nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


polarized epithelial cell differentiation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.


pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.


chaperone-mediated autophagy

The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded.


positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.


enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum.


negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


TLR2_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 2 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR6_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 6 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 protein complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6).


tumor necrosis factor receptor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function.


negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.


protein-glutamine glutaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamine + H2O = protein L-glutamate + NH3.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+.


postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

The accumulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channels in a narrow, central region of muscle fibers, in apposition to nerve terminals.


lipoteichoic acid immune receptor activity

Combining with lipoteichoic acid and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response.


ceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.


cell cortex

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.


mitochondrial membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.


endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).


cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


Golgi membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.


postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.


CD36_HUMAN Platelet glycoprotein 4 (sprot)

A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASC_HUMAN Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (sprot)

An apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD that is encoded in the genome of human.


receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 isoform h1 (human)

A receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O43353-1.


CAPR1_HUMAN Caprin-1 (sprot)

A caprin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SCRIB_HUMAN Protein scribble homolog (sprot)

A protein LAP4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform hLAMP-2A (human)

A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P13473-1.


ZDHC5_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDMD_HUMAN Gasdermin-D (sprot)

A gasdermin-D that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZNRF4_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF4 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ITP_HHV11 Inner tegument protein (sprot)


EPHA4_HUMAN Ephrin type-A receptor 4 (sprot)

An ephrin type-A receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDH12_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC12 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPT1A_HUMAN Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform (sprot)

A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity

Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


cardiolipin binding

Binding to cardiolipin.


cytotoxic T cell pyroptotic process

Any pyroptotic process in a cytotoxic T cell.


killing by host of symbiont cells

Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


gut granule

A lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. Gut granules are acidified, birefringent, autofluorescent, and contain the vacuolar H+-ATPase. They also serve as sites of cellular zinc storage.


mitral valve leaflet

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A valve leafleft that is part of a mitral valve.


pattern specification process

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


mitral valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.


kidney development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


post-anal tail morphogenesis

The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.


neural tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.


ossification involved in bone maturation

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


cochlea development

The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.


branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


condensed mesenchymal cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a condensed mesenchymal cell population. A condensed mesenchymal cell population is a population of adherent mesenchymal cells.


nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


metanephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


convergent extension involved in gastrulation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


metanephric tubule development

The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.


embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


filopodium assembly

The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


lamellipodium assembly

Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


lamellipodium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


regulation of cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


cardiovascular system

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.


lymphangioblast

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Lymphatic progenitor cells.


endothelial tip cell

A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.


kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell

An epithelial cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.


pericyte

An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.


melanoblast

A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.


brain microvascular endothelial cell

Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.


migratory trunk neural crest cell

Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.


mononuclear cell

A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.


multi-potent skeletal muscle stem cell

A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.


progenitor cell of endocrine pancreas

A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.


myofibroblast cell

An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.


memory T cell differentiation

The process in which a newly activated T cell acquires specialized features of a memory T cell.


wound healing

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


Wnt-protein binding

Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.


fibronectin binding

Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.


transcriptional regulator ERG isoform containing exon 3 (mouse)

A transcriptional regulator ERG (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA containing the sequence in exon 3 for the ERG gene.


integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A (mouse)

An integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


otic pit

The pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles.


basement membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.


tight junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


cell adhesion mediator activity

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


capillary plexus

A network of capillaries.


basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


adherens junction

A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.


lamellipodium

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


intercalated disc

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.


apicolateral plasma membrane

The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.


fascia adherens

A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


embryonic fibroblast

Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.


cerebral cortex development

The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.


cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.


striated muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.


homeostasis of number of cells

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.


brain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


telencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.


blood vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


neuroepithelial cell differentiation

The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.


mesenchymal cell migration

The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


protein localization to adherens junction

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.


response to increased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.


negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


ESR1_HUMAN Estrogen receptor (sprot)

An estrogen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCKX4_MOUSE Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 (sprot)

A sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


visual learning

Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.


presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


long-term synaptic potentiation

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.


synapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


exploration behavior

The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.


short-term synaptic potentiation

The process by which synaptic transmission, induced by the arrival of a spike (action potential) at a synapse, acts to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to the arrival of subsequent spikes. This effect is seen when a train of closely space spikes arrives at a synapse with a low initial release probability. It occurs in a timeframe of tens to hundreds of milliseconds.


regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


locomotory behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.


brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].


Cholesterol

A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.


A monoglyceride in which the acyl substituent is located at position 2.


Triglyceride

Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.


long-chain fatty acid anion

A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 to C22.


Glycerin

A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.


Retinol

Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.


Hexadecanoate

A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid); major species at pH 7.3.


cholesteryl ester

A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of cholesterol.


Vitamin A palmitate

An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.


FABP6_HUMAN Gastrotropin (sprot)

A gastrotropin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABHD5_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 (sprot)

A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MGLL_HUMAN Monoglyceride lipase (sprot)

A monoglyceride lipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPL_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, liver that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP5_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP7_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, brain (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, brain that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBP12_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 12 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPH_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, heart that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPI_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP9_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 9 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial fission

The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


positive regulation of mitochondrial fission

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


cellular lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


acylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling

Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol.


lipoprotein lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.


acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.


ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.


extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


Diacylglycerol

A glyceride that is glycerol in which any two of the hydroxy groups have been acylated. In the structure shown, two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


PLPL2_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL3_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 (sprot)

A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DGAT2_HUMAN Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AWAT2_HUMAN Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

An acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to morphine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.


response to amphetamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.


positive regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


negative regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


dopamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


neuromuscular process

Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


motor behavior

The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.


vocalization behavior

The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.


social behavior

Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.


multicellular organism growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.


learning

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


neuromuscular process controlling posture

Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.


grooming behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.


dopamine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


excitatory chemical synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.


response to odorant

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.


walking behavior

The behavior of an organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 (mouse)

A D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


cranial nerve II

Cranial nerve fiber tract which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA].


cortical intermediate zone

The region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone.


pontine nuclear group

Nuclei in the basal pons, intermingled among the descending axons from the cortex, that receive neocrotcial input and give rise to many axons that cross the midline to enter the contralateral cerebellum (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 135).


paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP).


supraoptic nucleus

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. [WP,unvetted].


caudate-putamen

Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure.


trigeminal nerve

Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).


cranial ganglion

The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves.


cranial nerve

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.


rhombic lip

The posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system.


medial habenular nucleus

The habenular nuclei comprise a small group of nuclei that are part of the epithalamus of the diencephalon, situated at the posterior end of the thalamus, on its upper surface. The habenular nuclei are typically divided into: lateral habenular nucleus medial habenular nucleus The pineal gland is attached to the brain in this region. Nerve impulses from the habenular nuclei are transmitted to the septal nuclei via the stria medullaris, which is found on the medial surface of the thalamus.


olfactory nerve

Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos].


internal capsule of telencephalon

White matter regional part of brain which is flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem and spinal cord. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. (Adapted from MSH by Maryann Martone).


nerve fiber layer of retina

Layer of the retina formed by expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve.


lateral geniculate body

The group of neurons that serve as the primary processor of visual information received from the retina via the optic tract and send processed information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.


septum of telencephalon

Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum (in some species) and the septal nuclei (Heimer, 1996).


medial vestibular nucleus

The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus 'Deiters')- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted].


anterior commissure

A bundle of myelinated nerve fibers passing transversely through the lamina terminalis and connecting symmetrical parts of the two cerebral hemispheres; it consists of a smaller anterior part (pars anterior commissurae anterioris) and a larger posterior part (pars posterior commissurae anterioris).


olfactory bulb glomerular layer

The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA].


hippocampus fimbria

Regional part of fornix consisting of a prominent white matter structure adjacent to the hippocampus on the ventricular side continuous with the alveus. Near the splenium the fimbria separates from the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix. [adapted from Wikipedia] (MM: 2006-10-26).


nucleus accumbens

A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. (caudoputamen in rodent) and continuous with these structures. There is no distinct boundary between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate/putamen, but in rodents, it can be identified by its lack of traversing fiber bundles in comparison to the dorsal striatum. Its principle neuron is the medium spiny neuron. Together with the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the nucleus accumbens forms the striatum.


accessory olfactory bulb mitral cell layer


medial geniculate body

Nuclear complex of the thalamus situated on the caudal, subpial aspect of the thalamus (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 622).


anterior nuclear group

Mostly gray regional part of anterior thalamic region, consisting of the anterior medial, anterior dorsal and anterior lateral thalamic nuclei in primates. In rodents, it consists of anterior medial and anterior ventral divisions, with several subdivisions of each, according to Paxinos (MM: 2006-10-26).


accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer


ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted].


spiral sulcus

A concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct, formed by either the overhanging vestibular lip (inner spiral sulcus) or the spiral prominence and the spiral organ (outer spiral sulcus).


parietal cortex

Gray matter of the parietal region of the neocortex, located in the parietal lobe of gyrencephalic animals. It is continuous anteriorly with the frontal cortex, posteriorly with the occipital cortex and medially with the insular cortex and with the temporal cortex on the posterior/inferior border.


presynaptic active zone

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.


axon

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.


neuron projection

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


excitatory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.


cytoplasmic stress granule

A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.


perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.


postsynaptic density

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


neuronal ribonucleoprotein granule

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli.


perikaryon

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.


cell leading edge

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.


juxtaparanode region of axon

A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.


dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.


synaptic vesicle

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.


dendritic shaft

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.


trans-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


cis-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


clathrin-coated vesicle

A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


nuclear speck

A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.


growth cone

The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.


filopodium

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.


microtubule cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.


axolemma

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.


presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


inhibitory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


growth cone membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a growth cone.


axon hillock

Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates.


mitochondrion organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.


establishment of cell polarity

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.


axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


axon extension

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.


neuron apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.


negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


neuron projection development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


intracellular calcium ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of calcium ions within a cell.


endoplasmic reticulum organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


regulation of membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


lipid storage

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.


endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


neuron projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.


response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


dendrite morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.


inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


axon extension involved in axon guidance

The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


endosomal transport

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.


dorsal/ventral pattern formation

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.


establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


central nervous system neuron axonogenesis

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


calcium-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.


intracellular copper ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of copper ions within a cell.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


neurofilament cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.


calcium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


neuron remodeling

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.


dendritic spine development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the juxtaparanode region of an axon.


intracellular transport

The directed movement of substances within a cell.


cellular metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


oligosaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


phospholipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


L-glutamate import

The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.


synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).


action potential

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


collateral sprouting

The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.


response to ischemia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.


protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


Golgi localization

Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


axon midline choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.


ephrin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


neurotransmitter secretion

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


receptor clustering

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.


maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity

Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


axon target recognition

The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.


cellular response to lithium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.


gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.


synaptic vesicle endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.


synaptic vesicle priming

A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane.


SNARE complex disassembly

The disaggregation of the SNARE protein complex into its constituent components. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.


receptor recycling

The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.


central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.


glutamate secretion

The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.


acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity

Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.


synaptic vesicle maturation

Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.


axo-dendritic transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.


mitochondrion transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


microtubule depolymerization

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.


calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.


monoatomic ion gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.


synaptic vesicle transport

The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.


establishment of monopolar cell polarity

The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.


regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.


synaptic vesicle docking

The initial (indirect) attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic active zone membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane and proteins of the presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component. Synaptic vesicle tethering is the first step in this process.


dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.


collateral sprouting in absence of injury

The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons.


positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


ganglioside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


kainate selective glutamate receptor activity

An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist.


exocyst assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of various polypeptides into the exocyst complex.


ephrin receptor activity

Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.


neurogenesis

Generation of cells within the nervous system.


neuron migration

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.


cerebral cortex neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


cell proliferation in forebrain

The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.


cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration

The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.


forebrain neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.


central nervous system neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.


cerebral cortex tangential migration

The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.


forebrain cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.


forebrain neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


cerebral cortex cell migration

The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.


cell differentiation in hindbrain

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.


striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.


A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).


synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a-complexin I complex

A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin I (or orthologs thereof).


DHB13_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 (sprot)

A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HLPDA_HUMAN Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein (sprot)

A hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FITM1_HUMAN Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 (sprot)

A fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FITM2_HUMAN Acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase FITM2 (sprot)

An acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase FITM2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


presynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.


postsynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.


phagophore

A disk-like structure that expands, rounds up into a cup-shaped structure, and eventually closes around its cargo (for example cytoplasmic components) to become an autophagosome or Cvt vesicle.


pancreas

An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO].


GABA-ergic synapse

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


olfactory tubercle

Region in the ventral telencephalon, prominent in rodents, but present in all mammals, consisting of a laminated cortical part and the cap/hilus region. It is traditionally viewed as part of the olfactory cortex but recognized by some as having a striatal character. According to many authors, the structure of the OT transitions from cortical like to striatal like along the lateral medial axis. (Maryann Martone).


cerebellum

Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].


chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a chemokine receptor.


CXCR chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family.


proton channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


sphingosine hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of sphingolipid long chain bases.


phospholipid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.


maltose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of maltose from one side of a membrane to the other. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen and starch.


bile acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


NAR1_MOUSE GPI-linked NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A GPI-linked NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 isoform 1 (mouse)

An ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


dual specificity protein kinase TTK isoform m1 (mouse)

A dual specificity protein kinase TTK (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P35761-1.


CEACAM1a-4 N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of allele CEACAM1a in mouse with four copies of the Ig domain and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


CEACAM1a-2 N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of allele CEACAM1a in mouse with two copies of the Ig domain and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


CTL1_MOUSE Choline transporter-like protein 1 (sprot)

A choline transporter-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform long (mouse)

A glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform long that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha isoform m2 (mouse)

An interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P26952-3.


interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha isoform m1 (mouse)

An interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P26952-1.


protein kinase C beta type isoform Beta-II (mouse)

A protein kinase C beta type isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein kinase C beta type isoform Beta-I (mouse)

A protein kinase C beta type isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CCL5_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 5 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SDF1_HUMAN Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (sprot)

A stromal cell-derived factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL8_HUMAN Interleukin-8 (sprot)

An interleukin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXL11_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDME_HUMAN Gasdermin-E (sprot)

A gasdermin-E that is encoded in the genome of human.


PERF_HUMAN Perforin-1 (sprot)

A perforin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDMA_HUMAN Gasdermin-A (sprot)

A gasdermin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAIG_CLOSV Bile acid transporter (sprot)


postsynaptic density membrane

The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.


synaptic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


presynaptic active zone membrane

The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters.


postsynaptic density, intracellular component

A network of proteins adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane forming an electron dense disc. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize neurotransmitter receptors in the adjacent membrane, such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


glutamatergic synapse

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.


presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component

A specialized region below the presynaptic membrane, characterized by electron-dense material, a specialized cytoskeletal matrix and accumulated (associated) synaptic vesicles.


presynaptic cytosol

The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the presynapse.


glycinergic synapse

A synapse that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.


dopaminergic synapse

A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.


cholinergic synapse

A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.


extrinsic component of synaptic vesicle membrane

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


neuronal dense core vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a neuronal dense core vesicle.


neuronal dense core vesicle

A dense core vesicle (granule) that is part of a neuron. These vesicles typically contain neuropeptides. They can be found in all parts of neurons, including the soma, dendrites, axonal swellings (varicosities) and synaptic terminals.


postsynaptic cytosol

The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the postsynapse.


extrinsic component of neuronal dense core vesicle membrane

The component of the neuronal dense core vesicle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


extrinsic component of presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

The component of the presynaptic endocytic zone membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


perisynaptic extracellular matrix

The portion of the extracellular matrix that lies within the perisynaptic space.


serotonergic synapse

A synapse that uses serotonin as a neurotransmitter.


postsynaptic specialization

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

The region of the presynaptic membrane that is part of the presynaptic endocytic zone - where synaptic vesicles are endocytosed and recycled following release.


postsynaptic specialization, intracellular component

A network of proteins adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include the proteins that spatially and functionally organize neurotransmitter receptors in the adjacent membrane, such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic specialization membrane

The component of the postsynaptic specialization membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of presynaptic active zone membrane

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


chaperone-mediated protein folding

The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.


neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane

A process in which a neurotransmitter is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the membrane adjacent to a postsynaptic specialization (e.g. postsynaptic density).


regulation of synaptic vesicle priming

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.


modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.


synaptic vesicle clustering

The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles in presynaptic structures.


structural constituent of presynaptic active zone

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a presynaptic active zone.


neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps.


structural constituent of postsynaptic density

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic density.


synaptic vesicle budding from endosome

Budding of synaptic vesicles during the formation of constitutive recycling vesicles from early endosomes.


synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion

Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with an endosome.


regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.


presynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


regulation of postsynaptic specialization assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic specialization assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic specialization.


regulation of presynapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.


regulation of postsynaptic density assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic density assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density.


regulation of translation at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse.


anterograde dendritic transport of neurotransmitter receptor complex

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter receptor complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites towards the postsynapse.


AT2B3_HUMAN Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 (sprot)

A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AT2B2_HUMAN Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 (sprot)

A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NPTXR_HUMAN Neuronal pentraxin receptor (sprot)

A neuronal pentraxin receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL30_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein eL30 (sprot)

A 60S ribosomal protein L30 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARFG1_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3 isoform 1 (human)

An H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPEB_APLCA Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (sprot)


LRRT3_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 3 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sensory perception of sound

The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.


ossification

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.


stereocilium maintenance

The organization process that preserves a stereocilium in a stable functional or structural state.


regulation of actin filament length

Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell.


inner ear development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


morphogenesis of an epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.


mucus secretion

The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.


inner ear morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.


inhibition of non-skeletal tissue mineralization

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of non-mineral tissue, by preventing mineralization of non-skeletal tissue.


auditory receptor cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


middle ear morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).


mechanosensitive monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic cation by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.


voltage-gated potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in positive regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Positive regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the directed movement of calcium ions across the plasma-membrane into the cytosol via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels. This is the first step in synaptic transmission.


stereocilium tip

A distinct compartment at the tip of a stereocilium, distal to the site of attachment to the apical cell surface. It consists of a dense matrix bridging the barbed ends of the stereocilium actin filaments with the overlying plasma membrane, is dynamic compared to the shaft, and is required for stereocilium elongation.


An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group


Potassium ion

A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.


CAC1D_HUMAN Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D (sprot)

A voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D that is encoded in the genome of human.


plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform WA (human)

A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AT2B1_HUMAN Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 (sprot)

A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KCMA1_HUMAN Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

A calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.


dynamin-1 isoform an (mouse)

A dynamin-1 (mouse) that is the a-type isoform.


synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


neuronal action potential

An action potential that occurs in a neuron.


migratory enteric neural crest cell

A neural crest cell that gives rise to cells of the enteric nervous system.


neural crest cell migration

The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.


enteric nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.


neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development

Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.


GFAP_HUMAN Glial fibrillary acidic protein (sprot)

A glial fibrillary acidic protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


node of Ranvier

An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed.


follicular dendritic cell

A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response.


renal system

The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.


FINC_HUMAN Fibronectin (sprot)

A fibronectin that is encoded in the genome of human.


cochlin, signal peptide removed form (mouse)

A cochlin (mouse) that the signal peptide has been removed. UniProtKB:Q62507, 26-552.


cochlin p40 (mouse)

A cochlin, signal peptide removed form (mouse) that results from further cleavage of the LCCL domain (Pfam:PF03815) after aggrecanases proteolytic activity. UniProtKB:Q62507, 135-552.


unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 1 (mouse)

A unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 isoform B (mouse)

An interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P14719-2.


Q810U6_MOUSE Phosphacan short isoform (trembl)

A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q810U6.


camera-type eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.


neural crest cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.


RNA polymerase I activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


melanocyte

A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance.