Langerhans cell

Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.


immature gamma-delta T cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.


follicular B cell

A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.


ADP phosphatase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate.


interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 isoform m1 (mouse)

An interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O88786-1.


tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 (mouse)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q925P2-3.


CEACAM1a-4S, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Short in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-2, 35-458, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-2S (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 sequence variant CEACAM1a (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q3LFS8. This form contains the two copies of the Ig domain and is the version with shorter cytoplasmic tail.


CEACAM1a-4L, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Long in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-1, 35-521, MOD:00160.


advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 10 (mouse)

An advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q62151-10.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 2 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-2.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 1 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-1.


NRG1_MOUSE Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


fibroblast growth factor receptor apoptotic signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mammary gland specification

The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.


intermediate epitheliocyte

An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells.


centriolar satellite

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.


proximal portion of axoneme

The portion of the axoneme that is close to the base of the cilium.


left/right axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).


epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

The movement of cilia of epithelial cells of the Left Right Organizer (LRO), also referred to as the node in mouse or the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish, resulting in the leftward fluid flow across the LRO and generation or transport of a signal which determines asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.


protein localization to motile cilium

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.


Spemann organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak

Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan.


beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a beta-catenin-TCF complex.


definitive endoderm

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


cell migration involved in mesendoderm migration

The orderly movement of epithelial cells from one site to another that contributes to the migration of mesendodermal tissue.


DNA demethylation

The removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.


astrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


cerebral cortex regionalization

The regionalization process that results in the creation of areas within the cerebral cortex that will direct the behavior of cell migration and differentiation as the cortex develops.


trophectodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.


blastocyst development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.


stem cell population maintenance

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.


olfactory bulb development

The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.


cardioblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


midbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).


cell fate specification

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate.


oligodendrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.


central nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.


anatomical structure development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


primitive streak formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis.


cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


somite rostral/caudal axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.


neuron fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


metencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


telencephalon regionalization

The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.


diencephalon morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the diencephalon are generated and organized. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.


eye photoreceptor cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.


anterior/posterior axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


gastrulation with mouth forming second

A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.


head development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.


cell-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.


cerebellum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.


post-embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.


embryonic pattern specification

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.


anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


urogenital system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cerebellar Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation

The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.


ectoderm formation

The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.


ureter morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.


forebrain regionalization

The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.


endocrine pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.


lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.


lung development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.


adult locomotory behavior

Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.


cellular response to cadmium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.


dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning

The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.


regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


connective tissue development

The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


dopaminergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.


neuron fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


lung epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.


negative regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.


regulation of steroid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.


steroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.


negative regulation of gene expression

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


gastrulation

A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


spermatogenesis

The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


hair follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.


axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


single fertilization

The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.


seminiferous tubule development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.


sebaceous gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


brainstem development

The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.


ovarian follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


female gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


male gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.


uterus development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.


positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.


regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


formation of anatomical boundary

The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


female gonad morphogenesis

The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized.


CO5A2_MOUSE Collagen alpha-2(V) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-2(V) chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CO3A1_MOUSE Collagen alpha-1(III) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(III) chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


chordate embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.


pharyngeal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.


liver development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.


protein self-association

Binding to a domain within the same polypeptide.


LIM domain binding

Binding to a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions.


somatic stem cell population maintenance

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


positive regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform mX1 (mouse)

A nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P97305-1.


zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.


establishment of animal organ orientation

The process that determines the orientation of an animal organ or tissue with reference to an axis.


actin filament binding

Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.


response to leukemia inhibitory factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


protein-RNA complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in cardiac neural crest cell differentiation.


regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.


inner plexiform layer of retina

Cytoarchitectural layer of the retina that is made up of a dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer (adapted from Wikipedia).


U2 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


plasma cell

A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.


Mueller cell

Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer.


supporting cell

A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.


PP cell

A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.


synovial cell

A cell located in the synovial joint.


migratory cardiac neural crest cell

Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.


type I pneumocyte

A type I pneumocyte is a flattened, branched pneumocyte that covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange.


chondroblast

Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.


pinealocyte

This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation.


glucagon secreting cell

A cell that secretes glucagon.


regulation of cell morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.


myeloid suppressor cell

An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive.


smooth muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


skeletal muscle tissue development

The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.


cardiac muscle cell proliferation

The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.


immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.


positive regulation of immunoglobulin production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.


lung secretory cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.


pre-B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.


regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.


negative regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.


dorsal striatum

Dorsal components of the striatum comprising the caudate nucleus and the putamen, in species that have distinct nuclei; the caudoputamen in species which don't.


asymmetric synapse

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.


cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


acetylcholine-gated channel complex

A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.


bipolar neuron

A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.


dentate gyrus mossy fiber

Distinctive, unmyelinated axons produced by dentate gyrus granule cells.


GABAergic interneuron

An interneuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter.  These interneurons are inhibitory


neurotrophin TRKB receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRKB receptor.


intracellular zinc ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of zinc ions within a cell.


neural precursor cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.


protein localization to cell surface

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


neuron cellular homeostasis

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.


L-cystine transport

The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


synaptic vesicle recycling

The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.


regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


glial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.


NMDA glutamate receptor activity

An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages.


synaptic transmission, GABAergic

The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


neuroblast proliferation

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


apical dendrite arborization

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic tree are generated on the apical neuron side and organized into dendritic branches.


central nervous system neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.


regulation of synapse structural plasticity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.


chemorepellent activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.


pyramidal neuron development

The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.


regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a glutamate receptor.


glutamate reuptake

The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


regulation of resting membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.


regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.


serotonergic neuron axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone of a serotonergic neuron to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


sequestering of neurotransmitter

The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


GABAergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.


positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.


neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering

The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


endocannabinoid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an endocannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Endocannabinoids are small molecules derived from arachidonic acid, anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.


gephyrin clustering involved in postsynaptic density assembly

The clustering process in which gephyrin molecules are localized to distinct domains in the postsynaptic density as part of postsynaptic density assembly. Gephyrin is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses.


regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter.


homocysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine.


dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gs

Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.


DNA topoisomerase type I (single strand cut, ATP-independent) activity

Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle.


hippocampus development

The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.


forebrain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).


glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform Alpha-3L (mouse)

A glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


cytoskeleton

A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.


catalytic activity

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity

Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.


adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


dopamine secretion

The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.


oligodendrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.


synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


membrane depolarization

The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


serotonin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


telencephalon cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.


G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity

Combining with an opioid (any narcotic derived from or resembling opium), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


dopamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.


adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


catechol-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.


dopamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


dopamine binding

Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go

Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


phospholipase D-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of phosphatidic acid (PA).


striatum development

The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.


nucleus accumbens development

The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia.


subpallium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 2 (mouse)

A D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 2 (mouse)

A catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


lens epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of lens epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Lens epithelial cells make up the lens epithelium, which is located in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers and is a simple cuboidal epithelium. The epithelial cells of the lens regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens such as osmolarity and liquid volume. The lens epithelial cells also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. The lens epithelium constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.


cell-cell contact zone

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.


hippocampal formation

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment].


neural tube closure

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.


inner ear receptor cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.


auditory receptor cell morphogenesis

Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.


morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.


cochlear nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


cardiac chamber formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.


atrial cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.


centromeric DNA binding

Binding to a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.


negative regulation of protein ubiquitination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


rDNA heterochromatin formation

The formation of heterochromatin at ribosomal DNA, characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.


regulation of chromosome condensation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.


establishment of protein localization to chromosome

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.


sensory hair cell

Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.


nucleolus

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.


brush border

The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.


establishment of mitotic spindle orientation

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.


glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.


intestinal epithelial cell maturation

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.


epithelial cell of stomach

An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.


pulmonary interstitial fibroblast

A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


strial marginal cell

A polarized columnar cell that covesr the lateral surface of the cochlear duct, secretes potassium ions and forms a continuous sheet in contact with the endolymph; marginal cells form extensive interdigitations with the basal and intermediate cells in the normal adult stria.


pigmented ciliary epithelial cell

A cell that is part of pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type uptakes sodium and chloride ions from stromal interstitium and passes the ions to non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells via gap junctions.


luminal cell of prostate epithelium

The exocrine cell of the prostate, this epithelial cell secretes prostatic acid phosphotase and PSA, and is dependent on androgen hormones for survival.


M cell of gut

An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.


auditory epithelial cell

A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception.


nasopharyngeal epithelial cell

Cell of the nasopharyngeal epithelium.


non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell

A cell that is part of non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type participates in aqueous humor formation by releasing solute, principally sodium and chloride ions received from pigmented epithelial cells via gap junctions, into the aqueous humor of the eye.


mesothelial cell

A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity.


MAL_HUMAN Myelin and lymphocyte protein (sprot)

A myelin and lymphocyte protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein kinase C zeta type phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A protein kinase C zeta type (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on a Thr residue equivalent to Thr-410 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q02956. UniProtKB:Q02956, Thr-410, MOD:00047.


LRC15_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.


alpha-sialidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-glycosidic linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids.


bone remodeling

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.


bone resorption

The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.


ossification involved in bone remodeling

The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.


DLK1_HUMAN Protein delta homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein delta homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


negative regulation of ossification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


positive regulation of bone resorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.


osteoclast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


embryonic skeletal system development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.


negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


odontogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.


tooth mineralization

The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.


calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (mouse)

A calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


lumbar region of vertebral column

Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the lumbar subdivision of the body, containing the lumbar vertebrae.


cellular response to sodium phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium phosphate stimulus.


negative regulation of bone resorption

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.


determination of adult lifespan

The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal.


aorta development

The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.


nitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.


artery development

The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.


vitamin D3 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D3, (3S,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol.


tooth eruption

The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.


odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.


blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.


regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


glycosaminoglycan

Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


THRB_HUMAN Prothrombin (sprot)

A prothrombin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA5_HUMAN Coagulation factor V (sprot)

A coagulation factor V that is encoded in the genome of human.


IPSP_HUMAN Plasma serine protease inhibitor (sprot)

A plasma serine protease inhibitor that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPCR_HUMAN Endothelial protein C receptor (sprot)

An endothelial protein C receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRBM_HUMAN Thrombomodulin (sprot)

A thrombomodulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAR1_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (sprot)

A proteinase-activated receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FIBA_HUMAN Fibrinogen alpha chain (sprot)

A fibrinogen alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA8_HUMAN Coagulation factor VIII (sprot)

A coagulation factor VIII that is encoded in the genome of human.


FIBB_HUMAN Fibrinogen beta chain (sprot)

A fibrinogen beta chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


F13B_HUMAN Coagulation factor XIII B chain (sprot)

A coagulation factor XIII B chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


PROC_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent protein C (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent protein C that is encoded in the genome of human.


HEP2_HUMAN Heparin cofactor 2 (sprot)

A heparin cofactor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


F13A_HUMAN Coagulation factor XIII A chain (sprot)

A coagulation factor XIII A chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


PROS_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent protein S (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent protein S that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity.


neuropeptide processing

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a neuropeptide precursor. Processing leads to the attainment of the full functional capacity of the neuropeptide.


complement activation, alternative pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


complement activation

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.


membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.


translational termination

The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.


granzyme-mediated programmed cell death signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the cell death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of cell death is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce cell death in target cells.


angiotensin maturation

The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of angiotensinogen into mature angiotensin in the blood.


insulin processing

The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.


collagen catabolic process

The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.


regulation of complement activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.


regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


peptide hormone processing

The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.


extracellular matrix disassembly

A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.


cornification

A type of programmed cell death that occurs in the epidermis, morphologically and biochemically distinct from apoptosis. It leads to the formation of corneocytes, i.e. dead keratinocytes containing an amalgam of specific proteins (e.g., keratin, loricrin, SPR and involucrin) and lipids (e.g., fatty acids and ceramides), which are necessary for the function of the cornified skin layer (mechanical resistance, elasticity, water repellence and structural stability).


fibrinolysis

A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.


hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a hepatocyte growth factor receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


antimicrobial humoral response

An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.


complement activation, classical pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X.


blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.


signal peptide processing

The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.


nerve growth factor processing

The generation of a mature nerve growth factor (NGF) by proteolysis of a precursor.


glucagon processing

The formation of mature glucagon by proteolysis of the precursor proglucagon.


disulfide oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.


endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


Golgi to secretory granule transport

The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.


negative regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


beta-galactoside (CMP) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R.


O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


UDP-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule.


Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.


fusogenic activity

The activity of joining two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.


Golgi lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.


secretory granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.


SPIKE_SARS2 Spike glycoprotein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the S gene in SARS-CoV-2.


NOTC3_HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 (sprot)

A neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOTC2_HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 (sprot)

A neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BID_HUMAN BH3-interacting domain death agonist (sprot)

A BH3-interacting domain death agonist that is encoded in the genome of human.


HGF_HUMAN Hepatocyte growth factor (sprot)

A hepatocyte growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA7_HUMAN Coagulation factor VII (sprot)

A coagulation factor VII that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA9_HUMAN Coagulation factor IX (sprot)

A coagulation factor IX that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA12_HUMAN Coagulation factor XII (sprot)

A coagulation factor XII that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP1_HUMAN Interstitial collagenase (sprot)

An interstitial collagenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP9_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP10_HUMAN Stromelysin-2 (sprot)

A stromelysin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP13_HUMAN Collagenase 3 (sprot)

A collagenase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP2_HUMAN 72 kDa type IV collagenase (sprot)

A 72 kDa type IV collagenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP7_HUMAN Matrilysin (sprot)

A matrilysin that is encoded in the genome of human.


GAS6_HUMAN Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (sprot)

A growth arrest-specific protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PROZ_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent protein Z (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent protein Z that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP8_HUMAN Neutrophil collagenase (sprot)

A neutrophil collagenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP3_HUMAN Stromelysin-1 (sprot)

A stromelysin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP11_HUMAN Stromelysin-3 (sprot)

A stromelysin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLUC_HUMAN Pro-glucagon (sprot)

A pro-glucagon that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO2_HUMAN Complement C2 (sprot)

A complement C2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CFAB_HUMAN Complement factor B (sprot)

A complement factor B that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOTC1_HUMAN Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (sprot)

A neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THIK_HUMAN 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal (sprot)

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


SCP2_HUMAN Sterol carrier protein 2 (sprot)

A sterol carrier protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COLI_HUMAN Pro-opiomelanocortin (sprot)

A pro-opiomelanocortin that is encoded in the genome of human.


appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 (human)

An appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATF6A_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


GIP_HUMAN Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (sprot)

A gastric inhibitory polypeptide that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAMP_HUMAN Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (sprot)

A cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK8_HUMAN Kallikrein-8 (sprot)

A kallikrein-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HGFL_HUMAN Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (sprot)

A hepatocyte growth factor-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L4_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L2_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CREB3_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L1_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR3L3_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHB4_HUMAN Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 (sprot)

A peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAHX_HUMAN Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal (sprot)

A phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYSD1_HUMAN Peroxisomal leader peptide-processing protease (sprot)

A peroxisomal leader peptide-processing protease that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACOX1_HUMAN Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (sprot)

A peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ADAS_HUMAN Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, peroxisomal (sprot)

An alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP25_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-25 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


appetite-regulating hormone isoform 2 (human)

An appetite-regulating hormone isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP17_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-17 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP24_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-24 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CR1_HUMAN Complement receptor type 1 (sprot)

A complement receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


N-terminal N-acetyl-L-serine residue

An N-terminal alpha-amino-acid residue derived from N-terminal N-acetyl-L-serine.


polypeptide

A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.


FA10_HUMAN Coagulation factor X (sprot)

A coagulation factor X that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO5_HUMAN Complement C5 (sprot)

A complement C5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO3_HUMAN Complement C3 (sprot)

A complement C3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform Short (human)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IBP3_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALS_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


COHA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


HRG_HUMAN Histidine-rich glycoprotein (sprot)

A histidine-rich glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform hSREBP-1C (human)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P36956-3.


MCP_HUMAN Membrane cofactor protein (sprot)

A membrane cofactor protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB6_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 6 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDGFB_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (sprot)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit B that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGF2_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor II (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor II that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform Long (human)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGF1_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor I (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor I that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4A_HUMAN Complement C4-A (sprot)

A complement C4-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4B_HUMAN Complement C4-B (sprot)

A complement C4-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 1 (human)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EFNB2_HUMAN Ephrin-B2 (sprot)

An ephrin-B2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB3_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 3 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB4_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 4 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPHB1_HUMAN Ephrin type-B receptor 1 (sprot)

An ephrin type-B receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO7A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(VII) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(VII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


EFNB3_HUMAN Ephrin-B3 (sprot)

An ephrin-B3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CONA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


COPA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDGFD_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor D (sprot)

A platelet-derived growth factor D that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet-derived growth factor C isoform 1 (human)

A platelet-derived growth factor C isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TMPS2_HUMAN Transmembrane protease serine 2 (sprot)

A transmembrane protease serine 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP19_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-19 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP12_HUMAN Macrophage metalloelastase (sprot)

A macrophage metalloelastase that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATS_HUMAN Cathepsin S (sprot)

A cathepsin S that is encoded in the genome of human.


CMA1_HUMAN Chymase (sprot)

A chymase that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEC2_HUMAN Neuroendocrine convertase 2 (sprot)

A neuroendocrine convertase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRTN3_HUMAN Myeloblastin (sprot)

A myeloblastin that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK13_HUMAN Kallikrein-13 (sprot)

A kallikrein-13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UROK_HUMAN Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (sprot)

A urokinase-type plasminogen activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPA_HUMAN Tissue-type plasminogen activator (sprot)

A tissue-type plasminogen activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATK_HUMAN Cathepsin K (sprot)

A cathepsin K that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLL1_HUMAN Tolloid-like protein 1 (sprot)

A tolloid-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP20_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-20 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATL2_HUMAN Cathepsin L2 (sprot)

A cathepsin L2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CFAD_HUMAN Complement factor D (sprot)

A complement factor D that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK1_HUMAN Kallikrein-1 (sprot)

A kallikrein-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK3_HUMAN Prostate-specific antigen (sprot)

A prostate-specific antigen that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRY1_HUMAN Serine protease 1 (sprot)

A serine protease 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRY2_HUMAN Trypsin-2 (sprot)

A trypsin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATB_HUMAN Cathepsin B (sprot)

A cathepsin B that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP1_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLK2_HUMAN Kallikrein-2 (sprot)

A kallikrein-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRAM_HUMAN Granzyme M (sprot)

A granzyme M that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLL2_HUMAN Tolloid-like protein 2 (sprot)

A tolloid-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDIA1_HUMAN Protein disulfide-isomerase (sprot)

A protein disulfide-isomerase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGLT1_HUMAN Protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RENI_HUMAN Renin (sprot)

A renin that is encoded in the genome of human.


MBOA4_HUMAN Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (sprot)

A ghrelin O-acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIAT6_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-1,4-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (sprot)

A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-1,4-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIA4C_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 (sprot)

A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFNG_HUMAN Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe (sprot)

A beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe that is encoded in the genome of human.


CATD_HUMAN Cathepsin D (sprot)

A cathepsin D that is encoded in the genome of human.


LFNG_HUMAN Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe (sprot)

A beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIA10_HUMAN Type 2 lactosamine alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (sprot)

A type 2 lactosamine alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


RFNG_HUMAN Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase radical fringe (sprot)

A beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase radical fringe that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphate ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.


copper ion binding

Binding to a copper (Cu) ion.


sphingolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


cholesterol homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.


triglyceride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


glutathione metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.


hormone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


inorganic diphosphate transport

The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tissue homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


triglyceride homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within an organism or cell.


lipid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.


monoatomic ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


cholesterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.


lactate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.


lipoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


glycoprotein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


lipoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


cysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


positive regulation of protein secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.


membrane lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.