans.


memory T cell

A long-lived, antigen-experienced T cell that has acquired a memory phenotype including distinct surface markers and the ability to differentiate into an effector T cell upon antigen reexposure.


neurectodermal cell

Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue.


Kit and Sca1-positive hematopoietic stem cell

A hematopoietic stem cell that has plasma membrane part Kit-positive, SCA-1-positive, CD150-positive and CD34-negative.


myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell

A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage.


endocrine cell

A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.


mononuclear cytotrophoblast cell

A cell from the inner layer of the trophoblast of the early mammalian embryo that gives rise to the outer surface and villi of the chorion. Mononuclear crytoblasts fuse to give rise to a multinuclear cytotrophoblast.


megakaryocyte progenitor cell

The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).


proerythroblast

An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.


acinar cell of sebaceous gland

A sebum secreting cell of the skin that secretes sebum into the hair follicles.


monoblast

A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus.


melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell

A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone.


primary lens fiber

An elongating cell that rapidly obliterates the lumen of the lens vesicle. Subsequently, differentiation of this cell type at the lens equator leads to the formation of secondary fiber cells that come to overlie the primary fibers.


columnar chondrocyte

A columnar chondrocyte that differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. Columnar chondrocytes vigorously proliferate and form columns in the growth plate.


supporting cell of cochlea

An epithelial supporting cell located in the cochlea.


epidermal melanocyte

Any melanocyte that is part of a epidermis.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


embryonic brain development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


adult walking behavior

The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


articular cartilage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cellular response to interleukin-18

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.


dCMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.


CMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.


UMP salvage

Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis.


cytidine to uridine editing

The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination.


pyrimidine nucleoside salvage

Any process that generates a pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding

Binding to a low-density lipoprotein receptor.


poly(A) RNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n)-3'-adenine ribonucleotide. The primer may be an RNA or DNA fragment, or oligo(A) bearing a 3'-OH terminal group.


Cytidine

A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.


A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having cytosine as the nucleobase.


Uridine

A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.


A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having uracil as the nucleobase.


AMMONIUM CATION

An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.


Ammonia

An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.


CXCR2_HUMAN C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 (sprot)

A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCR2_HUMAN C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (sprot)

A C-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACKR3_HUMAN Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (sprot)

An atypical chemokine receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXCR4_HUMAN C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (sprot)

A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


endoderm formation

The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.


C-X-C motif chemokine 12 receptor activity

Combining with the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


CXCL12-activated CXCR4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12 to a C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor (CXCR4) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


EREP1_HUMAN Endosomal transmembrane epsin interactor 1 (sprot)

An endosomal transmembrane epsin interactor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDS5B_HUMAN Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B (sprot)

A sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B that is encoded in the genome of human.


lens development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


chromosome separation

The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II).


transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


ATPase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces an ATP hydrolysis activity.


regulation of DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


negative regulation of DNA binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


MORC3_HUMAN MORC family CW-type zinc finger protein 3 (sprot)

A MORC family CW-type zinc finger protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 isoform 10 (mouse)

A POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P25425-10.


POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P25425-2.


ICP0_HHV11 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ICP0 (sprot)


lens fiber cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lens fiber cell, any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in the camera-type eye. The cytoplasm of a lens fiber cell is devoid of most intracellular organelles including the cell nucleus, and contains primarily crystallins, a group of water-soluble proteins expressed in vary large quantities.


camera-type eye morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.


organelle disassembly

The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.


epigenetic regulation of gene expression

A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine methylation of DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.


enucleation

The process in which nucleated precursor cells lose their nucleus.


visual behavior

The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.


lens fiber

A region of the lens consisting of packed elongated enucleate cells packed with crystallin.


lens fiber cell

A vetebrate lens cell that is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.


cell junction

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.


camera-type eye

An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid.


epithelium of lens

A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye.


mitotic cell cycle

Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.


epithelial cell morphogenesis

The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.


establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell that contributes to the shaping of a camera-type eye.


establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


actin filament organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.


kidney cortex collecting duct epithelial cell


cell

A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.


vestibular dark cell

An epithelial cell of the vestibular sensory organ that is characterized by intense enzymatic activities and numerous basal membrane infoldings.


dorsal horn of spinal cord

The pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO].


chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron

A pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron that is recognizable by the straight terminal axonal 'cartridges' of vertically oriented strings of synaptic boutons. Chandelier PV cells' boutons target exclusively the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal cells, with a single cell innervating hundreds of pyramidal cells in a clustered manner.


mature NK T cell

A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response.


professional antigen presenting cell

A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response.


smooth muscle cell of colon

A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon.


intestine goblet cell

Goblet cells reside throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high-molecular-weight glycoproteins known as mucins. Human intestinal goblet cells secrete the MUC2 mucin, as well as a number of typical mucus components: CLCA1, FCGBP, AGR2, ZG16, and TFF3.


vestibular system

The sensory system for the sense of balance.


glutamatergic neuron

A neuron that is capable of some neurotansmission by glutamate secretion.


pillar cell

A rod-like cell in the inner ear, having their heads joined and their bases on the basilar membrane widely separated so as to form a spiral tunnel known as the tunnel of Corti.


corneal epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the cornea.


Kupffer cell

A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids involved in erythrocyte clearance. Markers include F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, CD163/SRCR-positive. Irregular, with long processes including lamellipodia extending into the sinusoid lumen, have flattened nucleus with cytoplasm containing characteristic invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform bodies); lie within the sinusoid lumen attached to the endothelial surface; derived from the bone marrow, form a major part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system.


mammary alveolar cell

The milk-producing cell of the alveolar unit that emerges during pregnancy.


nervous system

The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].


decidual cell

A specialized, enlarged, connective tissue cell of the decidua with enlarged nucleus, dense membrane‐bound secretory granules and cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. These cells develop by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization.