GLT13_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLT12_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RDH10_HUMAN Retinol dehydrogenase 10 (sprot)

A retinol dehydrogenase 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PELI3_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pellino homolog 3 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pellino homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLT15_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 15 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RDHE2_HUMAN Epidermal retinol dehydrogenase 2 (sprot)

An epidermal retinol dehydrogenase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLT16_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 16 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GALT6_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLT11_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 11 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DR9C7_HUMAN Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (sprot)

A short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35B2_HUMAN Adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1 (sprot)

An adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRK7_HUMAN Rhodopsin kinase GRK7 (sprot)

A rhodopsin kinase GRK7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETD7_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN139_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF139 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF139 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS14_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 14 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RDH5_HUMAN Retinol dehydrogenase 5 (sprot)

A retinol dehydrogenase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFRN2_HUMAN Mitoferrin-2 (sprot)

A mitoferrin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLT14_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SENP5_HUMAN Sentrin-specific protease 5 (sprot)

A sentrin-specific protease 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF5_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF5 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHRS9_HUMAN Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 9 (sprot)

A dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EDEM2_HUMAN ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 2 (sprot)

An ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EDEM3_HUMAN ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 (sprot)

An ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35B3_HUMAN Adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 2 (sprot)

An adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PELI2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pellino homolog 2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pellino homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SENP2_HUMAN Sentrin-specific protease 2 (sprot)

A sentrin-specific protease 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GALT9_HUMAN Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 9 (sprot)

A polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANM7_HUMAN Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7 (sprot)

A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GALT8_HUMAN Probable polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 8 (sprot)

A probable polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UGGG2_HUMAN UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UGGG1_HUMAN UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFRN1_HUMAN Mitoferrin-1 (sprot)

A mitoferrin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATF_HUMAN Cathepsin F (sprot)

A cathepsin F that is encoded in the genome of human.


MA1B1_HUMAN Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase (sprot)

An endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


VDAC3_HUMAN Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 (sprot)

A voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of oogenesis

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


cytoplasmic capsid assembly

The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the cytoplasm.


suppression by virus of host mRNA splicing

Any viral process that inhibits the splicing of host mRNA, thus reducing host protein production.


ribosomal large subunit assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.


ribosomal large subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


maturation of LSU-rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.


negative regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.


translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


evasion of host immune response

A process by which an organism avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


ribosome disassembly

The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.


non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.


cholesterol 25-hydroxylase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O.


host cell surface receptor binding

Binding to a receptor on the host cell surface.


cholesterol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA.


endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport.


paraspeckles

Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei.


mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex

A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.


cytosolic large ribosomal subunit

The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.


PSPC1_HUMAN Paraspeckle component 1 (sprot)

A paraspeckle component 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THIL_HUMAN Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


CH25H_HUMAN Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (sprot)

A cholesterol 25-hydroxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT8_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT8 (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


autosome genomic imprinting

The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) in autosomal (non-sexual) chromosomes during gametogenesis, and propagation of these imprints during the organism's life. Genomic imprinting leads to an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This can happen through heterochromatin formation or differential chromatin loop formation.


positive regulation of oocyte development

Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


ovulation

The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.


maternal-to-zygotic transition of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by which developmental control passes from the maternal genome to the zygotic genome.


positive regulation of cellular response to heat

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.


cytoplasmic translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


IF5_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF4G3_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF4A1_HUMAN Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I (sprot)

A eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I that is encoded in the genome of human.


E2AK3_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GCN1_HUMAN Stalled ribosome sensor GCN1 (sprot)

An eIF-2-alpha kinase activator GCN1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OMA1_HUMAN Metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial (sprot)

A metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICP27_HHV8P mRNA export factor ICP27 homolog (sprot)


calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.


Lysophosphatidylcholine

An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.


PAG15_HUMAN Phospholipase A2 group XV (sprot)

A phospholipase A2 group XV that is encoded in the genome of human.


docosapentaenoic acid

Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.


docosahexaenoic acid

Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.


calcium-induced calcium release activity

Enables transmembrane transfer of calcium ions from an intracellular store to the cytosol on induction by increased calcium concentration.


porin activity

Enables the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of a membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


phospholipid scramblase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism.


mitochondrion targeting sequence binding

Binding to a mitochondrion targeting sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the mitochondrion.


Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine.


calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = calcitriol + H2O + NADP+.


palmitoyl-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA.


alpha-amino-acid esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-amino acid ester + H2O = an alpha-amino acid + an alcohol.


SEC20_HUMAN Vesicle transport protein SEC20 (sprot)

A vesicle transport protein SEC20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAK_HUMAN Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (sprot)

A Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPHL_HUMAN Valacyclovir hydrolase (sprot)

A valacyclovir hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACSL4_HUMAN Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 (sprot)

A long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACSL3_HUMAN Fatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3 (sprot)

A fatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPT1B_HUMAN Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform (sprot)

A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


intracellular vesicle

Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.


calcium ion export

The directed movement of calcium ion out of a cell or organelle.


response to axon injury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and of the D-galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate.


chondroitin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of hexosaminic linkages in chondroitin, a linear polymer structure composed of the repeating disaccharide unit [->4)-D-glucuronic acid-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-(1-], also written as [->4GlcUA1->3GalNAc1-].


hexosaminidase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.


Enables the directed movement of lysophospholipids from one side of a membrane to the other. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.


LAMP1_HUMAN Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (sprot)

A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPNS1_HUMAN Protein spinster homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein spinster homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CREG1_HUMAN Protein CREG1 (sprot)

A protein CREG1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRAM1_MOUSE Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (sprot)

A natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 isoform 3 prenylated-cysteine methyl ester 1 (mouse)

A zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 isoform 3 (mouse) that has been farnesylated on the Cys residue within the C-terminal CaaX motif (a=an aliphatic residue, X=any residue), followed by cleavage of aaX and methylation of the Cys. UniProtKB:D3Z5I1, 1-993, Cys-993, MOD:01116.


HPSE_HUMAN Heparanase (sprot)

A heparanase that is encoded in the genome of human.


HYAL4_HUMAN Hyaluronidase-4 (sprot)

A hyaluronidase-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


postsynaptic specialization of symmetric synapse

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of a symmetric synapse, consisting of anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components that spatially and functionally organize the neurotransmitter receptors at the synapse. This structure is not as thick or electron dense as the postsynaptic densities found in asymmetric synapses.


extrinsic component of presynaptic membrane

The component of the presynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic membrane

The component of the postsynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


postsynaptic endosome

An endosomal compartment that is part of the post-synapse. Only early and recycling endosomes are typically present in the postsynapse.


spine apparatus

A specialization of the endomembrane system found in some classes of dendritic spines consisting of two or more closely apposed lamellae with interspersed electron dense material. The endomembrane component is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


postsynaptic cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.


regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


regulation of neurotransmitter uptake

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.


synaptic membrane adhesion

The attachment of presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


presynapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.


postsynapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.


regulation of synaptic vesicle cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.


regulation of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane

The exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles with the postsynaptic membrane resulting in the integration of NT receptors, enabling them to participate in neurotransmitter reception. This process includes tethering and docking steps that prepare vesicles for fusion.


regulation of postsynapse organization

Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.


regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse.


regulation of protein catabolic process at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse.


regulation of synapse maturation

Any process that modulates the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.


structural constituent of postsynaptic specialization

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic specialization.


postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the internalization of a neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic membrane endocytic zone into an endocytic vesicle.


neurotransmitter receptor transport, endosome to postsynaptic membrane

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.


trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a trans-synaptic protein complex.


modification of postsynaptic structure

Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynapse.


regulation of postsynapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.


regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse.


translation at postsynapse

Translation that occurs at the postsynapse.


CDKL5_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A0A5F7ZKY2_MACMU Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (trembl)


RL8_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL2 (sprot)

A 60S ribosomal protein L8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RLA0_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL10 (sprot)

A 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SEM3A_CHICK Semaphorin-3A (sprot)

A semaphorin-3A that is encoded in the genome of chicken.


Q5BJM3_RAT Lrrk2 protein (Fragment) (trembl)


SLIK3_HUMAN SLIT and NTRK-like protein 3 (sprot)

A SLIT and NTRK-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRRT1_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 1 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRRT2_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 2 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


U6A022_RAT ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3 (trembl)


HD_HUMAN Huntingtin (sprot)

A huntingtin that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein lipidation

The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.


VPS39_HUMAN Vam6/Vps39-like protein (sprot)

A Vam6/Vps39-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


retrograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


response to interleukin-18

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.


T-helper 1 cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 1 cell.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


positive regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


negative regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


ER to Golgi ceramide transport

The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.


closure of optic fissure

The closure of the temporary ventral gap in the optic cup that contributes to its shaping.


cellular response to tumor cell

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.


neural crest cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


iridophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an iridophore. Iridophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain guanidine or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. This gives them a silver, gold, or iridescent appearance.


hindbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).


neural crest cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


ectodermal placode development

The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.


otic placode formation

The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain.


otic vesicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


ectodermal placode formation

The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.


olfactory placode development

The progression of the olfactory placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.


(+)-kotanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-kotanin.


carotenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.


formaldehyde catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.


Orlandin

A member of the class of 8,8'-bicoumarins that is kotanin in which the methoxy groups at the 7 and 7' positions are replaced by hydroxy groups. A fungal metabolite, its isolation from Aspergillus niger was first reported in 1979.


Demethylkotanin

A member of the class of 8,8'-bicoumarins that is kotanin in which the methoxy group at position 7 is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungal metabolite, its isolation from Aspergillus clavatus was first reported in 1971.


Torulene

A carotene that is beta,psi-carotene which has been been dehydrogenated to introduce an (E)-double bond at the 3'-4' position.


AFLQ_ASPPU O-methylsterigmatocystin oxidoreductase (sprot)


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 4' positions.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 5' positions.


positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.


positive regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


cellular response to growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


iron ion transmembrane transport

A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitotic cell cycle phase transition

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.


negative regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


erythrocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


focal adhesion

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


negative regulation of cell size

Any process that reduces cell size.


positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.


neural fold formation

The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.


response to amino acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


endocytic vesicle

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.


intercellular canaliculus

An extremely narrow tubular channel located between adjacent cells. An instance of this is the secretory canaliculi occurring between adjacent parietal cells in the gastric mucosa of vertebrates.


rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.


protein phosphatase 4 complex

A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex formed by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 plus one or more regulatory subunits.


fetal derived definitive erythrocyte

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins.


glycogen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.


intracellular sphingolipid homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sphingolipids within a cell.


sphingomyelin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.


circadian regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


superoxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


nucleus organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.


protein oxidation

The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation.


hormone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


NK T cell proliferation

The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.


negative regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.


regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


PH domain binding

Binding to a PH domain (pleckstrin homology) of a protein, a domain of about 100 residues that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.


negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.


T cell mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.


L-gulonolactone oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulono-1,4-lactone + O2 = L-xylo-hex-3-ulonolactone + H2O2.


Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide.


alpha-glucuronidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.


gluconolactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = D-gluconate.


peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes.


cellular response to amino acid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


organelle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


protein maturation by copper ion transfer

A process that contributes to the delivery of copper ions to a target protein.


translation initiation factor binding

Binding to a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.


leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.


positive regulation of lipophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.


selenium binding

Binding to a selenium (Se) ion.


vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


definitive erythrocyte differentiation

Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.


minus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


glycolytic process through fructose-1-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose into pyruvate through a fructose-1-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.


plus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


G0 to G1 transition

The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.


methionine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


positive regulation of cell size

Any process that increases cell size.


positive regulation of macrophage differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.


ether lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.


negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.


retinol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.


negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


NK T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


bile acid secretion

The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.


positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.


negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


protein modification by small protein conjugation

A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.


embryonic liver development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.


negative regulation of heterochromatin formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.


negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eiF2alpha phosphorylation.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane.


low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving low-density lipoprotein receptors.


cannabinoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cannabinoid.


glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


ethanol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


alkane 1-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.


growth hormone receptor activity

Combining with a growth hormone and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


aflatoxin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


hepatoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.


lactate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lactate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + pyruvate.


prolactin receptor activity

Combining with prolactin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


hepatocyte cell migration

The orderly movement of a hepatocyte during the development of the liver. Hepatocytes emerge from the hepatic epithelium, populating the septum transversum and lateral mesenchymal areas of the hepatic lobes.


dystonin isoform 1 (mouse)

A dystonin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZU6-2.


dystonin isoform 2 (mouse)

A dystonin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZU6-1.


cellular response to extracellular stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by cell-cell adhesion

Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


yolk syncytial layer

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Peripheral layer of the yolk cell including nuclei and non-yolky cytoplasm. Kimmel et al, 1995.


caudal vein plexus

Post-vent vasculature which forms an interconnecting network of venous tubes. The caudal vein plexus forms via a very active period of angiogenic sprouting, beginning at 25 hpf when venous endothelial cells of the posterior cardinal vein sprout and migrate ventrally, then fuse with neighboring tip cells. This process reiterates during a five-hour window, forming a primordial plexus by 30 hpf. By two days of development, the primitive caudal vein plexus has matured into a complex, well-perfused, venous vascular network. Starting at 4 dpf the caudal vein plexus starts to remodel and simplify.


fibroblast migration

Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.


cellular response to fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.


leukocyte migration involved in immune response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.


positive regulation of vacuole fusion, non-autophagic

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.


piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus

Degradation of a cell nucleus by lysosomal microautophagy.


nucleus-vacuole junction

An organelle membrane contact site formed between the vacuole membrane and the outer nuclear membrane. In S. cerevisiae these contacts are mediated through direct physical interaction between Vac8p and Nvj1p.


SNX19_MOUSE Sorting nexin-19 (sprot)

A sorting nexin-19 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


perineuronal satellite cell

A non-neuronal cell that surrounds the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia.


recognition of apoptotic cell

The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.


peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine.


secretion by cell

The controlled release of a substance by a cell.


substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.


stress fiber assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.


collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


phosphoprotein binding

Binding to a phosphorylated protein.


serotonin secretion by platelet

The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets.


phosphatase binding

Binding to a phosphatase.


receptor diffusion trapping

The process by which a membrane receptor, diffusing freely within the plasma membeane, becomes trapped in some plasma membrane region. This can happen when a receptor bind, directly or indirectly, to some component of the underlying matrix.


positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.


regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


pancreas regeneration

The regrowth of a destroyed pancreas.


B-1 B cell

A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive.


PK3CG_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


type B pancreatic cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


T-helper 1 cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.


ruffle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.


negative regulation of macroautophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


positive regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


regulation of myelination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


energy reserve metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.


positive regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.


heart valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.


voluntary musculoskeletal movement

The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will.


positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


positive regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.


regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.


positive regulation of myotube differentiation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


regulation of membrane permeability

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.


positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


spleen development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.


lymph node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


basal dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the basal pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, basal dendrites are either on the same side of the soma as the axon, or project toward the axon.


gap junction

A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.


lateral wall of outer hair cell

The lateral wall of an outer hair cell (OHC) is a unique trilaminate composite consisting of the plasma membrane, an underlying cytoskeletal network containing an actin-spectrin cortical lattice, and an adjacent system of circumferential lamellar organelles known as the subsurface cisternae.


actin filament bundle of stereocilium

A bundle of hundreds of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), that is the supporting structure of a stereocilium. Filaments are oriented such that the the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion and are capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma membrane.


kinociliary basal body

A ciliary basal body that is part of a kinocilium.


upper tip-link density

An electron-dense plaque at the upper end of a stereocilia tip link that provides the anchor in the stereocilia membrane on the side of the stereocilium where the tip link ends.


stereocilium coat

A glycocalyx on the the endolymphatic surface of a cochlear hair cell that coats the external surface of each stereocilium and maintains a small distance between adjacent stereocilia in the bundle.


auditory receptor cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


negative regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.


positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


outer hair cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an outer hair cell.


auditory epithelial supporting cell

A non-sensory cell that extends from the basement membrane to the apical surface of the auditory epithelium and provides support for auditory hair cells.


XY body

A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.


Sertoli cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.


Sertoli cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.


intracellular water homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within a cell.


outflow tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.


cardiac ventricle morphogenesis

The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.


regulation of smooth muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.


vascular endothelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


regulation of gastrulation

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.


regulation of cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.


embryonic digestive tract development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus.


embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


kalirin-9 (mouse)

A kalirin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA that includes the region coding for the Kal-9 specific terminal exon.


aortico-pulmonary spiral septum

The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions.


ureteric peristalsis

A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.


positive regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


parallel actin filament bundle assembly

Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


myosin binding

Binding to a myosin; myosins are any of a superfamily of molecular motor proteins that bind to actin and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments.


nervous system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.


cellular response to calcium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.


positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


protocadherin-15 isoform m2 (mouse)

A protocadherin-15 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99PJ1-2.


reticular membrane of spiral organ

A reticular lamina of epithelium that is part of a spiral organ of cochlea.


filopodium tip

The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.


immunological synapse

An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.


nerve growth factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


vesicle fusion

Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.


leukocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.


actin polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


uropod organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a uropod, a rigid membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a lymphocyte or other cell in the process of migrating or being activated.


regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.


positive regulation of T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


negative regulation of vesicle fusion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.


regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


myosin tail binding

Binding to the tail region of a myosin heavy chain.


neuromuscular process controlling balance

Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.


post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.


maintenance of centrosome location

Any process in which a centrosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


righting reflex

A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position.


detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception

The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears.


melanosome

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.


protein domain specific binding

Binding to a specific domain of a protein.


intracellular protein transport

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


pigment granule localization

Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


sensory perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


pigment granule transport

The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tRNA methylation

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.


cytidine residue

The nucleoside residue formed from cytidine with linkages at the 3' and 5' positions.


NSUN2_HUMAN RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase NSUN2 (sprot)

An RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase NSUN2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRDMT_HUMAN tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase (sprot)

A tRNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


An organic anionic group obtained by deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group of 2'-O-methyladenosine 5'-monophosphate residue.


An organic anionic group obtained by deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group of 2'-O-methylcytidine 5'-monophosphate residue.


mRNA methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.


mitochondrial tRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a mitochondrial tRNA molecule to produce a mitochondrial tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


METL6_HUMAN tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL6 (sprot)

A tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ciliary shaft

The mid part of a cilium between the ciliary base and ciliary tip that extends into the extracellular space.


GTP-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex when at least one of the interacting partners is in the GTP-bound state.


EXOC4_HUMAN Exocyst complex component 4 (sprot)

An exocyst complex component 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AR13B_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein localization to ciliary membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.


protein transmembrane transport

The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.


phosphatidylinositol binding

Binding to an inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.


intraciliary transport particle A

The smaller subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights of 710-760 kDa.


TBC31_HUMAN TBC1 domain family member 31 (sprot)

A TBC1 domain family member 31 that is encoded in the genome of human.


aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. The aspartyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an aspartic acid accetping tRNA.


myenteric nerve plexus

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility.


olfactory pit

An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO].


facial nerve

Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches).


vagus X ganglion

The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the vagus nerve.


nerve innervating pinna

Any nerve that innervates the pinna.


spinal nerve

The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified].


ganglion

A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.


substantia gelatinosa

Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells, corresponding to Rexed lamina II.


cervical ganglion

The cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They consist of three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion. The inferior ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a single structure, the stellate ganglion. Nerves emerging from cervical sympathetic ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus, among other things. [WP,unvetted].


celiac ganglion

The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted].


superior cervical ganglion

Trunk ganglion which is bilaterally paired and located at the anterior end of the sympathetic ganglion chain.


vagus X nerve trunk

A nerve trunk that is part of a vagus nerve.


cochlear ganglion

The group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. distributed to the hair cells of the spiral organ. The cochlear fibers arise in bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion in the modiolus.


nasal septum

The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted].


sensory ganglion

The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.


hypoglossal nucleus

Nucleus forming a longitudinal cell column in the medulla, close beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle, containing motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the tongue (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 453).


C-fiber

The axon of a dorsal root ganglion cell that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated.


nBAF complex

A SWI/SNF-type complex that is found in post-mitotic neurons, and in human contains actin and proteins encoded by the ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, DPF1/BAF45B, DPF3/BAF45C, ACTL6B/BAF53B genes. The nBAF complex along with CREST plays a role regulating the activity of genes essential for dendrite growth.


cell body fiber

A neuron projection that is found in unipolar neurons and corresponds to the region between the cell body and the point at which the single projection branches.


axon extension involved in regeneration

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in regeneration of the neuron.


inhibitory chemical synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission that results in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.


synapse maturation

The process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. Synaptic maturation plays a critical role in the establishment of effective synaptic connections in early development.


monoatomic cation transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


protein aggregate center assembly

The reversible aggregation of misfolded proteins and chaperones, formed to shield thermosensitive proteins from degradation until conditions allow disaggregation and refolding.


dendrite arborization

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic tree are generated and organized into dendritic branches.


action potential initiation

The initiating cycle of an action potential. In vertebrate neurons this typically occurs at an axon hillock. Not all initiated axon potentials propagate.


glutamate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


lysosomal lumen acidification

Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


mitotic nuclear division

A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.


aspartate N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-aspartate + CoA + H+.


norepinephrine secretion

The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system.


regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.


axon ensheathment

Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.


peripheral nervous system axon regeneration

The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury.


high voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


neuron projection regeneration

The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites in response to their loss or damage.


regulation of chloride transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.


regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).


mitochondrial transport

Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


Notch receptor processing

The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.


positive regulation of non-motile cilium assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.


late endosome to lysosome transport

The directed movement of substances from late endosome to lysosome.


amyloid-beta binding

Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein.


negative regulation of dendritic spine development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.


negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.


mitochondrial calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.


neurotransmitter uptake

The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


enterobactin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of the siderochrome enterochelin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine from one side of a membrane to the other.


LBD domain binding

Binding to a protein's ligand binding domain (LBD) domain, found in nuclear receptors. In general, the LBDs consist of three layers comprised of twelve alpha-helices and several beta-strands that are organized around a lipophilic ligand-binding pocket.


positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


evoked excitatory postsynaptic potential

A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell induced by the evoked release of many vesicles of excitatory neurotransmitter at the synapse.


intermediate filament bundle assembly

The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.


Schwann cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.


cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation

The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.


hypothalamus cell migration

The directed movement of a cell into the hypothalamus region of the forebrain.


cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 4 (mouse)

A cell adhesion molecule 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R5M8-4.


cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A cell adhesion molecule 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R5M8-2.


cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 3 (mouse)

A cell adhesion molecule 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R5M8-3.


neuregulin-1 type III (mouse)

A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (mouse) that has an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD).


SYDC_HUMAN Aspartate--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (sprot)

An aspartate--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human.


forebrain

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The most anterior region of the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon.


photoreceptor ribbon synapse

A ribbon synapse between a retinal photoreceptor cell (rod or cone) and a retinal bipolar cell. These contain a plate-like synaptic ribbon.


olfactory bulb external plexiform layer

Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs.


olfactory bulb mitral cell layer

The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer.


Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.


neocortex

An area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83)(NN).


striatum

A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO].


dorsal plus ventral thalamus

Subcortical brain region consisting of paired gray matter bodies in the dorsal diencephalon and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups.(MeSH). The dorsal topographic division of the interbrain. The macrodissected adult human thalamus was clearly illustrated by Vesalius in 1543 and the term as defined here was introduced by His in 1893. It includes the traditional epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and ventral thalamus of Herrick (1910, pp. 494, 498). Also see Kuhlenbeck (1927, Ch. 9) and Jones (1985, p. 87).


spinal cord

Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO).


cochlear hair cell ribbon synapse

A ribbon synpase of an auditory hair cell of the cochlear. These ribbon synapses contain spherical synaptic ribbons and lack and arciform density.


cerebral hemisphere

One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA].


regulation of cytoplasmic translational fidelity

Any process that modulates the ability of the cytoplasmic translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.


Ser-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala).


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetases. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.


tryptophanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. The tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tryptophan-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


SYWM_HUMAN Tryptophan--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A tryptophan--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


purinergic nucleotide receptor activity

Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


intracellular organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


large intestinal transit

Migration of ingested material along the length of the large intestine.


maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium

Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.


Tryptaminium

An  ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


N-arachidonoylglycine

Biologically active derivative of anandamide


HCAR2_HUMAN Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (sprot)

A hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GPR18_HUMAN N-arachidonyl glycine receptor (sprot)

An N-arachidonyl glycine receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


OXGR1_HUMAN 2-oxoglutarate receptor 1 (sprot)

A 2-oxoglutarate receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CML1_HUMAN Chemerin-like receptor 1 (sprot)

A chemokine receptor-like protein CMKLR1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SUCR1_HUMAN Succinate receptor 1 (sprot)

A succinate receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GP183_HUMAN G-protein coupled receptor 183 (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor 183 that is encoded in the genome of human.


3-Hydroxybutyric acid

A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.


CNR1_HUMAN Cannabinoid receptor 1 (sprot)

A cannabinoid receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNR2_HUMAN Cannabinoid receptor 2 (sprot)

A cannabinoid receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTR1A_HUMAN Melatonin receptor type 1A (sprot)

A melatonin receptor type 1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTR1B_HUMAN Melatonin receptor type 1B (sprot)

A melatonin receptor type 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


GPR55_HUMAN G-protein coupled receptor 55 (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor 55 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.


MKS complex

A protein complex that is located at the ciliary transition zone and consists of several proteins some of which are membrane bound. Acts as an organiser of transition zone inner structure, specifically the Y-shaped links, in conjunction with the NPHP complex. The MKS complex also acts as part of the selective barrier that prevents diffusion of proteins between the ciliary cytoplasm and cellular cytoplasm as well as between the ciliary membrane and plasma membrane.


cardiac septum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.


embryonic digit morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.


regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.


common bile duct development

The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gallbladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.


determination of left/right asymmetry in nervous system

The establishment of the nervous system with respect to the left and right halves.


interventricular septum

Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA].


apelin receptor activity

Combining with the peptide apelin to initiate a change in cell activity.


apelin receptor binding

Binding to an apelin receptor.


mechanoreceptor activity

Combining with a mechanical force and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.


dorsal root ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dorsal root ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


neural tube patterning

The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.


chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.


ventral spinal cord interneuron specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.


regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.


frontonasal prominence

The unpaired embryonic prominence that is formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle and develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout.


pro-T cell

A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage.


extrinsic component of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


TOLIP_HUMAN Toll-interacting protein (sprot)

A Toll-interacting protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


HTF4_HUMAN Transcription factor 12 (sprot)

A transcription factor 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NLRX1_HUMAN NLR family member X1 (sprot)

An NLR family member X1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYF5_HUMAN Myogenic factor 5 (sprot)

A myogenic factor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYOD1_HUMAN Myoblast determination protein 1 (sprot)

A myoblast determination protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYOG_HUMAN Myogenin (sprot)

A myogenin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ITF2_HUMAN Transcription factor 4 (sprot)

A transcription factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYF6_HUMAN Myogenic factor 6 (sprot)

A myogenic factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A tripeptide comprising L-alanyl, gamma-D-glutamyl and meso-diaminopimelic acid residues in a linear sequence. It is a breakdown product of bacterial peptidoglycan and a NOD1 agonist.