migratory cranial neural crest cell

Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.


neuroblast migration

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


calcium channel activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


neural crest derived neuroblast

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell.


enteric ganglion

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


extracellular matrix organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.


platelet degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.


RPGF3_HUMAN Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 (sprot)

A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RPGF4_HUMAN Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 (sprot)

A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


intestine

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.


cell development

The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place.


regulation of extracellular matrix organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.


arterial system

The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries.


venous system

The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions.


glomerular basement membrane

The layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the inner or visceral layer of the Bowman capsule; it is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas and acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter.


CADH1_HUMAN Cadherin-1 (sprot)

A cadherin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBN1_HUMAN Fibrillin-1 (sprot)

A fibrillin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells.


CD44_HUMAN CD44 antigen (sprot)

A CD44 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


VCAM1_HUMAN Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (sprot)

A vascular cell adhesion protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A divalent metal cation in which the metal is manganese.


galactosylceramide sulfate

A galactosylceramide substituted at O(3) of galactose by a sulfo group.


hydroxylapatite

A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).


PTPRS_HUMAN Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S (sprot)

A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPRC_HUMAN SPARC (sprot)

A SPARC protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAI1_HUMAN Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (sprot)

A plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGBM_HUMAN Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein (sprot)

A basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


NID1_HUMAN Nidogen-1 (sprot)

A nidogen-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGS2_HUMAN Decorin (sprot)

A decorin that is encoded in the genome of human.


OSTP_HUMAN Osteopontin (sprot)

An osteopontin that is encoded in the genome of human.


BASI_HUMAN Basigin (sprot)

A basigin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBLN5_HUMAN Fibulin-5 (sprot)

A fibulin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ELN_HUMAN Elastin (sprot)

An elastin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FGF2_HUMAN Fibroblast growth factor 2 (sprot)

A fibroblast growth factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 1 (human)

A mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COIA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAM1_HUMAN Junctional adhesion molecule A (sprot)

A junctional adhesion molecule A that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAM3_HUMAN Junctional adhesion molecule C (sprot)

A junctional adhesion molecule C that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD47_HUMAN Leukocyte surface antigen CD47 (sprot)

A CD47 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


PECA1_HUMAN Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (sprot)

A platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIAL_HUMAN Bone sialoprotein 2 (sprot)

A bone sialoprotein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSP1_HUMAN Thrombospondin-1 (sprot)

A thrombospondin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LUM_HUMAN Lumican (sprot)

A lumican that is encoded in the genome of human.


VTNC_HUMAN Vitronectin (sprot)

A vitronectin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TENA_HUMAN Tenascin (sprot)

A tenascin that is encoded in the genome of human.


AGRIN_HUMAN Agrin (sprot)

An agrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NET4_HUMAN Netrin-4 (sprot)

A netrin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DMD_HUMAN Dystrophin (sprot)

A dystrophin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRX1A_HUMAN Neurexin-1 (sprot)

A neurexin-1-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


HPLN1_HUMAN Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (sprot)

A hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DSPP_HUMAN Dentin sialophosphoprotein (sprot)

A dentin sialophosphoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


DMP1_HUMAN Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (sprot)

A dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DAG1_HUMAN Dystroglycan 1 (sprot)

A dystroglycan 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCAN_HUMAN Neurocan core protein (sprot)

A neurocan core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCAM1_HUMAN Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (sprot)

A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICAM3_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (sprot)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICAM2_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (sprot)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MATN3_HUMAN Matrilin-3 (sprot)

A matrilin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MATN4_HUMAN Matrilin-4 (sprot)

A matrilin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICAM1_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sprot)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4A2_HUMAN Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-2(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGFB3_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein (sprot)

A TGF-beta 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSPG2_HUMAN Versican core protein (sprot)

A versican core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGCA_HUMAN Aggrecan core protein (sprot)

An aggrecan core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGS1_HUMAN Biglycan (sprot)

A biglycan that is encoded in the genome of human.


MATN1_HUMAN Cartilage matrix protein (sprot)

A cartilage matrix protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBN2_HUMAN Fibrillin-2 (sprot)

A fibrillin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4A4_HUMAN Collagen alpha-4(IV) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-4(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFAP2_HUMAN Microfibrillar-associated protein 2 (sprot)

A microfibrillar-associated protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGFB2_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein (sprot)

A TGF-beta 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CO4A3_HUMAN Collagen alpha-3(IV) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-3(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


FMOD_HUMAN Fibromodulin (sprot)

A fibromodulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFAP5_HUMAN Microfibrillar-associated protein 5 (sprot)

A microfibrillar-associated protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NID2_HUMAN Nidogen-2 (sprot)

A nidogen-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICAM4_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (sprot)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBN3_HUMAN Fibrillin-3 (sprot)

A fibrillin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGCB_HUMAN Brevican core protein (sprot)

A brevican core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASPN_HUMAN Asporin (sprot)

An asporin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICAM5_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 5 (sprot)

An intercellular adhesion molecule 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


skin development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


in utero embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


cartilage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


collagen fibril organization

Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.


chondrocyte differentiation

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


limb joint morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.


A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.


beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor.


regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


peristalsis

A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.


peripheral nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


positive regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.


organ induction

The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.


ureteric bud development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.


postsynaptic membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).


basement membrane

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.


An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.


peptidase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase.


proteoglycan binding

Binding to a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


cell-matrix adhesion

The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.


cell-substrate junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.


positive regulation of axon extension

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.


The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


collagen binding

Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


GDNF_HUMAN Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (sprot)

A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


lung

Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.


respiratory system mucosa

The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract.


chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


macrophage chemotaxis

The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


chemokine-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a chemokine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


chemokine activity

The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).


lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


channel activator activity

Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity

Binds to and decreases the activity of adenylate cyclase.


Progesterone

A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.


Androstanolone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.


Acetate

A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.


Propionate

The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.


Lactate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of lactic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


Docosahexaenoyl Ethanolamide

An N-acylethanolamine 22:6 that is the ethanolamide of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid.


Guanosine-diphosphate

A nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-) obtained by deprotonation of the three diphosphate OH groups of guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GMP); major species at pH 7.3.


regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.


GPC6A_MOUSE G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PAR3_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 3 (sprot)

A proteinase-activated receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAR4_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 4 (sprot)

A proteinase-activated receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNA14_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNA11_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNA15_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNAQ_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


monocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.


GPR35_HUMAN G-protein coupled receptor 35 (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor 35 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXL17_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 17 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


peritoneal cavity

Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum.


external side of plasma membrane

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


early endosome

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


intracellular anatomical structure

A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.


ruffle

Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.


podosome

An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.


phagolysosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


endolysosome

An transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome, and in which active degradation takes place.


phagocytic cup

An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.


protein-containing complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.


signaling receptor binding

Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


chromatin DNA binding

Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin.


type II interferon production

The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


interleukin-1 production

The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


protein secretion

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.


reactive oxygen species metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


pyroptosis

A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18.


chemokine production

The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


cytokine production

The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to cytokine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


heme transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of heme from one side of a membrane to the other.


macrophage migration

The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.


interleukin-6 production

The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


viral entry into host cell

The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.


protein transport

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Rho protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


cholesterol efflux

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


lipoprotein transport

The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


I-kappaB phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


T cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


cell motility

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.


tumor necrosis factor production

The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Tumor necrosis factor is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.


response to ATP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.


interleukin-10 production

The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


fatty acid oxidation

The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.


resolution phase response

An active host response phase of acute inflammation driven by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and signaling pathways, enabling timely tissue regeneration and return of function.


regulation of transferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus.


myeloid cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.


interleukin-1 beta production

The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


interleukin-18 production

The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to muramyl dipeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


aconitate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H+ = CO2 + itaconate.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


alpha-tubulin acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to the lysine 40 residue of alpha-tubulin.


acute inflammatory response

Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


negative regulation by host of viral genome replication

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


negative regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


phagocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


DNA catabolic process

The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


cholesterol transport

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


interferon-beta production

The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.


stress-activated MAPK cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays a signal; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.


programmed necrotic cell death

A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


positive regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


phagocytosis, engulfment

The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.


nitric oxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.


positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


phagolysosome assembly

The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.


opsonization

The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.


negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


positive regulation of interleukin-6 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.


negative regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


interleukin-12 production

The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.


positive regulation of chemokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


macrophage cytokine production

The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


cellular response to bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


cellular response to lipoteichoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.


regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


cellular response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other.


L-arginine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-arginine across a membrane.


protein K63-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


nuclear speck organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of nuclear specks, a class of nuclear body in which splicing factors are localized.


low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity

Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.


regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.


respiratory burst

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


tubulin deacetylation

The removal of an acetyl group from tubulin. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


xenophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a region of cytoplasm containing an intracellular pathogen or some part of an intracellular pathogen (e.g. viral capsid) is enclosed in a double membrane bound autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome leading to degradation of the contents.


positive regulation of xenophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.


manganese ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of manganese (Mn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


manganese ion transport

The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cellular response to peptidoglycan

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.


transforming growth factor beta production

The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3.


immune response involved in response to exogenous dsRNA

Any immune response that is involved in response to exogenous dsRNA.


positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.


positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.


positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.


positive regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.


positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase.


homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.


macrophage differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.


leukocyte migration

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


canonical inflammasome complex

A cytosolic protein complex that is capable of activating caspase-1.


IRG1_HUMAN Cis-aconitate decarboxylase (sprot)

An immune-responsive gene 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


chemoattractant activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.


animal organ regeneration

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ.


X3CL1_MOUSE Fractalkine (sprot)

A fractalkine that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CX3C chemokine receptor 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A fractalkine isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


adrenal medulla chromaffin cell

A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation.


ether lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.


monocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.


neutrophil differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.


bone marrow

The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones.


peroxisomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.


Tetraanion of NADPH arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate and phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


Glycerone phosphate(2-)

A dianionic form of glycerone phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


coenzyme A(4-)

Tetraanion of coenzyme A.


coenzyme II

An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of NADP(+); major species at pH 7.3.


Cetyl Alcohol

A long chain fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


hexadecanoyl CoA

A saturated fatty acyl-CoA(4-) that is palmitoyl-CoA in which the phosphate and diphosphate groups have been deprotonated to give the corresponding tetra-anion.


A 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-alkyl group is specified as hexadecyl.


1-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate(2-)

An anionic phospholipid obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of any 1-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate.


Palmitic Acid

A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.


1-Palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1-palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


DRS7B_HUMAN Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7B (sprot)

A dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7B that is encoded in the genome of human.


GNPAT_HUMAN Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (sprot)

A dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

Any process involving glucose that decreases the frequency, rate or extent or transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


glycogen granule

Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.


lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


establishment of endothelial intestinal barrier

The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.


cellular response to interleukin-4

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.


B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


regulation of cell development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


negative regulation of cell development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


positive regulation of cell development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


pro-B cell

A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs.


somatotropin secreting cell

A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.


prolactin secreting cell

A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.


mature natural killer cell

A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules.


condensin complex

A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation in meiosis and mitosis.


filamentous actin

A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin.


cortical actin cytoskeleton

The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface

A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of an apoptotic cell, which acts as an 'eat-me' signal for engulfing cells. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the apoptotic cell surface by a phospholipid scramblase activity.


positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.


cellular response to cytokine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


neutrophil degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.


hypochlorous acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.


respiratory burst involved in defense response

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


cell maturation

The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.


neutrophil chemotaxis

The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


neutrophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


neutrophil extravasation

The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


white adipose tissue

Connective tissue consisting of fat-storing cells and arranged in lobular groups or along minor blood vessels[MP,modified].


inner cell mass derived hypoblast

A thin monolayer of small cuboidal cells that make up the lower layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc, beneath the epiblast.


interleukin-18 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

The appearance of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.


aflatoxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


Carbon Dioxide

A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.


TXTP_HUMAN Tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial (sprot)

A tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


yolk sac hematopoietic stem cell

A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.


peroxisome

A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.


brown fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.


adipose tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.


regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cold-induced thermogenesis.


type 2 immune response

An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.


monocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.


diapedesis

The passage of a leukocyte between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.


neutrophil activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium

The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.


establishment of T cell polarity

The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.


protein K48-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


T-helper 2 cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.


negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


CD40 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


B cell mediated immunity

Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.


eosinophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of eosinophils such that the total number of eosinophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


immunoglobulin production

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


neutrophil activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


behavioral response to pain

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.


TOR signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.


response to metformin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metformin stimulus.


CFAH_HUMAN Complement factor H (sprot)

A complement factor H that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 cleaved 1 (mouse)

An interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 cleaved 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P01582-1, 115-270.


secretory granule

A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.


cell fate commitment

The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.


glandular epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.


epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.


epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


intestinal epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


lung goblet cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung goblet cell. A goblet cell is a cell of the epithelial lining that produces and secretes mucins.


blood serum

The portion of blood plasma that excludes clotting factors.


urine

Excretion that is the output of a kidney.


lumen of esophagus

An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus.


saliva

A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions.


lumen of intestine

The anatomical space within the intestine.


small intestine

Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong].


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell

A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor.


peritoneal fluid

Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.


kidney granular cell

A smooth muscle cell that synthesizes, stores, and secretes the enzyme renin. This cell type are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. While having a different origin than other kidney smooth muscle cells, this cell type expresses smooth muscle actin upon maturation.


juxtaglomerular apparatus

An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP].


seizure protein 6 isoform 3 (mouse)

A seizure protein 6 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7TSK2-3.


Hsp70 protein binding

Binding to a Hsp70 protein, heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding

Binding to a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.


serine-type peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


cobalamin binding

Binding to cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


neuropeptide hormone activity

The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.


triacyl lipopeptide binding

Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.


receptor decoy activity

Binding and sequestering a specific receptor ligand to prevent it from binding to its regular receptor.


heparanase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of heparan sulfate; can degrade both heparan sulfate and heparin glycosaminoglycan chains.


cargo receptor ligand activity

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a cargo receptor and initiates endocytosis.


ErbB-4 class receptor binding

Binding to the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-4/HER4.


CoA pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme A or its derivatives + H2O = 3',5'-ADP + 4'-phosphopantetheine.


peptidyl-dipeptidase activity

Catalysis of the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.


acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+ in an acidic environment.


coenzyme A catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.


pantetheine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantetheine + H2O = (R)-pantothenate + cysteamine.


pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.


lysophosphatidic acid

A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.


Estradiol

The 17beta-isomer of estradiol.


interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 isoform m2 (mouse)

An interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O88786-2.


TGFA_HUMAN Protransforming growth factor alpha (sprot)

A protransforming growth factor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


EGF_HUMAN Pro-epidermal growth factor (sprot)

A pro-epidermal growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


AREG_HUMAN Amphiregulin (sprot)

An amphiregulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTC_HUMAN Probetacellulin (sprot)

A probetacellulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRG3_HUMAN Pro-neuregulin-3, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-3, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRG1_HUMAN Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


HBEGF_HUMAN Proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (sprot)

A proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


D-Glucose

A glucopyranose having D-configuration.


An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3.


HEXA_HUMAN Beta-hexosaminidase subunit alpha (sprot)

A beta-hexosaminidase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform 3 (mouse)

A vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Q8R037_MOUSE Secreted CD137 antigen (trembl)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CEACAM1a-4C1, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform CEACAM1a-4C1 of allele CEACAM1a in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:Q3LFS5, 35-450, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-2C1, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform CEACAM1a-2C1 of allele CEACAM1a in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:Q3LFS6, 35-270, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-C1, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form in mouse that lacks the transmembrane domain, and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


CEACAM1a-2, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform CEACAM1a-2 of allele CEACAM1a in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:Q3LFS7, 35-236, MOD:00160.


unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 3 (mouse)

A unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


calcitonin isoform 1 (mouse)

A calcitonin isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ATS13_MOUSE A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A8R0U0_MOUSE Exocrine gland secreted peptide 6 (trembl)

A protein that is a translation product of the Esp6 gene in mouse.


sRAGE proteolytic cleavage product (mouse)

An sRAGE proteolytic cleavage product that is produced in mouse.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 3 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-3.


72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 1 (mouse)

A 72 kDa type IV collagenase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


renin-1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A renin-1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A6P7M8_MOUSE Kidney thyroglobulin variant (trembl)

A thyroglobulin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A6P7M8.


thyroglobulin isoform 1 (mouse)

A thyroglobulin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O08710-1.


IL1B_HUMAN Interleukin-1 beta (sprot)

An interleukin-1 beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD14_HUMAN Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (sprot)

A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


LBP_HUMAN Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (sprot)

A lipopolysaccharide-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANF_HUMAN Natriuretic peptides A (sprot)

An atrial natriuretic factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASM_HUMAN Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (sprot)

A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase that is encoded in the genome of human.


HPBP1_HUMAN Hsp70-binding protein 1 (sprot)

An Hsp70-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGRP1_HUMAN Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (sprot)

A peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S10A4_HUMAN Protein S100-A4 (sprot)

A protein S100-A4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HMGB1_HUMAN High mobility group protein B1 (sprot)

A high mobility group protein B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 isoform h2 (human)

A triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9NP99-2.


A4_HUMAN Amyloid-beta precursor protein (sprot)

An amyloid-beta precursor protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL18_HUMAN Interleukin-18 (sprot)

An interleukin-18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALKL1_HUMAN ALK and LTK ligand 1 (sprot)

An ALK and LTK ligand 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALKL2_HUMAN ALK and LTK ligand 2 (sprot)

An ALK and LTK ligand 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KNG1_HUMAN Kininogen-1 (sprot)

A kininogen-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACE_HUMAN Angiotensin-converting enzyme (sprot)

An angiotensin-converting enzyme that is encoded in the genome of human.


renin isoform 1 (human)

A renin isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CRMB_VAR67 Cytokine response-modifying protein B (sprot)


IFNA2_HUMAN Interferon alpha-2 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG204_VACCW Soluble interferon alpha/beta receptor OPG204 (sprot)


PG038_VACCW Early protein OPG038 (sprot)


PG193_VACCW Soluble interferon gamma receptor OPG193 (sprot)


IL18B_VACCW Interleukin-18-binding protein (sprot)


TSLP_HUMAN Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (sprot)

A thymic stromal lymphopoietin that is encoded in the genome of human.


vomeronasal sensory neuron

Chemosensitive cells that innervate the vomernasal organ epithelium and are responsible for receiving and transmitting pheromone signals.


determination of intestine left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the intestine loops with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


determination of left/right symmetry

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


determination of heart left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


determination of digestive tract left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of various parts of the digestive tract with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


determination of liver left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor activity

Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


determination of pancreatic left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


C-C chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a C-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.


migrasome

A vesicular organelle that forms on retraction fibers behind migrating cells and mediates the release of cytoplasmic contents during cell migration.


CXCR3_HUMAN C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (sprot)

A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCR5_HUMAN C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (sprot)

A C-C chemokine receptor type 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nucleic acid metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.


isotype switching

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


magnesium ion binding

Binding to a magnesium (Mg) ion.


multivesicular body

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.


B cell receptor complex

An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.


microvillus

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.


nuclear DNA replication

The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.


cell cycle

The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.


protein processing

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


programmed cell death

A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.


cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


DNA recombination

Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.


B cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


B cell receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of zinc (Zn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


positive regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


calcium-mediated signaling using extracellular calcium source

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions imported from an extracellular source to convert a signal into a response.


exocytosis

A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.


receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process involved in intracellular cholesterol transport.


lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.


somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes

Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.


cell-substrate adhesion

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.


calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).


B cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


isotype switching to IgE isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


response to gamma radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.


negative regulation of B cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.


B cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.


antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.


MHC class II biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II.


negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.


isotype switching to IgG isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.


cell gliding

Cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell along a solid surface.


B cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


plasma cell differentiation

The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.


B cell proliferation

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.


lymphocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


T cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


CEAM1_MOUSE Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (sprot)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C isoform x1 (mouse)

A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P06800-1. UniProtKB:P06800-4, 3-1293.


regulation of isotype switching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.


mature B cell

A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen.


regeneration

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).


developmental growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.


liver regeneration

The regrowth of lost or destroyed liver.


forebrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).


ligamentous ossification

Ossification wherein bone tissue forms within ligamentous tissue.


calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.


response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


negative regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


peptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


ATP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity

Enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis.


proton binding

Binding to proton.


hepatocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.


cell dedifferentiation

The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.


Kupffer's vesicle development

The progression of the Kupffer's vesicle over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The Kupffer's vesicle is a small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period.


splenocyte

Any leukocyte that is part of a spleen.


midbrain

The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO].


paired fin bud

An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a paired fin. The fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].


blastema of regenerating fin/limb

A blastema that is part of a regenerating fin/limb.


retinal progenitor cell

A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells.


pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron

A GABAergic interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Parvalbumin.


cortical plate

The outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP].


myeloid cell

A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.


cerebellum external granule cell layer

Transient layer of the cerebellar cortex present during development which is composed of dividing and migrating granule cells[MP].


male reproductive system

The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa.


photoreceptor layer of retina

The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside.


future brain

The embryonic precursor of the brain.


lens vesicle cavity

An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle.


future diencephalon

The foremost region of the future forebrain that develops into the diencephalon.


extraembryonic ectoderm

Layer of the endoderm of the extraembryonic tissue.


hematopoietic stem cell

A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.


glioblast (sensu Vertebrata)

An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube.


A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans.


memory T cell

A long-lived, antigen-experienced T cell that has acquired a memory phenotype including distinct surface markers and the ability to differentiate into an effector T cell upon antigen reexposure.


neurectodermal cell

Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue.


Kit and Sca1-positive hematopoietic stem cell

A hematopoietic stem cell that has plasma membrane part Kit-positive, SCA-1-positive, CD150-positive and CD34-negative.


myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell

A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage.


endocrine cell

A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.


mononuclear cytotrophoblast cell

A cell from the inner layer of the trophoblast of the early mammalian embryo that gives rise to the outer surface and villi of the chorion. Mononuclear crytoblasts fuse to give rise to a multinuclear cytotrophoblast.


megakaryocyte progenitor cell

The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).