retinal bipolar neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina.


photoreceptor cell morphogenesis

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by the excitation of rhodopsin by a photon, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.


retinal cell programmed cell death

Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.


positive regulation of G1 to G0 transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.


negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


dynamin-1 isoform ac (mouse)

A dynamin-1 isoform ac that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


reticulon-4 isoform D (mouse)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99P72-3.


A8IK50_MOUSE Purkinje cell protein 2 (L7) (trembl)

A Purkinje cell protein 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sperm head plasma membrane

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The plasma membrane that is part of the head section of a sperm cell.


spectrin binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.


visual perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


response to light intensity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.


podosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.


rod bipolar cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a rod bipolar cell.


detection of light stimulus

The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.


phototransduction

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling

The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation.


sensory perception of light stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in thermoception

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.


thermotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.


G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G protein-coupled receptor = ADP + G protein-coupled receptor phosphate.


DHRS3_HUMAN Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 (sprot)

A short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHB1_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (sprot)

A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RDH8_HUMAN Retinol dehydrogenase 8 (sprot)

A retinol dehydrogenase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


myelin sheath

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.


paranode region of axon

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.


myelin sheath adaxonal region

The region of the myelin sheath nearest to the axon.


internode region of axon

An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath.


compact myelin

The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs.


response to toxic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.


paranodal junction

A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


axon initial segment

Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment.


septate junction

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.


protein binding involved in heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Binding to a protein or protein complex contributing to the adhesion of two different types of cells.


paranodal junction assembly

Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.


clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels

The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.


white matter of cerebellum

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Regional part of cerebellum consisting of the myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer, excluding the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar peduncles.


white matter

Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system.


clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels

The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.


paranodal junction maintenance

The maintenance of a paranodal junction, a highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. A paranodal junction flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve, electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments, and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse

One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.


trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


behavioral fear response

An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat.


fear response

The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.


learning or memory

The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.


feeding behavior

Behavior associated with the intake of food.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.


positive regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.


nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.


mechanoreceptor differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.


regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


positive regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


cellular response to acid chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.


dendrite extension

Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.


regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


neuron recognition

The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.


taste bud development

The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.


axo-dendritic protein transport

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.


intercellular bridge

A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.


cell quiescence

A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed.


sperm flagellum assembly

The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).


miRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degron) pathway. In the DesCEND pathway, C-terminal residues (C-end degrons) in substrates are recognized by Cul2-RING and Cul4-RING E3 ligases, whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation. C-end degrons can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms.


5'-3' RNA helicase activity

Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


intraciliary anterograde transport

The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.


MOV10_HUMAN Helicase MOV-10 (sprot)

A helicase MOV-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity, acting on CpG substrates

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + CpG (in DNA) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-MeCpG (in DNA).


HBG1_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HBG2_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RUNX1_HUMAN Runt-related transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A runt-related transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FAS_MOUSE Fatty acid synthase (sprot)

A fatty acid synthase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ACOD1_MOUSE Acyl-CoA desaturase 1 (sprot)

An acyl-CoA desaturase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CD36_MOUSE Platelet glycoprotein 4 (sprot)

A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 3 (mouse)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9WTN3-3.


post-fertilization epigenetic regulation of gene expression

A epigenetic process that happens during embryonic development that modulates gene expression potential at later stages of development of the organism, including the adult. Epigenetic regulation takes place via chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine DNA methylation.


epigenetic programing of male pronucleus

The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the male pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The most major change in the paternal genome is DNA demethylation, which takes place before the first cell division.


negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.


retrotransposon silencing by heterochromatin formation

A retrotransposon silencing mechanism involving heterochromatin assembly. Heterochromatin is a chromatin conformation that is refractory to transcription.


retrotransposition

A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) copies and pastes itself into a different genomic location by transcription and convertsion of the transcribed RNA back into DNA through reverse transcription.


apical plasma membrane urothelial plaque

A scallop-shaped plaque, also referred to as an asymmetric unit membrane (AUM), found in the apical plasma membrane of urothelial superficial (umbrella) cells which form a a barrier to the passage of water and soluble toxic compounds found in urine. The plaques are thickened regions of membrane composed of uroplakin transmembrane proteins which form a crystalline array.


sodium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.


urinary bladder development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.


vacuole fusion

Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.


channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


transporter complex

A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


hair cycle process

A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


myeloid leukocyte

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.


ribosomal RNA

RNA molecules which are essential structural and functional components of ribosomes, the subcellular units responsible for protein synthesis.


N-acylsphingosine

The parent compounds of the ceramide family, composed of sphingosine having an unspecified fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.


Phosphocholine

The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.


sphingomyelin d18:1

Any sphingomyelin having sphingosine as the sphingoid component.


NSMA_HUMAN Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 (sprot)

A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNR6_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNFL6_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).


negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.


arterial endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an arterial endothelial cell.


cell adhesion mediated by integrin

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


somite

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.


NUMB_HUMAN Protein numb homolog (sprot)

A protein numb that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARRB1_HUMAN Beta-arrestin-1 (sprot)

A beta-arrestin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNER_HUMAN Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor (sprot)

A delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLL1_HUMAN Delta-like protein 1 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAG2_HUMAN Protein jagged-2 (sprot)

A protein jagged-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNTN1_HUMAN Contactin-1 (sprot)

A contactin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLL4_HUMAN Delta-like protein 4 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAG1_HUMAN Protein jagged-1 (sprot)

A protein jagged-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


YBOX1_HUMAN Y-box-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A Y-box-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX2_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX2 (sprot)

A protein deltex-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


methylcytosine dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + succinate + CO2.


keratinocyte stem cell

A stem cell located in the bulge of the hair follicle that can give rise to regenerate the new follicle with each hair cycle and to reepithelialize the epidermis during wound repair.


keratin filament

A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.


keratinocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.


keratinocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.


anagen

The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.


catagen

The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.


hair cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.


hair follicle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of hair follicle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


positive regulation of melanocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.


melanin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


stem cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.


negative regulation of timing of anagen

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.


hair follicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.


negative regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


integumental system

Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.


mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 isoform A unmethylated 1 (mouse)

A mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 isoform A (mouse) that lacks a monomethylated Lys at position 70. UniProtKB:O35253-1, Lys-70, PR:000026291.


protein methylation

The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


RN111_MOUSE E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


methylation-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon methylation of the target protein.


peptidyl-lysine methylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.


negative regulation of transferase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


heterochromatin organization

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.


extracellular matrix assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.


positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


mitochondrial matrix

The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.


alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 unmethylated 1 (mouse)

An alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 (mouse) that lacks methylation at the position equivalent to Lys-943 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1. UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1, Lys-943, PR:000026291.


alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 methylated 1 (mouse)

An alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 (mouse) that has been methylated at the position equivalent to Lys-943 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1. UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1, Lys-943, MOD:00663.


S-adenosylmethionine

A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.


RS2_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS5 (sprot)

A 40S ribosomal protein S2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine

An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.


EF2_HUMAN Elongation factor 2 (sprot)

An elongation factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT21A_HUMAN Protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A (sprot)

A protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIN17_HUMAN DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 (sprot)

A DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETFB_HUMAN Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (sprot)

An electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETKMT_HUMAN Electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase (sprot)

An electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MET22_HUMAN Methyltransferase-like protein 22 (sprot)

A methyltransferase-like protein 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type II

Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor.


LTBP4_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FKB1A_HUMAN Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A (sprot)

A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9 isoform 1 (human)

A zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP1_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A latent TGF-beta-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP2_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP3_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the cytosine DNA methylation.


RBCC1_HUMAN RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 (sprot)

An RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EZH2_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETD6_HUMAN N-lysine methyltransferase SETD6 (sprot)

An N-lysine methyltransferase SETD6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mRNA methylation

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.


mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.


pole plasm mRNA localization

Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


mitochondrial translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


negative regulation of cytoplasmic translation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.


electron transport coupled proton transport

The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from electron transport.


eyeball of camera-type eye

The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m9 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-10.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m5 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-6.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m3 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-4.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m1 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-1.


tissue migration

The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.


smooth muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


reactive gliosis

A neuroinflammatory response, occurring over several days, during which glial cells undergo nonspecific reactive changes in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS); typically involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of different types of glial cells.


microglial cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI isoform 6 (mouse)

A KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9QYS9-6.


mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.


positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.


receptor-mediated endocytosis

An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.


mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.


proton transmembrane transport

The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.


sperm-egg recognition

The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.


granulocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.


miRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.


cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


telomere maintenance

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.


renal water homeostasis

Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.


toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


protein targeting to mitochondrion

The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.


iron-sulfur cluster assembly

The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


rRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.


cristae formation

The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.


error-prone translesion synthesis

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.


cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.


The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


adherens junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.


positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.


cobalamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


cobalamin transport

The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


DNA methylation on cytosine

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.


cell redox homeostasis

Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.


mRNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


oxygen transport

The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


lipid transport

The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-18 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone

The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.


tRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


regulation of immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.


anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.


positive regulation of protein export from nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


lactose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


mitochondrial translational elongation

The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.


hyaluronan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.


ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking

The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane.


translational elongation

The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.


base-excision repair

In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.


termination of RNA polymerase II transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript.


nuclear export

The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.


suppression by virus of host apoptotic process

Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication.


apoptotic DNA fragmentation

The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.


tRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.


bile acid and bile salt transport

The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.


cellular response to glucagon stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.


telomere capping

A process in which telomeres are protected from degradation and fusion, thereby ensuring chromosome stability by protecting the ends from both degradation and from being recognized as damaged DNA. May be mediated by specific single- or double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins.


sterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


retinoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.


post-translational protein modification

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.


transmembrane transport

The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


DNA double-strand break processing

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.


regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.


regulation of glycolytic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.


negative regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


DNA replication initiation

The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; it begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, followed by DNA unwinding.


toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 9.


positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation

The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.


toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 3.


biotin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.


positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process.


neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


T cell costimulation

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.


transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.


mismatch repair

A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.


positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening

Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.


paraxial mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


bicellular tight junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.


binding of sperm to zona pellucida

The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.


negative regulation of signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


activation of adenylate cyclase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.


tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


positive regulation of axonogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.


positive regulation of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.


heme biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.


L-ascorbic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.


termination of RNA polymerase I transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a ribosomal RNA transcript. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein to specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.


xenobiotic metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


heme metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


regulation of glucose transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


cyclooxygenase pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.


mitotic prometaphase

The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.


mitotic prophase

The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.


nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


autophagosome maturation

Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling.


transferrin transport

The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.


sensory perception of taste

The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.


negative regulation of axonogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.


regulation of NMDA receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.


regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.


microtubule-based movement

A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.


acyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.


positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.


regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.


bicarbonate transport

The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.


regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.


axial mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of cell motility

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.


long-chain fatty acid transport

The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.  A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


keratinization

The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.


positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


neurotransmitter transport

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.


post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.


fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization

The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of single fertilization. In sperm with flagella, binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.


complement activation, lectin pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


DNA ligation

The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.


negative regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.


vitamin E metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.


phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.


RNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


base-excision repair, gap-filling

Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.


positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target

The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.


regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing

A process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs).


CENP-A containing chromatin assembly

The formation of chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A to form centromeric chromatin. This specialised chromatin occurs at centromeric region in point centromeres, and the central core in modular centromeres.


phospholipid transport

The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


7-methylguanosine mRNA capping

Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.


fatty acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.


negative regulation of DNA recombination at telomere

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the telomere.


chylomicron remnant clearance

The process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.


chylomicron assembly

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the intestine to form a chylomicron.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle.


regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.


regulatory ncRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing

A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory RNAs elicit silencing of specific target genes, either by mRNA destabilization or inhibition of translation.


siRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional small interfering RNA (siRNA). Includes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. May also include amplification of the siRNA by RNA-directed RNA polymerase.


regulation of keratinocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.


carboxylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine

The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.


positive regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.


vitamin D metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-23 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to metal ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.


transcription initiation at mitochondrial promoter

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome.


positive regulation of phospholipase C activity

Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.


heme catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


glucocorticoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


folic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


gap junction assembly

Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.


positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.


regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.


DNA dealkylation involved in DNA repair

The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).


death-inducing signaling complex assembly

A process of protein complex assembly in which the arrangement and bonding together of the set of components that form the protein complex is mediated by a death domain (DD) interaction, as part of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway.


depyrimidination

The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar.


base-excision repair, DNA ligation

The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.


depurination

The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the A or G base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depurinated sugar.


histone mRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.


intracellular transport of virus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.


ERBB2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-independent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


vesicle fusion with endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) membrane

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane of the ERGIC. This can involve anterograde or retrograde transport vesicles.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-7 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway.


negative regulation of blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway.


inositol phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


sulfur amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.


C-terminal protein lipidation

The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy-terminus of a protein.


sulfur amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.


termination of mitochondrial transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary mitochondrial transcript.


activation of protein kinase A activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase A.


positive regulation of cellular metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


negative regulation of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


activation of phospholipase C activity

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 10.


toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR1:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication.


regulation of anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process.


negative regulation of ERBB signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.


negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.


import into nucleus

The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.


spliceosomal snRNP assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.


beta-catenin destruction complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a beta-catenin destruction complex.


sequestering of BMP from receptor via BMP binding

Binding to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in the extracellular region, and inhibiting BMP signaling by preventing BMP from binding to its cell surface receptor.


carnitine shuttle

The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.


regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


ferredoxin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferredoxin, any simple, nonenzymatic iron-sulfur protein that is characterized by having equal numbers of atoms of iron and labile sulfur. Iron and sulfur atoms are present in one or two clusters of two or four atoms of each.


selenocysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.


regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


negative regulation of netrin-activated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of netrin-activated signaling pathway.


chaperone mediated protein folding independent of cofactor

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and does not depend on additional protein cofactors. This function occurs over one or more cycles of nucleotide-dependent binding and release.


post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway

Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.


muscle filament sliding

The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.


exonucleolytic catabolism of deadenylated mRNA

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 3'-poly(A) tail.


hemidesmosome assembly

Assembly of hemidesmosomes, integrin-containing protein complexes that bind to laminin in the basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes form the contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina.


mitochondrial translational termination

The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).


aflatoxin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


piRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional piRNA. piRNAs (Piwi-associated RNAs) are a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNAs derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.


intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.


DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair

Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.


strand displacement

The rejection of the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules.


nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling

Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.


nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization

The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


nucleotide-excision repair, DNA duplex unwinding

The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage.


nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage recognition

The identification of lesions in DNA, such as pyrimidine-dimers, intrastrand cross-links, and bulky adducts. The wide range of substrate specificity suggests the repair complex recognizes distortions in the DNA helix.


glycine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.


positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.


purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


SCF complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex.


regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition

Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.


low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a low-density lipoprotein particle receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


digestion

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.


protein side chain deglutamylation

The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation.


protein polyglycylation

The addition of glycyl units covalently bound to the gamma carboxyl group peptidyl-glutamic acid.


C-terminal protein amino acid modification

The alteration of the C-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.


high-density lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


chylomicron remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a chylomicron, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a high-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.


The series of molecular signals initiated by erythropoietin (EPO) binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of primary miRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-35 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


trimming of first mannose on A branch

The removal of the first alpha-1,2-linked mannose from the A-chain of a glycoprotein oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum.


trimming of terminal mannose on B branch

The removal of an alpha-1,2-linked mannose from the B-chain of a glycoprotein oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum.


mannose trimming involved in glycoprotein ERAD pathway

The removal of one or more alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues from a mannosylated protein that occurs as part of glycoprotein ER-associated glycoprotein degradation (gpERAD).


trimming of second mannose on A branch

The removal of the second alpha-1,2-linked mannose from the A-chain of a glycoprotein oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum.


trimming of terminal mannose on C branch

The removal of an alpha-1,2-linked mannose from the C-chain of a glycoprotein oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum.


endoplasmic reticulum mannose trimming

Any protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment (ERQC).


Notch receptor processing, ligand-dependent

The proteolytic cleavages to the Notch protein that occur as a result of ligand binding. Ligand binding at the cell surface exposes an otherwise inaccessible cleavage site in the extracellular portion of Notch, which when cleaved releases a membrane-tethered form of the Notch intracellular domain. Subsequent cleavage within the transmembrane domain then leads to the release of the soluble Notch intracellular domain (NICD).


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-21 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-27 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


protein import into peroxisome membrane

The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import.


protein insertion into ER membrane

The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.


late endosomal microautophagy

The autophagy process by which cytosolic proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a chaperone and are directly transferred into and degraded in a late endosomal compartment.


aggrephagy

Selective degradation of protein aggregates by macroautophagy.


regulation of heme oxygenase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, or rate of heme oxygenase activity.


lateral mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.


TFAM_HUMAN Transcription factor A, mitochondrial (sprot)

A transcription factor A, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate

A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.


NDST1_HUMAN Bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (sprot)

A bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Fumarate

A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)


L-malate

An optically active form of malate having (S)-configuration.


Oxalacetate

A C4-dicarboxylate resuting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of oxaloacetic acid.


SOCS1_HUMAN Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (sprot)

A suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Adenosine

A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having guanine as the nucleobase.


Guanosine

A purine nucleoside in which guanine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


Inosine

A purine nucleoside in which hypoxanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced by a hydrogen.


Uracil

A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.


Dihydrouracil

A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.


Dihydrothymine

A pyrimidone obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of thymine.


Hydroxyprogesterone

A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.


Cortodoxone

A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.


ceramide

Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or monounsaturated with chain lengths from 14 to 26 carbon atoms; the presence of a hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is fairly common. Ceramides are generally precursors of more complex sphingolipids. In the illustrated generalised structure, R(1) = OH, OX (where X = acyl, glycosyl, phosphate, phosphonate, etc.), or H.


STX17_HUMAN Syntaxin-17 (sprot)

A syntaxin-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Hypoxanthine

A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6.


Deoxyadenosine-phosphate

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP).


Dianion of N-phosphocreatine arising from deprotonation of the phospho and carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.