The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-3 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cellular response to nutrient levels

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.


biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-9 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-11 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


T-helper 1 cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-15 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by type I interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.


release from viral latency

The process by which a virus begins to replicate following a latency replication decision (switch).


cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.


MAP kinase kinase activity

Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate.


MAP kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.


phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


protein kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase.


beta-catenin binding

Binding to a catenin beta subunit.


proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


sequence-specific mRNA binding

Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) of a specific nucleotide composition or a specific sequence motif.


transmembrane signaling receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.


ISG15-specific peptidase activity

A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ISG15 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.


cytokine receptor activity

Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase.


growth factor activity

The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.


protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.


GDP binding

Binding to GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.


interleukin-2 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-2 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-4 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-4 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-5 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-5 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-3 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-3 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein.


interleukin-9 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-9 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-11 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-11 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-15 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-15 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


phosphoserine residue binding

Binding to a phosphorylated serine residue within a protein.


calmodulin binding

Binding to calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.


type II interferon receptor activity

Combining with interferon-gamma (a type II interferon) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


deubiquitinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a deubiquitinase.


calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.


ligand-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ions by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I

Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity

Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.


AMP-activated protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.


acetylation-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon acetylation of the target protein.


protein-lysine 6-oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


apoptotic process

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


innate vocalization behavior

A vocalisation behavior that is innate, i.e. that does not need to be learned in order to occur.


regulation of action potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


hormone activity

The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.


calcium ion transport

The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


thymus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.


parathyroid gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.


bone mineralization

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.


translation

The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.


integrin binding

Binding to an integrin.


retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.


ERAD pathway

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).


protein-containing complex binding

Binding to a macromolecular complex.


translation repressor activity

Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


alkaline phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.


structural constituent of bone

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of bone.


retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the conversion of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.


oxygen carrier activity

Binding to oxygen and delivering it to an acceptor molecule or a specific location.


interleukin-10 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-10 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


inner cell mass derived epiblast

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers.


erythroid lineage cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.


eosinophil

Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive.


CCL2_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 2 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SOCS3_HUMAN Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (sprot)

A suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CHD4_HUMAN Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNB_HUMAN Interferon beta (sprot)

An interferon beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXL10_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I10R1_HUMAN Interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR3_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 3 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BZLF1_EBVB9 Lytic switch protein BZLF1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the BZLF1 gene in Human herpesvirus 4 strain B95-8.


anatomical structure morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.


endoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.


digestive tract development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


dorsal/ventral axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


ectoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.


male meiosis I

A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.


ZN410_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 410 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 410 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JUN_HUMAN Transcription factor Jun (sprot)

A transcription factor Jun that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXM1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein M1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein M1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRAK4_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYD88_HUMAN Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (sprot)

A myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRAK2_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCAP_SARS2 Nucleoprotein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the N gene in SARS-CoV-2.


VME1_SARS2 Membrane protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the M gene in SARS-CoV-2.


mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform h1 (human)

A mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7Z434-1.


IMA1_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I isoform h2 (human)

An antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O95786-2.


ORF9B_SARS2 ORF9b protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF9b gene in SARS-CoV-2.


TOM70_HUMAN Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 (sprot)

A mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform h2 (human)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q13114-2.


NS6_SARS2 ORF6 protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF6 gene in SARS-CoV-2.


TCAM1_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (sprot)

A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TCAM2_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 (sprot)

A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKBA_HUMAN NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (sprot)

An NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


TIRAP_HUMAN Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein (sprot)

A Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ECSIT_HUMAN Evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial (sprot)

An evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR4_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform h2 (human)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P40189-2.


interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 2 (human)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL6RB_HUMAN Interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL6_HUMAN Interleukin-6 (sprot)

An interleukin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RA_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAK3_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2_HUMAN Interleukin-2 (sprot)

An interleukin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RB_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RG_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit gamma (sprot)

A cytokine receptor common subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL4RA_HUMAN Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL4_HUMAN Interleukin-4 (sprot)

An interleukin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL5_HUMAN Interleukin-5 (sprot)

An interleukin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3RB_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit beta (sprot)

A cytokine receptor common subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL5RA_HUMAN Interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3RA_HUMAN Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3_HUMAN Interleukin-3 (sprot)

An interleukin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL9R_HUMAN Interleukin-9 receptor (sprot)

An interleukin-9 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL9_HUMAN Interleukin-9 (sprot)

An interleukin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I11RA_HUMAN Interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL11_HUMAN Interleukin-11 (sprot)

An interleukin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I12R2_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 (sprot)

An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I12R1_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 (sprot)

An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL15_HUMAN Interleukin-15 (sprot)

An interleukin-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I15RA_HUMAN Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTOR_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR that is encoded in the genome of human.


1433Z_HUMAN 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta (sprot)

A 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKKE_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (sprot)

An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


INGR1_HUMAN Interferon gamma receptor 1 (sprot)

An interferon gamma receptor alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNG_HUMAN Interferon gamma (sprot)

An interferon gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


DUSP_VACCW Dual specificity protein phosphatase OPG106 (sprot)


TANK_HUMAN TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator (sprot)

A TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of coreceptor activity

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity, combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.


HDAC4_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 4 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG003_VAR67 Ankyrin repeat protein OPG003 (sprot)


US03_HHV11 Serine/threonine-protein kinase US3 (sprot)


KBTB1_VACCW Kelch repeat and BTB domain-containing protein A55 (sprot)


IPO5_HUMAN Importin-5 (sprot)

An importin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGFB1_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (sprot)

A TGF-beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANM1_HUMAN Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRGM_HUMAN Immunity-related GTPase family M protein (sprot)

An immunity-related GTPase family M protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP2BB_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAB3_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 that is a translation product of the TAB3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAB2_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSK2B_HUMAN Casein kinase II subunit beta (sprot)

A casein kinase II subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARK2N_HUMAN Protein ARK2N (sprot)

A protein C18orf25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEMO_HUMAN NF-kappa-B essential modulator (sprot)

An NF-kappa-B essential modulator that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBW1B_HUMAN F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 (sprot)

An F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP2_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RRAGC_HUMAN Ras-related GTP-binding protein C (sprot)

A Ras-related GTP-binding protein C that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD6_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 (sprot)

A smad6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP4_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WDR48_HUMAN WD repeat-containing protein 48 (sprot)

A WD repeat-containing protein 48 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FLCN_HUMAN Folliculin (sprot)

A folliculin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FNIP1_HUMAN Folliculin-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A folliculin-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BRD2_HUMAN Bromodomain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A bromodomain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LOXL3_HUMAN Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 (sprot)

A lysyl oxidase homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETAA1_HUMAN Ewing's tumor-associated antigen 1 (sprot)

An Ewing's tumor-associated antigen 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP25_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 25 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of defense response to bacterium

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.


cellular anatomical entity

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.


osteoblast differentiation

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.


insulin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.


MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


bone development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.


pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


neuromuscular junction development

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.


stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal.


cellular hyperosmotic response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


p38MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


pheromone response MAPK cascade

A MAPK cascade that is part of a pheromone response ending in conjugation with cellular fusion.


epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


torso signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to torso (a receptor tyrosine kinase) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ERBB signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.


guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase.


G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding

Binding to a complex of G-protein beta/gamma subunits.


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.


protein kinase C binding

Binding to protein kinase C.


signaling receptor complex adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.


protein-membrane adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.


GTP binding

Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


epidermal growth factor receptor activity

Combining with an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


epidermal growth factor receptor binding

Binding to an epidermal growth factor receptor.


phosphotyrosine residue binding

Binding to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


receptor tyrosine kinase binding

Binding to a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.


neuregulin receptor activity

Combining with a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor and one or more other proteins, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


insulin receptor activity

Combining with insulin receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


insulin-like growth factor receptor activity

Combining with insulin-like growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


stalled ribosome sensor activity

A molecule that recognizes stalled ribosomes and initiates a signaling response.


ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.


wide pore channel activity

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.


type B pancreatic cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.


synaptic transmission, cholinergic

The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


acetylcholine receptor activity

Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


MK14_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK11_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK12_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK13_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MP2K6_HUMAN Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (sprot)

A dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MP2K3_HUMAN Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (sprot)

A dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SHC-transforming protein 1 isoform p52Shc (mouse)

An shc-transforming protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 isoform ZAKalpha (human)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9NYL2-1.


VGFR2_HUMAN Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (sprot)

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FYN_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn that is encoded in the genome of human.


M3K5_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.


RNA splicing

The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.


secretion

The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.


transport

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.


protein sumoylation

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.


response to chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.


phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.


catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.


localization

Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

An intracellular signal transduction pathway that starts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), activation of PDK1, which recruits and ending with the activation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt). PI3K is activated by cell surface receptors. Note that PTEN is an inhibitor of the pathway.


smoothened signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.


negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


mesodermal cell fate specification

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


endodermal cell fate specification

The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


hemopoiesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.


defense response to fungus

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.


defense response to virus

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.


cellular response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


macrophage activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.


thyroid gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.


cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


activin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes mediated by RNA polymerase II.


cellular response to interferon-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.


positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


cellular response to zinc ion starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of zinc ions.


cellular response to type II interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.


positive regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


negative regulation of inflammatory response to wounding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.


regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.


G protein-coupled receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


calcium ion binding

Binding to a calcium ion (Ca2+).


transcription factor binding

Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.


BMP receptor binding

Binding to a BMP receptor.


oxysterol binding

Binding to oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol.


JNK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


activin receptor activity, type I

Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.


non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein.


activin receptor activity

Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta.


co-SMAD binding

Binding to a common mediator SMAD signaling protein.


2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding

Binding to 2',3' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 2',5' and 3',5' linkages.


3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(3'-5')A-P(2'-5') (cyclic 3',2' GAMP).


3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding

Binding to 3',2' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 3',5' and 2',5' linkages.


double-stranded RNA binding

Binding to double-stranded RNA.


protein serine kinase activity (using GTP as donor)

Catalysis of the reactions: GTP + L-seryl-[protein] = GDP + H+ + O-phospho-L-seryl-[protein].


type I interferon receptor activity

Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


JAK pathway signal transduction adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two molecules of the JAK signal transduction pathway, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


adenylate cyclase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of adenylate cyclase.


adenylate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.


glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity

Combining with glucagon-like peptide 1 and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.


gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glutamate + reduced vitamin K + CO2 + O2 = peptidyl-gamma-carboxyglutamate + vitamin K epoxide.


molecular function inhibitor activity

A molecular function regulator that inhibits or decreases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.


protein-hormone receptor activity

Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-22 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-22 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


nodal signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by nodal protein binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.


primitive hemopoiesis

A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.


tissue regeneration

The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.


primitive red blood cell

A large nucleated basophilic erythrocyte found in mammalian embryos. This cell type arises from the blood islands of yolk sacs and expresses different types of hemoglobins (beta-H1, gamma-1 and zeta) than adult erythrocytes. Considered a type of erythroblast as this cell type can enucleate in circulation.


REG3A_HUMAN Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha (sprot)

A regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTN6_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ITB2L_MOUSE Integrin beta-2-like protein (sprot)

An integrin beta-2-like protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ITB2_MOUSE Integrin beta-2 (sprot)

An integrin beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


melanocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.


hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.


neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.


glial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.


myoblast maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.


lymphangiogenesis

Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.


RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


NF-kappaB p50/p65 complex

A heterodimer of NF-kappa B p50 and p65 subunits.


CLOCK-BMAL transcription complex

Transcription factor complex which interacts with E-box regulatory elements in target genes, including Period (Per1, Per2, Per3) and Cryptochrome (Cry1, Cry2), to activate their transcription during the daytime. The CRY-PER complexes inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-driven transcription in a negative feedback loop to generate circadian rhythms.


GDF2_HUMAN Growth/differentiation factor 2 (sprot)

A growth/differentiation factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACVL1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AVR2B_HUMAN Activin receptor type-2B (sprot)

An activin receptor type-2B that is encoded in the genome of human.


PCKGC_HUMAN Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP] (sprot)

A phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP] that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSI1_HUMAN Insulin-induced gene 1 protein (sprot)

An insulin-induced gene 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSI2_HUMAN Insulin-induced gene 2 protein (sprot)

An insulin-induced gene 2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


IMB1_HUMAN Importin subunit beta-1 (sprot)

An importin subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MBTP2_HUMAN Membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease (sprot)

A membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease that is encoded in the genome of human.


MBTP1_HUMAN Membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease (sprot)

A membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYK2_HUMAN Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 (sprot)

A non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CALM1_HUMAN Calmodulin-1 (sprot)

A calmodulin (human) that is a translation product of the CALM1 gene.


INAR1_HUMAN Interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (sprot)

An interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


INAR2_HUMAN Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 (sprot)

An interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KCC2A_HUMAN Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha (sprot)

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


V_MUMPS Non-structural protein V (sprot)


EXTL3_HUMAN Exostosin-like 3 (sprot)

An exostosin-like 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL33_HUMAN Interleukin-33 (sprot)

An interleukin-33 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL22_HUMAN Interleukin-22 (sprot)

An interleukin-22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I22R1_HUMAN Interleukin-22 receptor subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

An interleukin-22 receptor subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XAF1_HUMAN XIAP-associated factor 1 (sprot)

An XIAP-associated factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR9_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 9 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRBP2_HUMAN RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP2 (sprot)

A RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


blood vessel endothelial cell

An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.


auditory hair cell

A mechanoreceptor cell of the auditory or vestibular system that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.


follicular epithelial cell

An epithelial somatic cell associated with a maturing oocyte.


cochlear inner hair cell

A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.


radial glial cell

A cell present in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration.


respiratory epithelial cell

An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract.


ependymal cell

A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen.


tracheal epithelial cell

An epithelial cell found in the trachea.


microglial cell

A central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.


dopaminergic neuron

A neuron that releases dopamine as a neurotransmitter.


renal principal cell

A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the apical membrane of the cell is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals this cell type is located in the renal collecting duct system.


corpus callosum

White matter structure containing massive numbers of commissural fibers connecting cortical areas in the two cerebral hemispheres.it is subdivided into a genu, a rostrum, a body, and a splenium. (MM).


mesangial cell

A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries.


colon epithelial cell

Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.


type EC enteroendocrine cell

A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).


primary oocyte

A primary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed female meosis I.


A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.


regulatory T cell

A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.


outer plexiform layer of retina

The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells[ZFA]. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells[GO].


kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell


peptic cell

A cell that is usually basal in position, cuboidal with round nucleus, short microvilli, secretes pepsinogen.


parietal cell

A large, oval stomach epithelial cell with a central nucleus; source of gastric acid. Secretes HCl.


kidney epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the kidney.


retinal rod cell

One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.


germ line stem cell

A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.


retinal neural layer

The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO].


trigeminal nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex.


germ line cell

A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.


thyrotroph

A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center.


multi-ciliated epithelial cell

A ciliated epithelial cell with many cilia.


outer nuclear layer of retina

The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside.


neural tube lateral wall

Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube.


ventral horn of spinal cord

The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO].


mature neutrophil

A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive.


retina horizontal cell

A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina.


luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland

A mammary epithelial cell that occurs in the lumen of the ductal and alveoli structure in the breast.


blood cell

A cell found predominately in the blood.


brush cell of trachebronchial tree

Infrequent type of columnar epithelial cell. This cell is characterized by the presence of a tuft of blunt, squat microvilli (approximately 120-140/cell) on the cell surface. The microvilli contain filaments that stretch into the underlying cytoplasm. They have a distinctive pear shape with a wide base and a narrow microvillous apex. Function not known.


club cell

A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium.


male gonocyte

A primordial germ cell that is destined to become a male germ cell.


serotonergic neuron

A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter.


layer of neocortex

One of the layers of the neocortex. These layers are defined by distinctive populations of cells based on somata size, shape, or density, that are aligned into sheets.


secondary spermatocyte

One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.


substantia nigra

Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM).


immature neutrophil

Any of the immature forms of a neutrophil in which neutrophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.


oogonial cell

An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.


epithelial cell of large intestine

An epithelial cell of the large intestine.


hematopoietic cell

A cell of a hematopoietic lineage.


vestibular ganglion

The ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. Distributed to the maculae of the utricle and saccule and to the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts. The vestibular fibers arise in bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion in the internal acoustic meatus.


cytoplasmic SCF ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex, located in the cytoplasm, in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).


beta-catenin destruction complex

A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.


protein pitchfork isoform m1 (mouse)

A protein pitchfork (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9D9W1-1.


KAP2_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex

An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.


KAP3_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAP0_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAP1_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


pyruvate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: = ADP + H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate => ATP + pyruvate.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in a protein substrate.


translation initiation factor activity

Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


miRNA binding

Binding to a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes.


Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = an N3-methylcytidine in tRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


SUMO-ubiquitin ligase activity

Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


identical protein binding

Binding to an identical protein or proteins.


protein kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity

Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.


regulation of cell size

Any process that modulates the size of a cell.


histone H3K4 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


mRNA 3'-UTR AU-rich region binding

Binding to a region containing frequent adenine and uridine bases within the 3' untranslated region of a mRNA molecule or in pre-mRNA intron. The ARE-binding element consensus is UUAUUUAUU. ARE-binding proteins control the stability and/or translation of mRNAs.


ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


5'-3' RNA exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of an RNA molecule.


neuropeptide receptor binding

Binding to a neuropeptide receptor.


neuropeptide receptor activity

Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.


dystroglycan binding

Binding to dystroglycan, a glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).


tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding

Binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.


JUN kinase kinase kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: JNKK + ATP = JNKK phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs).


phosphatidylinositol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.


long-chain fatty acid transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a long-chain fatty acid from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


protein serine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate.


protein-folding chaperone binding

Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.


serine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).


Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + adenine(37) in tRNA = AMP + N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA.


dipeptidyl-peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.


K48-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 in the target protein.


tyrosine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.


negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.


ISG15 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y = Y-ISG15 + X, where both X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 are covalent linkages.


ISG15 activating enzyme activity

Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.


protein tag activity

A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another protein where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + serotonin.


calcium-dependent protein kinase C activity

Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.


cholate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: (1) ATP + cholate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + choloyl-CoA and (2) ATP + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA.


choloyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + H2O = cholate + CoA.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


3alpha-hydroxy bile acid-CoA-ester 3-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: a 3alpha-hydroxy bile acid CoA + NAD+ = a 3-oxo bile acid CoA + H+ + NADH.


bile-acid 7alpha-dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oate = 12alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochola-4,6-dien-24-oate + H2O.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


Atg12 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ATG12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ATG12 + Y = Y-ATG12 + X, where both X-ATG12 and Y-ATG12 are covalent linkages.


G-protein alpha-subunit binding

Binding to a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.


linear polyubiquitin binding

Binding to a linear polymer of ubiquitin. Linear ubiquitin polymers are formed by linking the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next.


diacetyl reductase ((S)-acetoin forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-acetoin + NAD+ = diacetyl + H+ + NADH.


tRNA methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.


cystathionine gamma-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH4+.


lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.


cystathionine beta-synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + L-homocysteine = cystathionine + H2O.


transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups

Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.


positive regulation of cytokinesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.


fibroblast growth factor 13 isoform 2 (mouse)

A fibroblast growth factor 13 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RBSK_HUMAN Ribokinase (sprot)

A ribokinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptide antigen

Any peptide displayed by major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Class I MHC accommodate 8 to 13-residue peptides whereas class II MHC can bind 10 to 30-residue peptides, the optimal size being 12 to 16 residues.


Conjugate base of 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oic acid.


A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of cholic acid.


A steroidal acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions of 3-oxocholoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


A steroidal acyl-CoA(4-) oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 12alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochola-4,6-dien-24-oyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


A steroidal acyl-CoA(4-) oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


An acyl-CoA(4-) that is the tetraanion of choloyl-CoA, arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.


Any dibenzodioxine in which two or more hydrogens have been replaced by chlorines.


G3UVW8_MOUSE ELK3, member of ETS oncogene family (trembl)

An ETS domain-containing protein Elk-3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:G3UVW8.


RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform G (mouse)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform G that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform E (mouse)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform E that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform D (mouse)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 isoform D that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


heat shock protein 105 kDa isoform HSP105-alpha (mouse)

A heat shock protein 105 kDa (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61699-1.


cell division control protein 42 isoform 1 prenylated-cysteine methyl ester 1 (mouse)

A cell division control protein 42 isoform 1 (mouse) that has been geranylgeranylated on the Cys residue within the C-terminal CaaX motif (a=an aliphatic residue, X=any residue), followed by cleavage of aaX and methylation of the Cys. UniProtKB:P60766-1, 1-188, Cys-188, MOD:01119.


RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 4 (mouse)

An RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 2 (mouse)

A mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 (mouse)

A BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


disabled homolog 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A disabled homolog 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sperm-associated antigen 16 protein isoform 1 (mouse)

A sperm-associated antigen 16 protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K450-1.


protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 phosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at Ser-97. UniProtKB:Q60829-1, Ser-97, MOD:00046.


potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform A (mouse)

A voltage-gated potassium channel KCNH2 isoform A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 2 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform is shorter than isoform 1 at the C-terminal region due to usage of exon IXb. This isoform has predominant expression in the testis.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform includes the sequence encoded by exon IXa. This isoform is widely expressed.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 unphosphorylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Tyr-261/Tyr-365, PR:000026291.


disks large homolog 2 isoform m3 (mouse)

A disks large homolog 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91XM9-3.


interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


synaptotagmin-8 isoform 2 (mouse)

A synaptotagmin-8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9R0N6-2.


double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 2 (mouse)

A double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This form is produced by alternative splicing of isoform 1.


double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 1 (mouse)

A double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 isoform m2 (mouse)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q810U5-2.


coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 isoform 1 (mouse)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 chromosomal region candidate gene 12 protein isoform 1 (mouse)

A flagellum-associated coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 chromosomal region candidate gene 12 protein isoform 2 (mouse)

A flagellum-associated coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


dynamin-1-like protein isoform 3 (mouse)

A dynamin-1-like protein isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


dynamin-1-like protein isoform m1 (mouse)

A dynamin-1-like protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K1M6-1.


sentrin-specific protease 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A sentrin-specific protease 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZX6-3.


intercellular adhesion molecule 4 isoform 1 (mouse)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9ERM2-1.


intercellular adhesion molecule 4 isoform 2 (mouse)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9ERM2-2.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 isoform 2 (mouse)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R104-2.


carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein isoform 1 (mouse)

A carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99MZ3-1.


Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CALCA gene translation product (mouse)

A CALCA gene translation product that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Q1A6V1_MOUSE phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (trembl)

A type II inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q1A6V1.


Q1A6V0_MOUSE Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II alpha short isoform (trembl)

A type II inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q1A6V0.


gametogenetin isoform m2 (mouse)

A gametogenetin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80WJ1-2.


protein CDV3 isoform 2 (mouse)

A protein CDV3 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein CDV3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A protein CDV3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


OFCC1_MOUSE Orofacial cleft 1 candidate gene 1 protein homolog (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the Ofcc1 gene in mouse.


brain-specific homeobox protein homolog isoform 2 (mouse)

A brain-specific homeobox protein homolog (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q810B3-2.


adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 precursor (mouse)

An interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 (mouse) that has not been subjected to any proteolytic cleavage. UniProtKB:P01582-1, 1-270.


72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 2 (mouse)

A 72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


G5DDB7_MOUSE Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (trembl)

A 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


thyroid hormone receptor alpha isoform Alpha-deltaE6 (mouse)

A thyroid hormone receptor alpha isoform Alpha-deltaE6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Wilms tumor protein homolog isoform 1 (mouse)

A Wilms tumor protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Wilms tumor protein homolog isoform 4 (mouse)

A Wilms tumor protein isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


runt-related transcription factor 2 isoform 8 (mouse)

A runt-related transcription factor 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q08775-8.


runt-related transcription factor 2 isoform 9 (mouse)

A runt-related transcription factor 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q08775-9.


IRAK1_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CASP1_HUMAN Caspase-1 (sprot)

A caspase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuronal cell body

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


DDX3X_HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X (sprot)

An ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X that is encoded in the genome of human.


apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


recycling endosome

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.


axon terminus

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.


PP1A_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


S14L1_HUMAN SEC14-like protein 1 (sprot)

A SEC14-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTND1_HUMAN Catenin delta-1 (sprot)

A catenin delta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TERA_HUMAN Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (sprot)

A transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SYSC_HUMAN Serine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (sprot)

A serine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human.


MET2A_HUMAN tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL2A (sprot)

A tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


OSGEP_HUMAN tRNA N6-adenosine threonylcarbamoyltransferase (sprot)

A tRNA N6-adenosine threonylcarbamoyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2A_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DPP8_HUMAN Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 (sprot)

A dipeptidyl peptidase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRAA_HUMAN Granzyme A (sprot)

A granzyme A that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRAB_HUMAN Granzyme B (sprot)

A granzyme B that is encoded in the genome of human.


5NTC_HUMAN Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase (sprot)

A cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


CIKS_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3IP2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3IP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPI2_CWPXB Serine proteinase inhibitor 2 (sprot)


ZBP1_HUMAN Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A Z-DNA-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG065_VACCW RNA-binding protein OPG065 (sprot)


IFIT3_HUMAN Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (sprot)

An interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG025_VACCW Ankyrin repeat protein OPG025 (sprot)


IFIT2_HUMAN Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (sprot)

An interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CASP8_HUMAN Caspase-8 (sprot)

A caspase-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EIF2A_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2B_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HSPB1_HUMAN Heat shock protein beta-1 (sprot)

A heat shock protein beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDC_HUMAN Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (sprot)

An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


USP9X_HUMAN Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X (sprot)

A probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X that is encoded in the genome of human.


KPCA_HUMAN Protein kinase C alpha type (sprot)

A protein kinase C alpha type that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAIB_CLOSV Bile acid--coenzyme A ligase (sprot)


BAIA2_CLOSV 3alpha-hydroxy bile acid-CoA-ester 3-dehydrogenase 2 (sprot)


BAICD_CLOSV 3-oxocholoyl-CoA 4-desaturase (sprot)


BAIF_CLOSV Bile acid CoA-transferase BaiF (sprot)


BAIE_CLOSV Bile acid 7alpha-dehydratase (sprot)


BAIH_CLOSV 7-beta-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA 4-desaturase (sprot)


TRI23_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM23 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP20_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 20 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP18_HUMAN Ubl carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 18 (sprot)

A Ubl carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATG3_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI27_HUMAN Zinc finger protein RFP (sprot)

A zinc finger protein RFP that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTN11_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ULK1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATG13_HUMAN Autophagy-related protein 13 (sprot)

An autophagy-related protein 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ST38L_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase 38-like (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase 38-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARRB2_HUMAN Beta-arrestin-2 (sprot)

A beta-arrestin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK09_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP4_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEK7_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek7 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZAR1_HUMAN Zygote arrest protein 1 (sprot)

A zygote arrest protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DCA12_HUMAN DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 12 (sprot)

A DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETD2_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FXR1_HUMAN RNA-binding protein FXR1 (sprot)

An RNA-binding protein FXR1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARRD4_HUMAN Arrestin domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

An arrestin domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RAC1_HUMAN Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (sprot)

A Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CARD8_HUMAN Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (sprot)

A caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHX16_HUMAN Pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX16 (sprot)

A pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIM8_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM8 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI22_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM22 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AIM2_HUMAN Interferon-inducible protein AIM2 (sprot)

An interferon-inducible protein AIM2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYCB2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MYCBP2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MYCBP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBSP1_HUMAN F-box/SPRY domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

An F-box/SPRY domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FXL19_HUMAN F-box/LRR-repeat protein 19 (sprot)

An F-box/LRR-repeat protein 19 that is encoded in the genome of human.