leukocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


negative regulation of B cell differentiation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


dGTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


immature T cell proliferation in thymus

The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus.


gamma-delta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule, such as GDP-galactose or UDP-galactose, to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


nuclear glucocorticoid receptor activity

Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal within the cell trigger a change in cell activity or function.


immunoglobulin complex, circulating

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.


type I interferon production

The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


aldosterone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.


hormone secretion

The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.


multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


interleukin-2 production

The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


growth hormone secretion

The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.


progesterone secretion

The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.


androgen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


carnitine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


antigen binding

Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.


macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha production

The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


ionotropic glutamate receptor activity

Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


negative regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


smooth muscle myoblast

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.


TRPC7_MOUSE Short transient receptor potential channel 7 (sprot)

A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ionotropic glutamate receptor complex

A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.


skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).


lung alveolus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.


surfactant homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.


negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


osteoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.


negative regulation of chondrocyte development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


mammary gland bud elongation

The process in which the mammary gland bud grows along its axis.


nipple sheath formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the nipple sheath from the unspecified epidermis. This process begins with a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout. It ends before the region begins to elevate.


organic phosphonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonates, any organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Metabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.


vibrissa follicle

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

One of the tubular invaginations of the epidermis enclosing the hair roots and from which grow the vibrissae located on the muzzle and face of many species.


osteocyte

A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.


bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


biomineral tissue development

Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.


post-embryonic forelimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an organism.


bone trabecula formation

The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.


fat pad development

The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue.


sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha (mouse) that is phosphorylated on a Ser residue within the DI-DII linker, equivalent to Ser-571 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1. Example: UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1, Ser-571, MOD:00046.


positive regulation of signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.


negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.


macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


animal organ formation

The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.


glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.


specification of animal organ position

The regionalization process in which information that determines the correct position at which animal organ primordia are formed is generated and perceived resulting in correct positioning of the new animal organ.


response to vitamin B6

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


negative regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


cellular response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


NAD-dependent histone H3K56 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.


NAD-dependent histone H3K9 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


NAD-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA damage sensor activity

A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, for example, double-strand breaks or collapsed replication forks, and initiates a signaling response.


FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.


protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity

An enzyme-substrate adaptor that bings together a protein ADP-ribosyl transferase and its substrate.


NAD+-histone H2BE35 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ADP-ribose groups to the glutamate-35 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2B (or an equivalent residue).


histone H2BS36 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2B-serine (position 36) + ATP = histone H2B-phosphoserine (position 36) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 36 of histone H2B.


progesterone receptor isoform A (mouse)

A progesterone receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00175-2.


lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 isoform h4 (human)

A lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8NB78-4.


GLYR1_HUMAN Cytokine-like nuclear factor N-PAC (sprot)

A nuclear protein NP60 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTNB1_HUMAN Catenin beta-1 (sprot)

A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDB2_HUMAN DNA damage-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A DNA damage-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XPC_HUMAN DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells (sprot)

A DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of neutrophil differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.


eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.


gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).


immature B cell

An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.


positive regulation by symbiont of host transcription

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


myelin proteolipid protein isoform DM-20 (mouse)

A myelin proteolipid protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P60202-2.


mitotic sister chromatid segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


mitotic spindle pole

Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


nuclear body

Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.


spindle midzone

The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.


Ras protein signal transduction

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


exit from mitosis

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


cell projection organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


G1 to G0 transition involved in cell differentiation

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


microvillus assembly

Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


dynein light chain binding

Binding to a light chain of the dynein complex.


regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


establishment of spindle orientation

Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.


apical junction assembly

The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.


lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ventricular zone neuroblast division

The proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The neuronal progenitors of these cells will migrate radially.


cellular component organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


chromocenter

A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions from more than one chromosomes form a compact structure.


island of Calleja

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

One of the seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band.


chromosome

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


female meiotic nuclear division

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.


meiotic chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.


chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


single strand break repair

The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.


kinetochore organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.


condensed chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.


mitotic sister chromatid separation

The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.


germinal vesicle

The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.


meiotic chromosome separation

The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


axon development

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


lysosomal transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.


positive regulation of dendrite development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.


dendritic spine morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.


regulation of cellular component organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


negative regulation of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


positive regulation of cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


histone H4K20 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


RB_HUMAN Retinoblastoma-associated protein (sprot)

A retinoblastoma-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


Succinate

A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.


alpha-Ketoglutarate

An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxoglutaric acid.


Formaldehyde

An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.


MCPH1_HUMAN Microcephalin (sprot)

A microcephalin that is encoded in the genome of human.


SET_HUMAN Protein SET (sprot)

A protein SET that is encoded in the genome of human.


condensed chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


neurofilament cytoskeleton

Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.


varicosity

Non-terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.


apical pole of neuron

Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the apical dendrite emerges.


neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


cellular response to stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


heterochromatin formation

An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.


centrosome duplication

The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.


GMP salvage

Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


centrosome cycle

The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.


glycine binding

Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


forebrain radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


plasma membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


negative chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.


astrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration

The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.


alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha1-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gq alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


forebrain neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.


neurotransmitter metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


somatic stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.


formation of radial glial scaffolds

The formation of scaffolds from a radial glial cell. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.


asymmetric cell division

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.


mRNA splice site recognition

Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


protein deglutamylation

The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.


microtubule organizing center organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migration

The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.


purine ribonucleoside salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


glial cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


subpallium neuron fate commitment

The process in which in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


hypoxanthine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


oligodendrocyte cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an oligodendrocyte.


cerebellar cortex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


pronucleus

The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.


telomere assembly

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.


replication fork processing

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.


protein localization to chromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.


helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.


presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


MMS22_HUMAN Protein MMS22-like (sprot)

A protein MMS22-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 (mouse)

A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RECQ5_HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 (sprot)

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TCR signalosome

A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Tyr-36/Tyr-261/Tyr-365, MOD:00048.


TCR signalosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TCR signalosome.


T cell receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.


cleavage furrow

The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.


chromosome, telomeric region

The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).


spindle

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


female pronucleus

The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized.


synaptonemal complex

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.


MutLalpha complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.


condensed nuclear chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.


lateral element

A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.


cortical cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


female germ cell nucleus

The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.


central element

A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements.


midbody

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.


meiotic spindle midzone

The area in the center of the meiotic spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


meiotic cohesin complex

A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex.


apical cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.


mismatch repair complex

Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


actin cap

Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


vitelline membrane formation

Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg.


oocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.


G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I.


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


microtubule polymerization

The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.


homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis

The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.


telomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.


positive regulation of translation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


homologous chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


synaptonemal complex assembly

The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.


transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling

An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression that involves chromatin remodeling to capacitate gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.


meiotic nuclear division

One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.


phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


meiotic cell cycle

Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.


cytoplasm organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


vesicle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.


spindle checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.


chiasma assembly

The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.


meiotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


meiotic DNA repair synthesis

During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.


nucleus localization

Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


establishment of meiotic spindle localization

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.


chromatin looping

A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.


cytoplasmic polyadenylation

Any process by which dormant, translationally inactive mRNAs become activated via the elongation of their poly(A) tails in the cytosol.


telomere maintenance via telomerase

The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.


transcription by RNA polymerase I

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.


meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during meiosis.


maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the centromeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.


female meiosis I

The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.


epigenetic programing of female pronucleus

The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the female pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The maternal genome is protected from global DNA demethylation before the first division of the zygote, and instead undergoes passive, replication-dependent demethylation during early embryogenesis, arising from inhibition of the DNA maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1.


meiotic spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.


polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions

The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.


meiotic metaphase chromosome alignment

A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during meiotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


meiotic cytokinesis

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


spindle localization

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


cytosolic transport

The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.


meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint, that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.


cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.


cohesin unloading

Negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion by the topological unlinking of a cohesin ring to DNA.


oocyte growth

The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


oocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 phosphorylated form (mouse)

An eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 (mouse) that includes at least one phosphorylated residue. UniProtKB:Q9QZ05-1, MOD:00696.


DCA13_HUMAN DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 (sprot)

A DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic cleavage

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


chromosome condensation

The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.


DNA topological change

The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


cohesin complex

A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).


gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.


oogenesis

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.


cellular response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.


cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.


cGMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


ethanol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.


luteinizing hormone signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


NuRD complex

An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.


telomere maintenance via recombination

Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


chromatin silencing complex

Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.


pericentric heterochromatin

Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylated H3 histone at lysine 9 (H3K9me2/H3K9me3).


ribonucleoprotein complex binding

Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.


primary miRNA binding

Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.


histone methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.


cellular response to hydrogen peroxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.


G1 to G0 transition

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.


regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.


hepatocyte homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.


response to tetrachloromethane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrachloromethane stimulus.


regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.


epidermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


cellular response to trichostatin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.


response to purine-containing compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.


response to inorganic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.


cellular response to forskolin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.


brown adipose tissue

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified].


progenitor cell

A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.


cAMP-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


nucleosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.


regulation of DNA damage checkpoint

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.


MCM complex loading

The protein localization process in which two MCM complexes become associated with chromatin at replication origins. MCM loading begins when origin-bound ORC and Cdc6 (Cdc18 in fission yeast) recruit one MCM2-7/Cdt1 complex to the origin, includes formation of a succession of intermediate complexes and ATP hydrolysis-dependent Mcm2-7 ring closure, and ends when two MCM hexamers fully encircle DNA, and are oriented head-to-head. The double hexamer is inactive for DNA unwinding. MCM loading takes place during G1 phase, and precedes CMG complex assembly.


nucleosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


positive regulation of stem cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


pericentric heterochromatin formation

The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA.


subtelomeric heterochromatin formation

The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.


mammary gland involution

The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.


SUMO polymer binding

Binding to a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


negative regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


positive regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


SAGA complex

A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that deubiquitinates H2A and/or H2B. This complex is organized into several functional submodules: a structural core including the activator binding module and consisting of ADA1 or a homolog, members of the SPT and TAF protein families as well as promotor recruitment factor TRRAP/TRA1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module consisting of GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, ADA2, ADA3/NGG1, and SGF29 or homologues thereof, a histone deubiquitinase (DUB) module consisting of ATXN7/SGF73, ATXN7L3/SGF11, ENY2/SUS1 and USP22/UBP8 or homologues thereof, and in some taxa a splicing module consisting of SF3B3 and SF3B5 or homologues thereof (not in fungi). In budding yeast also contains Spt8 which distinguishes it from SAGA-like (SLIK) complex (GO:0046695).


nuclear chromosome

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.


brown preadipocyte

A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha).


Gr1-high myeloid suppressor cell

A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative.


hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PcG protein complex

A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.


RNA localization

A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


positive regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


retina

The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


photoreceptor outer segment layer

Layer of the retina composed of the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptor outer segment is a specialized primary cilium consisting of a microtubule-based axoneme and regular stacks of membrane folds or disks containing the photopigments (opsins) required for the phototransduction cascade.


protein palmitoylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.


protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.


membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.


protein localization to synapse

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.


cellular response to electrical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.


heterotrimeric G-protein binding

Binding to a heterotrimeric G-protein.


vesicle targeting

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.


eye photoreceptor cell development

Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.


PRCD_HUMAN Photoreceptor disk component PRCD (sprot)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDHC3_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribosome

An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.


synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.


extracellular matrix of synaptic cleft

The portion of the extracellular matrix that lies within the synaptic cleft.


extrinsic component of synaptic membrane

The component of the synaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


regulation of synapse organization

Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.


postsynaptic density assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.


regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the presynaptic cytosol.


regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane.


ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any ligand-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.


postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion

The regulatory process by which increased cytosolic calcium levels lead to the the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic active zone membrane by bringing primed synaptic vesicle membrane into contact with membrane presynaptic active zone membrane.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels.


translation at presynapse

Translation that occurs at the presynapse.


G1TPJ8_RABIT Glutamate receptor (trembl)


F7AGW3_MACMU Glutamate receptor (trembl)


F1MB71_BOVIN CASK interacting protein 1 (trembl)


MAGI3_CHICK Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of chicken.


protein localization to membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.


photoreceptor disk component PRCD palmitoylated 1 (mouse)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that has been post-translationally modified to include S-palmitoylation at Cys-2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, MOD:00115.


photoreceptor disk component PRCD unpalmitoylated 1 (mouse)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that lacks S-palmitoylation of a Cys at position 2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, PR:000026291.


photoreceptor outer segment membrane

The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.


primary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.


secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

A neuron of teleosts that develops later than a primary neuron, typically during the larval stages.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.


chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.


heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfate; results in 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid residues in heparan sulfate.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.


nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + acetate.


heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfate; results in 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.


protein xylosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.


UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


prenyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


fucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.


calcineurin-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.


smoothened binding

Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.


XYLT2_HUMAN Xylosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A xylosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B4GT7_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35B4_HUMAN Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35B4 (sprot)

A UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIA4A_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FUT2_HUMAN Galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BGAT_HUMAN Histo-blood group ABO system transferase (sprot)

A histo-blood group ABO system transferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTP_MOUSE Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit (sprot)

A microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 isoform m1 (mouse)

A group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EPR2-1.


ceramide synthase isoform 1 (mouse)

A ceramide synthase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 isoform 1 (mouse)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R4D1-1.


Q1A6U9_MOUSE phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (trembl)

A type II inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q1A6U9.


C0K3M3_MOUSE Corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 2 beta (trembl)

A corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 isoform iv-beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 isoform PC5B (mouse)

A proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q04592-1.


CHPF2_HUMAN Chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase (sprot)

A chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35D2_HUMAN Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35D2 (sprot)

A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter that is encoded in the genome of human.


XYLT1_HUMAN Xylosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A xylosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B4GT3_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDH18_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NMNA2_HUMAN Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MPAA2_PENBR Polyprenyl transferase mpaA' (sprot)


TRIM3_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.


fatty acid binding

Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


CKAP4_HUMAN Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (sprot)

A cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDH21_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OPSB_MOUSE Short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC2E_MOUSE Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 (sprot)

A retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC2B_MOUSE Guanylate cyclase activator 2B (sprot)

A guanylate cyclase activator 2B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


NUP42_MOUSE Nucleoporin NUP42 (sprot)

A nucleoporin NUP42 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC1A_MOUSE Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC1B_MOUSE Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


OPSG_MOUSE Medium-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the Opn1mw gene in mouse.


perineuronal net

A dense extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms around many neuronal cell bodies and dendrites late in development and is responsible for synaptic stabilization in the adult brain.


central nervous system myelin formation

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.


retinal ganglion cell axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


amino acid transport

The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of astrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.


axon choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.


central nervous system myelin maintenance

The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


optic nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the optic nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.


positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.


plasma membrane raft

A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.


bladder urothelial cell

A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of the urinary bladder.


hinge region between urothelial plaques of apical plasma membrane

A narrow rim of non-thickened membrane in between urothelial plaques in apical plasma membrane.


protein localization to paranode region of axon

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the paranode region of an axon.


protein insertion into plasma membrane

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a plasma membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


negative regulation of myelination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


hypoglossal nerve

Cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue.


heterotrimeric G-protein complex

Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.


cone retinal bipolar cell

A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.


rod bipolar cell

A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells but not by cone photoreceptor cells.  These neurons depolarize in response to light.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-adrenaline, obtained by protonation of the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-noradrenaline, obtained by protonation of the priamry amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


establishment of apical/basal cell polarity

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


protein targeting

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


photoreceptor distal connecting cilium

The distal region of the photoreceptor connecting cilium is structurally unique to the photoreceptor and is maintained by retina-specific protein, SPATA7, and its interacting partners RPGR and RPGRIP1. It is essential for photoreceptor sensory cilium stability.


rod photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate rod photoreceptor that contains sealed membrane discs that are not connected to the ciliary membrane and containing rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins.


photoreceptor proximal connecting cilium

The proximal region of the photoreceptor connecting cilium is similar to the transition zone of unspecialized primary cilia and houses several major transition zone complexes, including NPHP, MKS, and RPGR.


ciliary rootlet

A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm.


apical dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.


retinal pigment epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium.


pericentriolar material

A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.


dendrite terminus

A structure at the distal end of a dendrite adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. dendriole.


BBSome

A ciliary protein complex involved in cilium biogenesis. It consists of at least seven Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins and BBIP10. It moves in association with IFT trains through cilia (likely as an IFT-A/B adaptor or cargo), and is required for the integrity of IFT-A and IFT-B.


interphotoreceptor matrix

A specialized extracellularc matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors of the retina and lies between them and the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. The IPM has been implicated in several important activities required for photoreceptor function and maintenance.


cone photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate cone photoreceptor that contains membrane discs that are contiguous with the ciliary membrane and containing opsin photoreceptor proteins.


structural constituent of cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.


retinal rod cell development

Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.


retina layer formation

The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.


cellular response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


phototransduction, visible light

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


establishment of organelle localization

The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.


retinal rod cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.


neural retina development

The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


cell tip growth

Growth that occurs specifically at the tip of a cell.


tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


vesicle-mediated transport

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.


kinesin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.


neuron projection extension

Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


regulation of retina development in camera-type eye

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.


eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.


neuron maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.


axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


glial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.


cell fate determination

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment that occurs after cell fate specification,  in which a cell is irreversibly committed to a cellular developmental fate which is heritable on cell division.


neuron projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


retinoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.