MA1B1_HUMAN Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase (sprot)

An endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


VDAC3_HUMAN Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 (sprot)

A voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AKAP5_HUMAN A-kinase anchor protein 5 (sprot)

An A-kinase anchor protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Thymine

A pyrimidine nucleobase that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a methyl group.


Thymidine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase.


GRP75_HUMAN Stress-70 protein, mitochondrial (sprot)

A stress-70 protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


Cupric cation

An ion of copper carrying a double positive charge.


Adenine

The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.


Zwitterionic form of L-leucine.


ZO1_HUMAN Tight junction protein ZO-1 (sprot)

A tight junction protein ZO-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Beta-Carotene

A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.


IDH3G_HUMAN Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial (sprot)

An isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid

An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.


A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


Pyridoxal

A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is converted into pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.


Pyridoxine

A hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.


A zwitterionic form of N(6),N(6),N(6)-trimethyl-L-lysinium cation arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3


N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate

A peptide anion obtained by deprotonation of the three carboxy groups of N-acetyl-Asp-Glu; major species at pH 7.3.


A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion that is the dianion of ADP-D-ribose(2-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


peptide

Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.


Tyramine

A primary amino compound obtained by formal decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine.


An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by a 5-hydroxyindol-3-yl group.


An acetylspermidine having the acetyl group at the N1-position.


Trication of N(1)-acetylspermine arising from protonation of the one primary and two secondary amino groups; major species at pH 7.3.


The 5-phosphonooxy derivative of L-lysine having erythro-stereochemistry.


phosphate monoester

An organic phosphate that is phosphoric acid in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an organyl group.


Methylarsonous acid

A one-carbon compound that is arsonous acid in which the hydrogen attached to arsenic is replaced by a methyl group.


S-Formylglutathione

A S-acylglutathione in which the acyl group specified is formyl.


Acetaminophen sulfate

An aryl sulfate that is paracetamol in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfooxy group.


Dehydroepiandrosterone

An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.


[3H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

The conjugate base of 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate arising from deprotonation of the sulfate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.


Pregnenolone

A 20-oxo steroid that is pregn-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 20.


An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted at position 26 by a hydroxy group.


A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.


Estrone

A 17-oxo steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by an hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.


S-Methyl-L-methionine

A sulfonium compound that is the conjugate acid of S-methyl-L-methioninate.


Cysteamine

An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.


acylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol

An inositol compound having acylglucosaminyl and phosphatidyl substituents on its hydroxy groups.


S-[(2E,6E)-farnesyl]-L-cysteine residue

An alpha-amino-acid residue derived from S-[(2E,6E)-farnesyl]-L-cysteine


globoside

Any glycosphingolipid where the oligosaccharide component has an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue at the non-reducing end.


glycerophospholipid

Any glycerolipid having a phosphate group ester-linked to a terminal carbon of the glycerol backbone.


A hexadecenal containing a double bond at position 2 (the trans-stereoisomer).


A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of  N-acetyl-L-cysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.


Glucose 6-phosphate

A glucopyranose ring with a phosphate replacing the hydroxy in the hydroxymethyl group at position 6.


limit dextrin

Limit dextrin is the remaining polymer produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of amylopectine with an amylase.


Brachiose

A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage.


A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.


A cholestanoyl-CoA formed by thioester linkage between 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid and coenzyme A.


A 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA in which the carbon at position 25 of the steroidal side chain has S configuration.


A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.


UDP-alpha-D-xylose

Dianion of UDP-alpha-D-xylose arising from deprotonation of both free diphosphate OH groups.


Nicotinic acid

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.


(R)-Nadphx

A tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide obtained by formal stero- and regioselective hydration across the 2,3-double bond in the nicotinyl ring of NADPH, with the hydroxy group located at position 2, having (R)-configuration.


Folic Acid

An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.


GlcNAc-Gal-GlcNAc(S)-Gal

An amino tetrasaccharide comprised of two N-acetylated glucosamine residues, of which one is sulfated on O-6, and two galactosyl residues, of which one is at the reducing end. It is an intermediate in the keratan sulfate degradation pathway.


A linear heptasaccharide glycosyl group consisting of two N-acetylgalactosamine residues (both sulfated at the 4-position), one iduronic acid residue sulfated at the 2-position, one glucuronic acid residue and two galactosyl residues linked to a xylosyl residue at the reducing end.


An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.


Ethanol

A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.


Cocaine

A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.


A pyridine nucleoside consisting of 1,4-dihydronicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.


quinone

Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).


Benzylaminium

The conjugate acid of benzylamine; major product at pH 7.3.


Meadowlactone

A delta-lactone obtained by intramolecular condensation of the 5-hydroxy and carboxy groups of 5-hydroxyicosanoic acid. A nonenzymatic oxidation product of arachidonic acid.


Anandamide

An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.


Methimazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.


Trimethylamine

A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an methyl group.


L-selenomethionine

The L-enantiomer of selenomethionine.


A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the tetraanion of 8-oxo-dGTP arising from deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


Major microspecies at pH 7.3.


Deoxyinosine diphosphate

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate obtained by deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups of 2'-deoxyinosine  5'-diphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of 2-oxo-ATP; major microspecies at pH 7.3


Major microspecies at pH 7.3


A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the tetraanion of 2'-deoxy-2-hydroxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, arising from deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


Se-methylselenocysteine

An L-alpha-amino acid compound having methylselanylmethyl as the side-chain.


Iron, isotope of mass 56

An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.


Zwitterionic form of L-threonine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.


An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-isoleucine; major species at pH 7.3.


The L-enantiomer of histidinium(1+).


Pristanoyl-CoA in which C-2 of the pristanoyl group has S-configuration.


The amino acid zwitterion formed from 4-hydroxy-L-proline. It is the major microspecies present at pH 7.3.


D-Aspartic acid

The D-enantiomer of aspartic acid.


An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of cis-3-octenoic acid.


2-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid

A 2-hydroxy fatty acid comprising a C16 straight chain carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2.


Cystine

The L-enantiomer of the sulfur-containing amino acid cystine.


A trisaccharide consisting of D-glucuronic acid, alpha-D-xylosyl and D-glucuronic acid residues joined in sequence by (1->3)-linkages. A repeating unit in glycoprotein DAG1


A glycosylglucopyranuronic acid consisting of alpha-D-xylosyl and D-glucuronic acid residues joined by a (1->3)-linkage. A repeating structure in glycoproteins.


IdCTP

A 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate that is 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the cytosine ring is replaced by iodine.


aflatoxin B1 dialdehyde

A 1,4-dialdehyde compound having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a 7-hydroxy-9-methoxy-3,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydro-3H-furo[3,4-c]chromen-6-yl group at the 3-position.


Aflatoxin B1 endo-8,9-epoxide

A member of the class of aflatoxins that is obtained by the formal epoxidation across the 8,9-double bond of aflatoxin B1.


Sorbitol

The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).


L-gulonate

The L-enantiomer of gulonate.


A medium-chain unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of cis,cis-dodeca-3,6-dienoic acid.


L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate

A threonine derivative that is L-threonine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by and adenyloxycarbonyl group


alpha-L-fucopyranose

An L-fucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.


A GDP-sugar having 4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose as the sugar portion.


Methylglyoxal

A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.


(R)-S-lactoylglutathione

The S-[(R)-lactoyl] derivative of glutathione. It is an intermediate in the pyruvate metabolism.


Urocanic acid

A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.


S-(Hydroxymethyl)glutathione

An S-substituted glutathione that is glutathione in which the mercapto hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate(2-)

Dianion of 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.


Pseudouridine 5'-phosphate

A C-nucleoside phosphate consisting of pseudouridine having a monophosphate group at the 5'-position.


A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.


XTP tetraanion

A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of XTP; major species present at pH 7.3.


dITP tetraanion

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate(4-) that is the tetraanion of 2'-deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate(dITP), arising from deprotonation of the four free OH groups of the triphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


ITP tetraanion

A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ITP; major species present at pH 7.3.


The conjugate base of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.


medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA

A fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any medium-chain fatty acid.


long-chain fatty acyl-CoA

A fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any long-chain (C13 to C22) fatty acid.


GlcNAc (Man)9

A ten-membered branched glucosamine oligosaccharide consisting of nine D-mannosyl residues and one N-acetylglucosamine residue (the latter being located at the reducing end). An intermediate glycan structure of glycosylated proteins


Geranylgeranyl diphosphate

The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.


A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion being the tetraanion formed by global deprotonation of the triphosphate group.


phytosterols

Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.


A dicarboxylic acid dianion resuting from removal of a proton from both carboxy groups of 4-fumarylacetoacetic acid.


Homogentisate

A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic (homogentisic) acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


Aspartame

A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the amino group of methyl L-phenylalaninate. Commonly used as an artificial sweetener.


An alpha-D-galactosyl group derived from alpha-L-Fuc-(1->2)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-alpha-D-Gal-yl group. The blood group O (H) antigen from which subsequent sugar additions form blood groups A, B and AB


An alpha-D-galactosyl group derived from alpha-L-Fuc-(1->2)-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-alpha-D-Gal-yl group. The H (O) antigen formed from a Type 1 precursor chain.


An N(4)-glycosylated asparagine residue in which the glycan moiety is a branched octasaccharide consisting of five D-mannosyl residues and three N-acetylglucosamine residues, one of which at the reducing end is bonded to the asparagine N(4) atom.


Pyridoxamine

A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an aminomethyl group at position 4, a hydroxymethyl group at position 5 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-aminomethyl form of vitamin B6, it is used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.


Ribavirin 5'-diphosphate(3-)

An organophosphate oxoanion resulting from the removal of the three diphosphate OH groups of  ribavirin 5'-diphosphate. It is the major species at pH 7.3.


N-glycan

The term used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of N-glycoproteins when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.


A zwitterion formed from ciprofloxacin by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


STX4_HUMAN Syntaxin-4 (sprot)

A syntaxin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


n-Oleoylethanolamine

An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.


Palmitoylethanolamide

An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.


conjugated protein

Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion.


BAP31_HUMAN B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 (sprot)

A B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LMNB1_HUMAN Lamin-B1 (sprot)

A lamin-B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


amino-acid residue

When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.


SERPH_HUMAN Serpin H1 (sprot)

A serpin H1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RUXF_HUMAN Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (sprot)

A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein F that is encoded in the genome of human.


RSMB_HUMAN Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B' (sprot)

A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B' that is encoded in the genome of human.


RUXG_HUMAN Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein G (sprot)

A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein G that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMD3_HUMAN Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D3 (sprot)

A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RUXE_HUMAN Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E (sprot)

A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMD1_HUMAN Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 (sprot)

A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMD2_HUMAN Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D2 (sprot)

A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VAMP8_HUMAN Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (sprot)

A vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VAMP7_HUMAN Vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (sprot)

A vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZO2_HUMAN Tight junction protein ZO-2 (sprot)

A tight junction protein ZO-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


prelamin-A/C isoform A (human)

A prelamin-A/C isoform A that is encoded in the genome of human.


DESP_HUMAN Desmoplakin (sprot)

A desmoplakin that is encoded in the genome of human.


OCLN_HUMAN Occludin (sprot)

An occludin that is encoded in the genome of human.


PKP1_HUMAN Plakophilin-1 (sprot)

A plakophilin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


2,3-trans-enoyl CoA(4-)

An acyl-CoA(4-) oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of any 2,3-trans-enoyl CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


E41L1_HUMAN Band 4.1-like protein 1 (sprot)

A band 4.1-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLG1_HUMAN Disks large homolog 1 (sprot)

A disks large homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRIC1_HUMAN Prickle-like protein 1 (sprot)

A prickle-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAF1_HUMAN TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (sprot)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


adenosine residue

The nucleoside residue formed from adenosine with linkages at the 3' and 5' positions.


IF4H_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H that is encoded in the genome of human.


A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


VLDLR_HUMAN Very low-density lipoprotein receptor (sprot)

A very low-density lipoprotein receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


EMRE_HUMAN Essential MCU regulator, mitochondrial (sprot)

An essential MCU regulator, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


SODM_HUMAN Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial (sprot)

A superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


RHBT2_HUMAN Rho-related BTB domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A Rho-related BTB domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A1C_HUMAN Histone H2A type 1-C (sprot)

A histone H2A type 1-C that is encoded in the genome of human.


N4BP1_HUMAN NEDD4-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A NEDD4-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IMA8_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-8 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IMA4_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-4 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IMA6_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-6 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CISY_HUMAN Citrate synthase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A citrate synthase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHE3_HUMAN Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (sprot)

A glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A1B_HUMAN Histone H2A type 1-B/E (sprot)

A histone H2A type 1-B/E that is encoded in the genome of human.


CY1_HUMAN Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial (sprot)

A cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A1_HUMAN Histone H2A type 1 (sprot)

A histone H2A type 1-G/I/K/L/M that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A1D_HUMAN Histone H2A type 1-D (sprot)

A histone H2A type 1-D that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATPA_HUMAN ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial (sprot)

An ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYOX_HUMAN Protein-lysine 6-oxidase (sprot)

A protein-lysine 6-oxidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


IDHP_HUMAN Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP], mitochondrial (sprot)

An isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP], mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHE4_HUMAN Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial (sprot)

A glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


LOXL3_HUMAN Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 (sprot)

A lysyl oxidase homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LOXL1_HUMAN Lysyl oxidase homolog 1 (sprot)

A lysyl oxidase homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A2C_HUMAN Histone H2A type 2-C (sprot)

A histone H2A type 2-C that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A2A_HUMAN Histone H2A type 2-A (sprot)

A histone H2A type 2-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A3_HUMAN Histone H2A type 3 (sprot)

A histone H2A type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A2B_HUMAN Histone H2A type 2-B (sprot)

A histone H2A type 2-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


LOXL4_HUMAN Lysyl oxidase homolog 4 (sprot)

A lysyl oxidase homolog 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A1H_HUMAN Histone H2A type 1-H (sprot)

A histone H2A type 1-H that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A1A_HUMAN Histone H2A type 1-A (sprot)

A histone H2A type 1-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2A1J_HUMAN Histone H2A type 1-J (sprot)

A histone H2A type 1-J that is encoded in the genome of human.


BCS1_HUMAN Mitochondrial chaperone BCS1 (sprot)

A mitochondrial chaperone BCS1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LOXL2_HUMAN Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 (sprot)

A lysyl oxidase homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


D-alanine

The D-enantiomer of alanine.


L-Cysteic acid

The L-enantiomer of cysteic acid.


Thioctic acid

A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.


A carbohydrate acid derivative anion that is the conjugate base of alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide arising from deprotonation of the neuraminosyl carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


3'-dUMP dianion

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate(2-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 2'-deoxyuridine 3'-monophosphate (3'-dUMP); major species at pH 7.3.


A sialodiosylceramide consisting of the tetrasaccharide alpha-Neu5NAc-(2->8)-alpha-Neu5NAc-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide.


Uridine 2'-phosphate(2-)

A organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of uridine 2'-phosphate. Major structure at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


A nucleoside 3'-phosphate(2-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of uridine 3'-monophosphate (UMP). It is the predominant species at physiological pH.


An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid) with the amino group of ethanolamine.


An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of dodecanoic acid (myristic acid) with the amino group of ethanolamine.


An N-acylethanolamine 18:0 that is the ethanolamide of octadecanoic acid.


An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,2-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NAD.


An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,6-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NAD.


positive regulation of oogenesis

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


suppression by virus of host mRNA splicing

Any viral process that inhibits the splicing of host mRNA, thus reducing host protein production.


cytoplasmic capsid assembly

The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the cytoplasm.


ribosomal large subunit assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.


ribosomal large subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


maturation of LSU-rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.


negative regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.


translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


evasion of host immune response

A process by which an organism avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


ribosome disassembly

The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.


non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.


cholesterol 25-hydroxylase activity

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Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O.


host cell surface receptor binding

Binding to a receptor on the host cell surface.


cholesterol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA.


endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment

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A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport.


paraspeckles

Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei.


mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex

A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.


cytosolic large ribosomal subunit

The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.


PSPC1_HUMAN Paraspeckle component 1 (sprot)

A paraspeckle component 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THIL_HUMAN Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


CH25H_HUMAN Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (sprot)

A cholesterol 25-hydroxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT8_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT8 (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


autosome genomic imprinting

The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) in autosomal (non-sexual) chromosomes during gametogenesis, and propagation of these imprints during the organism's life. Genomic imprinting leads to an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This can happen through heterochromatin formation or differential chromatin loop formation.


positive regulation of oocyte development

Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


ovulation

The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.


maternal-to-zygotic transition of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by which developmental control passes from the maternal genome to the zygotic genome.


positive regulation of cellular response to heat

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.


cytoplasmic translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


IF5_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF4G3_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF4A1_HUMAN Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I (sprot)

A eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I that is encoded in the genome of human.


E2AK3_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GCN1_HUMAN Stalled ribosome sensor GCN1 (sprot)

An eIF-2-alpha kinase activator GCN1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OMA1_HUMAN Metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial (sprot)

A metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICP27_HHV8P mRNA export factor ICP27 homolog (sprot)


cannabinoid receptor activity

Combining with a cannabinoid to initiate a change in cell activity. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.


receptor complex

Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


ribonucleoprotein complex

A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.


nuclear inclusion body

An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered.


protein phosphatase type 2A complex

A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. The catalytic and scaffolding subunits form the core enzyme, and the holoenzyme also includes the regulatory subunit.


AMPA glutamate receptor complex

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.


G protein-coupled receptor dimeric complex

A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors.


lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid.


protein deubiquitination

The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.


carbohydrate phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


neuronal stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a neuronal stem cell.


protein localization to organelle

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.


ventricular system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.


receptor localization to non-motile cilium

A process in which a receptor is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.


synaptic vesicle membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


intracellular chloride ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of chloride ions within a cell.


protein N-linked glycosylation

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.


regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


negative regulation of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity.


regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.


very long-chain fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a very long chain fatty acid, a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 22 or more carbons.


nuclear membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.


PDZ domain binding

Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.


proteolysis

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.


tryptophan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


pumilio-response element binding

Binding to a region of RNA containing a Pumilio-response element element. The consensus sequence for the element is UGUAAAUA.


synaptic transmission, serotonergic

The vesicular release of serotonin from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of serotonin receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.


regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


neutral lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


glycine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid.


regulation of autophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


arachidonic acid binding

Binding to arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.


gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.


lateral ventricle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.


biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.


positive regulation of myelination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.


regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process

A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.


regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.


prepulse inhibition

The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.


negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


protein phosphatase binding

Binding to a protein phosphatase.


positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


pteridine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.


beta-tubulin binding

Binding to the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin.


interleukin-17 production

The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


polysome binding

Binding to a polysome.


negative regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


corpus callosum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.


negative regulation of protein localization to centrosome

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.


corticospinal tract morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.


membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).


positive regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.


locomotion involved in locomotory behavior

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.


maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


phosphatidylinositol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


neuronal stem cell population maintenance

Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.


release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.


glycine transport

The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


choline transport

The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.


interkinetic nuclear migration

The movement of the nucleus of the ventricular zone cell between the apical and the basal zone surfaces. Mitosis occurs when the nucleus is near the apical surface, that is, the lumen of the ventricle.


neurexin family protein binding

Binding to a neurexin, a synaptic cell surface protein related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.


positive regulation of dendritic spine development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


inositol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


ganglioside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.


short-term memory

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.


positive regulation of receptor binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->6) linkage.


serine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


proteasome core complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active 20S proteasome core particle complex that does not contain any regulatory particles.


leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.


epinephrine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


positive regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


ionotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.


plasminogen activation

The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.


acetylcholine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.


protein phosphatase 2A binding

Binding to protein phosphatase 2A.


tyrosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


mRNA CDS binding

Binding to an mRNA molecule coding sequence (CDS).


glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. The glycyll-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a glycine-accepting tRNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.


norepinephrine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor activity

Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.


ventricular septum development

The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.


presenilin-2 isoform PS2beta (mouse)

A presenilin-2 isoform PS2beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse. The sequence is shorter (361 residues long) than isoform 1 sharing the same sequence up to residue 357, followed by the sequence SKGA.


catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 1 (mouse)

A catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


profilin-2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A profilin-2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitochondrial transcription factor activity

Interacting with the mitochondrial promoter DNA to modulate transcription by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


mitochondrial promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.


mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


regulation of protein stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.


iron-sulfur cluster transmembrane transport

A process in which an iron-sulfur cluster is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial tRNA thio-modification

The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.


tRNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of tRNA molecules.


protein adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein = diphosphate + adenylyl-protein; mediates the addition of an adenylyl (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP group) to L-serine, L-threonine, and L-tyrosine residues in target proteins.


regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.


regulation of mitophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.


D-loop DNA binding

Binding to a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.


positive regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-succinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-succinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


peptidyl-lysine desuccinylation

The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.


agmatinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + H2O = putrescine + urea.


induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 2 (mouse)

An induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glycerol kinase isoform 1 (mouse)

A glycerol kinase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64516-1.


mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 1 (mouse)

A mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform BimEL (mouse)

A Bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase isoform 1 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9CZ42-1.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R104-1.


ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 isoform m3 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80SX8-3.


NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase isoform 1 (mouse)

An apolipoprotein A-I-binding protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


K2C5_MOUSE Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 (sprot)

A keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial isoform 1 (mouse)

A deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


METL8_HUMAN tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8, mitochondrial (sprot)

A tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


tRNA dimethylallyltransferase isoform h5 (human)

A tRNA dimethylallyltransferase (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9H3H1-5.


PG045_VACCW Apoptosis regulator OPG045 (sprot)


succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)

The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration.


GDAH_HUMAN Guanidino acid hydrolase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An agmatinase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid

Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by an endocannabinoid ligand.


regulation of ATP metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.


Z disc

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.


intermediate filament

A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.


type III intermediate filament

A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.


sarcoplasmic reticulum

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.


sarcomere

The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


sarcolemma

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.


caveola

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.


smooth muscle contractile fiber

The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.


A band

The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line.


costamere

Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.


actomyosin

Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.


SWI/SNF superfamily-type complex

A protein complex that contains an ortholog of the Saccharomyces ATPase Swi2/Snf2 as one of the catalytic subunit components (ATPase) and mediates assembly of nucleosomes, changes to the spacing or structure of nucleosomes, or some combination of those activities in a manner that requires ATP.


I band

A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.


cardiac muscle myoblast

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.


M band

The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.


mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex

A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix.


cellular respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).


response to injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.


embryonic heart tube left/right pattern formation

The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis of the embryonic heart tube in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place.


mitophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.


cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development

The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.


heart formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.


protein kinase C signaling

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


cardiac muscle contraction

Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.


actin binding

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.


cardiac muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


response to organic cyclic compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.


branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.


cardiac muscle cell contraction

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.


muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.


miRNA-mediated gene silencing by inhibition of translation

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs.


tissue remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.


positive regulation of transferase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


galactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.


response to calcium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.


striated muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.


myofibril assembly

Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.


transmembrane transporter binding

Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


calcium ion import

The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


innervation

The process in which a nerve invades a tissue and makes functional synaptic connection within the tissue.


positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).


endocardial cushion development

The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.


negative regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.


apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.


peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.


cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.


regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.


cardiac myofibril assembly

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.


smooth muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.


cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.


regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.


monoamine transport

The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


scaffold protein binding

Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.


regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation

A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of a cardiac valve.


embryonic heart tube anterior/posterior pattern specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of cell differentiation that results in the anterior/posterior subdivision of the embryonic heart tube. In Drosophila this results in subdivision of the dorsal vessel into to the posterior heart proper and the anterior aorta.


malate-aspartate shuttle

The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.


negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.


glycolytic process from galactose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.


beta1-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta1-adrenergic receptors.


beta2-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta2-adrenergic receptors.


negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


atrioventricular bundle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the atrioventricular bundle. These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.


lymph vessel development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


coronary vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cardiac chamber development

The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.


atrial septum development

The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.


adult heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


sinoatrial node cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.


caveolar macromolecular signaling complex

A complex composed of proteins required for beta adrenergic receptor activation of protein kinase A. It includes the Cav 12. subunit of L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A regulatory subunit 2(PKAR2), adenyl cyclase, beta-adrenergic receptor, G-alpha-S, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and caveolin 3 (CAV3).


F-actin-capping protein subunit beta isoform 1 (mouse)

An F-actin-capping protein subunit beta isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


FH1/FH2 domain-containing protein 3 isoform FHOS2L (mouse)

An FH1/FH2 domain-containing protein 3 isoform FHOS2L that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Q2VEB3_MOUSE A-kinase anchoring protein beta (trembl)

An A-kinase anchor protein 6 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q2VEB3.


endocardium formation

Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


embryonic heart tube formation

The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.


cardiac right ventricle formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.


memory

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).


cell death

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).


adult behavior

Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


extrathymic T cell selection

The process of T cell selection that occurs in extrathymic locations, often resulting T cells of distinct specificities from those selected in the thymus.


gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell

A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses.


digestive tract epithelium

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract.


BTNL3_HUMAN Butyrophilin-like protein 3 (sprot)

A butyrophilin-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTNL8_HUMAN Butyrophilin-like protein 8 (sprot)

A butyrophilin-like protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.


Lysophosphatidylcholine

An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.


PAG15_HUMAN Phospholipase A2 group XV (sprot)

A phospholipase A2 group XV that is encoded in the genome of human.


docosapentaenoic acid

Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.


docosahexaenoic acid

Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.


calcium-induced calcium release activity

Enables transmembrane transfer of calcium ions from an intracellular store to the cytosol on induction by increased calcium concentration.


porin activity

Enables the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of a membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine.


calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = calcitriol + H2O + NADP+.


palmitoyl-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA.


alpha-amino-acid esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-amino acid ester + H2O = an alpha-amino acid + an alcohol.


SEC20_HUMAN Vesicle transport protein SEC20 (sprot)

A vesicle transport protein SEC20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAK_HUMAN Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (sprot)

A Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPT1A_HUMAN Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform (sprot)

A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPHL_HUMAN Valacyclovir hydrolase (sprot)

A valacyclovir hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACSL4_HUMAN Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 (sprot)

A long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACSL3_HUMAN Fatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3 (sprot)

A fatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPT1B_HUMAN Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform (sprot)

A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to interleukin-18

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.


T-helper 1 cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 1 cell.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


positive regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


negative regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


intracellular vesicle

Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.


calcium ion export

The directed movement of calcium ion out of a cell or organelle.


postsynaptic specialization of symmetric synapse

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of a symmetric synapse, consisting of anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components that spatially and functionally organize the neurotransmitter receptors at the synapse. This structure is not as thick or electron dense as the postsynaptic densities found in asymmetric synapses.


extrinsic component of presynaptic membrane

The component of the presynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic membrane

The component of the postsynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


postsynaptic endosome

An endosomal compartment that is part of the post-synapse. Only early and recycling endosomes are typically present in the postsynapse.


spine apparatus

A specialization of the endomembrane system found in some classes of dendritic spines consisting of two or more closely apposed lamellae with interspersed electron dense material. The endomembrane component is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


postsynaptic cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.


regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


regulation of neurotransmitter uptake

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.


synaptic membrane adhesion

The attachment of presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


presynapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.


postsynapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.


regulation of synaptic vesicle cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.


regulation of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane

The exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles with the postsynaptic membrane resulting in the integration of NT receptors, enabling them to participate in neurotransmitter reception. This process includes tethering and docking steps that prepare vesicles for fusion.


regulation of postsynapse organization

Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.


regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse.


regulation of protein catabolic process at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse.


regulation of synapse maturation

Any process that modulates the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.


structural constituent of postsynaptic specialization

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic specialization.


postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the internalization of a neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic membrane endocytic zone into an endocytic vesicle.


neurotransmitter receptor transport, endosome to postsynaptic membrane

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.


trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a trans-synaptic protein complex.


modification of postsynaptic structure

Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynapse.


regulation of postsynapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.


regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse.


translation at postsynapse

Translation that occurs at the postsynapse.


CDKL5_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A0A5F7ZKY2_MACMU Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (trembl)


RL8_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL2 (sprot)

A 60S ribosomal protein L8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RLA0_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL10 (sprot)

A 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SEM3A_CHICK Semaphorin-3A (sprot)

A semaphorin-3A that is encoded in the genome of chicken.


Q5BJM3_RAT Lrrk2 protein (Fragment) (trembl)


SLIK3_HUMAN SLIT and NTRK-like protein 3 (sprot)

A SLIT and NTRK-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRRT1_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 1 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRRT2_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 2 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


U6A022_RAT ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3 (trembl)


HD_HUMAN Huntingtin (sprot)

A huntingtin that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to axon injury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and of the D-galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate.


chondroitin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of hexosaminic linkages in chondroitin, a linear polymer structure composed of the repeating disaccharide unit [->4)-D-glucuronic acid-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-(1-], also written as [->4GlcUA1->3GalNAc1-].


hexosaminidase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.


Enables the directed movement of lysophospholipids from one side of a membrane to the other. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.


LAMP1_HUMAN Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (sprot)

A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPNS1_HUMAN Protein spinster homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein spinster homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CREG1_HUMAN Protein CREG1 (sprot)

A protein CREG1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRAM1_MOUSE Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (sprot)

A natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 isoform 3 prenylated-cysteine methyl ester 1 (mouse)

A zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 isoform 3 (mouse) that has been farnesylated on the Cys residue within the C-terminal CaaX motif (a=an aliphatic residue, X=any residue), followed by cleavage of aaX and methylation of the Cys. UniProtKB:D3Z5I1, 1-993, Cys-993, MOD:01116.


NPC2_HUMAN NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (sprot)

An NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HPSE_HUMAN Heparanase (sprot)

A heparanase that is encoded in the genome of human.


HYAL4_HUMAN Hyaluronidase-4 (sprot)

A hyaluronidase-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein lipidation

The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.


VPS39_HUMAN Vam6/Vps39-like protein (sprot)

A Vam6/Vps39-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


retrograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


ER to Golgi ceramide transport

The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.


closure of optic fissure

The closure of the temporary ventral gap in the optic cup that contributes to its shaping.


neural crest cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


iridophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an iridophore. Iridophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain guanidine or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. This gives them a silver, gold, or iridescent appearance.


hindbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).


neural crest cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


ectodermal placode development

The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.


otic placode formation

The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain.


otic vesicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


ectodermal placode formation

The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.


olfactory placode development

The progression of the olfactory placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.


(+)-kotanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-kotanin.


carotenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.


AFLQ_ASPPU O-methylsterigmatocystin oxidoreductase (sprot)


Orlandin

A member of the class of 8,8'-bicoumarins that is kotanin in which the methoxy groups at the 7 and 7' positions are replaced by hydroxy groups. A fungal metabolite, its isolation from Aspergillus niger was first reported in 1979.


Demethylkotanin

A member of the class of 8,8'-bicoumarins that is kotanin in which the methoxy group at position 7 is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungal metabolite, its isolation from Aspergillus clavatus was first reported in 1971.