Rebaudioside A

A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.


Phenthoate

An organic thiophosphate that is  ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.


Ethylenediamine

An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.


A benzoquinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol.


Caffeic acid methyl ester

An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.


An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.


Amsacrine

A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits  antineoplastic activity.


A monohydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7.


Taurolithocholic acid

The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.


Muscimol

A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.


An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.


Venetoclax

A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.


Enoxolone

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30.


Brain PI(4,5)P2

A 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.


Bivalirudin

A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.


Pefloxacin

A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.


Flavanone

The simplest member of the class of  flavanones  that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.


Flavone

The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.


Anthranilic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.


Perflubutane

A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14.


s-Hexylglutathione

An S-substituted glutathione that is glutathione in which the hydrogen of the thiol has been replaced by a hexyl group (PDB entry: 1PN9).


Ziprasidone

A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.


Bisdemethoxycurcumin

A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.


Zwitterionic form of 6-aminohexanoic acid arising from migration of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


Spaglumic acid

A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.


A dichlorobiphenyl that is 1,3-dichlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a phenyl group.


A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere,  2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.


2-Hydroxyphytanic acid

An alpha-hydroxy fatty acid formed from phytanic acid by bacterial cytochrome P450; and also formed in human peroxisomal disorders.


N-ethylmaleimide

A member of the class of  maleimides that is the N-ethyl derivative of maleimide.


A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.


Tolclofos-methyl

An organic thiophosphate that is 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group group has been replaced by a dimethoxyphosphorothioyl group. Tolclofos-methyl is a phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor and fungicide that is used for controlling soil-borne diseases caused by Typhula incarnata, Corticium rolfsii, Typhula ishikariensis, and Rhizoctonia solani.


Benzothiazole

An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.


An aromatic ether that is bisphenol F where the hydrogens of both hydroxy groups have been replaced by a oxiran-2-ylmethyl group.


Docosapentaenoic acid

The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.


Acebutolol

An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.


An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


Cadaverine

An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a straight-chain pentane core with amino substitutents at positions 1 and 5. A colourless syrupy liquid diamine with a distinctive unpleasant odour, it is a homologue of putresceine and is formed by the bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. It is also found in plants such as soyabean.


Emtricitabine

An organofluorine compound  that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.


Paliperidone Palmitate

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.


Saxitoxin

An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.


Azelastine

A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.


A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.


Enrofloxacin

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.


A UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in which the anomeric centre of the galactosamine moiety has alpha-configuration.


Cinaciguat

A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.


Danthron

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.


Biphenyl

A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops.


oligosaccharide

A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.


mesoporphyrin IX

A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.


anti-inflammatory agent

Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.


Cyclothiazide

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.


ar-Turmerone

A sesquiterpenoid that is 2-methylhept-2-en-4-one substituted by a 4-methylphenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Peltophorum dasyrachis.


Lysergide

An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.


An indole that is 1H-indole substituted at positions 2, 3 and 7 by cyano, iodo and 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy groups respectively.


leucettine L41

A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a (2-anilino-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-ylidene)methyl group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of DYRK1A, DYRK2, CLK1, and CLK3 (IC50s = 0.04, 0.035, 0.015, and 4.5 muM, respectively).


Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid

A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.


Acridine orange

A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.


3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.


Amisulpride

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-(aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine. It is a potent, selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antipsychotic/antischizophrenic agent with limited extrapyrimidal side effects.


Chryseriol

The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.


A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl as the glycotriaosyl component attached to the Cer(d18:1/24:0).


A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively


Labetalol

A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.


Quinpirole

A pyrazoloquinoline that is  (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.


Scarlet red

A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.


alkane-alpha,omega-diamine

A primary diamine that is ethane or a higher alkane in which a hydrogen of each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by an amino group. H2NCH2(CH2)nCH2NH2, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.


Galantamine

A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.


Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone

A member of the  dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.


A qinazoline derivative carrying chloro and fluoro substituents at positions 6 and 8 respectively, a 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl group at position 7, and a 4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl group at position 4. A potent, selective, and orally bioavailable covalent KRAS-G12C inhibitor, it inhibits the protein coding gene KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) with high potency in cells and animals.


Diheptyl phthalate

The diheptyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


Norathyriol

A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7. Isolated from Garcinia mangostana and Maclura pomifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against protein kinase C.


alpha-Methylhistamine

An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.


Propoxyphene

The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.


A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.


An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.


A methylindole that is 1H-indole substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


Mesulergine

A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.


Lilly 117018

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.


Neostigmine

A  quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


Dimethyldithiocarbamate

A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.


Tebufenozide

A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.


Quinizarin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups


A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 have been replaced by bromines.


Oxybutynin

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.


A ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics.


Picrotoxinin

A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.


Trazodone

An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.


A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 6 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.


Quinoxyfen

A member of the class of quinolines carrying two chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 together with a 4-fluorophenoxy substituent at position 4. A fungicide used mainly to control powdery mildew in cereals.


A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


Perphenazine

A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.


Kresoxim-Methyl

A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.


Allysine

An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.


Ethylmercury chloride

A highly toxic organomercury compound which is used as a fungicide for treating seeds.


Acenaphthene

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derived from naphthalene by the addition of an ethylene bridge connecting C-1 and C-8.


Medroxyprogesterone

A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17 and a methyl group at position 6.


quinolines

A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.


An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a ethanamino group at position 2.


A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.


Alcuronium

An indole alkaloid of the curare family. A neuroblocker, it is often used in chloride form as an anesthesia adjuvant.


leukotriene B5

A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid carrying (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.


Tetrachlorohydroquinone

A tetrachlorobenzene that is 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by hydroxy groups.


A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).


chromones

A chromenone that consists of a 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


Copper(I) chloride

An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.


A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.


N-Benzoyl-L-alanine

An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.


An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.


A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.


An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.


L-cysteine substituted at sulfur by a 2-boronoethyl group.


A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-methylcuomarin which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. A hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor. It has also been used as a fluorescent sensor to monitor the consumption of a boronic acid in Suzuki coupling reactions; fluorescence is readily detectable by the naked eye using a standard 365 nm UV lamp.


Dofetilide

A tertiary amino compound that is N-ethyl-N-methylethanamine substituted by a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy and a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl group at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. It is used as an  anti-arrhythmia drug.


A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.


Benzoyl chloride

An acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.


Alverine

A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.


Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides


Lumacaftor

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.


Geranyl acetate

A monoterpenoid that is the  acetate ester derivative of  geraniol.


A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.


Diflubenzuron

A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.


Lomefloxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.


Azilsartan

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.


terpene

A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].


3beta-(4-Iodophenyl)tropan-2beta-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester


N-Acetyldopamine

A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the amino group of dopamine. A dopamine metabolite.


p-Coumaraldehyde

A cinnamaldehyde that is (E)-cinnamaldehyde substituted at position 4 on the phenyl ring by a hydroxy group.


Steviolbioside

A beta-D-glucoside that is steviolmonoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucoside moiety has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside.


Difloxacin

A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.


Pyrrolidine

A cyclic amine whose five-membered ring contains four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; the parent compound of the pyrrolidine family.


An  aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.


Practolol

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.


A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.


9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid

An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.


Diniconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diniconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including mildew, bunts and smuts.


7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropan(b)chromen-1a-carbxoylic acid ethyl ester


sweetening agent

Substance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.


The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.


quaternary ammonium salt

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.


benzimidazoles

An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.


A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.


A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.


alpha-Lactose

The alpha-anomer of lactose.


A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.


A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.


Methiothepin

A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).


Flupentixol

A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.


Quinclorac

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.


Lignin

A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.


Octyl hydrogen phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of octanol.


An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).


Butylbenzene

An  alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butyl group at position 1.


Monohexyl Phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of hexanol.


Alogliptin

A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.


acetoacetyl-CoA

A 3-oxoacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid.


Fluroxypyr

An aminopyridine that is pyridin-4-amine substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 5, a fluoro group at position 6 and a carboxymethoxy group at position 2.


Epitestosterone

An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.


Bursehernin

A butan-4-olide that is (-)-pluviatolide in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding methyl ether.


Monobenzone

The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone.  It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.


Tamsulosin

A 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide that has (R)-configuration. A specific alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist used (generally as its hydrochloride salt, tamsulosin hydrochloride) in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, urinary retention, and help with the passage of kidney stones.


Rhodium

A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.


Benzimidazole

The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.


Hexamethylenediamine

A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.


Cyclohexanone

A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single oxo substituent.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is carrying an isopropyl group at position 4.


Menthofuran

A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.


A member of the class of phenols that is o-cresol in which the hydrogen para to the hydroxy group is replaced by a chlorine.


Palladium

Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.


Nemonapride

A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.


A member of the class of  benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.


Perylene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.


Betaxolol

A  propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydoxy is substituted by a 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenyl group and one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group is substituted by isopropyl. It is a selective  beta1-receptor blocker and is used in the treatment of glaucoma as well as hypertension, arrhythmias, and coronary heart disease. It is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure.


Nuarimol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nuarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a systemic fungicide but is not approved for use within the European Union.


Florfenicol

A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.


Skullcapflavone II

A tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2' respectively.


Pymetrozine

A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.


Favipiravir

A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.


technetium 99m tricarbonyl 4-((2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)dithioformate


Fleroxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


Ledipasvir

A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.


N-hydroxyacetimidic acid

A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.


Vortioxetine

An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.


Chromotrope 2R

An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 4,5-dihydroxy-3-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid. It is used as the plasma stain in trichrome techniques.


boronic acids

Compounds having the structure RB(OH)2.


10-Dodecenoic acid, 9-hydroxy-12-oxo-, (10E)-


beta-Carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester


Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid

An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.


Wieland-gumlich aldehyde

A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C19H22N2O2, isolated from several species of Strychnos.


Nisoxetine

A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.


Neotame

A dipeptide composed of N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartic acid and methyl L-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage.


Acetophenazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.


Mevalonolactone

A 4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one that has (R)-configuration. It is a natural product found in Phomopsis archeri.


Glycycoumarin

A member of the class of  coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 5, a prenyl group at position 6 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 3.  Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antispasmodic activity.


Meperidine

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.


butyryl-CoA

A short-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of butyric acid.


Alizarin Red S

An organic sodium salt having  3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.


A member of the class of beta-carbolines that is 9H-beta-carboline substituted by a methoxy group at position 7 and methyl groups at positions 1 and 2. It is a semisynthetic derivative of harmine and has been shown to exhibit significant anti-HIV activity.


A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of 1'-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-spiro[furo[2,3-f]indole-3,4'-piperidine]. Selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist (pKi = 8.2). Displays >60-fold selectivity over 5-HT1D, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in radioligand binding and functional assays. Centrally active following oral administration in vivo.


Noladin ether

A monoalkylglycerol that is glycerol which is substituted by a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl group at position 2.


monobactam

Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic. It lacks the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.


A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.


Calycosin

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.


4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate

A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.


Piceatannol

A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.


A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by chlorines.


Tolylfluanid

A member of the class of sulfamides that is dichlofluanid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phenyl group is replaced by a methyl group. A fungicide first marketed in 1971 and used in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as well as in wood preservatives, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.


A member of the class of  chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.


A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.


4,4'-Dipyridyl disulfide

An organic disulfide obtained by formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-thiopyridine.


A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.


MYCN_HUMAN N-myc proto-oncogene protein (sprot)

An N-myc proto-oncogene protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


VENTX_HUMAN Homeobox protein VENTX (sprot)

A homeobox protein VENTX that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO5F1_HUMAN POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZSC10_HUMAN Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 10 (sprot)

A zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


forkhead box protein P1 isoform h8 (human)

A forkhead box protein P1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9H334-8.


KLF4_HUMAN Krueppel-like factor 4 (sprot)

A krueppel-like factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SALL4_HUMAN Sal-like protein 4 (sprot)

A Sal-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRD14_HUMAN PR domain zinc finger protein 14 (sprot)

A PR domain zinc finger protein 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PBX1_HUMAN Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF3A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF3A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


PCBP4_HUMAN Poly(rC)-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A poly(rC)-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PELP1_HUMAN Proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 (sprot)

A proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX32_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-3.2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-3.2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSX2_HUMAN Homeobox protein MSX-2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein MSX-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZN521_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 521 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 521 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SP7_HUMAN Transcription factor Sp7 (sprot)

A transcription factor Sp7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASCL1_HUMAN Achaete-scute homolog 1 (sprot)

An achaete-scute homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NAB2_HUMAN NGFI-A-binding protein 2 (sprot)

An NGFI-A-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYL1_HUMAN Protein lyl-1 (sprot)

A protein lyl-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


REST_HUMAN RE1-silencing transcription factor (sprot)

An RE1-silencing transcription factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOSB_HUMAN Protein FosB (sprot)

A protein FosB that is encoded in the genome of human.


JUND_HUMAN Transcription factor JunD (sprot)

A transcription factor JunD that is encoded in the genome of human.


EGR3_HUMAN Early growth response protein 3 (sprot)

An early growth response protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SOX10_HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-10 (sprot)

A transcription factor SOX-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO3F1_HUMAN POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO3F2_HUMAN POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 2 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNAI1_HUMAN Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein SNAI1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXF1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein F1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein F1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSGN1_HUMAN Mesogenin-1 (sprot)

A mesogenin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TBX6_HUMAN T-box transcription factor TBX6 (sprot)

A T-box transcription factor TBX6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNAI2_HUMAN Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein SNAI2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLX5_HUMAN Homeobox protein DLX-5 (sprot)

A homeobox protein DLX-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLX6_HUMAN Homeobox protein DLX-6 (sprot)

A homeobox protein DLX-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTBP2_HUMAN C-terminal-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A C-terminal-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LHX9_HUMAN LIM/homeobox protein Lhx9 (sprot)

A LIM/homeobox protein Lhx9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TF7L2_HUMAN Transcription factor 7-like 2 (sprot)

A transcription factor 7-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone H1.4, initiator methionine removed monomethylated 1 (mouse)

A histone H1.4, initiator methionine removed monomethylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P43274, 2-219, Lys-26, MOD:00085.


Rpd3S complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A eukaryotically conserved histone deacetylase complex which deacetylates histones across gene coding regions. Composed of a catalytic histone deacetylase subunit, a chromodomain protein, a SIN3 family co-repressor, and a WD repeat protein (Clr6p, Alp13p, Pst2p, and Prw1p respectively in Schizosaccharomyces; Rpd3p, Sin3p, Ume1p, Rco1p and Eaf3 in Saccharomyces; homologs thereof in other species).


regulation of RNA stability

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.


negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin in the anterior end of the neural plate. This regulation sets up a Wnt signaling gradient along the anterior/posterior axis.


double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining

An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining).


ATR-ATRIP complex

A protein complex that contains the protein kinase ATR and ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) and binds single-stranded DNA; ssDNA binding affinity is increased in the presence of replication protein A.


checkpoint clamp complex

Conserved heterotrimeric complex of PCNA-like proteins that is loaded onto DNA at sites of DNA damage.


mitochondrial nucleoid organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial nucleoid. The mitochondrial nucleoid is the region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.


2-micrometer circle DNA

A plasmid commonly found in Saccharomyces, inherited in a non-Mendelian manner and often present in 100-400 copies.


2-micrometer plasmid partitioning

The process in which copies of the 2-micrometer plasmid, found in fungi such as Saccharomyces, are distributed to daughter cells upon cell division.


protein localization to CENP-A containing chromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, CENP-A containing chromatin.


CENP-A containing nucleosome binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a centromere-specific nucleosome, a form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3).


Dbf4-dependent protein kinase complex

A heterodimeric protein complex required for the activation of DNA replication origins; comprises a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit (in Saccharomyces, Cdc7p and Dbf4p, respectively); complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins related to the Saccharomyces proteins.


positive regulation of meiosis I

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.


premeiotic DNA replication

The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division.


mitotic DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly

Any DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


positive regulation of spindle attachment to meiosis I kinetochore

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in homologous chromosome segregation.


positive regulation of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination.


GTP-dependent protein kinase activity

GTP dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate.


Lewy body

Cytoplasmic, spherical inclusion commonly found in damaged neurons, and composed of abnormally phosphorylated, neurofilament proteins aggregated with ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein.


exoribonuclease activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an exoribonuclease.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay

A pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of steps that is independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay, and that can regulate mRNA stability.


negative regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


regulation of protein modification process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.


histone deacetylase 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human HDAC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


exon-exon junction complex

A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.


positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 2'-3'-cGAMP; major species at pH 7.3.


nuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.


modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


MGAT1_HUMAN Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (sprot)

An alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B monoubiquitinated 1 (mouse)

A paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B (mouse) that has been monoubiquitinated at the residue equivalent to Lys-185 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O35690. UniProtKB:O35690, Lys-185, PR:000044771.


paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2A monoubiquitinated 1 (mouse)

A paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2A (mouse) that has been monoubiquitinated at the residue equivalent to Lys-178 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q62066. UniProtKB:Q62066, Lys-178, PR:000044771.


proline dipeptidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a dipeptide with proline at the C-terminal <=> L-proline + a standard alpha amino acid.


non-membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.


PEPD_HUMAN Xaa-Pro dipeptidase (sprot)

An Xaa-Pro dipeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of innate immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.


1433B_HUMAN 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha (sprot)

A 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of mRNA processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.


XPF_HUMAN DNA repair endonuclease XPF (sprot)

A DNA repair endonuclease XPF that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARP3B_HUMAN Actin-related protein 3B (sprot)

An actin-related protein 3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACTB_HUMAN Actin, cytoplasmic 1 (sprot)

An actin, cytoplasmic 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MICA1_HUMAN [F-actin]-monooxygenase MICAL1 (sprot)

An [F-actin]-monooxygenase MICAL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lovastatin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lovastatin (also known as mevinolin, mevacor or monacolin K), a hypolipidemic inhibitor of (3S)-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGR).


carbon tetrachloride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants.


A member of the class of hydroxycoumarins that is coumarin which is substituted by methoxy, methyl, and hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively.


m-Cresol

A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.


A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 5-methylorsellinic acid, obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.


dihydromonacolin L carboxylate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dihydromonacolin L acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the a dianion resulting from the carboxy group and the beta-keto-enol group of 3-farnesyl-6-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carboxylic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


HYDROGEN

An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.


Vinyl Chloride

A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.


omeprazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.


Cyclophosphamide monohydrate

The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.


Aflatoxin B2

An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.


monacolin J carboxylate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of monacolin J acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


19-hydroxyprostaglandin H2

A prostaglandin H that consists of prostaglandin H2 bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 19.


Hydrogen bromide

A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.


An indole that consists of 3H-indole bearing a methylene substituent at position 3.


A urea that consists of 1-butylurea having a 4-hydroxymethylbenzenesulfonyl group attached at the 3-position.


N-desmethyl loperamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the methylamide of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid.


Hydroxyomeprazole

A sulfoxide that is omeprazole in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 5 on the pyridine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group.


A taxane diterpenoid that consists of paclitaxel bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6alpha-position.


A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.


hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid

A long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that is any docosahexaenoic acid bearing a single hydroxy substituent. An oxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid metabolism.


methimazole S-oxide

The S-oxide of methimazole.


A member of the class of aflatoxins that is obtained by the formal epoxidation across the 8,9-double bond of aflatoxin M1.


VDTE1_BYSSP FAD-binding monooxygenase VdtE (sprot)


LOVA_ASPTE Dihydromonacolin L monooxygenase LovA (sprot)


NVFK_ASPN1 FAD-dependent monooxygenase nvfK (sprot)


KTNC_ASPNC Bicoumarin synthase ktnC (sprot)


postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


histone dopaminyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dopamine + L-glutaminyl-[histone] = 5-dopaminyl-L-glutamyl-[histone] + NH4(+).


BENZTROPINE

Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.


Triprolidine

An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.


Modafinil

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.


A secondary amino compound that is N-ethylisopropylamine in which a hydrogen of one of the isopropyl methyl groups has been replaced by a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.


Cinnamaldehyde

The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.


Ribavirin

A 1-ribosyltriazole that is the 1-ribofuranosyl derivative of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A synthetic guanosine analogue, it is an inhibitor of HCV polymerase and possesses a broad spectrum of activity against DNA and RNA viruses.


Clorgiline

An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.


A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.


Sodium Benzoate

An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.


ventral striatum

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A composite structure of the telencephalon that is defined in the striatopallidal system by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It includes the nucleus accumbens, the most ventral portions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, the rostrolateral portion of the anterior perforated substance, the islands of Calleja and a rostral subcommissural portion of substantia innominata. The boundary between the ventral striatum and dorsal striatum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance (Heimer-1995; adapted from Brain Info).


positive regulation of dopamine secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.


aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator

A protein that is a translation product of the human ARNT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha

A protein that is a translation product of the human HIF1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Any inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


intracellular cAMP-activated cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


intracellular cAMP-activated cation channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, to regulate the presynaptic membrane potential.


general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process

The set of behavioral processes that occur as part of the general adaptation syndrome, the response of the body to a strong, stressful stimulus.


reproductive process

A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.


amyloid precursor protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.


reproductive structure development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.


behavioral response to formalin induced pain

Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of a formalin pain stimulus.


positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.


efferent neuron

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.


peripheral nervous system

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


PCD15_CHICK Protocadherin-15 (sprot)

A protocadherin-15 that is encoded in the genome of chicken.


F6M3L0_LAMFL EH-domain containing protein (trembl)


F6VEL3_MACMU Calcyon neuron specific vesicular protein (trembl)


peripheral nervous system neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system.


ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


temperature-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).


collection of basal ganglia

Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum.


LIN7B_MOUSE Protein lin-7 homolog B (sprot)

A protein lin-7 homolog B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.


growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.


vocal learning

A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others.


regulation of dendrite development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.


H9FSF4_MACMU Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 isoform a (trembl)


voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Voltage-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential. This is a key step in synaptic transmission, following the arrival of an action potential at the synapse.


regulation of vasoconstriction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.


negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


14-3-3 protein binding

Binding to a 14-3-3 protein. A 14-3-3 protein is any of a large family of approximately 30kDa acidic proteins which exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells, and have been implicated in the modulation of distinct biological processes by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. Each 14-3-3 protein sequence can be roughly divided into three sections: a divergent amino terminus, the conserved core region and a divergent carboxy-terminus. The conserved middle core region of the 14-3-3s encodes an amphipathic groove that forms the main functional domain, a cradle for interacting with client proteins.


regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.


positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.


dendrite membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendrite.


neuronal cell body membrane

The plasma membrane of a neuron cell body - excludes the plasma membrane of cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


cell-cell signaling via exosome

Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome.


F6XUP1_MACMU non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (trembl)


F7BYT9_MACMU Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (trembl)


regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol.


terminal web

An actin-rich cytoskeletal network located beneath the microvilli of the apical plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. In addition to actin filaments, the terminal web may contain actin-binding proteins, myosin motor proteins, and intermediate filaments. The terminal web can function as a contractile structure that influences the spatial distribution of microvilli as well as the development and morphogenesis of tissues containing polarized epithelial cells.


terminal web assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a terminal web.


epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.


inward rectifier potassium channel 13 isoform m2 (mouse)

An inward rectifier potassium channel 13 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P86046-1 except that amino acids 155-360 have been replaced by the sequence KRKW. UniProtKB:P86046-1, 1-154, KRKW.


negative regulation of potassium ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5 isoform 3 (mouse)

A voltage-gated potassium channel subunit KCNA5 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.


neuron cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.


pigment cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate.


hindbrain structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the hindbrain. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


dorsal fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins.


cell migration involved in somitogenic axis elongation

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that contributes to somitogenic axis elongation.


axial mesoderm structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.


NVFJ_ASPN1 Asnovolin E/Chermesin D methyltransferase nvfJ (sprot)


STRN_HUMAN Striatin (sprot)

A striatin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAV2_HUMAN Caveolin-2 (sprot)

A caveolin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.


cell junction maintenance

The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


tight junction

A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


intestinal mucosa

Mucosal layer that lines the intestine.


CLD3_HUMAN Claudin-3 (sprot)

A claudin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


biotin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.


6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + pimelate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + pimelyl-CoA.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H+ + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO2 + CoA.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis

Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.


Chloroacetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde substituted at C-2 by chlorine.


lithium hydride

An alkali metal hydride where the metal is specified as lithium.


Sodium Chlorate

An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.


tyrosine transport

The directed movement of tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


arginine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


sucrose catabolic process to fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, which proceeds by phosphorylation of sucrose to form sucrose-6-phosphate. The subsequent actions of a hydrolase and a fructokinase generate fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate.


regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


terminal Schwann cell

A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system inside the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction providing chemical and physical support to the synapse.


melibiose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


tubulin complex

A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.


ELF3_HUMAN ETS-related transcription factor Elf-3 (sprot)

An ETS-related transcription factor Elf-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


maltose alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose + H2O = 2 alpha-D-glucose.


maltose transmembrane transport

The process in which maltose is transported across a membrane.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alpha-glucoside(out) + H+(out) = alpha-glucoside(in) + H+(in). Alpha-glucosides include trehalose, maltose, turanose, isomaltose, alpha-methylglucoside, maltotriose, palatinose, trehalose and melezitose.


trehalose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of trehalose from one side of a membrane to the other. Trehalose is the disaccharide alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside that acts of a reserve carbohydrate in certain fungi, algae and lichens.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: maltose(out) + H+(out) = maltose(in) + H+(in).


disaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


maltose transport

The directed movement of maltose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.


The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


cortisol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.


negative regulation of transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein adenylylation

The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid.


Nitrosoperoxycarbonate

A carbon oxoanion that results from the removal of a proton from nitrosoperoxycarbonic acid. It is formed in vivo by nucleophilic reaction of peroxynitrite with carbon dioxide, and is an important reactive species in inflammation processes.


hydroperoxy fatty acid anion

A fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any hydroperoxy fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.


notochord cell vacuolation

The assembly and arrangement of a vacuole within a cell of the notochord.


regulation of cilium assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.


regulation of heart looping

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping.


eye pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the eye.


GCN2-mediated signaling

A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell via GCN2 (also known as EIF2AK4), an intracellular protein kinase that is activated by stress signals, such as amino acid starvation.


tRNA 3'-end processing

The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.


tRNA 3'-terminal CCA addition

Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.


suppression by symbiont of host defense-related programmed cell death

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


suppression by symbiont of host inflammatory response

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


negative regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.


positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.


anterior neural plate formation

The formation of anterior end of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate.


regulation of leukocyte migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.


neutrophil mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.


regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


nuclear migration along microtubule

The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.


regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.


nuclear replisome

A multi-component enzymatic machine at the nuclear replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.


DNA helicase A complex

A homohexameric protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity; associates with DNA polymerase alpha-primase and translocates in the 5' to 3' direction.


postreplication repair

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.


negative regulation of proteolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


negative regulation of mitotic recombination

Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.


organelle membrane

A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.


optokinetic behavior

The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.


regulation of histone acetylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.


branching morphogenesis of a nerve

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron).


lamellar body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a lamellar body. A lamellar body is a membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.


APOB_HUMAN Apolipoprotein B-100 (sprot)

An apolipoprotein B-100 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABCA3_HUMAN Phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA3 (sprot)

A phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to anoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%.


regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.


regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.


melanocyte migration

The orderly movement of melanocytes from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.


pigment granule aggregation in cell center

The directed movement of dispersed pigment granules towards the center of the cell.


pigment granule dispersal

The directed movement of pigment granules within a cell towards the cell periphery.


pyridoxal phosphate binding

Binding to pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6.


alanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


alanine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


L-alanine catabolic process, by transamination

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination.


L-alanine biosynthetic process from pyruvate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine from other compounds, including pyruvate.


translation elongation factor binding

Binding to a translation elongation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the peptide elongation in ribosome-mediated translation.


positive regulation of iridophore differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation.


transcription preinitiation complex

A protein-DNA complex composed of proteins binding promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription.


transcription factor TFIIH holo complex

A complex that is capable of kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. It is composed of the core TFIIH complex and the TFIIK complex.


transcription factor TFIIH core complex

The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.


nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses endodeoxynuclease and DNA helicase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad2p and the core TFIIH-Ssl2p complex (core TFIIH is composed of Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p, Tfb4p and Tfb5p. Note that Ssl2p is also called Rad25p).


transcription open complex formation at RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.


RNA polymerase II promoter clearance

A process that mediates the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase II, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.


arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into arachidonic acid and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.


regulation of DNA replication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.


negative regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


spliceosomal complex disassembly

Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.


glycosylceramide

A ceramide compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxy group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


ceramide translocation

The movement of a ceramide molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


aminophospholipid flippase activity

Enables the transfer of aminophospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.


A protein complex that functions as a phospholipid-translocating P-Type ATPase.


nuclear pore organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.


TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex

A multi-subunit complex embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that mediates the inner membrane insertion of multi-transmembrane spanning proteins that contain internal targeting elements. In yeast cells, TIM22 is a 300-kDa complex, consisting of four membrane integral subunits, Tim22, Tim54, Tim18 and Sdh3, and a peripheral chaperone complex consisting of the small TIM proteins, Tim9-Tim10-Tim12.


NCBP1_HUMAN Nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 1 (sprot)

A nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCBP2_HUMAN Nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 2 (sprot)

A nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRS11_HUMAN Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11 (sprot)

A serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRSF5_HUMAN Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (sprot)

A serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRSF9_HUMAN Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 (sprot)

A serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


U2AF2_HUMAN Splicing factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit (sprot)

A splicing factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRSF4_HUMAN Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (sprot)

A serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


U2AF1_HUMAN Splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit (sprot)

A splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


U2AF4_HUMAN Splicing factor U2AF 26 kDa subunit (sprot)

A splicing factor U2AF 26 kDa subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere

The directed movement of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.


pancreatic D cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.


enteroendocrine cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.


pancreatic epsilon cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic epsilon cell. A pancreatic epsilon cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes ghrelin.


negative regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.


neuroblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.


cell division site

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.


cellular bud neck septin collar

A tubular structure with flared ends, shaped like an hourglass and composed of highly ordered arrays of septin filaments, that forms at the bud neck of a dividing cell. In S. cerevisiae, this structure is located at the bud neck throughout most of the cell cycle and the septins are fixed within the structure, not exchanging with soluble septins. This septin structure acts as a scaffold for other proteins that function at the bud neck.


cellular bud neck split septin rings

Two separate septin rings that are formed from the septin collar at the time of cytokinesis in cells that divide by budding. These two rings are thought to delineate a special compartment in which factors involved in cytokinesis are concentrated.


axial cellular bud site selection

The process of defining the next site of bud emergence adjacent to the last site of bud emergence on a budding cell.


protein localization to cell division site after cytokinesis

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the site of cell division following cytokinesis.


negative regulation of amyloid fibril formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.


maintenance of nucleus location

Any process in which the nucleus is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


SIR5_HUMAN NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial (sprot)

An NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone acetyltransferase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of histone acetyltransferase.


histone H3-containing nucleosome

A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins containing the histone H3, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.


A glycerophosphocholine having an unspecified O-acyl substituent at the 1-position of the glycerol fragment.


lysophosphatidylcholine 14:0

A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group is specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl). If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.  If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


lysophosphatidylcholine 22:6

An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 22 carbons with 6 double bonds.


PPCT_HUMAN Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (sprot)

A phosphatidylcholine transfer protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAR7_HUMAN StAR-related lipid transfer protein 7, mitochondrial (sprot)

A StAR-related lipid transfer protein 7, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which unspecified alkyl and acyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively.


alkylglycerol

A glycerol ether having at least one alkyl substituent on oxygen.


intracellular distribution of mitochondria

Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria within the cell.


intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).


regulation of snRNA pseudouridine synthesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA pseudouridine synthesis.


mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals that forms a pathway of communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus and initiates cellular changes in response to changes in mitochondrial function.


COPI vesicle coat

One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state.


regulation of axon regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.


epidermal growth factor binding

Binding to epidermal growth factor.


morphogenesis of an epithelial fold

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.


neuregulin binding

Binding to a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors.


establishment of planar polarity involved in nephron morphogenesis

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the shaping of a nephron.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1

A GABA(A) receptor protein that is a translation product of the human GABRA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6

A GABA(A) receptor protein that is a translation product of the human GABRA6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5

A GABA(A) receptor protein that is a translation product of the human GABRA5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


positive regulation of protein deacetylation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


cellular tumor antigen p53 acetylated 2 (mouse)

A cellular tumor antigen p53 (mouse) that has been acetylated at the position equivalent to Lys-379 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P02340. UniProtKB:P02340, Lys-379, MOD:00064.


regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.


positive regulation of timing of anagen

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.