endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.


endothelial cell proliferation

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The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.


endothelial cell development

The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


endothelial cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.


blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.


extracellular matrix protein binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a protein that is part of an extracellular matrix.


double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative.


plasmacytoid dendritic cell

A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection.


myeloid dendritic cell

A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage.


gamma-delta T cell

A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.


DN3 thymocyte

A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.


naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell

An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low.


F4/80-positive adipose macrophage

An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative.


marginal zone B cell of spleen

A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.


Langerhans cell

Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.


immature gamma-delta T cell

A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.


follicular B cell

A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.


ADP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate.


interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 isoform m1 (mouse)

An interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O88786-1.


tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 (mouse)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q925P2-3.


CEACAM1a-4S, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Short in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-2, 35-458, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-2S (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 sequence variant CEACAM1a (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q3LFS8. This form contains the two copies of the Ig domain and is the version with shorter cytoplasmic tail.


CEACAM1a-4L, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Long in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-1, 35-521, MOD:00160.


advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 10 (mouse)

An advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q62151-10.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 2 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-2.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 1 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-1.


NRG1_MOUSE Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


fibroblast growth factor receptor apoptotic signaling pathway

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An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


smooth muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


skeletal muscle tissue development

The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.


cardiac muscle cell proliferation

The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.


immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.


positive regulation of immunoglobulin production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.


lung secretory cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.


pre-B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.


regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.


negative regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.


dorsal striatum

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Dorsal components of the striatum comprising the caudate nucleus and the putamen, in species that have distinct nuclei; the caudoputamen in species which don't.


asymmetric synapse

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.


cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


acetylcholine-gated channel complex

A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.


bipolar neuron

A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.


dentate gyrus mossy fiber

Distinctive, unmyelinated axons produced by dentate gyrus granule cells.


GABAergic interneuron

An interneuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter.  These interneurons are inhibitory


neurotrophin TRKB receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRKB receptor.


intracellular zinc ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of zinc ions within a cell.


neural precursor cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.


protein localization to cell surface

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


neuron cellular homeostasis

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.


L-cystine transport

The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


synaptic vesicle recycling

The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.


regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


glial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.


NMDA glutamate receptor activity

An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages.


synaptic transmission, GABAergic

The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


neuroblast proliferation

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


apical dendrite arborization

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic tree are generated on the apical neuron side and organized into dendritic branches.


central nervous system neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.


regulation of synapse structural plasticity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.


chemorepellent activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.


pyramidal neuron development

The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.


regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a glutamate receptor.


glutamate reuptake

The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


regulation of resting membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.


regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.


serotonergic neuron axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone of a serotonergic neuron to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


sequestering of neurotransmitter

The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


GABAergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.


positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.


neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering

The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


endocannabinoid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an endocannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Endocannabinoids are small molecules derived from arachidonic acid, anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.


gephyrin clustering involved in postsynaptic density assembly

The clustering process in which gephyrin molecules are localized to distinct domains in the postsynaptic density as part of postsynaptic density assembly. Gephyrin is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses.


regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter.


homocysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine.


dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gs

Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.


DNA topoisomerase type I (single strand cut, ATP-independent) activity

Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle.


hippocampus development

The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.


forebrain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).


glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform Alpha-3L (mouse)

A glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


cytoskeleton

A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.


catalytic activity

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity

Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.


adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


dopamine secretion

The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.


oligodendrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.


synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


membrane depolarization

The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


serotonin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


telencephalon cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.


G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity

Combining with an opioid (any narcotic derived from or resembling opium), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


dopamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.


adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


catechol-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.


dopamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


dopamine binding

Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go

Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


phospholipase D-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of phosphatidic acid (PA).


striatum development

The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.


nucleus accumbens development

The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia.


subpallium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 2 (mouse)

A D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 2 (mouse)

A catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mammary gland specification

The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.


blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.


regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


glycosaminoglycan

Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


F13B_HUMAN Coagulation factor XIII B chain (sprot)

A coagulation factor XIII B chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA5_HUMAN Coagulation factor V (sprot)

A coagulation factor V that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPCR_HUMAN Endothelial protein C receptor (sprot)

An endothelial protein C receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


IPSP_HUMAN Plasma serine protease inhibitor (sprot)

A plasma serine protease inhibitor that is encoded in the genome of human.


FIBB_HUMAN Fibrinogen beta chain (sprot)

A fibrinogen beta chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


THRB_HUMAN Prothrombin (sprot)

A prothrombin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRBM_HUMAN Thrombomodulin (sprot)

A thrombomodulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAR1_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (sprot)

A proteinase-activated receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HEP2_HUMAN Heparin cofactor 2 (sprot)

A heparin cofactor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FIBA_HUMAN Fibrinogen alpha chain (sprot)

A fibrinogen alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


F13A_HUMAN Coagulation factor XIII A chain (sprot)

A coagulation factor XIII A chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


PROC_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent protein C (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent protein C that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA8_HUMAN Coagulation factor VIII (sprot)

A coagulation factor VIII that is encoded in the genome of human.


PROS_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent protein S (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent protein S that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity.


neuropeptide processing

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a neuropeptide precursor. Processing leads to the attainment of the full functional capacity of the neuropeptide.


complement activation, alternative pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


complement activation

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.


membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.


translational termination

The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.


granzyme-mediated programmed cell death signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the cell death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of cell death is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce cell death in target cells.


angiotensin maturation

The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of angiotensinogen into mature angiotensin in the blood.


insulin processing

The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.


collagen catabolic process

The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.


regulation of complement activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.


regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


peptide hormone processing

The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.


extracellular matrix disassembly

A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.


cornification

A type of programmed cell death that occurs in the epidermis, morphologically and biochemically distinct from apoptosis. It leads to the formation of corneocytes, i.e. dead keratinocytes containing an amalgam of specific proteins (e.g., keratin, loricrin, SPR and involucrin) and lipids (e.g., fatty acids and ceramides), which are necessary for the function of the cornified skin layer (mechanical resistance, elasticity, water repellence and structural stability).


fibrinolysis

A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.


hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a hepatocyte growth factor receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


antimicrobial humoral response

An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.


complement activation, classical pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X.


blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.


signal peptide processing

The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.


nerve growth factor processing

The generation of a mature nerve growth factor (NGF) by proteolysis of a precursor.


glucagon processing

The formation of mature glucagon by proteolysis of the precursor proglucagon.


disulfide oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.


endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


Golgi to secretory granule transport

The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.


negative regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


beta-galactoside (CMP) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R.


O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


UDP-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule.


Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.


fusogenic activity

The activity of joining two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.


Golgi membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.


Golgi lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.


secretory granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.


SPIKE_SARS2 Spike glycoprotein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the S gene in SARS-CoV-2.


NOTC3_HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 (sprot)

A neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOTC2_HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 (sprot)

A neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BID_HUMAN BH3-interacting domain death agonist (sprot)

A BH3-interacting domain death agonist that is encoded in the genome of human.


HGF_HUMAN Hepatocyte growth factor (sprot)

A hepatocyte growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA7_HUMAN Coagulation factor VII (sprot)

A coagulation factor VII that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA9_HUMAN Coagulation factor IX (sprot)

A coagulation factor IX that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA12_HUMAN Coagulation factor XII (sprot)

A coagulation factor XII that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP10_HUMAN Stromelysin-2 (sprot)

A stromelysin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP1_HUMAN Interstitial collagenase (sprot)

An interstitial collagenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP9_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP13_HUMAN Collagenase 3 (sprot)

A collagenase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP2_HUMAN 72 kDa type IV collagenase (sprot)

A 72 kDa type IV collagenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP7_HUMAN Matrilysin (sprot)

A matrilysin that is encoded in the genome of human.


GAS6_HUMAN Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (sprot)

A growth arrest-specific protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PROZ_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent protein Z (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent protein Z that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP3_HUMAN Stromelysin-1 (sprot)

A stromelysin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP8_HUMAN Neutrophil collagenase (sprot)

A neutrophil collagenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP11_HUMAN Stromelysin-3 (sprot)

A stromelysin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLUC_HUMAN Pro-glucagon (sprot)

A pro-glucagon that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO2_HUMAN Complement C2 (sprot)

A complement C2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CFAB_HUMAN Complement factor B (sprot)

A complement factor B that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOTC1_HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (sprot)

A neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THIK_HUMAN 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal (sprot)

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


SCP2_HUMAN Sterol carrier protein 2 (sprot)

A sterol carrier protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COLI_HUMAN Pro-opiomelanocortin (sprot)

A pro-opiomelanocortin that is encoded in the genome of human.


appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 (human)

An appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATF6A_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


GIP_HUMAN Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (sprot)

A gastric inhibitory polypeptide that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAMP_HUMAN Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (sprot)

A cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK8_HUMAN Kallikrein-8 (sprot)

A kallikrein-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HGFL_HUMAN Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (sprot)

A hepatocyte growth factor-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L4_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L1_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L2_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CREB3_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L3_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACOX1_HUMAN Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (sprot)

A peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYSD1_HUMAN Peroxisomal leader peptide-processing protease (sprot)

A peroxisomal leader peptide-processing protease that is encoded in the genome of human.


ADAS_HUMAN Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, peroxisomal (sprot)

An alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHB4_HUMAN Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 (sprot)

A peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAHX_HUMAN Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal (sprot)

A phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP25_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-25 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


appetite-regulating hormone isoform 2 (human)

An appetite-regulating hormone isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP17_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-17 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP24_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-24 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR1_HUMAN Complement receptor type 1 (sprot)

A complement receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


N-terminal N-acetyl-L-serine residue

An N-terminal alpha-amino-acid residue derived from N-terminal N-acetyl-L-serine.


polypeptide

A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.


FA10_HUMAN Coagulation factor X (sprot)

A coagulation factor X that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO5_HUMAN Complement C5 (sprot)

A complement C5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO3_HUMAN Complement C3 (sprot)

A complement C3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform Short (human)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IBP3_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALS_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


COHA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


HRG_HUMAN Histidine-rich glycoprotein (sprot)

A histidine-rich glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform hSREBP-1C (human)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P36956-3.


MCP_HUMAN Membrane cofactor protein (sprot)

A membrane cofactor protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB6_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 6 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDGFB_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (sprot)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit B that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGF2_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor II (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor II that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform Long (human)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGF1_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor I (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor I that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4A_HUMAN Complement C4-A (sprot)

A complement C4-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4B_HUMAN Complement C4-B (sprot)

A complement C4-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 1 (human)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EFNB2_HUMAN Ephrin-B2 (sprot)

An ephrin-B2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB3_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 3 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB4_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 4 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB1_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 1 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO7A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(VII) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(VII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


EFNB3_HUMAN Ephrin-B3 (sprot)

An ephrin-B3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CONA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


COPA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDGFD_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor D (sprot)

A platelet-derived growth factor D that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet-derived growth factor C isoform 1 (human)

A platelet-derived growth factor C isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TMPS2_HUMAN Transmembrane protease serine 2 (sprot)

A transmembrane protease serine 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP19_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-19 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP12_HUMAN Macrophage metalloelastase (sprot)

A macrophage metalloelastase that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATS_HUMAN Cathepsin S (sprot)

A cathepsin S that is encoded in the genome of human.


CMA1_HUMAN Chymase (sprot)

A chymase that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEC2_HUMAN Neuroendocrine convertase 2 (sprot)

A neuroendocrine convertase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRTN3_HUMAN Myeloblastin (sprot)

A myeloblastin that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK13_HUMAN Kallikrein-13 (sprot)

A kallikrein-13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UROK_HUMAN Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (sprot)

A urokinase-type plasminogen activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPA_HUMAN Tissue-type plasminogen activator (sprot)

A tissue-type plasminogen activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATK_HUMAN Cathepsin K (sprot)

A cathepsin K that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLL1_HUMAN Tolloid-like protein 1 (sprot)

A tolloid-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP20_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-20 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATL2_HUMAN Cathepsin L2 (sprot)

A cathepsin L2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CFAD_HUMAN Complement factor D (sprot)

A complement factor D that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK1_HUMAN Kallikrein-1 (sprot)

A kallikrein-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK3_HUMAN Prostate-specific antigen (sprot)

A prostate-specific antigen that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRY1_HUMAN Serine protease 1 (sprot)

A serine protease 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRY2_HUMAN Trypsin-2 (sprot)

A trypsin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATB_HUMAN Cathepsin B (sprot)

A cathepsin B that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP1_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK2_HUMAN Kallikrein-2 (sprot)

A kallikrein-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRAM_HUMAN Granzyme M (sprot)

A granzyme M that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLL2_HUMAN Tolloid-like protein 2 (sprot)

A tolloid-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDIA1_HUMAN Protein disulfide-isomerase (sprot)

A protein disulfide-isomerase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGLT1_HUMAN Protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RENI_HUMAN Renin (sprot)

A renin that is encoded in the genome of human.


MBOA4_HUMAN Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (sprot)

A ghrelin O-acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIAT6_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-1,4-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (sprot)

A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-1,4-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIA4C_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 (sprot)

A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFNG_HUMAN Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe (sprot)

A beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATD_HUMAN Cathepsin D (sprot)

A cathepsin D that is encoded in the genome of human.


LFNG_HUMAN Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe (sprot)

A beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIA10_HUMAN Type 2 lactosamine alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (sprot)

A type 2 lactosamine alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


RFNG_HUMAN Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase radical fringe (sprot)

A beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase radical fringe that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphate ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.


sphingolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


copper ion binding

Binding to a copper (Cu) ion.


cholesterol homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.


triglyceride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


glutathione metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.


hormone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


inorganic diphosphate transport

The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tissue homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


triglyceride homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within an organism or cell.


lipid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.


monoatomic ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


cholesterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.


lactate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.


lipoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


glycoprotein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


lipoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


cysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


positive regulation of protein secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.


membrane lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.


regulation of cholesterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


The pentaanion of a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.


1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate(6-)

Hexaanion of 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate arising from glabal deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thrombin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


regulation of cell shape

Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.


positive regulation of cell growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


negative regulation of peptidase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


execution phase of apoptosis

A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring as part of autophagy, the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


selective autophagy

The macroautophagy process in which specific structures are targeted by the autophagy process.


positive regulation of protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


negative regulation of protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.


hippocampal formation

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment].


parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse

An excitatory synapse formed by the parallel fibers of granule cells synapsing onto the dendrites of Purkinje cells.


MOT4_HUMAN Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (sprot)

A monocarboxylate transporter 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptide cross-linking

The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.


lens epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of lens epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Lens epithelial cells make up the lens epithelium, which is located in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers and is a simple cuboidal epithelium. The epithelial cells of the lens regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens such as osmolarity and liquid volume. The lens epithelial cells also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. The lens epithelium constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.


cell-cell contact zone

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.


neural tube closure

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.


inner ear receptor cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.


auditory receptor cell morphogenesis

Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.


morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.


cochlear nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


cardiac chamber formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.


atrial cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.


sensory hair cell

Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.


nucleolus

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.


brush border

The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.


establishment of mitotic spindle orientation

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.


glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.


intestinal epithelial cell maturation

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.


epithelial cell of stomach

An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.


pulmonary interstitial fibroblast

A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


strial marginal cell

A polarized columnar cell that covesr the lateral surface of the cochlear duct, secretes potassium ions and forms a continuous sheet in contact with the endolymph; marginal cells form extensive interdigitations with the basal and intermediate cells in the normal adult stria.


pigmented ciliary epithelial cell

A cell that is part of pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type uptakes sodium and chloride ions from stromal interstitium and passes the ions to non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells via gap junctions.


luminal cell of prostate epithelium

The exocrine cell of the prostate, this epithelial cell secretes prostatic acid phosphotase and PSA, and is dependent on androgen hormones for survival.


M cell of gut

An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.


auditory epithelial cell

A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception.


nasopharyngeal epithelial cell

Cell of the nasopharyngeal epithelium.


non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell

A cell that is part of non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type participates in aqueous humor formation by releasing solute, principally sodium and chloride ions received from pigmented epithelial cells via gap junctions, into the aqueous humor of the eye.


mesothelial cell

A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity.


MAL_HUMAN Myelin and lymphocyte protein (sprot)

A myelin and lymphocyte protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein kinase C zeta type phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A protein kinase C zeta type (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on a Thr residue equivalent to Thr-410 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q02956. UniProtKB:Q02956, Thr-410, MOD:00047.


LRC15_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TORC2 complex

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p.


negative regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


pro-B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.


regulation of pro-B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.


immature B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.


positive regulation of B cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.


TORC1 complex

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p.


protein localization to lysosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.


negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


cell proliferation involved in kidney development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.


mitochondrial inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.


interstitial matrix

A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens.


myosin complex

A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.


mitochondrial envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.


intraciliary transport particle B

The larger subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights around 550 kDa.


brush border membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.


ciliary inversin compartment

Proximal part of the ciliary shaft to which the inversin protein (also called Inv) specifically localizes. The inversin compartment appears to have a different protein composition than the rest of the cilium, although there is no structure that separates it form the distal part of the cilium.


smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.


inflammatory response to wounding

The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.


dATP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


intraciliary transport particle B binding

Binding to an intraciliary transport particle B (IFT B) complex.


negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.


cell projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.


glycosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


vacuole organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.


chondroitin sulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.


renal system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).


signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.


adenosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


deoxyadenosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


response to sodium phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium phosphate stimulus.


response to magnesium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.


secretion of lysosomal enzymes

The controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.


negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


response to osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


Golgi organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.


collagen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


regulation of non-motile cilium assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.


response to salt stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of osmotic stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


organ growth

The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.


mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis

Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in nephron morphogenesis.


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.


fatty acid beta-oxidation

A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus are generated and organized. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.


centrosome localization

Any process in which a centrosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


cell differentiation involved in kidney development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


sphingosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


IMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.


renal water transport

The directed movement of water (H2O) by the renal system.


cellular response to water deprivation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of water.


regulation of DNA methylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.


glucose-6-phosphate transport

The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


carnitine transport

The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


urea transport

The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.


protein localization to ciliary inversin compartment

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary inversin compartment.


epithelial cell maturation

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


amino acid transmembrane transport

The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.


epithelial cell proliferation involved in renal tubule morphogenesis

Any epithelial cell proliferation that is involved in renal tubule morphogenesis.


positive regulation of amino acid transport

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


iron-responsive element binding

Binding to an iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins.


regulation of angiotensin metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving angiotensin.


carboxylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = a carboxylate + an alcohol + H(+).


progesterone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


dermatan sulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-galactose = alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP.


globoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).


nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


inosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


acetylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.


glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


purine nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development

Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephros development.


metanephric nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


C11B2_MOUSE Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 11B that is a translation product of the Cyp11b2 gene in mouse.


mitochondrion localization

Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


skeletal muscle fiber development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


response to dietary excess

The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.


mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.


myofibril

The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.


Schwann cell

A glial cell that myelinates or ensheathes axons in the peripheral nervous system.


subcutaneous fat cell

A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue.


spinal cord motor neuron

A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.


respiratory electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


response to insulin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.


glomerulus development

The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


regulation of ATP citrate synthase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.


fat cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.


podocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a glomerular visceral epithelial cell.


renal albumin absorption

A renal system process in which albumin is taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron.


neuromuscular junction development, skeletal muscle fiber

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction that targets a skeletal muscle fiber.


postsynaptic density organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.


dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial isoform 2 (mouse)

A dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TORC2 signaling

A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.


temperature homeostasis

A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.


brown fat cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of brown fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A brown fat cell is a fat cell found the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species.


response to muscle activity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.


regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.


alpha-sialidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-glycosidic linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.


bone remodeling

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.


bone resorption

The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.


ossification involved in bone remodeling

The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.


DLK1_HUMAN Protein delta homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein delta homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


negative regulation of ossification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


positive regulation of bone resorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.


osteoclast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


embryonic skeletal system development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.


negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


odontogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.


tooth mineralization

The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.