positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.


IgG receptor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of type III hypersensitivity

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


response to caffeine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.


nuclear glucocorticoid receptor binding

Binding to a nuclear glucocorticoid receptor.


steroid hormone receptor complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.


folic acid binding

Binding to folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


folic acid receptor activity

Combining selectively with extracellular folic acid and delivering it into the cell via endocytosis.


FOLR2_HUMAN Folate receptor beta (sprot)

A folate receptor beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.


positive regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


ovulation cycle process

A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


KCTD6_HUMAN BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD6 (sprot)

A BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


signaling receptor activator activity

The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.


parental behavior

A reproductive behavior in which a parent cares for and rears offspring.


GMP binding

Binding to GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


CXB3_HUMAN Gap junction beta-3 protein (sprot)

A gap junction beta-3 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXB5_HUMAN Gap junction beta-5 protein (sprot)

A gap junction beta-5 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXB6_HUMAN Gap junction beta-6 protein (sprot)

A gap junction beta-6 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXA4_HUMAN Gap junction alpha-4 protein (sprot)

A gap junction alpha-4 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXA5_HUMAN Gap junction alpha-5 protein (sprot)

A gap junction alpha-5 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXG1_HUMAN Gap junction gamma-1 protein (sprot)

A gap junction gamma-1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXA8_HUMAN Gap junction alpha-8 protein (sprot)

A gap junction alpha-8 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXA9_HUMAN Gap junction alpha-9 protein (sprot)

A gap junction alpha-9 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXG2_HUMAN Gap junction gamma-2 protein (sprot)

A gap junction gamma-2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXB7_HUMAN Gap junction beta-7 protein (sprot)

A gap junction beta-7 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXD3_HUMAN Gap junction delta-3 protein (sprot)

A gap junction delta-3 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXA10_HUMAN Gap junction alpha-10 protein (sprot)

A gap junction alpha-10 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXD4_HUMAN Gap junction delta-4 protein (sprot)

A gap junction delta-4 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXB4_HUMAN Gap junction beta-4 protein (sprot)

A gap junction beta-4 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXD2_HUMAN Gap junction delta-2 protein (sprot)

A gap junction delta-2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXA3_HUMAN Gap junction alpha-3 protein (sprot)

A gap junction alpha-3 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor activity

Combining with growth hormone-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


septum primum development

The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


SA node cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.


regulation of renin secretion into blood stream

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renin secretion into blood stream.


renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


foramen ovale closure

The morphogenetic process in which the foramen ovale closes after birth, to prevent blood flow between the right and left atria. In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. Closure of the foramen ovale after birth stops this blood flow.


regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.


cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction

The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction.


synaptic transmission, glycinergic

The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


glutamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


bombesin receptor activity

Combining with bombesin to initiate a change in cell activity.


nitrobenzene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrobenzene (nitrobenzol), a derivative of benzene with an NO2 group attached to the ring. It is a yellow aromatic liquid used in perfumery and manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline.


MHC class Ib protein complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.


alpha-beta T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.


testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH.


hemoglobin alpha binding

Binding to a hemoglobin alpha chain.


regulation of tau-protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-acetylserotonin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + melatonin. Melatonin is also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine.


melatonin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).


diazepam binding

Binding to diazepam, one of the most widely used benzodiazepine drugs. It is used as an anti-anxiety-hypnotic agent and has the proprietary name Valium.


neural plate formation

The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.


citrulline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.


quinolinate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.


calcium-dependent protein kinase regulator activity

Modulates the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein in a calcium-dependent manner.


crossed form four-way junction DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment containing the crossed form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The crossed form of a four-way junction cannot be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over, and instead contains a single crossover between two of the strands.


open form four-way junction DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment containing the open form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The open form of a four-way junction can be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over.


bent DNA binding

Binding to DNA in a bent conformation.


DNA geometric change

The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.


positive regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


Ozone

An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.


positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.


kynurenic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of kynurenic acid, 4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid.


mucosal immune response

An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.


interleukin-12 complex

A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha (p35, product of the IL12A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta subunit (p40, product of the IL12B gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space.


interleukin-12 alpha subunit binding

Binding to the alpha subunit of interleukin-12.


IL12A_MOUSE Interleukin-12 subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-12 subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


interleukin-12 beta subunit binding

Binding to the beta subunit of interleukin-12.


interleukin-1 binding

Binding to interleukin-1.


positive regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.


interleukin-3 binding

Binding to interleukin-3.


IL3_MOUSE Interleukin-3 (sprot)

An interleukin-3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of interleukin-5 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.


activation of Janus kinase activity

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.


trophoblast cell migration

Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst.


peripheral nervous system myelin formation

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.


laminin complex

A large, extracellular glycoprotein complex composed of three different polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma. Provides an integral part of the structural scaffolding of basement membranes.


laminin-1 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


choriogonadotropin hormone receptor activity

Combining with the choriogonadotropin hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


luteinizing hormone receptor activity

Combining with luteinizing hormone (also called lutropin) to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.


leukemia inhibitory factor receptor activity

Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ascending aorta development

The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.


cellular response to chemokine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemokine stimulus.


regulation of receptor binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.


GP1BA_HUMAN Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain (sprot)

A platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


NR4A3_HUMAN Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (sprot)

A nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NFE2_HUMAN Transcription factor NF-E2 45 kDa subunit (sprot)

A transcription factor NF-E2 45 kDa subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIN3B_HUMAN Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3b (sprot)

A paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3b that is encoded in the genome of human.


angiotensin receptor activity

Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.


melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor activity

Combining with melanocyte-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


mast cell granule

Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


peptidyl-lysine monomethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.


alkylbase DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: DNA with alkylated base + H2O = DNA with abasic site + alkylated base. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar to remove an alkylated base, leaving an apyrimidinic or apurinic site.


mannose to fructose-6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways in which mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, is converted to fructose-6-phosphate.


glycolytic process from mannose through fructose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannose into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.


hepatocyte growth factor receptor activity

Combining with hepatocyte growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.


leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.


gamma-tubulin ring complex

A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.


regulation of L-glutamate import across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.


post-embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis

The process, occurring during the post-embryonic phase, by which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


synaptic signaling by nitric oxide

Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by nitric oxide.


neurotrophin p75 receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin p75 receptor.


ganglion mother cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


sensory organ boundary specification

The process in which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.


peptidylglycine monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glycine + ascorbate + O2 = peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) + dehydroascorbate + H2O.


trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor activity

Combining with platelet-derived growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


response to ceramide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ceramide stimulus.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by epithelial-mesenchymal signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the epithelial cells to the mesenchymal cells of the salivary gland.


tripeptide aminopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a tripeptide.


xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membrane

A process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a xenobiotic by exporting it outside the cell.


ethanol binding

Binding to ethanol, CH(3)-CH(2)-OH.


positive regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.


activation of store-operated calcium channel activity

A process that initiates the activity of an inactive store-operated calcium channel.


intestinal cholesterol absorption

Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.


DNA replication proofreading

Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity.


neuronal ion channel clustering

The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.


regulation of glial cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.


regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


regulation of Schwann cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.


mating

The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.


Schwann cell migration

The orderly movement of a Schwann cell from one site to another. A Schwann cell is a glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintainance and function.


regulation of circulating fibrinogen levels

Any process that modulates the quantity of fibrinogen circulating in the bloodstream.


positive regulation of cell cycle checkpoint

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


phosphate-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.


retinol binding

Binding to retinol, vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. Retinol is an intermediate in the vision cycle and it also plays a role in growth and differentiation.


negative regulation of cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into a COPII-coated vesicle.


platelet alpha granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule.


positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.


somatostatin receptor activity

Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by signaling via G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by proteolytic cleavage: a 14 amino acid peptide (SST-14) and a 28 amino acid peptide (SST-28).


nephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.


regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis

Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.


nephric duct formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.


ureteric bud elongation

The developmental growth in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis beginning with the growth of the primary ureteric bud and ending when the branches of the bud have elongated.


nose morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).


histone deacetylase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of histone deacetylase, which catalyzes of the removal of acetyl groups from histones, proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.


negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation

Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.


positive regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that increases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


taurine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of taurine from one side of a membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.


beta-alanine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.


taurine transport

The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


beta-alanine transport

The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


thromboxane receptor activity

Combining with a thromboxane (TXA) to initiate a change in cell activity.


second-messenger-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.


MHC protein binding

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.


G-protein beta-subunit binding

Binding to a G-protein beta subunit.


DNA nucleotidylexotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).


response to interferon-alpha

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.


regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.


steroid receptor RNA activator RNA binding

Binding to a steroid receptor RNA activator RNA (SRA). SRA enhances steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity as an RNA transcript by an indirect mechanism that does not involve SRA-steroid receptor binding.


thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor activity

Combining with thyroid-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


forward locomotion

Anterior movement of an organism, following the direction of the head of the animal.


detection of muscle stretch

The series of events by which a muscle stretch stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


podosome ring

The ring structure surrounding the podosome core, containing proteins such as vinculin and talin.


nephron tubule development

The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.


renal vesicle induction

Signaling at short range between cells of the ureteric bud terminus and the kidney mesenchyme that positively regulates the formation of the renal vesicle.


metanephric nephron morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.


regulation of nucleus organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization.


cysteine transport

The directed movement of cysteine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production

Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.


positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.


melanocortin receptor activity

Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of superoxide dismutase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.


regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


fibrinogen binding

Binding to fibrinogen, a highly soluble hexameric glycoprotein complex that is found in blood plasma and is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the coagulation cascade.


positive regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that increases long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.


calcium ion sensor activity

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of calcium ions (Ca2+).


synchronous neurotransmitter secretion

Release of neurotransmitter at the synapse that lasts for just a few milliseconds after action potential invasion.


calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


T cell selection

The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.


cytidylate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)CMP = ADP + (d)CDP.


L-ornithine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


cationic amino acid transporter 2 isoform 2 (mouse)

A cationic amino acid transporter 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


L-lysine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-lysine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


high-affinity L-ornithine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


high-affinity lysine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


high-affinity L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


L-arginine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


low-affinity L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


L-ornithine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-ornithine across a membrane.


generation of ovulation cycle rhythm

The process which controls the timing of the type of sexual cycle seen in female mammals.


positive regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.


laminin-5 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha3, beta3 and gamma2 polypeptide chains.


laminin-3 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


structural constituent of synapse-associated extracellular matrix

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix of the perisynaptic space (the extracellular space adjacent to the synapse) and the synaptic cleft.


G-rich single-stranded DNA binding

Binding to G-rich, single-stranded DNA.


double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing

SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break.


adenine DNA glycosylase isoform hGamma-3 (human)

An adenine DNA glycosylase (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9UIF7-6.


SLBP_HUMAN Histone RNA hairpin-binding protein (sprot)

A histone RNA hairpin-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABLM1_HUMAN Actin-binding LIM protein 1 (sprot)

An actin-binding LIM protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABLM3_HUMAN Actin-binding LIM protein 3 (sprot)

An actin-binding LIM protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABLM2_HUMAN Actin-binding LIM protein 2 (sprot)

An actin-binding LIM protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SH3G3_HUMAN Endophilin-A3 (sprot)

An endophilin-A3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARC_HUMAN Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (sprot)

An activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


Cyanamide

A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.


polyphenol

Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.


Acetovanillone

An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.


Tempol

A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.


Sepiapterin

A sepiapterin with L configuration.


UBXN1_HUMAN UBX domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A UBX domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 isoform h1 (human)

A receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P21860-1.


NRG2_HUMAN Pro-neuregulin-2, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-2, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuregulin-1 type III-beta3 (human)

A neuregulin-1 type III-beta3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Etomidate

The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.


Sebacic Acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.


Nonanoic acid

A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.


Dodecanedioic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is dodecane in which the methyl groups have been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.


Undecanoic acid

A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.


A zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton for the carboxy group to the amino group of the L-gamma-glutamyl residue of S-methylglutathione.


MCUB_HUMAN Calcium uniporter regulatory subunit MCUb, mitochondrial (sprot)

A calcium uniporter regulatory subunit MCUb, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


MICU1_HUMAN Calcium uptake protein 1, mitochondrial (sprot)

A calcium uptake protein 1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


MCU_HUMAN Calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial (sprot)

A calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


MICU3_HUMAN Calcium uptake protein 3, mitochondrial (sprot)

A calcium uptake protein 3, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


MICU2_HUMAN Calcium uptake protein 2, mitochondrial (sprot)

A calcium uptake protein 2, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL7RA_HUMAN Interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL7_HUMAN Interleukin-7 (sprot)

An interleukin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Gedunin

A pentacyclic triterpenoid natural product found  particularly in Azadirachta indica and Cedrela odorata.


Pyrazinamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.


Tolazoline

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.


Salicylamide

The simplest member of the class of salicylamides derived from salicylic acid.


Kuwanon G

A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the root barks of Morus alba and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.


KLKB1_HUMAN Plasma kallikrein (sprot)

A plasma kallikrein that is encoded in the genome of human.


anionic phospholipid

Any organophosphate oxoanion that is a negatively charged phospholipid, e.g. phosphatidylserine(1-), phosphatidate(2-), phosphatidylglycerol(1-).


DEF6_HUMAN Defensin-6 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the DEFA6 gene in human.


A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, N-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine.  The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety.


cardiolipin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.


INOSITOL 1,2,4,5,6-PENTAPHOSPHATE

A myo-inositol pentakisphosphate comprising 1D-myo-inositol having the five phosphate groups placed in the 1-' 2-' 4-, 5- and 6-positions.


Betaine aldehyde

A quaternary ammonium ion that is nitrogen substituted by three methyl groups and a 2-oxoethyl group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acids like glycine, serine and threonine.


benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-glutamyl-histidyl-aspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone


aflatoxin B1 8,9-dihydrodiol

An aflatoxin B1 compound formed via enzymic epoxidation of aflatoxin B1 followed by non-enzymic hydrolysis.


Sodium Selenite

An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


Glycolaldehyde

The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.


Salbutamol

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


Fenoterol

A member of the class  resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.


Trimethylarsine

An arsine that is arsane in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.


S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine

A nitroso compound that is N-acetyl-D-penicillamine in which the sulfanyl hydrogen is replaced by a nitroso group.


1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate

An  acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.


Obeticholic acid

A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.


Aminoguanidine

A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.


Ethoxyquin

A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.


3-Nitropropionic acid

A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.


A dichlorobiphenyl that is p-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.


Ceftibuten

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.


Cephaloridine

A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.


Oroxylin A

A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.


Naringin

A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


Bucladesine

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.


A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.


DOXYCYCLINE

The monohydrate form of doxycycline. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.


Amoxicillin trihydrate

A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of amoxicillin; a semisynthetic antibiotic, used either alone or in combination with potassium clavulanate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections.


Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17beta)-, hydrogen sulfate


Candesartan

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.


Oxytetracycline

A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.


Ceftizoxime

A parenteral third-generation cephalosporin, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position.


CHLORTETRACYCLINE

A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.


4-Methylumbelliferone sulfate

A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone sulfate which carries a methyl group at position 4. It is a metabolite of 4-methylumbelliferone.


Cefotiam

A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.


Cefaclor

A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


Losartan carboxylic acid

A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.


Tylosin

A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having mono- and diglycosyl moieties attached to two of its hydroxy groups. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae.


Cefdinir

A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.


5-Methoxyindole-3-acetic acid

A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids in which the hydrogen at position 5 of indole-3-acetic acid has been replaced by a methoxy group.


Tilmicosin

A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.


Vanillylmandelic acid

An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.


Cycloheximide

A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon  bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.


An aromatic ketone that is acetophenone in which one of the ortho hydrogens of the phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups of 8-oxo-dADP.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the three diphosphate OH groups of 8-oxo-dGDP; major species at pH 7.3.


An organophosphate oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of 8-oxo-dGMP.


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups of 8-oxo-dAMP.


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 2-oxo-AMP.


An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of 2'-deoxy-2-hydroxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate arising from deprotonation of both OH groups of the phosphate.


Acetoin

A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.


Lanthionine

The L-enantiomer of lanthionine.


JUNO_HUMAN Sperm-egg fusion protein Juno (sprot)

A sperm-egg fusion protein Juno that is encoded in the genome of human.


PSCA_HUMAN Prostate stem cell antigen (sprot)

A prostate stem cell antigen that is encoded in the genome of human.


TECTA_HUMAN Alpha-tectorin (sprot)

An alpha-tectorin that is encoded in the genome of human.


LY6H_HUMAN Lymphocyte antigen 6H (sprot)

A lymphocyte antigen 6H that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNTN5_HUMAN Contactin-5 (sprot)

A contactin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LY66C_HUMAN Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus protein G6c (sprot)

A lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus protein G6c that is encoded in the genome of human.


RECK_HUMAN Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (sprot)

A reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs that is encoded in the genome of human.


THY1_HUMAN Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein (sprot)

A Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRFM_HUMAN Melanotransferrin (sprot)

A melanotransferrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CBPM_HUMAN Carboxypeptidase M (sprot)

A carboxypeptidase M that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD52_HUMAN CAMPATH-1 antigen (sprot)

A CAMPATH-1 antigen that is encoded in the genome of human.


GP2_HUMAN Pancreatic secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein GP2 (sprot)

A pancreatic secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein GP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSLN_HUMAN Mesothelin (sprot)

A mesothelin that is encoded in the genome of human.


LSAMP_HUMAN Limbic system-associated membrane protein (sprot)

A limbic system-associated membrane protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


NAR3_HUMAN Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 3 (sprot)

An ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CEAM7_HUMAN Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 7 (sprot)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LY6D_HUMAN Lymphocyte antigen 6D (sprot)

A lymphocyte antigen 6D that is encoded in the genome of human.


OPCM_HUMAN Opioid-binding protein/cell adhesion molecule (sprot)

An opioid-binding protein/cell adhesion molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


LY6E_HUMAN Lymphocyte antigen 6E (sprot)

A lymphocyte antigen 6E that is encoded in the genome of human.


LY6K_HUMAN Lymphocyte antigen 6K (sprot)

A lymphocyte antigen 6K that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRN1L_HUMAN Neuritin-like protein (sprot)

A neuritin-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPRN_HUMAN Shadow of prion protein (sprot)

A shadow of prion protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ULBP6_HUMAN UL16-binding protein 6 (sprot)

A UL16-binding protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ULBP5_HUMAN UL-16 binding protein 5 (sprot)

A UL-16 binding protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLET1_HUMAN Placenta-expressed transcript 1 protein (sprot)

A placenta-expressed transcript 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYPD4_HUMAN Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

An Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYPD5_HUMAN Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 5 (sprot)

An Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYPD8_HUMAN Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 8 (sprot)

An Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYPD2_HUMAN Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

An Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OTOAN_HUMAN Otoancorin (sprot)

An otoancorin that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRS41_HUMAN Serine protease 41 (sprot)

A testis serine protease 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEGR1_HUMAN Neuronal growth regulator 1 (sprot)

A neuronal growth regulator 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MDGA2_HUMAN MAM domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein 2 (sprot)

A MAM domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


R4RL1_HUMAN Reticulon-4 receptor-like 1 (sprot)

A reticulon-4 receptor-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


R4RL2_HUMAN Reticulon-4 receptor-like 2 (sprot)

A reticulon-4 receptor-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNTN4_HUMAN Contactin-4 (sprot)

A contactin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYPD1_HUMAN Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

An Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LPD6B_HUMAN Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 6B (sprot)

An Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 6B that is encoded in the genome of human.


SACA4_HUMAN Sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 4 (sprot)

A sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NAR4_HUMAN Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (sprot)

An ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NTNG2_HUMAN Netrin-G2 (sprot)

A netrin-G2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TECTB_HUMAN Beta-tectorin (sprot)

A beta-tectorin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TX101_HUMAN Testis-expressed protein 101 (sprot)

A testis-expressed protein 101 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ULBP2_HUMAN UL16-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A UL16-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRN1_HUMAN Neuritin (sprot)

A neuritin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NTRI_HUMAN Neurotrimin (sprot)

A neurotrimin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNTN3_HUMAN Contactin-3 (sprot)

A contactin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRND_HUMAN Prion-like protein doppel (sprot)

A prion-like protein doppel that is encoded in the genome of human.


NTNG1_HUMAN Netrin-G1 (sprot)

A netrin-G1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TEST_HUMAN Testisin (sprot)

A testisin that is encoded in the genome of human.


Homolanthionine

A sulfur-containing amino acid in which the gamma-carbon atoms of two molecules of L-aminobutyric acid are joined via a thioether linkage. It is a byproduct of cystathionine-gamma-lyase and a possible human hyperhomocysteinemia marker.


Serine

The L-enantiomer of serine.


P3C2A_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


NAD(+) hydrolase SARM1 isoform 1 (human)

An NAD(+) hydrolase SARM1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NGF_HUMAN Beta-nerve growth factor (sprot)

A beta-nerve growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR10_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 10 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S1PR3_HUMAN Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 (sprot)

A sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


The gamma-D-glutamyl derivative of meso-diaminopimelic acid. Minimal ligand of NOD1.


CTC1_HUMAN CST complex subunit CTC1 (sprot)

A CST complex subunit CTC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STN1_HUMAN CST complex subunit STN1 (sprot)

An oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TEN1L_HUMAN CST complex subunit TEN1 (sprot)

A CST complex subunit TEN1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTF18_HUMAN Chromosome transmission fidelity protein 18 homolog (sprot)

A chromosome transmission fidelity protein 18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RFC2_HUMAN Replication factor C subunit 2 (sprot)

A replication factor C subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RFC4_HUMAN Replication factor C subunit 4 (sprot)

A replication factor C subunit 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RFC3_HUMAN Replication factor C subunit 3 (sprot)

A replication factor C subunit 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RFC5_HUMAN Replication factor C subunit 5 (sprot)

A replication factor C subunit 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DCC1_HUMAN Sister chromatid cohesion protein DCC1 (sprot)

A sister chromatid cohesion protein DCC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTF8_HUMAN Chromosome transmission fidelity protein 8 homolog (sprot)

A chromosome transmission fidelity protein 8 homolog that is encoded in the genome of human.


Butyric Acid

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.


Silibinin

A flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle, Silybum marianum, that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.


Foscarnet

Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.


Mandelic Acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are substituted by phenyl and hydroxyl groups.


Amylopectin

A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.


Ammonium Chloride

An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.


Azacitidine

An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.


excitatory amino acid agonist

An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.


Methyl methanesulfonate

A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol.


Temozolomide

An imidazotetrazine that is 3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 8 by methyl, oxo, and carboxamide groups, respectively. A prodrug for MTIC (5-(3-methyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, formed by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body), it is used as an oral alkylating agent for the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant  glioblastoma multiforme (concomitantly with radiotherapy) and malignant melanoma.


Oxaliplatin

A platinum coordination entity that is a commonly used chemothrepeutic drug for treatment of colorectal cancer.


A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).


Melphalan

A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.


antimycin A1

A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.


N-Nitroso-N-methylurea

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.


Alvespimycin

A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.


A member of the class of ureas that is 1-tert-butylurea in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(3) is substituted by a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl group, which is itself substituted at positions 2 and 6 by a 4-(diethylamino)butyl]amino group and a 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, respectively. It is a FGF/VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.


Enalaprilat dihydrate

The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.


Trametinib

A pyridopyrimidine that is used (as its dimethyl sulfoxide addition compound) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, and who have not received prior BRAF inhibitor treatment.


Thioguanine

A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.


Vemurafenib

A pyrrolopyridine that is 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 5 by a p-chlorophenyl group and at positions 3 by a 3-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, the amino group of which has undergone formal condensation with propane-1-sulfonic acid to give the corresponding sulfonamide. An inhibitor of BRAF and other kinases.


An oxoicosatetraenoic acid that is (5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid bearing a single oxo substituent located at position 12.


An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is the minor hydroxylated metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.


Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (35-55)


Sodium Iodide

A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.


Rivaroxaban

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.


Ganglioside GM1

A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.


Tirapazamine

A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.


coumaric acid

A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.


An 8,9-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 8S,9R-configuration.


Leucine enkephalin

A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.


Glycerophosphoric acid

A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group located at position 1.


Mepiquat

A quaternary ammonium ion has that has two methyl groups and a pentamethylene-1,5-diyl group attached to the nitrogen. Its salts are used as plant growth inhibitors.


glucosylceramide

Any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose.


A trienoic fatty acid that consists of heptadeca-5,8,10-trienoic acid bearing an additional 12-hydroxy substituent.


Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.


Deoxynivalenol

A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.


Finasteride

An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.


Propiconazole

The cyclic ketal obtained by formal condensation of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone with pentane-1,2-diol. A triazole fungicide, it is used commercially as a diastereoisomeric mixture on soft fruit (including apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes), nuts (including peanuts, pecans and almonds), mushrooms, and grasses grown for seeds.


sodium (2S)-2-ammoniopentanedioate

An optically active form of monosodium glutamate having L-configuration.


Dorsomorphin

A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.


Celastrol

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25,26-trinoroleana-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-29-oic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2, a hydroxy substituent at position 3 and two methyl groups at positions 9 and 13. An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Potently inhibits lipid peroxidation in mitochondria and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Also shown to inhibit topoisomerase II activity in vitro (IC50 = 7.41 muM).


Thiopental Sodium

An organic sodium salt having thiopental(1-) as the counter-ion.


Nocodazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidalole which is substituted at position 2 by a (methoxycarbonyl)amino group and at position 5 by a 2-thienoyl group. It is an antineoplastic agent that exerts its effect by depolymerising microtubules.


A biphenyl that is 4-chloro-1,1'-biphenyl substituted by a (4-{4-[(4-{[(2R)-4-(dimethylamino)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)butan-2-yl]amino}-3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}piperazin-1-yl)methyl group at position 2'. It is a BH3-mimetic drug which targets the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, including BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BCL-w, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.


Tolnaftate

A monothiocarbamic ester that is the methyl(3-tolyl)carbamothioate ester of 2-naphthol. A synthetic anti-fungal agent used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm.


4-Phenylbutyric acid

A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4.  It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.


Quinapril

A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.


polysaccharide

A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.


Azoxystrobin

An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine  skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.


Amphotericin B

A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.


Dequalinium

A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.


Z-Leu-leu-leu-al

A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.


Secobarbital

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.


Orphenadrine

A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.


Valdecoxib

A member of the class of isoxazoles that is isoxazole which is substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by phenyl, p-sulfamoylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2-inhibitor, it used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the treatment of arthritis from 2001 until 2005, when it was withdrawn following concerns of an associated increased risk of heart attack and stroke.


Icariin

A member of the class of flavonols that is kaempferol which is substituted at position 8 by a 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group and in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4', and 7 have been converted to the corresponding 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranoside, methyl ether, and beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. A phoshphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, it is obtained from several species of plants in the genus Epimedium and is thought to be the main active ingredient of the Chinese herbal medicine Herba Epimedii (yinyanghuo).


Cinnamyl alcohol

The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.


Tarceva

The hydrochloride salt of erlotinib.


An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).


Amitraz

A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.


Tipifarnib

A quinolone that is 1-methylquinolin-2-one which carries a 3-chlorophenyl and an amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-imidazol-5-yl)methyl groups at the 4 and 6 positions, respectively (the R-isomer).


Senecionine

A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.


Edaravone

A pyrazolone that is 2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups, respectively.


Troleandomycin

A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.


Sesquiterpenes

A C15 terpene.


Trigonelline

An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


Griseofulvin

An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.


A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.


Seliciclib

2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.


Sodium aurothiomalate

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of gold thiomalic acid, with a basic unit comprising two sodium cations and a divalent aurothiomalate anion.


Oxybuprocaine

A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.


Andrographolide

A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the leaves and roots of Andrographis paniculata that exhibits anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties.


Pentamidine

A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A  trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.


ABAMECTIN

Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.


Carbendazim

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls  Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.


Anthralin

An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.


A salicylanilide derivative with chloride substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-3 and C-4 of the anilide moiety.


Acetyl-L-carnitine

An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.


Zinc Acetate

An acetate salt in which the cationic component is zinc(2+).


Cilazapril monohydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate of cilazapril. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


Fenbendazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole  which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.


A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]aniline. It is a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist (IC50 = 30 nM).


Amlodipine

A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.


Rolipram

A member of the lclass of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one bearing a 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position.  It is a type IV-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor.


Aclarubicin

An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.


Egtazic acid

A  diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.


Cromolyn sodium

An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.


Latrunculin a

A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.


Tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone

The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.


Benazepril

A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


Alloxan

A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.


Zonalon

A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an  antidepressant drug.


Ramipril

A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


Anisomycin

An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.


4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide

A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.


An organic heterotricyclic compound that is pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted at positions 2 and 4 by 3-hydroxyphenyl and morpholin-4-yl groups respectively. A dual-kinase inhibitor with anti-cancer properties.


Chlormequat

A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.


Octanoylcarnitine

An O-acylcarnitine having octanoyl as the acyl substituent.


An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.


A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 are replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl, pyridin-4-yl, and 4-fluorophenyl groups, respectively. It is a widely used inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) alpha and beta.


Neflamapimod

A member of the class of pyrimidopyridazines that is 6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one substituted at positions 2 and 5 by (2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfanyl and 2,6-dichlorophenyl groups respectively


Azithromycin

A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.


A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.


Jasplakinolide

A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.


Chlorantraniliprole

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.


Gentian Violet

An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.


Glycyrrhizin

A  triterpenoid saponin that is the  glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.


Bapta

A polyamino carboxylic acid in which bis(carboxymethyl)nitrilo groups are bonded to C-2 and C-2' of 1,1'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)]dibenzene.


Pergolide

A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.


Hydroxyzine

A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.


bafilomycin A1

The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.


Capecitabine

A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.


Digitonin

A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.


Procyclidine

A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.


Tubocurarine chloride

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.


Hydroxychloroquine

An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.


Pyrazine

A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.


Mebendazole

A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.


Epsilon-viniferin

A stilbenoid that is the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of epsilon-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.


Tyrphostin B42

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of benzylamine.


Thiostrepton

A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.


Brilliant green

An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.


Propamocarb

A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly  Phytophthora and Pythium species.


A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.


Idebenone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, by a methyl group at positions 5, and by a 10-hydroxydecyl group at positions 6. Initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, benefits were modest; it was subsequently found to be of benefit for the symptomatic treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.


A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.


Phenylbutazone

A member of the class of  pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.


Dexamethasone phosphate

A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.


5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide

A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.


Fosinopril

A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.


Methoctramine free base

A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.


Metyrapone

An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.


Ethionamide

A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.


Embelin

A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.


TROPISETRON

An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.


Zileuton

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


Epalrestat

A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.


Baicalin

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of baicalein. It is an active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis.


Rimsulfuron

A  N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-3-(ethylsulfonyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen atom.


A biflavonoid that is 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzocyclohepten-6-one which is substituted at positions 1 and 8 by (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl groups. It is the main red pigment in black tea.


Desoximetasone

Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.


Anastrozole

A 1,2,4-triazole compound having a 3,5-bis(2-cyano-2-propyl)benzyl group at the 1-position.


Nigericin

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.


Sodium Cyanide

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.


Vanillic Acid

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.


Exemestane

A 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


BUTYLSCOPOLAMINE BROMIDE

An organic bromide salt of butylscopolamine. It is an antispasmodic drug which can relieve painful stomach cramps (including those linked with irritable bowel syndrome), bladder and menstrual cramps.


Sodium azide

The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).


omega Conopeptide gvia (conus)

A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Ser-Hyp-Gly-Ser-Ser-Cys-Ser-Hyp-Thr-Ser-Tyr-Asn-Cys-Cys-Arg-Ser-Cys-Asn-Hyp-Tyr-Thr-Lys-Arg-Cys-Tyr-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-19 and 15-26. Isolated from the venom of the fish-hunting snail Conus geographus.


Cephalothin

A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.


Timolol hemihydrate

A hydrate, which is the hemihydrate form of the (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol.


A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.


A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.


Noscapine

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.


Ergotamine

A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.


Megestrol acetate

A steroid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of megestrol with the carboxy group of acetic acid. It is an appetite stimulant used for the treatment of anorexia and cachexia. Also used for birth control and for the treatment of breast cancer.


Benzoic acid, 4-((1E)-3-((2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-propenylamino)-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-, 4-(aminoiminomethyl)phenyl ester, monomethanesulfonate


Ketotifen

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.


Calpain Inhibitor III

A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-valine with the amino group of L-phenylalanine aldehyde. It is a potent cell-permeable inhibitor of calpain I and II, and is also a gamma-secretase inhibitor.


Methyl pyruvate

A pyruvate ester resultinf grom the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyruvic acid with the hydroxy group of methanol.


S-Methyl methanethiosulfonate

A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.


Force

A 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.


Sodium perchlorate

An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.


Formestane

A 17-oxo steroid that is androst-4-ene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. Formestane was the first selective, type I steroidal aromatase inhibitor, suppressing oestrogen production from anabolic steroids or prohormones. It was formerly used in the treatment of oestrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in post-meopausal women. As it has poor oral bioavailability, it had to be administered by (fortnightly) intramuscular injection. It fell out of use with the subsequent development of cheaper, orally active aromatase inhibitors. Formestane is listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a substance prohibited from use by athletes.


ganglioside

A molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids linked on the sugar chain.


Oxiconazole

An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.