interleukin-3 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-3 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein.


interleukin-9 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-9 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-11 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-11 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-15 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-15 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


phosphoserine residue binding

Binding to a phosphorylated serine residue within a protein.


type II interferon receptor activity

Combining with interferon-gamma (a type II interferon) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


calmodulin binding

Binding to calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.


deubiquitinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a deubiquitinase.


calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.


ligand-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ions by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I

Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity

Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.


AMP-activated protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.


positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

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Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


apoptotic process

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


regulation of action potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


innate vocalization behavior

A vocalisation behavior that is innate, i.e. that does not need to be learned in order to occur.


hormone activity

The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.


calcium ion transport

The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


thymus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.


parathyroid gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.


bone mineralization

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.


translation

The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.


integrin binding

Binding to an integrin.


retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.


ERAD pathway

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).


protein-containing complex binding

Binding to a macromolecular complex.


translation repressor activity

Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


alkaline phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.


structural constituent of bone

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of bone.


retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the conversion of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.


oxygen carrier activity

Binding to oxygen and delivering it to an acceptor molecule or a specific location.


interleukin-10 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-10 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


inner cell mass derived epiblast

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An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers.


erythroid lineage cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.


eosinophil

Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive.


CCL2_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 2 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SOCS3_HUMAN Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (sprot)

A suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CHD4_HUMAN Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNB_HUMAN Interferon beta (sprot)

An interferon beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXL10_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I10R1_HUMAN Interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR3_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 3 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BZLF1_EBVB9 Lytic switch protein BZLF1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the BZLF1 gene in Human herpesvirus 4 strain B95-8.


anatomical structure morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.


endoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.


digestive tract development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


dorsal/ventral axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


ectoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.


male meiosis I

A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.


ZN410_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 410 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 410 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JUN_HUMAN Transcription factor Jun (sprot)

A transcription factor Jun that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRAK4_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYD88_HUMAN Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (sprot)

A myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRAK2_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform h1 (human)

A mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7Z434-1.


IMA1_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I isoform h2 (human)

An antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O95786-2.


ORF9B_SARS2 ORF9b protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF9b gene in SARS-CoV-2.


TOM70_HUMAN Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 (sprot)

A mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VME1_SARS2 Membrane protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the M gene in SARS-CoV-2.


NCAP_SARS2 Nucleoprotein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the N gene in SARS-CoV-2.


TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform h2 (human)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q13114-2.


NS6_SARS2 ORF6 protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF6 gene in SARS-CoV-2.


TCAM2_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 (sprot)

A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKBA_HUMAN NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (sprot)

An NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


TIRAP_HUMAN Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein (sprot)

A Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ECSIT_HUMAN Evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial (sprot)

An evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR4_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TCAM1_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (sprot)

A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform h2 (human)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P40189-2.


interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 2 (human)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL6RB_HUMAN Interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL6_HUMAN Interleukin-6 (sprot)

An interleukin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RA_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAK3_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2_HUMAN Interleukin-2 (sprot)

An interleukin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RB_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RG_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit gamma (sprot)

A cytokine receptor common subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL4RA_HUMAN Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL4_HUMAN Interleukin-4 (sprot)

An interleukin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL5_HUMAN Interleukin-5 (sprot)

An interleukin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3RB_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit beta (sprot)

A cytokine receptor common subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL5RA_HUMAN Interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3RA_HUMAN Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3_HUMAN Interleukin-3 (sprot)

An interleukin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL9R_HUMAN Interleukin-9 receptor (sprot)

An interleukin-9 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL9_HUMAN Interleukin-9 (sprot)

An interleukin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I11RA_HUMAN Interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL11_HUMAN Interleukin-11 (sprot)

An interleukin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I12R2_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 (sprot)

An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I12R1_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 (sprot)

An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL15_HUMAN Interleukin-15 (sprot)

An interleukin-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I15RA_HUMAN Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTOR_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR that is encoded in the genome of human.


1433Z_HUMAN 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta (sprot)

A 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKKE_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (sprot)

An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


INGR1_HUMAN Interferon gamma receptor 1 (sprot)

An interferon gamma receptor alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNG_HUMAN Interferon gamma (sprot)

An interferon gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


DUSP_VACCW Dual specificity protein phosphatase OPG106 (sprot)


TANK_HUMAN TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator (sprot)

A TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDAC4_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 4 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG003_VAR67 Ankyrin repeat protein OPG003 (sprot)


KBTB1_VACCW Kelch repeat and BTB domain-containing protein A55 (sprot)


US03_HHV11 Serine/threonine-protein kinase US3 (sprot)


IPO5_HUMAN Importin-5 (sprot)

An importin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGFB1_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (sprot)

A TGF-beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANM1_HUMAN Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRGM_HUMAN Immunity-related GTPase family M protein (sprot)

An immunity-related GTPase family M protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAB3_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 that is a translation product of the TAB3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP2BB_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


KEAP1_HUMAN Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (sprot)

A kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAB2_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARK2N_HUMAN Protein ARK2N (sprot)

A protein C18orf25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSK2B_HUMAN Casein kinase II subunit beta (sprot)

A casein kinase II subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEMO_HUMAN NF-kappa-B essential modulator (sprot)

An NF-kappa-B essential modulator that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBW1B_HUMAN F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 (sprot)

An F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP2_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RRAGC_HUMAN Ras-related GTP-binding protein C (sprot)

A Ras-related GTP-binding protein C that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD6_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 (sprot)

A smad6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP4_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WDR48_HUMAN WD repeat-containing protein 48 (sprot)

A WD repeat-containing protein 48 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FLCN_HUMAN Folliculin (sprot)

A folliculin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FNIP1_HUMAN Folliculin-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A folliculin-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


visual learning

Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.


presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


triglyceride catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


triglyceride lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.


long-term synaptic potentiation

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.


synapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


exploration behavior

The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.


short-term synaptic potentiation

The process by which synaptic transmission, induced by the arrival of a spike (action potential) at a synapse, acts to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to the arrival of subsequent spikes. This effect is seen when a train of closely space spikes arrives at a synapse with a low initial release probability. It occurs in a timeframe of tens to hundreds of milliseconds.


regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.


retinyl-palmitate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: retinyl palmitate + H2O = retinol + palmitate + H+.


acylglycerol lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.


lipase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


locomotory behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.


brain

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].


Cholesterol

A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.


PP1A_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP4_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte that is encoded in the genome of human.


A monoglyceride in which the acyl substituent is located at position 2.


long-chain fatty acid anion

A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 to C22.


Triglyceride

Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.


Glycerin

A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.


Retinol

Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.


Hexadecanoate

A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid); major species at pH 7.3.


cholesteryl ester

A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of cholesterol.


Vitamin A palmitate

An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.


FABP6_HUMAN Gastrotropin (sprot)

A gastrotropin that is encoded in the genome of human.


LIPS_HUMAN Hormone-sensitive lipase (sprot)

A hormone-sensitive lipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLIN1_HUMAN Perilipin-1 (sprot)

A perilipin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABHD5_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 (sprot)

A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL4_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MGLL_HUMAN Monoglyceride lipase (sprot)

A monoglyceride lipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL5_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 (sprot)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPL_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, liver that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP5_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP7_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, brain (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, brain that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBP12_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 12 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPH_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, heart that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPI_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP1G_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP1B_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP9_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 9 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial fission

The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


positive regulation of mitochondrial fission

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


cellular lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


acylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling

Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol.


lipoprotein lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.


acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.


ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.


extracellular region

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


Diacylglycerol

A glyceride that is glycerol in which any two of the hydroxy groups have been acylated. In the structure shown, two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


PLPL2_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL3_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 (sprot)

A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DGAT2_HUMAN Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AWAT2_HUMAN Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

An acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to morphine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.


response to amphetamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.


positive regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


negative regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


dopamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


neuromuscular process

Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


motor behavior

The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.


vocalization behavior

The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.


social behavior

Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.


multicellular organism growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.


learning

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


neuromuscular process controlling posture

Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.


grooming behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.


dopamine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


excitatory chemical synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.


response to odorant

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.


walking behavior

The behavior of an organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 (mouse)

A D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


cranial nerve II

Cranial nerve fiber tract which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA].


corpus callosum

White matter structure containing massive numbers of commissural fibers connecting cortical areas in the two cerebral hemispheres.it is subdivided into a genu, a rostrum, a body, and a splenium. (MM).


cortical intermediate zone

The region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone.


pontine nuclear group

Nuclei in the basal pons, intermingled among the descending axons from the cortex, that receive neocrotcial input and give rise to many axons that cross the midline to enter the contralateral cerebellum (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 135).


paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP).


supraoptic nucleus

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. [WP,unvetted].


caudate-putamen

Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure.


trigeminal nerve

Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).


cranial ganglion

The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves.


cranial nerve

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.


rhombic lip

The posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system.


medial habenular nucleus

The habenular nuclei comprise a small group of nuclei that are part of the epithalamus of the diencephalon, situated at the posterior end of the thalamus, on its upper surface. The habenular nuclei are typically divided into: lateral habenular nucleus medial habenular nucleus The pineal gland is attached to the brain in this region. Nerve impulses from the habenular nuclei are transmitted to the septal nuclei via the stria medullaris, which is found on the medial surface of the thalamus.


olfactory nerve

Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos].


internal capsule of telencephalon

White matter regional part of brain which is flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem and spinal cord. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. (Adapted from MSH by Maryann Martone).


nerve fiber layer of retina

Layer of the retina formed by expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve.


lateral geniculate body

The group of neurons that serve as the primary processor of visual information received from the retina via the optic tract and send processed information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.


septum of telencephalon

Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum (in some species) and the septal nuclei (Heimer, 1996).


medial vestibular nucleus

The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus 'Deiters')- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted].


anterior commissure

A bundle of myelinated nerve fibers passing transversely through the lamina terminalis and connecting symmetrical parts of the two cerebral hemispheres; it consists of a smaller anterior part (pars anterior commissurae anterioris) and a larger posterior part (pars posterior commissurae anterioris).


olfactory bulb glomerular layer

The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA].


substantia nigra

Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM).


hippocampus fimbria

Regional part of fornix consisting of a prominent white matter structure adjacent to the hippocampus on the ventricular side continuous with the alveus. Near the splenium the fimbria separates from the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix. [adapted from Wikipedia] (MM: 2006-10-26).


nucleus accumbens

A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. (caudoputamen in rodent) and continuous with these structures. There is no distinct boundary between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate/putamen, but in rodents, it can be identified by its lack of traversing fiber bundles in comparison to the dorsal striatum. Its principle neuron is the medium spiny neuron. Together with the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the nucleus accumbens forms the striatum.


accessory olfactory bulb mitral cell layer


medial geniculate body

Nuclear complex of the thalamus situated on the caudal, subpial aspect of the thalamus (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 622).


anterior nuclear group

Mostly gray regional part of anterior thalamic region, consisting of the anterior medial, anterior dorsal and anterior lateral thalamic nuclei in primates. In rodents, it consists of anterior medial and anterior ventral divisions, with several subdivisions of each, according to Paxinos (MM: 2006-10-26).


accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer


ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted].


spiral sulcus

A concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct, formed by either the overhanging vestibular lip (inner spiral sulcus) or the spiral prominence and the spiral organ (outer spiral sulcus).


parietal cortex

Gray matter of the parietal region of the neocortex, located in the parietal lobe of gyrencephalic animals. It is continuous anteriorly with the frontal cortex, posteriorly with the occipital cortex and medially with the insular cortex and with the temporal cortex on the posterior/inferior border.


neuronal cell body

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


presynaptic active zone

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.


axon

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.


cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


neuron projection

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


excitatory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.


adherens junction

A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.


apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


cytoplasmic stress granule

A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.


perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.


postsynaptic density

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


neuronal ribonucleoprotein granule

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli.


perikaryon

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.


cell leading edge

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.


juxtaparanode region of axon

A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.


dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.


synaptic vesicle

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.


dendritic shaft

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.


cis-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


trans-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


clathrin-coated vesicle

A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


nuclear speck

A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.


growth cone

The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.


filopodium

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.


microtubule cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.


axolemma

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.


presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


inhibitory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


growth cone membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a growth cone.


axon hillock

Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates.


mitochondrion organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.


protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


establishment of cell polarity

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.


axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


axon extension

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.


neuron apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.


negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


neuron projection development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


intracellular calcium ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of calcium ions within a cell.


endoplasmic reticulum organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


lipid storage

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


regulation of membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.


excitatory postsynaptic potential

A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


neuron projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.


response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


dendrite morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.


inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


endosomal transport

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.


axon extension involved in axon guidance

The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


dorsal/ventral pattern formation

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.


establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


central nervous system neuron axonogenesis

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


calcium-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.


intracellular copper ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of copper ions within a cell.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


neurofilament cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.


calcium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


neuron remodeling

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.


dendritic spine development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the juxtaparanode region of an axon.


intracellular transport

The directed movement of substances within a cell.


cellular metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


palmitoyl-(protein) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein.


oligosaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


phospholipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


L-glutamate import

The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.


synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).


action potential

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


adenylate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.


collateral sprouting

The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.


response to ischemia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.


protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


Golgi localization

Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.


axon midline choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.


ephrin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


neurotransmitter secretion

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


receptor clustering

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.


maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity

Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


axon target recognition

The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.


cellular response to lithium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.


synaptic vesicle endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.


synaptic vesicle priming

A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane.


SNARE complex disassembly

The disaggregation of the SNARE protein complex into its constituent components. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.


receptor recycling

The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.


central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.


glutamate secretion

The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.


acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity

Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.


synaptic vesicle maturation

Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.


axo-dendritic transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.


mitochondrion transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


microtubule depolymerization

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.


calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.


monoatomic ion gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.


synaptic vesicle transport

The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.


establishment of monopolar cell polarity

The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.


regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.


synaptic vesicle docking

The initial (indirect) attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic active zone membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane and proteins of the presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component. Synaptic vesicle tethering is the first step in this process.


dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.


cellular response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


collateral sprouting in absence of injury

The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons.


positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


ganglioside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


kainate selective glutamate receptor activity

An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist.


exocyst assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of various polypeptides into the exocyst complex.


ephrin receptor activity

Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.


neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.


neurogenesis

Generation of cells within the nervous system.


neuron migration

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.


cerebral cortex neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


cell proliferation in forebrain

The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.


cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration

The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.


forebrain neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.


central nervous system neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.


cerebral cortex tangential migration

The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.


forebrain cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.


forebrain neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


cerebral cortex cell migration

The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.


cell differentiation in hindbrain

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.


striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.


A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).


synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a-complexin I complex

A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin I (or orthologs thereof).


oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.


DHB13_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 (sprot)

A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HLPDA_HUMAN Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein (sprot)

A hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FITM1_HUMAN Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 (sprot)

A fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FITM2_HUMAN Acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase FITM2 (sprot)

An acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase FITM2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


presynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.


postsynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.


phagophore

A disk-like structure that expands, rounds up into a cup-shaped structure, and eventually closes around its cargo (for example cytoplasmic components) to become an autophagosome or Cvt vesicle.


pancreas

An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO].


brain microvascular endothelial cell

Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.


GABA-ergic synapse

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


olfactory tubercle

Region in the ventral telencephalon, prominent in rodents, but present in all mammals, consisting of a laminated cortical part and the cap/hilus region. It is traditionally viewed as part of the olfactory cortex but recognized by some as having a striatal character. According to many authors, the structure of the OT transitions from cortical like to striatal like along the lateral medial axis. (Maryann Martone).


cerebellum

Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].


G protein-coupled receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a chemokine receptor.


CXCR chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family.


proton channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


protein-membrane adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.


phospholipid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.


sphingosine hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of sphingolipid long chain bases.


maltose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of maltose from one side of a membrane to the other. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen and starch.


wide pore channel activity

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.


type I interferon receptor activity

Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


bile acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


protein-hormone receptor activity

Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' position.


NAR1_MOUSE GPI-linked NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A GPI-linked NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 isoform 1 (mouse)

An ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


dual specificity protein kinase TTK isoform m1 (mouse)

A dual specificity protein kinase TTK (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P35761-1.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 2 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform is shorter than isoform 1 at the C-terminal region due to usage of exon IXb. This isoform has predominant expression in the testis.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 farnesylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 (mouse) that has a farnesyl moiety on a Cys residue in the most C-terminal Cys. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Cys-433, MOD:00111.


CEACAM1a-4 N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of allele CEACAM1a in mouse with four copies of the Ig domain and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


CEACAM1a-2 N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of allele CEACAM1a in mouse with two copies of the Ig domain and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


CTL1_MOUSE Choline transporter-like protein 1 (sprot)

A choline transporter-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform long (mouse)

A glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform long that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha isoform m2 (mouse)

An interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P26952-3.


interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha isoform m1 (mouse)

An interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P26952-1.


protein kinase C beta type isoform Beta-II (mouse)

A protein kinase C beta type isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein kinase C beta type isoform Beta-I (mouse)

A protein kinase C beta type isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CCL5_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 5 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL8_HUMAN Interleukin-8 (sprot)

An interleukin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXL11_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SDF1_HUMAN Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (sprot)

A stromal cell-derived factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDMD_HUMAN Gasdermin-D (sprot)

A gasdermin-D that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDME_HUMAN Gasdermin-E (sprot)

A gasdermin-E that is encoded in the genome of human.


PERF_HUMAN Perforin-1 (sprot)

A perforin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INAR1_HUMAN Interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (sprot)

An interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


INAR2_HUMAN Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 (sprot)

An interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDMA_HUMAN Gasdermin-A (sprot)

A gasdermin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAIG_CLOSV Bile acid transporter (sprot)


EXTL3_HUMAN Exostosin-like 3 (sprot)

An exostosin-like 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


postsynaptic density membrane

The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.


synaptic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


presynaptic active zone membrane

The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters.


postsynaptic density, intracellular component

A network of proteins adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane forming an electron dense disc. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize neurotransmitter receptors in the adjacent membrane, such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


glutamatergic synapse

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.


presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component

A specialized region below the presynaptic membrane, characterized by electron-dense material, a specialized cytoskeletal matrix and accumulated (associated) synaptic vesicles.


presynaptic cytosol

The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the presynapse.


glycinergic synapse

A synapse that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.


dopaminergic synapse

A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.


cholinergic synapse

A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.


extrinsic component of synaptic vesicle membrane

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


neuronal dense core vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a neuronal dense core vesicle.


neuronal dense core vesicle

A dense core vesicle (granule) that is part of a neuron. These vesicles typically contain neuropeptides. They can be found in all parts of neurons, including the soma, dendrites, axonal swellings (varicosities) and synaptic terminals.


postsynaptic cytosol

The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the postsynapse.


extrinsic component of neuronal dense core vesicle membrane

The component of the neuronal dense core vesicle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


extrinsic component of presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

The component of the presynaptic endocytic zone membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


perisynaptic extracellular matrix

The portion of the extracellular matrix that lies within the perisynaptic space.


serotonergic synapse

A synapse that uses serotonin as a neurotransmitter.


postsynaptic specialization

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

The region of the presynaptic membrane that is part of the presynaptic endocytic zone - where synaptic vesicles are endocytosed and recycled following release.


postsynaptic specialization, intracellular component

A network of proteins adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include the proteins that spatially and functionally organize neurotransmitter receptors in the adjacent membrane, such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic specialization membrane

The component of the postsynaptic specialization membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of presynaptic active zone membrane

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


chaperone-mediated protein folding

The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.


transport

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.


neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane

A process in which a neurotransmitter is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the membrane adjacent to a postsynaptic specialization (e.g. postsynaptic density).


regulation of synaptic vesicle priming

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.


modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.


synaptic vesicle clustering

The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles in presynaptic structures.


structural constituent of presynaptic active zone

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a presynaptic active zone.


neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps.


structural constituent of postsynaptic density

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic density.


synaptic vesicle budding from endosome

Budding of synaptic vesicles during the formation of constitutive recycling vesicles from early endosomes.


synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion

Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with an endosome.


regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.


presynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


regulation of postsynaptic specialization assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic specialization assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic specialization.


regulation of presynapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.


regulation of postsynaptic density assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic density assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density.


regulation of translation at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse.


anterograde dendritic transport of neurotransmitter receptor complex

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter receptor complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites towards the postsynapse.


RHEB_HUMAN GTP-binding protein Rheb (sprot)

A GTP-binding protein Rheb that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSC2_HUMAN Tuberin (sprot)

A tuberin that is encoded in the genome of human.


AT2B2_HUMAN Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 (sprot)

A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AT2B3_HUMAN Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 (sprot)

A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NPTXR_HUMAN Neuronal pentraxin receptor (sprot)

A neuronal pentraxin receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL30_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein eL30 (sprot)

A 60S ribosomal protein L30 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARFG1_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPEB_APLCA Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (sprot)


H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3 isoform 1 (human)

An H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRRT3_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 3 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pattern specification process

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


mitral valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.


metanephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


convergent extension involved in gastrulation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


metanephric tubule development

The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.


embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


filopodium assembly

The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


lamellipodium assembly

Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


lamellipodium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


regulation of cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


positive regulation of cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


negative regulation of cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


mitral valve leaflet

A valve leafleft that is part of a mitral valve.


cardiovascular system

Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.


lymphangioblast

Lymphatic progenitor cells.


blood vessel endothelial cell

An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.


endothelial tip cell

A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.


kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell

An epithelial cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.


oligodendrocyte

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.