positive regulation of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway.


structural constituent of skin epidermis

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an epidermal cutaneous structure.


desmosome assembly

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.


striated muscle thin filament

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils.


LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 6 (mouse)

A LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


polyamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, from one side of a membrane to the other.


GMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


'de novo' XMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate, from simpler precursors.


purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


Adenosine Phosphate

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


adenine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.


HPRT_HUMAN Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (sprot)

A hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMPD2_HUMAN AMP deaminase 2 (sprot)

An AMP deaminase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMPD1_HUMAN AMP deaminase 1 (sprot)

An AMP deaminase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GMP synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + NH4(+) = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + 2H+.


regulation of hemopoiesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.


chromatin loop anchoring activity

Bridging together two DNA loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.


'de novo' AMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP).


'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.


AMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


purine nucleotide salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


purine nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


PUR8_HUMAN Adenylosuccinate lyase (sprot)

An adenylosuccinate lyase that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMP binding

Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


adenine binding

Binding to adenine, a purine base.


adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


negative regulation of cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAPK cascade involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis.


GMPR1_HUMAN GMP reductase 1 (sprot)

A GMP reductase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GMPR2_HUMAN GMP reductase 2 (sprot)

A GMP reductase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).


cerebellar granular layer development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


histone arginine deiminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl = histone 3 L-citrullyl + NH4+, resulting in histone citrullination.


ATP transport

The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


xenobiotic transmembrane transport

The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


conjugation with cellular fusion

A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


structural constituent of cell wall

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cell wall.


negative regulation of microglial cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.


positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.


synaptosomal-associated protein 25 isoform 2 (mouse)

A synaptosomal-associated protein 25 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation

A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.


positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.


larynx morphogenesis

The process in which the larynx is generated and organized. The larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.


negative regulation of synapse maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse maturation.


hypoblast (generic)

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


syndecan binding

Binding to syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells.


type A cell of stomach

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon.


transforming growth factor beta binding

Binding to TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types.


synaptic vesicle cycle

A biological process in which synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitters, move to the active zone, exocytose and are then recycled via endocytosis, ultimately leading to reloading with neurotransmitters.


laminin-1 binding

Binding to laminin-1, a glycoprotein trimer with the subunit composition alpha1, beta1, gamma1.


prostate gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.


salivary gland cavitation

The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.


striated muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.


prostate epithelial cord elongation

The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length.


positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


regulation of proteolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.


regulation of prostatic bud formation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.


mesenchymal smoothened signaling pathway involved in prostate gland development

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.


tracheoesophageal septum formation

The process that gives rise to the tracheoesophageal septum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


cell proliferation in external granule layer

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere.


regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


left lung development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.


primary prostatic bud elongation

The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms.


negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


skeletal muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

The multiplication or reproduction of mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.


right lung development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.


hippocampus stratum oriens

Layer that is part of the CA fields of the hippocampus consisting of a narrow relatively cell free layer located deep to the pyramidal cell layer extending through areas CA1, CA2 and CA3. (adapted from Paxinos The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).


diencephalon

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle.


5HT1B_CRIGR 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (sprot)


pharynx development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.


negative regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.


nucleotide salvage

Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


DCK_HUMAN Deoxycytidine kinase (sprot)

A deoxycytidine kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


fungal-type cell wall organization or biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a fungal-type cell wall.


negative regulation of mesoderm development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.


Tr1 cell

CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10.


TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RARB_MOUSE Retinoic acid receptor beta (sprot)

A retinoic acid receptor beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


positive regulation of type III interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.


facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex


TBP-class protein binding

Binding to a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs).


serum response element binding

Binding to a serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.


regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


negative regulation of interleukin-12 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.


cellular response to dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


positive regulation of biomineral tissue development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.


protein localization to tricellular tight junction

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a tricellular tight junction.


appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 cleaved and non-octanoylated 1 (mouse)

An appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 cleaved and non-octanoylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9EQX0-1, 24-51, Ser-26, PR:000026291.


BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 4 (human)

A BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.


response to transforming growth factor beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


immune system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.


paraxial mesoderm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized.


positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.


structural constituent of postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton.


morphogenesis of a branching epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.


NFYC_HUMAN Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma (sprot)

A nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


NFYA_HUMAN Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha (sprot)

A nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


NFYB_HUMAN Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit beta (sprot)

A nuclear transcription factor Y subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of protein homodimerization activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.


cholangiocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.


AAMP_HUMAN Angio-associated migratory cell protein (sprot)

An angio-associated migratory cell protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process from tyrosine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxybenzoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADH + H+.


regulation of lysosome size

Any process that modulates the size of a lysosome.


negative regulation of melanocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


photoreceptor cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.


homologous recombination

A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.


PUR6_HUMAN Bifunctional phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (sprot)

A bifunctional phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PURA2_HUMAN Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 (sprot)

An adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PUR9_HUMAN Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC (sprot)

A bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of cellular senescence

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.


heart rudiment morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized.


cell migration involved in heart jogging

The orderly movement of a cell of the myocardium from one site to another that will contribute to heart jogging.


regulation of cilium movement

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.


UTP binding

Binding to UTP, uridine 5'-triphosphate.


'de novo' UMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD+ or oxygen.


'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.


TNR22_MOUSE Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 22 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 22 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TNR23_MOUSE Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 23 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 23 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.


maltose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.


UCK2_HUMAN Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (sprot)

A uridine-cytidine kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate(2-)

The conjugate base of a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate compound.


serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on the residue at the position equivalent to Ser-2448 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1. UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1, Ser-2448, MOD:00046.


serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at at position equivalent to Ser-2448 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1. UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1, Ser-2448, PR:000026291.


cardiac ventricle

Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart.


regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.


ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.


thermosensory behavior

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.


sperm motility

Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.


polysome

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.


wybutosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.


response to angiotensin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.


positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in an increase in the rate or frequency of a MAPKKK cascade.


fibroblast growth factor binding

Binding to a fibroblast growth factor.


negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor production

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.


positive regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of parathyroid hormone secretion.


regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


Cysteaminium

An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of cysteamine; major species at pH 7.3.


phosphodiesterase I activity

Catalysis of the sequential hydrolytic removal of 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides.


negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.


inflammatory cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.


lymphocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.


negative regulation of long-term synaptic depression

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.


oxygen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).


angiotensin-mediated vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of angiotensin into the blood stream.


peptidyl-lysine modification

The modification of peptidyl-lysine.


nerve growth factor binding

Binding to nerve growth factor (NGF).


death receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death.


detection of temperature stimulus

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.


insulin-responsive glucose:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + H(out)+ = glucose(in) + H(in)+, in response to a stimulus by insulin. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


amylopectin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine = ethanolamine + 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.


embryonic nail plate morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of a nail plate are generated and organized. The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin, and serves to protect the tips of digits.


ceramide transport

The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.


chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual.


alveolar secondary septum development

The progression of a secondary alveolar septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A secondary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that subdivides the initial saccule.


negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.


substantia nigra development

The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis).


regulation of collagen metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.


amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


pheromone binding

Binding to a pheromone, a substance, or characteristic mixture of substances, that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.


relaxation of vascular associated smooth muscle

A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.


regulation of protein export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


protein localization to nucleolus

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.


dTMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).


S phase

The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place.


tetrahydrofolate interconversion

The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.


NDKA_HUMAN Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (sprot)

A nucleoside diphosphate kinase A that is encoded in the genome of human.


purine nucleotide binding

Binding to a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide.


B3GNL_HUMAN UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein 1 (sprot)

A UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GN9_HUMAN UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9 (sprot)

A UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GN6_HUMAN Acetylgalactosaminyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (sprot)

An acetylgalactosaminyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GN8_HUMAN UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 8 (sprot)

A UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GN5_HUMAN Lactosylceramide 1,3-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase (sprot)

A UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


tetrahydrofolate

A folate obtained by deprotonation of any tetrahydrofolic acid.


metal-dependent deubiquitinase activity

An metal-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


voltage-gated sodium channel complex

A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.


cardiac pacemaker cell of sinoatrial node

A nodal myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.


myoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


C-terminal protein demethylation

The removal of a methyl group from the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.


regulation of unidimensional cell growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of unidimensional cell growth, the process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis.


actinin binding

Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.


ligand-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.


tryptophan catabolic process to indole-3-acetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.


indole metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


L-tryptophan transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-tryptophan across a membrane.


L-tryptophan decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + tryptamine.


tryptophanase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H2O = indole + NH4 + pyruvate.


OXLA_HUMAN L-amino-acid oxidase (sprot)

An L-amino-acid oxidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


L-tryptophan aminotransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-tryptophan to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.


multivesicular body-lysosome fusion

The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.


negative regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).


SL9C1_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9B2_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B2 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A9_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A6_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A7_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 7 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A8_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


detoxification of iron ion

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of iron ion. These include transport of iron away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of iron ion.


Oxido(oxo)iron

The inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide; major species at pH 7.3.


iron-sulfur cluster

An iron-sulfur cluster is a unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands.


FBXL5_HUMAN F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5 (sprot)

An F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACOHC_HUMAN Cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase (sprot)

A cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.


natriuretic peptides A isoform 1 (mouse)

An atrial natriuretic factor isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


sodium ion export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cardiac muscle tissue growth

The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.


negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


LTP_HHV11 Large tegument protein deneddylase (sprot)


positive regulation of protein K48-linked ubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.


krueppel-like factor 4 ubiquitinated form (mouse)

A krueppel-like factor 4 (mouse) that includes at least one ubiquitinated lysine. UniProtKB:Q60793, MOD:01148.


regulation of RNA splicing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.


protein decrotonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[protein].


peptide crotonyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: crotonyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-crotonyl-lysine-peptide.


MARE1_HUMAN Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 (sprot)

A microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COPII-coated vesicle cargo loading

The formation of a macromolecular complex between the COPII coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by the COPII vesicle to the Golgi.


regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


otolith tethering

The attachment of a developing otolith to the kinocilia of tether cells in the inner ear.


piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 isoform m4 (mouse)

A piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8CD54-1 except that it is missing amino acids 1539-1561. UniProtKB:Q8CD54-1, 1-1538, 1562-2822.


piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 isoform m1 (mouse)

A piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8CD54-1.


cellular response to methylmercury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylmercury stimulus.


A 2-amino-1-hydroxyoctadecan-3-one that has S-configuration.


ceramide phosphoethanolamine

Any of a class of phosphosphingolipids in which the amino group of a sphingoid base is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxy group of the sphingoid base is esterified to phosphorylethanolamine.


Any ceramide in which the acyl group carries a hydroxy substituent at position 2.


Sphinganine 1-phosphate

A sphingoid 1-phosphate that is the monophosphorylated derivative of  sphinganine.


ACER2_HUMAN Alkaline ceramidase 2 (sprot)

An alkaline ceramidase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMS1_HUMAN Phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase 1 (sprot)

A phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to acetylcholine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.


positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.


monocyte activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


ciliary body morphogenesis

The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.


regulation of melanocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.


cellular response to pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


facial nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junctions.


positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development.


cardiac ventricle formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.


endothelin A receptor binding

Binding to an endothelin A receptor.


regulation of pH

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.


protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).


rhythmic excitation

Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit.


positive regulation of renal sodium excretion

Any process that increases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.


positive regulation of urine volume

Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.


negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.


negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.


detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


thermoception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).


olfactory pit development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx.


olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.


interneuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of an interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. An interneuron is any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region, as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine

The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.


negative regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine

Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin

The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.


posterior midgut development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


semaphorin receptor activity

Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of negative chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


trigeminal nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.


chemorepulsion of branchiomotor axon

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


postganglionic parasympathetic fiber development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the postganglionic portion of the parasympathetic fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic fiber is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.


slit diaphragm

A specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.


negative regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.


talin binding

Binding to a talin, a family of related cytoskeletal proteins that play a role in assembly of actin filaments and migration of various cell types.


negative regulation of ruffle assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.


peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.


vinculin binding

Binding to vinculin, a protein found in muscle, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells that binds actin and appears to mediate attachment of actin filaments to integral proteins of the plasma membrane.


metanephric podocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.


vasoconstriction of artery involved in baroreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure

A process that is triggered by vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.


storage vacuole

A vacuole that functions primarily in the storage of materials, including nutrients, pigments, waste products, and small molecules.


regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


negative regulation of the force of heart contraction involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure

Any process that decreases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.


apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.


brain renin-angiotensin system

The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.


regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


regulation of renal output by angiotensin

The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.


positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.


endodermal cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


negative regulation of translational elongation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.


rhombomere 2 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 2 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere 3 morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 3 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


calcitonin receptor binding

Binding to a calcitonin receptor.


muscle myosin complex

A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type.


ascospore wall assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an ascospore wall. During sporulation in Ascomycota, each ascospore nucleus becomes surrounded by a specialized spore wall, formed by deposition of spore wall components in the lumenal space between the outer and inner leaflets of the prospore membrane. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


Osteoblast that is non-terminally differentiated and located in cellular bone tissue or under the periosteum in acellular bone.


collagen type III trimer

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


SMAD7_MOUSE Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (sprot)

A smad7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.


negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.


keratocyte

A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblastÂ residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. ThisÂ cornealÂ layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate.


cartilage homeostasis

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within cartilage, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


regulation of cation channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.


HYDROGEN SULFIDE

A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.


Dimethylamine

A secondary aliphatic amine where both N-substituents are methyl.


Aflatoxin Q1

A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at the pro-3S position is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Aflatoxin M1

A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.


An arsenic oxide in which arsenic and oxygen atoms are present in the ratio 2:3.


Trisodium arsenate

An inorganic sodium salt composed from sodium cations and arsenate anions in a 3:1 ratio.


Lactic Acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Mitoxantrone

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.


Antimonyl (potassium tartrate trihydrate)

A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of dipotassium bis[mu-tartrato(4-)]diantimonate(2-).


Tauroursodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.


Epinephrine

The R-enantiomer of adrenaline. It is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands resulting in the 'fight-or-flight' response.


acid

An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).


Cholic acid

A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.


Furosemide

A  chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.


A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu.  It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).


Rosuvastatin Calcium

An organic calcium salt that is the hemicalcium salt of rosuvastatin.


Methylprednisolone

The 6alpha-stereoisomer of  6-methylprednisolone.


Chenodeoxycholic acid

A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.


Prednisone

A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.


very low density lipoprotein triglyceride


Succinic Acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.


Oxytocin

A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.


Aminohippuric acid

An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.


Taurodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.


Muricholic acid

A group of trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids that are the 6,7-diastereoisomers of 3alpha,6,7-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid.


Calcein AM

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is  calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.


Dihydrocholesterol

A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholestane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.


Oxypurinol

A  pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.


4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.


Dpdpe

A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.


Pyruvic Acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.


Lopinavir

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is amphetamine is substituted on nitrogen by a (2,6-dimethylphenoxy)acetyl group and on the carbon alpha- to nitrogen by a (1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-{[(2S)-3-methyl-2-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)butanoyl]amino}-4-phenylbutyl group. An antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class, it is used against HIV infections as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, ritonavir.


Acetaminophen glucuronide

A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).


Corticotropin

A polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland comprising 39 amino acid residues coupled in a linear sequence. The N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Corticotropin stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also sex steroids (androgens). It is used in the treatment of certain neurological disorders such as infantile spasms and multiple sclerosis, and diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.


Abscisic acid

The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.


anion

A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.


Bendroflumethiazide

A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.


A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.


cephalosporin

A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring.  Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.


central plaque of mitotic spindle pole body

One of three laminate structures that form the mitotic spindle pole body; the inner plaque is on the nuclear face of the spindle pole body.


mitotic spindle pole body duplication

Any spindle pole body duplication that is involved in the mitotic cell cycle.


signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting

A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana.


cortical granule

A secretory vesicle that is stored under the cell membrane of an egg. These vesicles fuse with the egg plasma membrane as part of egg activation and are part of the block to polyspermy.


TNNI3_HUMAN Troponin I, cardiac muscle (sprot)

A troponin I, cardiac muscle that is encoded in the genome of human.


fungal-type cell wall organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fungal-type cell wall.


alpha-amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.


somatic muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.


NatB complex

A conserved complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to the N-terminal residue of a protein acceptor molecule that has a Met-Glu, Met-Asp, Met-Asn, or Met-Met N-terminus. In Saccharomyces the complex includes Nat3p and Mdm20p.


axon arborization

The process in which the terminal anatomical structures of an axon are generated and organized into branches of specialised projections, or boutons. An axon is the long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminal branches.


FMN binding

Binding to flavin mono nucleotide. Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) is the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.


flavin adenine dinucleotide binding

Binding to FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2.


cob(II)alamin

A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.


succinyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinyl-CoA.


purine nucleotide uniporter activity

Catalysis of the active transport of purine nucleotides across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.


ABCA5_HUMAN Cholesterol transporter ABCA5 (sprot)

A cholesterol transporter ABCA5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S29A3_HUMAN Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (sprot)

An equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S15A3_HUMAN Solute carrier family 15 member 3 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 15 member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPC2_HUMAN Two pore channel protein 2 (sprot)

A two pore channel protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPC1_HUMAN Two pore channel protein 1 (sprot)

A two pore channel protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


metallochaperone activity

Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.


Depinar

A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12.


AMNLS_HUMAN Protein amnionless (sprot)

A protein amnionless that is encoded in the genome of human.


gastric emptying

The process in which the liquid and liquid-suspended solid contents of the stomach exit through the pylorus into the duodenum.


radial pattern formation

The regionalization process that results in defined areas around a point in which specific types of cell differentiation will occur.


LMBD1_HUMAN Lysosomal cobalamin transport escort protein LMBD1 (sprot)

A lysosomal cobalamin transport escort protein LMBD1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MA2B2_HUMAN Epididymis-specific alpha-mannosidase (sprot)

An epididymis-specific alpha-mannosidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEUR4_HUMAN Sialidase-4 (sprot)

A sialidase-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPT2_HUMAN Lysosomal thioesterase PPT2 (sprot)

A lysosomal thioesterase PPT2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPT1_HUMAN Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (sprot)

A palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AT132_HUMAN Polyamine-transporting ATPase 13A2 (sprot)

A polyamine-transporting ATPase 13A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of vitamin metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


insulin receptor binding

Binding to an insulin receptor.


methionine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


LN28A_HUMAN Protein lin-28 homolog A (sprot)

A protein lin-28 homolog A that is encoded in the genome of human.


Flavin adenine dinucleotide

A flavin adenine dinucleotide in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.


Taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate

The steroid sulfate of taurolithocholic acid.


Benzoic Acid

A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.


Phytanic acid

A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.


N-ACETYL-beta-D-GLUCOSAMINE

An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.


N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid

An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.


Cobalt

A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.


coenzyme A

A thiol comprising a panthothenate unit in phosphoric anhydride linkage with a 3',5'-adenosine diphosphate unit; and an aminoethanethiol unit.


thyroid hormone

Any hormone produced by the thyroid gland


Tetracycline

A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.


HEMIN

It is used as a prescription medication to relieve repeated attacks of acute intermittent porphyria related to the menstrual cycle in affected women.


Clofibrate

The ethyl ester of clofibric acid.


Antimony trichloride

An inorganic chloride salt with formula SbCl3. It is used as a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related carotenoids, reacting with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry (the Carr-Price test). Solutions of antimony trichloride were formerly used for dissolving and removing horn stubs from calves and goats.


Prochloraz

A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.


Amitrole

A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.


carbon nanotube

A molecule consisting of a graphene cylinder or two or more concentric graphene cylinders.


Fenretinide

A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.


Fipronil

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.


Furan

A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.


Tetrac

A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.


Niclosamide

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.


Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate

A trialkyl phosphate that is the tris(2-chloroethyl) ester of phosphoric acid.


Zinc Sulfate

A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.


Estradiol benzoate

A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.


Glyphosate

A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).


Succimer

A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.


Ivermectin B1a

A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1a in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin.


Fulvestrant

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.


Baclofen

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of baclofen.


Benzo[e]pyrene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.


flavonoid

Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.


Perfluorononanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is nonanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens in the alkyl chain are replaced by fluorines.


Taxifolin

A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.


Haloperidol

A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.


Gentamicinsulfate salt

Any of a group of aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by fermentation of some Micromonospora spp.


Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid

A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is hexane-1-sulfonic acid in which all thirteen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons have been replaced by fluorines.


Acetylcysteine

An  N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.


Dasatinib hydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate of dasatinib. It is used for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).


pesticide

Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.


2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester


Mustard gas

An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.


Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid

A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.


Pyrene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.


beta-Naphthoflavone

An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.


Diuron

A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.


Rifampicin

A member of the class of rifamycins that is a a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica (previously known as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces mediterranei).


Zoledronic acid

An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.


The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.


Tebuconazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.


Titanium Dioxide

A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.  A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.


Microcystin-LR

A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.


Deisopropylatrazine

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.


Ciglitazone

An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.


Nimesulide

An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.


Isoproterenol

A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.


Oxidopamine

A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).


Triphenyl phosphate

An  aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.


Withaferin A

A  withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.


Pyrazole

The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.


Propylparaben

The benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.   Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products. Also used as a food additive.


Perfluorodecanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.


Stearic Acid

A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and  plastics.


Cyproconazole

A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.


Methylparaben

A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.


Pyrimethanil

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6.  A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.


Diisobutyl phthalate

A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.


Clofibric acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.


Bromobenzene

The simplest member of the class of bromobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a bromine. A liquid at room temperature (m.p. -30degreeC; b.p.760 156degreeC), it is used as a solvent, particularly for large-scale crystallisations, and for the introduction of phenyl groups in organic synthesis.


Dipropyl phthalate

A phthalate ester that is the dipropyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


Psoralen

The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like  Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.


Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid

A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines.


A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4 and 6 have been replaced by bromines. It is commonly used as a fungicide and in the preparation of flame retardants.


A  hydroxyether that is the  ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.


An aminotoluene that is para-toluidine with an additional amino group at position 2.


Miconazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.


Desloratadine

Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an  antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.


herbicide

A substance used to destroy plant pests.


low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to low-density lipoproteins (LDL).


Dizocilpine maleate

A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.


POLYINOSINIC-POLYCYTIDYLIC ACID (HIGH MW)


Bicalutamide

A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.


Pterostilbene

A stilbenol that consists of trans-stilbene bearing a hydroxy group at position 4 as well as two methoxy substituents at positions 3' and 5'.


Pilocarpine

The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.


An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.


Linuron

A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.


Cianidanol

The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.


A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.


An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).


Flufenamic acid

An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.


Perfluorohexanoic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated hexanoic acid.


A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine


Pyraclostrobin

A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.


Diethyldithiocarbamic acid

A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.


An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.


Nickel Sulfate

A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.


Mianserin

A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.


Ciprofloxacin

A  quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.


Tolcapone

Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.


A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.


Methyltrienolone

A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.


Nevirapine

A dipyridodiazepine that is  5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.


Epigallocatechin Gallate

A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.


Cyclothiazide

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.


Bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether

The (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) diether of bisphenol A; a small molecule that inhibits transactivation of the AR amino-terminal domain (NTD).


Chlorogenic Acid

A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin.