HESX1_HUMAN Homeobox expressed in ES cells 1 (sprot)

A homeobox expressed in ES cells 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIX3_HUMAN Homeobox protein SIX3 (sprot)

A homeobox protein SIX3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


aryl hydrocarbon receptor

A protein that is a translation product of the human AHR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


HES1_HUMAN Transcription factor HES-1 (sprot)

A transcription factor HES-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF1B_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ONEC3_HUMAN One cut domain family member 3 (sprot)

An one cut domain family member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NGN3_HUMAN Neurogenin-3 (sprot)

A neurogenin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF6_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAX4_HUMAN Paired box protein Pax-4 (sprot)

A paired box protein Pax-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX22_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDF1_HUMAN Neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (sprot)

A neurogenic differentiation factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSM1_HUMAN Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (sprot)

An insulinoma-associated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXA3_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDX1_HUMAN Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (sprot)

A pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTR2_HUMAN Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IAPP_HUMAN Islet amyloid polypeptide (sprot)

An islet amyloid polypeptide that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF4G_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX61_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform L-type (human)

A pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform L-type that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 isoform h2 (human)

A nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O00482-1.


PTF1A_HUMAN Pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha (sprot)

A pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-7 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-5.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-8 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-6.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-9 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-7.


neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.


somite development

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.


retina development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


notochord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.


germ cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.


pronephric glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


adrenal gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.


induction of positive chemotaxis

Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


floor plate development

The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.


lens placode formation involved in camera-type eye formation

Establishment and formation of the optic placode, paired ectodermal placodes that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.


floor plate formation

The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.


cardioblast migration to the midline involved in heart field formation

The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


prechordal plate formation

The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.


convergent extension involved in nephron morphogenesis

The morphogenetic process in which the renal epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis that contributes to the shaping of a nephron.


hypoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hypoblast is a tissue formed from the inner cell mass that lies beneath the epiblast.


all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, all-trans-retinol forming activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinyl palmitate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + H+ + palmitate.


EEA1_HUMAN Early endosome antigen 1 (sprot)

An early endosome antigen 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of receptor binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


brain white matter

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites.


GABA-A receptor complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor).


AVR2A_MOUSE Activin receptor type-2A (sprot)

An activin receptor type-2A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PLXB2_MOUSE Plexin-B2 (sprot)

A plexin-B2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PLXB1_MOUSE Plexin-B1 (sprot)

A plexin-B1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TNR9_MOUSE Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


LEPR_MOUSE Leptin receptor (sprot)

A leptin receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


NEO1_MOUSE Neogenin (sprot)

A neogenin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


P2RX7_MOUSE P2X purinoceptor 7 (sprot)

A P2X purinoceptor 7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TLR4_MOUSE Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PRTG_MOUSE Protogenin (sprot)

A protogenin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


SSR3_MOUSE Somatostatin receptor type 3 (sprot)

A somatostatin receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ACV1B_MOUSE Activin receptor type-1B (sprot)

An activin receptor type-1B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


MCHR1_MOUSE Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (sprot)

A melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


SKIT2_MOUSE Selection and upkeep of intraepithelial T-cells protein 2 (sprot)

A selection and upkeep of intraepithelial T-cells protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein localization to mitotic actomyosin contractile ring

Any protein localization to actomyosin contractile ring that is involved in mitotic cytokinesis.


protein localization to actin cortical patch

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, an actin cortical patch.


muscle structure development

The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.


hepatocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.


foregut-midgut junction

An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut.


chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 isoform m1 (mouse)

A chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q09XV5-1.


maintenance of translational fidelity

Suppression of the occurrence of translational errors, such as codon-anticodon mis-paring, during the process of translation of a protein using an mRNA template.


calcium-ion regulated exocytosis

The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.


type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.


glucose transmembrane transport

The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane.


NADP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


positive regulation of exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.


dense core granule maturation

Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.


tRNA methylthiolation

The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.


Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A).


type B pancreatic cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


kinetochore binding

Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.


mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


mitotic prometaphase

The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.


kinetochore

A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


meiotic prometaphase I

The meiotic cell cycle phase in eukaryotes between meiotic prophase I and meiotic metaphase I. During meiotic prometaphase I, the nuclear envelope breaks down and one kinetochore forms per chromosome. Chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules and begin to move towards the metaphase plate.


female meiosis chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.


protein localization to meiotic spindle midzone

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a meiotic spindle midzone.


meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


protein localization to chromosome

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.


protein localization to kinetochore

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.


spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


TTK_MOUSE Dual specificity protein kinase TTK (sprot)

A dual specificity protein kinase TTK that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


heme catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


heme metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


heme export from vacuole to cytoplasm

The directed movement of heme from inside the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane and into the cytosol.


negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


chloride ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.


potassium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.


gastric acid secretion

The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


membrane repolarization

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


pigmentation

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.


hematopoietic stem cell migration

The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.


lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.


developmental pigmentation

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.


negative regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


germ cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


ectopic germ cell programmed cell death

Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.


myeloid leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.


response to radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.


glycosphingolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


long term hematopoietic stem cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative.


transcription cis-regulatory region binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


E-box binding

Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


myeloid cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


definitive hemopoiesis

A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.


angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


erythrocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.


embryonic hemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.


generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.


platelet formation

The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.


hemangioblast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemangioblast. Hemangioblasts are the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages.


spinal cord association neuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


mast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


megakaryocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.


astrocyte fate commitment

The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte.


regulation of stem cell population maintenance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.


megakaryocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.


regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


regulation of mast cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


natural killer cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.


T cell differentiation in thymus

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.


Peyer's patch development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion

A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.


RAD21_HUMAN Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog (sprot)

A double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog that is encoded in the genome of human.


Nicotinamide

A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.


Zwitterionic form of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine arising from migration of a proton from the carboxy group to the alpha-amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


Acetic Acid

A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.


A nucleotide-sugar having ADP as the nucleotide fragment and 2-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranos-5-yl as the sugar component.


PDS5A_HUMAN Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A (sprot)

A sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDAC8_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 8 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDA10_HUMAN Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 (sprot)

A polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT6A_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT6A (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT6A that is encoded in the genome of human.


inner cell mass cell proliferation

The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.


immature T cell

A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.


NK T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.


T cell mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


apoptotic cell clearance

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


T cell proliferation

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.


leukocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.


lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.


T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.


T cell receptor V(D)J recombination

The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


B cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.


thymocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.


alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


negative regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


negative regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


dGTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


immature T cell proliferation in thymus

The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus.


gamma-delta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.


Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule, such as GDP-galactose or UDP-galactose, to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


nuclear glucocorticoid receptor activity

Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal within the cell trigger a change in cell activity or function.


immunoglobulin complex, circulating

An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.


type I interferon production

The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


aldosterone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.


hormone secretion

The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.


multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


interleukin-2 production

The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


growth hormone secretion

The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.


progesterone secretion

The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.


androgen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


carnitine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


antigen binding

Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.


macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha production

The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


ionotropic glutamate receptor activity

Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


negative regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


smooth muscle myoblast

A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.


TRPC7_MOUSE Short transient receptor potential channel 7 (sprot)

A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ionotropic glutamate receptor complex

A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.


skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).


lung alveolus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.


surfactant homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.


negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


osteoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.


negative regulation of chondrocyte development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


mammary gland bud elongation

The process in which the mammary gland bud grows along its axis.


nipple sheath formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the nipple sheath from the unspecified epidermis. This process begins with a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout. It ends before the region begins to elevate.


organic phosphonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonates, any organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Metabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.


vibrissa follicle

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

One of the tubular invaginations of the epidermis enclosing the hair roots and from which grow the vibrissae located on the muzzle and face of many species.


osteocyte

A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.


bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


biomineral tissue development

Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.


post-embryonic forelimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an organism.


bone trabecula formation

The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.


fat pad development

The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue.


sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha (mouse) that is phosphorylated on a Ser residue within the DI-DII linker, equivalent to Ser-571 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1. Example: UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1, Ser-571, MOD:00046.


positive regulation of signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.


negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.


macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


animal organ formation

The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.


glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.


specification of animal organ position

The regionalization process in which information that determines the correct position at which animal organ primordia are formed is generated and perceived resulting in correct positioning of the new animal organ.


response to vitamin B6

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


negative regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


cellular response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


NAD-dependent histone H3K56 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.


NAD-dependent histone H3K9 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA damage sensor activity

A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, for example, double-strand breaks or collapsed replication forks, and initiates a signaling response.


NAD-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.


FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.


protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity

An enzyme-substrate adaptor that bings together a protein ADP-ribosyl transferase and its substrate.


NAD+-histone H2BE35 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ADP-ribose groups to the glutamate-35 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2B (or an equivalent residue).


histone H2BS36 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2B-serine (position 36) + ATP = histone H2B-phosphoserine (position 36) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 36 of histone H2B.


histone H3K18 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18).


progesterone receptor isoform A (mouse)

A progesterone receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00175-2.


lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 isoform h4 (human)

A lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8NB78-4.


GLYR1_HUMAN Cytokine-like nuclear factor N-PAC (sprot)

A nuclear protein NP60 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTNB1_HUMAN Catenin beta-1 (sprot)

A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDB2_HUMAN DNA damage-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A DNA damage-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XPC_HUMAN DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells (sprot)

A DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of neutrophil differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.


eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.


gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).


immature B cell

An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.


positive regulation by symbiont of host transcription

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


myelin proteolipid protein isoform DM-20 (mouse)

A myelin proteolipid protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P60202-2.


mitotic sister chromatid segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


mitotic spindle pole

Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


nuclear body

Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.


spindle midzone

The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


Ras protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


exit from mitosis

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


cell projection organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


G1 to G0 transition involved in cell differentiation

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


microvillus assembly

Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.


dynein light chain binding

Binding to a light chain of the dynein complex.


regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


establishment of spindle orientation

Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.


apical junction assembly

The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.


lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ventricular zone neuroblast division

The proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The neuronal progenitors of these cells will migrate radially.


cellular component organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


chromocenter

A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions from more than one chromosomes form a compact structure.


island of Calleja

One of the seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band.


chromosome

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


female meiotic nuclear division

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.


meiotic chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.


chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


single strand break repair

The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.


kinetochore organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.


condensed chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.


mitotic sister chromatid separation

The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.


germinal vesicle

The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.


meiotic chromosome separation

The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


axon development

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


lysosomal transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.


positive regulation of dendrite development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.


dendritic spine morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.


regulation of cellular component organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


negative regulation of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


positive regulation of cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


histone H4K20 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


RB_HUMAN Retinoblastoma-associated protein (sprot)

A retinoblastoma-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


Succinate

A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.


alpha-Ketoglutarate

An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxoglutaric acid.


Formaldehyde

An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.


SET_HUMAN Protein SET (sprot)

A protein SET that is encoded in the genome of human.


MCPH1_HUMAN Microcephalin (sprot)

A microcephalin that is encoded in the genome of human.


condensed chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


neurofilament cytoskeleton

Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.


varicosity

Non-terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.


apical pole of neuron

Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the apical dendrite emerges.


neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


heterochromatin formation

An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.


centrosome duplication

The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.


GMP salvage

Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


centrosome cycle

The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.


glycine binding

Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


forebrain radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


plasma membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


negative chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.


astrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration

The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.


alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha1-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gq alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


forebrain neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.


neurotransmitter metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


somatic stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.


formation of radial glial scaffolds

The formation of scaffolds from a radial glial cell. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.


asymmetric cell division

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.


mRNA splice site recognition

Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


protein deglutamylation

The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.


microtubule organizing center organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migration

The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.


purine ribonucleoside salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


glial cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


subpallium neuron fate commitment

The process in which in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


hypoxanthine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


oligodendrocyte cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an oligodendrocyte.


cerebellar cortex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


pronucleus

The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.


TCR signalosome

A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Tyr-36/Tyr-261/Tyr-365, MOD:00048.


TCR signalosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TCR signalosome.


T cell receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.


chromatin silencing complex

Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.


pericentric heterochromatin

Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylated H3 histone at lysine 9 (H3K9me2/H3K9me3).


primary miRNA binding

Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.


ribonucleoprotein complex binding

Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.


negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.


cellular response to hydrogen peroxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.


G1 to G0 transition

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.


regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.


protein localization to chromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.


hepatocyte homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.


response to tetrachloromethane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrachloromethane stimulus.


regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.


epidermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.


DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.


negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


cellular response to trichostatin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.


response to purine-containing compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.


response to inorganic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.


cellular response to forskolin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.


brown adipose tissue

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified].


progenitor cell

A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.


cAMP-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


nucleosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.


homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis

The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.


double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.


regulation of DNA damage checkpoint

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.


MCM complex loading

The protein localization process in which two MCM complexes become associated with chromatin at replication origins. MCM loading begins when origin-bound ORC and Cdc6 (Cdc18 in fission yeast) recruit one MCM2-7/Cdt1 complex to the origin, includes formation of a succession of intermediate complexes and ATP hydrolysis-dependent Mcm2-7 ring closure, and ends when two MCM hexamers fully encircle DNA, and are oriented head-to-head. The double hexamer is inactive for DNA unwinding. MCM loading takes place during G1 phase, and precedes CMG complex assembly.


nucleosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


positive regulation of stem cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


pericentric heterochromatin formation

The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA.


subtelomeric heterochromatin formation

The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.


mammary gland involution

The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.


SUMO polymer binding

Binding to a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


negative regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


positive regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


chromosome, subtelomeric region

A region of the chromosome, adjacent to the telomere (on the centromeric side) that contains repetitive DNA and sometimes genes. This region is usually heterochromatin.


nuclear chromosome

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.


brown preadipocyte

A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha).


Gr1-high myeloid suppressor cell

A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative.


hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PcG protein complex

A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.


RNA localization

A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


positive regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


chromosome, telomeric region

The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).


spindle

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


female pronucleus

The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized.


synaptonemal complex

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.


MutLalpha complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.


condensed nuclear chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.


lateral element

A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.


cortical cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


female germ cell nucleus

The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.


central element

A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements.


meiotic spindle midzone

The area in the center of the meiotic spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


meiotic cohesin complex

A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex.


apical cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.


mismatch repair complex

Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


actin cap

Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


vitelline membrane formation

Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg.


oocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.


G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I.


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


microtubule polymerization

The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.


telomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.


positive regulation of translation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


homologous chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


synaptonemal complex assembly

The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.


transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling

An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression that involves chromatin remodeling to capacitate gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.


meiotic nuclear division

One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.


phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


meiotic cell cycle

Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.


cytoplasm organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


vesicle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.


spindle checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.


chiasma assembly

The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.


meiotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


meiotic DNA repair synthesis

During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.


nucleus localization

Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


establishment of meiotic spindle localization

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.


chromatin looping

A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.


cytoplasmic polyadenylation

Any process by which dormant, translationally inactive mRNAs become activated via the elongation of their poly(A) tails in the cytosol.


telomere maintenance via telomerase

The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


transcription by RNA polymerase I

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.


meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during meiosis.


maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the centromeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.


female meiosis I

The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.


epigenetic programing of female pronucleus

The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the female pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The maternal genome is protected from global DNA demethylation before the first division of the zygote, and instead undergoes passive, replication-dependent demethylation during early embryogenesis, arising from inhibition of the DNA maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1.


meiotic spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.


polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions

The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.


meiotic metaphase chromosome alignment

A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during meiotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


meiotic cytokinesis

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


spindle localization

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


cytosolic transport

The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.


meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint, that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.


cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.


cohesin unloading

Negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion by the topological unlinking of a cohesin ring to DNA.


oocyte growth

The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


oocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 phosphorylated form (mouse)

An eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 (mouse) that includes at least one phosphorylated residue. UniProtKB:Q9QZ05-1, MOD:00696.


DCA13_HUMAN DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 (sprot)

A DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic cleavage

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


chromosome condensation

The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.


DNA topological change

The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


cohesin complex

A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).


gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.


oogenesis

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.


cellular response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.


cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.


cGMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


ethanol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.


luteinizing hormone signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


NuRD complex

An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.


telomere maintenance via recombination

Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


telomere assembly

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


replication fork processing

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.


helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.


presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


MMS22_HUMAN Protein MMS22-like (sprot)

A protein MMS22-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 (mouse)

A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RECQ5_HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 (sprot)

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


retina

The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


photoreceptor outer segment layer

Layer of the retina composed of the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptor outer segment is a specialized primary cilium consisting of a microtubule-based axoneme and regular stacks of membrane folds or disks containing the photopigments (opsins) required for the phototransduction cascade.


protein palmitoylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.


protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.


membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.


protein localization to synapse

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.


cellular response to electrical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.


heterotrimeric G-protein binding

Binding to a heterotrimeric G-protein.


vesicle targeting

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.