calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (mouse)

A calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


lumbar region of vertebral column

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the lumbar subdivision of the body, containing the lumbar vertebrae.


cellular response to sodium phosphate

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium phosphate stimulus.


negative regulation of bone resorption

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.


determination of adult lifespan

The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal.


aorta development

The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.


nitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.


artery development

The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.


vitamin D3 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D3, (3S,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol.


tooth eruption

The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.


odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.


endochondral ossification

Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.


embryonic skeletal limb joint morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, in which the anatomical structures of a skeletal limb joint are generated and organized. A skeletal limb joint is the connecting structure between the bones of a limb.


proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


embryonic skeletal joint development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.


regulation of ossification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


MLXPL_HUMAN Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (sprot)

A carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


magnesium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.


vasodilation

An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.


angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin II binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


maintenance of blood vessel diameter homeostasis by renin-angiotensin

The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.


positive regulation of detection of glucose

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of detection of glucose.


response to symbiotic bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.


negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.


amniotic fluid

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Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. The composition of the fluid changes over the course of gestation. Initially, amniotic fluid is similar to maternal plasma, mainly water with electrolytes. As the fetus develops, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids originating from the lungs, fetal cells, and urea are deposited in the fluid.


An optically active form of lactate having (R)-configuration.


VKGC_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNAP receptor activity

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Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion.


vesicle docking involved in exocytosis

The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


negative regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


GTPase-dependent fusogenic activity

A GTPase activity that mediates the joining two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.


dense core granule

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.


regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


response to glucose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.


positive regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


cholesterol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


regulation of heart rate by chemical signal

The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.


regulation of SREBP signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.


positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


histone kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone.


positive regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.


negative regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.


regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.


G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 isoform GRK6A (mouse)

A G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.


regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.


endothelin receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by endothelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


heart process

A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract.


negative regulation of macrophage differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.


cyanamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanamide, NCNH2, a cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.


nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 isoform 4 (mouse)

A nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q60591-4.


krueppel-like factor 4 polyglutamylated 1 (mouse)

A krueppel-like factor 4 (mouse) that has been polyglutamylated at the position equivalent to Glu-381 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q60793. UniProtKB:Q60793, Glu-381, MOD:00207.


retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta isoform Short (mouse)

A retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P28704-2.


Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a very-long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.


An acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions of stearoyl-CoA.


oleoyl-CoA

An octadecenoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of oleic acid.


TECRL_HUMAN Trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase-like (sprot)

A steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2-like 2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


TECR_HUMAN Very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase (sprot)

A very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase activity

Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.


negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.


INSR_HUMAN Insulin receptor (sprot)

An insulin receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of glucose metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


palmitoyl-CoA 9-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 = palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9) + A + 2 H2O.


response to bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.


white fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.


defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monounsaturated fatty acid.


whirlin isoform m8 (mouse)

A whirlin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80VW5-8.


vestibular hair cell

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A mechanoreceptor located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem.


stereocilium

An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells and of neuromast cells. These protrusions are supported by a bundle of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles.


TRIO and F-actin-binding protein isoform m5 (mouse)

A TRIO and F-actin-binding protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99KW3-5.


TRIO and F-actin-binding protein isoform m4 (mouse)

A TRIO and F-actin-binding protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99KW3-4.


TRIO and F-actin-binding protein isoform m1 (mouse)

A TRIO and F-actin-binding protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99KW3-1.


stereocilia coupling link

A structure involved in coupling stereocilia to one another in sensory hair cells There are four morphologically distinct types: tip links, horizontal top connectors, shaft connectors and ankle links. Tip links and horizontal top connectors are the only inter-stereocilia links associated with mature cochlea, whereas ankle links appear during development of the auditory hair bundle.


kinocilium

A nonmotile primary cilium that is found at the apical surface of auditory receptor cells. The kinocilium is surrounded by actin-based stereocilia.


trans-Golgi network transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.


stereocilium base

The tapered base of the stereocilium adjacent to where it joins the hair cell body. This region contains a rootlet comprised of bundled actin filaments which spans the joint and stabilizes the stereocilium.


stereocilium shaft

The shaft comprises the majority of the length of the stereocilium. This region is notable for the extreme stability of actin filaments, which are highly crosslinked into a parallel bundle.


cuticular plate

A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted.


startle response

An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.


apical protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.


detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound

The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal.


actin filament bundle assembly

The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.


inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized inner cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell.


inner ear receptor cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound.


whirlin isoform m1 (mouse)

A whirlin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80VW5-1.


ear hair cell

A hair cell of the ear that contains the organs of balance and hearing.


stereocilia ankle link complex

A complex of proteins that connect growing stereocilia in developing cochlear hair cells, composed of Vlgr1, usherin, vezatin, and whirlin.


USH2 complex

A protein complex composed of four proteins, loss of which results in Usher Syndrome type 2 (USH2 syndrome), a leading genetic cause of combined hearing and vision loss. This complex is conserved in many species; in mice, it is composed of USH2A, GPR98 (aka ADGRV1), WHRN, and PDZD7.


photoreceptor inner segment

The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.


photoreceptor connecting cilium

The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone.


periciliary membrane compartment

A plasma membrane region adjacent to the base of eukaryotic cilia and flagella that is enriched in endocytosis-associated proteins and vesicles and that appears to regulate ciliary membrane homeostasis.


stereocilia ankle link

A stereocilia coupling link that is composed of a fine filament present in developing stereocilia that couples the bases of individual stereocilia to one another. They are not present in mature stereocilia.


NMDA selective glutamate receptor complex

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1 subunits (Figure 3) and NR2 subunits, which can be one of four separate gene products (NR2A-D). Expression of both subunits are required to form functional channels. The glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions as well as being permeable to other ions. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD.


regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels

Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.


behavioral response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


thyroid hormone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.


Liothyronine

An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.


positive regulation of multicellular organism growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.


regulation of heart contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


female courtship behavior

The behavior of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner.


type I pneumocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.


negative regulation of female receptivity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances.


negative regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.


response to bile acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.


phosphate ion transmembrane transport

The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane.


cellular response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.


structural molecule activity

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex.


A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvic acid


3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid

A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.


Calcitriol

A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol.


A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.


Alitretinoin

A retinoic acid in which the exocyclic double bonds have 7E,9Z,11E,13E geometry.


neuron projection terminus

The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.


cone cell pedicle

A specialized axon terminus which is produced by retinal cone cells. Pedicles are large, conical, flat end-feet (8-10 micrometers diameter) of the retinal cone axon that lie more or less side by side on the same plane at the outer edge of the outer plexiform layer (OPL).


detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception

The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


photoreceptor cell outer segment organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials.


photoreceptor cell maintenance

Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.


intraciliary transport

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.


photoreceptor cell differentiation

The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


ribbon synapse

Type of synapse characterized by an electron-dense ribbon, lamella (bar) or spherical body in the presynaptic process cytoplasm.


DHET

An icosanoid obtained by formal dihydroxylation across one of the double bonds of arachidonic acid.


regulation of cell growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


suppression by virus of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type I interferon-mediated signaling in the host organism. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


protein dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.


dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


dolichol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + dolichol = CDP + dolichyl phosphate.


lysophosphatidic acid

A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.


Major microspecies at pH 7.3.


D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate(2-)

Pantetheine 4'-phosphate(2-) with D (R) configuration at the 2' position. The dianion formed from D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate by deprotonation of the phosphate group; major microspecies at pH 7.3.


Pantetheine

An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.


Dianion of 3'-dephospho-CoA.


A polyprenol in which all linkages of the isoprene units are cis, except for the two furthest from the hydroxy group which are trans.


purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


PTPRM_HUMAN Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase mu (sprot)

A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase mu that is encoded in the genome of human.


PR15A_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A that is encoded in the genome of human.


PR15B_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15B (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15B that is encoded in the genome of human.


liver parenchyma

The functional units of the liver including the lobules.


hydroxyisourate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O = 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H imidazole-5-carboxylate + H+ = S-allantoin + CO2.


urate oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: urate + O2 + H2O = 5-hydroxyisourate + hydrogen peroxide.


protein transporter activity

Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location.


ubiquitin-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon ubiquitination of the target protein.


M3TYJ4_PIG DNA replication licensing factor MCM6 (trembl)


PEX1_HUMAN Peroxisomal ATPase PEX1 (sprot)

A peroxisomal ATPase PEX1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PEX6_HUMAN Peroxisomal ATPase PEX6 (sprot)

A peroxisomal ATPase PEX6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EET

An icosanoid obtained by formal epoxidation of one of the double bonds of arachidonic acid.


negative regulation of cell growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty acid, a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


lipoxygenase pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase.


epoxygenase P450 pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.


An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 5,6-double bond of arachidonic acid.


An epoxy fatty acid consisting of (4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid having an epoxy group located at the 16,17-position. An intermediate lipid in specialized proresolving mediators.


An epoxy fatty acid consisting of (4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid having an epoxy group at the 13,14-position. An intermediate lipid in specialized proresolving mediators


A polyunsaturated fatty acid that is (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid having an epoxy group across positions 16 and 17.


A metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid that can be converted to 17(S)-RvD1 or 17(S)-RvD2


A metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid that can be converted to 17(S)-RvD3 or 17(S)-RvD4


An epoxy fatty acid that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z,16E)-icosa-7,9,11,14,16-pentaenoic acid carrying an epoxy group at position 5S and a hydroxy group at position 18S. It is an intermediate in resolvin E1 biosynthesis.


A hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosa-4,9,11,13,15,19-hexaenoic acid carrying an epoxy group at position 7S and a hydroxy group at position 17R. It is a metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, and serves as a precursor to D-resolvins.


An epoxy fatty acid that is (6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosa-6,8,10,13,15,19-hexaenoic acid which is carrying an epoxy group at position 4S and a hydroxy group at position 17R. It is a metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid that can be converted to a D-resolvin.


The 18(R) stereoisomer of the epoxy-HEPE intermediate in RvE1 biosynthesis


13,14-Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid

An epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid in which the epoxy group is located at the 13,14-position. An intermediate in the specialised proresolving mediators


A docosanoid that is (9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid carrying an epoxy group across positions 7 and 8 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 17.  An intermediate of specialised proresolving mediators.


A (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,19Z)-16,17-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid in which the chiral centres at positions 16 and 17 both have S-configuration. An intermediate of specialized proresolving mediators


8,9-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid

An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 8,9-double bond of arachidonic acid.


11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid

An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.


An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 14,15-double bond of arachidonic acid.


A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 10 and 17 (the 10R,17R-stereoisomer).


Neuroprotectin D1

A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 10 and 17 (the 10R,17S-stereoisomer). Protectin D1 is one of the specialised proresolving mediators. When produced in neural tissues, it is called neuroprotectin D1


Maresin 2

A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at the 13R- and 14S-positions.


Maresin 1

A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,8E,10E,12Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at the 7R- and 14S-positions.


Resolvin D1

A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).


18S-Resolvin E1

A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18S stereoisomer).


Resolvin E1

A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).


Resolvin D2

A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).


A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.


AT-Resolvin D1

A member of the class of resolvins that consists of docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 8, and 17 (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).


A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 8,9-double bond of arachidonic acid.


A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 14,15-double bond of arachidonic acid.


aspirin-triggered resolvin D2

A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17R-stereoisomer).


17-epi-resolvin D3

A member of the class of resolvins that is (5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 11 and 17 (the 4S,11R,17R-stereoisomer)


A member of the class of resolvins that is (6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 5 and 17 (the 4S,5R,17R-stereoisomer).


Resolvin D3

A member of the class of resolvins that is (5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 11 and 17 (the 4S,11R,17S-stereoisomer).


A member of the class of resolvins that is (6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 5 and 17 (the 4S,5R,17S-stereoisomer).


A docosanoid that is (8E,10E,12Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 7R and 14S. An intermediate of specialised proresolving mediators.


A docosanoid that is (7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 13 and 14. An intermediate of specialised proresolving mediators.


A dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (DiHDPE) that is (7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid in which the hydrogens at the 10 pro-R and 17 pro-S positions have been replaced by hydroxy groups. It is an intermediate of specialized proresolving mediators.


A dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (DiHDPE) that is (7Z,10Z,13E,14E,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at the 16 and 17-S positions. It is an intermediate of specialised proresolving mediators.


A docosanoid that is (15E,19Z)-docosa-9,11,13,15,19-pentaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7S, 8 and 17S. An intermediate of specialised proresolving mediators


A docosanoid that is (14E,19Z)-docosa-8,10,12,14,19-pentaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17. An intermediate of specialised proresolving mediators


A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 5,6-double bond of arachidonic acid.


CP1A2_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 1A2 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 1A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP1A1_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 1A1 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 1A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP1B1_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 1B1 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 1B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP2C8_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C8 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 2C8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP2C9_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C9 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 2C9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP2CJ_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C19 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 2C19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP2J2_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2J2 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 2J2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


methylation

The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.


axis elongation

The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.


regulation of mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome.


neural plate development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.


paraxial mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube.


splicing factor binding

Binding to a protein involved in the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to form the mature form of the RNA.


notochord morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.


convergent extension

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis.


localization of cell

Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


convergent extension involved in axis elongation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contributing to the lengthening of the axis of an organism.


determination of dorsal identity

Determination of the identity of part of an organism or organ where those parts are of the type that occur in the dorsal region. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


hypothalamus development

The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state.


positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.


Spemann organizer formation

Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.


determination of left/right asymmetry in lateral mesoderm

The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.


epiboly

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells or yolk.


embryonic viscerocranium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.


regulation of nodal signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.


neural crest cell migration involved in sympathetic nervous system development

Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in sympathetic nervous system development.


protein localization to vacuole

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.


negative regulation of defense response to virus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.


ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide encoded by an aberrant message and associated with a stalled ribosome. Degradation is initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the ribosome-associated protein.


protein localization to phagocytic vesicle

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a phagocytic vesicle.


proteasome localization

Any process in which the proteasome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


regulation of protein complex stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.


negative regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking

The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the peroxisomal membrane.


pexophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy.


positive regulation of lysosome organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.


protein targeting to lysosome involved in chaperone-mediated autophagy

The targeting of a protein to the lysosome process in which an input protein binds to a chaperone and subsequently to a lysosomal receptor.


negative regulation of viral life cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.


negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.


negative regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to a virus.


protein ufmylation

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein.


cytosolic ciliogenesis

The process in which an axoneme is exposed entirely or partially to the cytoplasm or by which the cytoplasmic portion is assembled or extended. Cytosolic ciliogenesis can occur following compartmentalized ciliogenesis, in which the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm.


ribosomal large subunit binding

Binding to a large ribosomal subunit.


Rac protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


alpha-aminoacyl-tRNA binding

Binding to an alpha-aminoacyl-tRNA.


Catalysis of the covalent addition of a geranylgeranyl (20-carbon isoprenoid) group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue at or near the C terminus of a protein.


lipid transfer activity

Removes a lipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. This results in intermembrane transfer of lipids.


cargo adaptor activity

Binding directly to the structural scaffolding elements of a vesicle coat (such as clathrin or COPII), and bridging the membrane, cargo receptor, and membrane deformation machinery.


dynein complex binding

Binding to a dynein complex, a protein complex that contains two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and has microtubule motor activity.


BBSome binding

Binding to a BBSome complex.


nuclear pore

A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.


autophagosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagosome, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered.


fungal-type vacuole

A vacuole that has both lytic and storage functions. The fungal vacuole is a large, membrane-bounded organelle that functions as a reservoir for the storage of small molecules (including polyphosphate, amino acids, several divalent cations (e.g. calcium), other ions, and other small molecules) as well as being the primary compartment for degradation. It is an acidic compartment, containing an ensemble of acid hydrolases. At least in S. cerevisiae, there are indications that the morphology of the vacuole is variable and correlated with the cell cycle, with logarithmically growing cells having a multilobed, reticulated vacuole, while stationary phase cells contain a single large structure.


PML body

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.


phagophore assembly site

Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.


cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


postsynaptic specialization membrane

The membrane component of the postsynaptic specialization. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.


AIM2 inflammasome complex

An inflammasome complex that consists of AIM2, ASC, and caspase-1. AIM2 is a member of the HN-200 protein family that appears to be the sensor of cytosolic double-stranded DNA.


IPO9_HUMAN Importin-9 (sprot)

An importin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 isoform h4 (human)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8IUZ0-4.


TPGS2_HUMAN Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 2 (sprot)

A tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRC49_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPGS1_HUMAN Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1 (sprot)

A tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PML_HUMAN Protein PML (sprot)

A transcription factor PML that is encoded in the genome of human.


serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform h2 (human)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P16298-2.


autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform h4 (human)

An autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q2TAZ0-5.


ATG2B_HUMAN Autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B (sprot)

An autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B that is encoded in the genome of human.


The trianion of a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


UFM1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS2_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS5_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CYH1_MOUSE Cytohesin-1 (sprot)

A cytohesin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


M3K14_MOUSE Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CSTP1_HUMAN Centriolar satellite-associated tubulin polyglutamylase complex regulator 1 (sprot)

A centriolar satellite-associated tubulin polyglutamylase complex regulator 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WIPI1_HUMAN WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BILF1_EBVB9 G-protein coupled receptor BILF1 (sprot)


IQCB1_HUMAN IQ calmodulin-binding motif-containing protein 1 (sprot)

An IQ calmodulin-binding motif-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PCM1_HUMAN Pericentriolar material 1 protein (sprot)

A pericentriolar material 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PEX26_HUMAN Peroxisome assembly protein 26 (sprot)

A peroxisome assembly protein 26 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MARH7_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCHF7 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCHF7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AN_HHV8P Shutoff alkaline exonuclease (sprot)


axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.


negative regulation of receptor internalization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.


afferent neuron

A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.


central nervous system myelination

The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


axon regeneration

The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage.


stem cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


myoblast fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


cellular response to virus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.


ATP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


bronchiole development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.


L-glutamate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


transmission of nerve impulse

The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.


specification of segmental identity, mandibular segment

The specification of the characteristic structures of the mandibular segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


regulation of cell cycle checkpoint

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.


spinal cord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.


cementum mineralization

The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited into the initial acellular cementum.


collagen-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


oligodendrocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons.


sympathetic neuron axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of a sympathetic neuron axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


specification of segmental identity, maxillary segment

The specification of the characteristic structures of the maxillary segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.


diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diphosphate, the anion or salt of diphosphoric acid.


regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.


protein nitrosylation

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.


synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.


protein glucuronidation

The modification of a protein by amino acid glucuronidation.


presumptive endoderm

Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm.


striated muscle cell

Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres.


melanocyte of skin

A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body.


calvarial osteoblast

Any osteoblast that is part of a skull.


cementoblast

Skeletogenic cell that produces cementum (a bony substance that covers the root of a tooth), is part of the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a precementoblast cell.


aortic smooth muscle cell

A smooth muscle cell of the aorta.


stromal cell of bone marrow

A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow.


gray matter

A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons.


inflammatory macrophage

An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity.


mammotroph

An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.


ventral tegmental nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a ventral tegmental area.


Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis niloticus


Hydrogen Peroxide

An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.


Dinoprostone

Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.


heart contraction

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


abducens nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the abducens nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.


microglia differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.


regulation of blood pressure

Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


lymphocyte migration

The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


podocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.


bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized.


endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.


hematopoietic stem cell migration to bone marrow

The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell into the bone marrow, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments in that microenvironment. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.


growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth

The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.


sensory perception of temperature stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


motor neuron apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.


eosinophil mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.


skeletal myofibril assembly

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.


rhythmic behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.


sarcomere organization

The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


facial nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


hypoglossal nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


response to Gram-positive bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a Gram-positive bacterium.


B-1 B cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.


response to platelet-derived growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.


microglial cell migration

The orderly movement of a microglial cell from one site to another.


immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


sensory perception of mechanical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


axonogenesis involved in innervation

The neurite development process that generates a long process of a neuron, as it invades a target tissue.


sinoatrial node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.


ductus arteriosus closure

The morphogenesis process in which the ductus arteriosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth. The ductus arteriosus is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood to bypass the fetus' lungs.


fibroblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.


response to pain

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.


response to mechanical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.


CCN3_HUMAN CCN family member 3 (sprot)

A protein NOV that is encoded in the genome of human.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor

A neurotrophin that is a translation product of the human BDNF gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


CP1A5_CHICK Cytochrome P450 1A5 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the CYP1A5 gene in chicken.


cytochrome P450 1A2

A protein that is a translation product of the human CYP1A2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular endothelial growth factor A

A protein that is a translation product of the human VEGFA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


HESX1_HUMAN Homeobox expressed in ES cells 1 (sprot)

A homeobox expressed in ES cells 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIX3_HUMAN Homeobox protein SIX3 (sprot)

A homeobox protein SIX3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


aryl hydrocarbon receptor

A protein that is a translation product of the human AHR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


HES1_HUMAN Transcription factor HES-1 (sprot)

A transcription factor HES-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF1B_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ONEC3_HUMAN One cut domain family member 3 (sprot)

An one cut domain family member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF6_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NGN3_HUMAN Neurogenin-3 (sprot)

A neurogenin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAX4_HUMAN Paired box protein Pax-4 (sprot)

A paired box protein Pax-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDF1_HUMAN Neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (sprot)

A neurogenic differentiation factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX22_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSM1_HUMAN Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (sprot)

An insulinoma-associated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTR2_HUMAN Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDX1_HUMAN Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (sprot)

A pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IAPP_HUMAN Islet amyloid polypeptide (sprot)

An islet amyloid polypeptide that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF4G_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXA3_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX61_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform L-type (human)

A pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform L-type that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 isoform h2 (human)

A nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O00482-1.


PTF1A_HUMAN Pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha (sprot)

A pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-7 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-5.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-8 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-6.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-9 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-7.


neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.


somite development

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.


retina development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


notochord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.


germ cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.


pronephric glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


adrenal gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.


induction of positive chemotaxis

Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


floor plate development

The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.


lens placode formation involved in camera-type eye formation

Establishment and formation of the optic placode, paired ectodermal placodes that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.


floor plate formation

The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.


cardioblast migration to the midline involved in heart field formation

The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


prechordal plate formation

The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.


convergent extension involved in nephron morphogenesis

The morphogenetic process in which the renal epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis that contributes to the shaping of a nephron.


hypoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hypoblast is a tissue formed from the inner cell mass that lies beneath the epiblast.


all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, all-trans-retinol forming activity

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinyl palmitate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + H+ + palmitate.


EEA1_HUMAN Early endosome antigen 1 (sprot)

An early endosome antigen 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of receptor binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


brain white matter

The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites.


GABA-A receptor complex

A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor).


AVR2A_MOUSE Activin receptor type-2A (sprot)

An activin receptor type-2A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PLXB2_MOUSE Plexin-B2 (sprot)

A plexin-B2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PLXB1_MOUSE Plexin-B1 (sprot)

A plexin-B1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TNR9_MOUSE Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


LEPR_MOUSE Leptin receptor (sprot)

A leptin receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


NEO1_MOUSE Neogenin (sprot)

A neogenin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


P2RX7_MOUSE P2X purinoceptor 7 (sprot)

A P2X purinoceptor 7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TLR4_MOUSE Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PRTG_MOUSE Protogenin (sprot)

A protogenin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


SSR3_MOUSE Somatostatin receptor type 3 (sprot)

A somatostatin receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ACV1B_MOUSE Activin receptor type-1B (sprot)

An activin receptor type-1B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


MCHR1_MOUSE Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (sprot)

A melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


SKIT2_MOUSE Selection and upkeep of intraepithelial T-cells protein 2 (sprot)

A selection and upkeep of intraepithelial T-cells protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


muscle structure development

The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.


hepatocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.


foregut-midgut junction

An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut.


chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 isoform m1 (mouse)

A chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q09XV5-1.


maintenance of translational fidelity

Suppression of the occurrence of translational errors, such as codon-anticodon mis-paring, during the process of translation of a protein using an mRNA template.


calcium-ion regulated exocytosis

The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.


type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.


glucose transmembrane transport

The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane.


NADP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


positive regulation of exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.


dense core granule maturation

Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.


tRNA methylthiolation

The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.


Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A).


type B pancreatic cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


kinetochore binding

Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.


mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


kinetochore

A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


meiotic prometaphase I

The meiotic cell cycle phase in eukaryotes between meiotic prophase I and meiotic metaphase I. During meiotic prometaphase I, the nuclear envelope breaks down and one kinetochore forms per chromosome. Chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules and begin to move towards the metaphase plate.


female meiosis chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.


protein localization to meiotic spindle midzone

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a meiotic spindle midzone.


meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


protein localization to chromosome

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.


protein localization to kinetochore

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.


spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


TTK_MOUSE Dual specificity protein kinase TTK (sprot)

A dual specificity protein kinase TTK that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


chloride ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.


potassium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.


gastric acid secretion

The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


membrane repolarization

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


pigmentation

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.


hematopoietic stem cell migration

The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.


lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.


developmental pigmentation

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.


negative regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


germ cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


ectopic germ cell programmed cell death

Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.


myeloid leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.


response to radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.


glycosphingolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


long term hematopoietic stem cell

A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative.


transcription cis-regulatory region binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


E-box binding

Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


myeloid cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


definitive hemopoiesis

A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.


angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


erythrocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.


embryonic hemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.


generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.


platelet formation

The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.


hemangioblast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemangioblast. Hemangioblasts are the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages.


spinal cord association neuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


mast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


megakaryocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.


astrocyte fate commitment

The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte.


regulation of stem cell population maintenance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.


megakaryocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.


regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


regulation of mast cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


natural killer cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.


T cell differentiation in thymus

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.


Peyer's patch development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


rDNA heterochromatin formation

The formation of heterochromatin at ribosomal DNA, characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.


histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion

A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.


RAD21_HUMAN Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog (sprot)

A double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog that is encoded in the genome of human.


Nicotinamide

A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.


Zwitterionic form of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine arising from migration of a proton from the carboxy group to the alpha-amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


Acetic Acid

A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.


A nucleotide-sugar having ADP as the nucleotide fragment and 2-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranos-5-yl as the sugar component.


PDS5A_HUMAN Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A (sprot)

A sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDAC8_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 8 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDA10_HUMAN Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 (sprot)

A polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT6A_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT6A (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT6A that is encoded in the genome of human.


inner cell mass cell proliferation

The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.


immature T cell

A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.


NK T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.


T cell mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


apoptotic cell clearance

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


T cell proliferation

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.


lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.


T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.


T cell receptor V(D)J recombination

The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


B cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.


alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.


thymocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


negative regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.