nascent polypeptide-associated complex binding

Binding to nascent polypeptide-associated complex, a heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.


ribosome localization

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


endoplasmic reticulum localization

Any process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


establishment of tissue polarity

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


negative regulation of translation in response to stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.


regulation of Rap protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rap protein signal transduction.


EPN1_HUMAN Epsin-1 (sprot)

An epsin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EP15R_HUMAN Epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like 1 (sprot)

An epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


insulin binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


response to glucagon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.


response to cAMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.


cortical microtubule plus-end

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The plus-end of a cortical microtubule.


thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.


thiamine transport

The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


thiamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.


2-oxoglutarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.


minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding

Binding to a DNA structure formed by the minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA regions. Examples of proteins having this function are AT-rich interaction domain (ARID)-containing proteins.


regulation of peptide hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.


regulation of growth hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.


epithelial cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of an epithelial cell to another epithelial cell via adhesion molecules.


endochitinase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, endochitinases cleave randomly within the chitin chain.


exochitinase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal 1,4-beta-linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, exochitinases progressively cleave off two subunits from the reducing or non-reducing ends of the chitin chain.


glomerular mesangium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.


OFF retinal ganglion cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A retinal ganglion cell that is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP).


ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S = X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


regulation of glomerulus development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.


proximal tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.


regulation of DNA biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.


Golgi stack

The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by global deprotonation of the hexaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(6)-bis(5'-adenosyl)hexaphosphate


Adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate(5-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the pentaanionic form of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate.


tRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylguanine.


tRNA (m2G10) methyltransferase complex

A protein complex required for the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNA. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least two subunits, Trm11p and Trm112p.


S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing thymine at position U54 of a transfer RNA. This occurs in most Gram-negative bacteria, some archae, and eukaryotes.


tripeptide

Any oligopeptide that consists of three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


dipeptide zwitterion

Any peptide zwitterion comprising two amino acid residues. Major structure at pH 7.3.


MIP_CHLTR Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase Mip (sprot)


regulation of meiosis I

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.


acetyl-CoA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.


positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.


negative regulation of cardioblast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


negative regulation of hippo signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.


fat cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a fat cell.


response to interleukin-7

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-7 stimulus.


myofibroblast differentiation

The process in which an undifferentiated cell acquires the features of a myofibroblast cell.


regulation of myofibroblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.


response to bleomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bleomycin stimulus.


lung connective tissue development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs.


response to interleukin-13

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (CCL11, also known as eotaxin-1) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


gland morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.


positive regulation of neuron maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.


negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.


leukemia inhibitory factor receptor binding

Binding to an leukemia inhibitory factor receptor.


maternal process involved in female pregnancy

A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.


regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


spongiotrophoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of the ectoplacental cone acquires specialized features of a spongiotrophoblast of the placenta. A spongiotrophoblast cell is a basophilic cell.


A protein that is a translation product of the human IL2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Interleukin-2 has a dual role in maintaining tolerance and contributing to immunity.


A protein that is a translation product of the human IL4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vitamin B6 catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


Pyridoxal phosphate gamma-aminobutyric acid


heat shock protein binding

Binding to a heat shock protein, a protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock.


pronephric proximal tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron proximal tubule are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.


Chelerythrine

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.


Azide ion

Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.


A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.


The (4R,5S)-isomer of dethiobiotin.


gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake

The uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


nucleus ambiguus

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract This nucleus gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve terminating in the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus. [WP,unvetted].


GTP 3',8'-cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP=(8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate.


cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate = cyclic pyranopterin phosphate + diphosphate.


potassium ion binding

Binding to a potassium ion (K+).


acetylspermidine deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = acetate + spermidine.


polyamine deacetylation

The modification of acetylpolyamine by the removal of acetyl groups.


spermidine deacetylation

The modification of acetylspermadine by the removal of acetyl groups.


cytoplasmic translational elongation

The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.


regulation of oxygen metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.


CEACAM1a-2L (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 sequence variant CEACAM1a (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P31809-3. This form contains the two copies of the Ig domain and is the version with longer cytoplasmic tail.


DYSF_HUMAN Dysferlin (sprot)

A dysferlin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAV3_HUMAN Caveolin-3 (sprot)

A caveolin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI72_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 72 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANXA6_HUMAN Annexin A6 (sprot)

An annexin A6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cell migration involved in heart development

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.


MRC1_HUMAN Macrophage mannose receptor 1 (sprot)

A macrophage mannose receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MRC2_HUMAN C-type mannose receptor 2 (sprot)

A C-type mannose receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLC4K_HUMAN C-type lectin domain family 4 member K (sprot)

A C-type lectin domain family 4 member K that is encoded in the genome of human.


Calcitroic acid

A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group and the C-23/C-27 unit is replaced by a carboxy group.


HG2A_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein import into mitochondrial matrix

The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together.


regulation of action potential firing pattern

Any process that regulates the temporal pattern of a sequence of action potentials in a neuron.


An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate.


NADH oxidation

A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD+.


glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.


regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


D-ribulose

The D-stereoisomer of ribulose.


response to hepatocyte growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.


uterine epithelium development

The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.


response to 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate stimulus.


response to epidermal growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.


regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.


iris morphogenesis

The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.


nitric oxide binding

Binding to nitric oxide (NO).


hemangioblast

A pluripotent cell in the yolk sac that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells.


transmembrane transporter complex

A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.


ATP-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


CTP binding

Binding to CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.


maintenance of protein complex location

Any process in which a protein complex is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of protein complexes that move away.


microspike assembly

Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.


negative regulation of phospholipase C activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.


An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7alpha and 26 positions.


A cholestanoid that is 5beta-cholestan-26-al substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively.


5beta-Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24,26-pentol with S-configuration at C-24.


3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al with S-configuration at C-24.


3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al with S-configuration at C-24.


5beta-Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,24,26-tetrol with S-configuration at C-24.


regulation of chondrocyte development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


acid-sensing ion channel 1 isoform m2 (mouse)

An acid-sensing ion channel 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6NXK8-2.


negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.


regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.


embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration

The directed movement of individual interneuron precursors during the embryonic development of the olfactory bulb.


regulation of neuron maturation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron over time, from initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of ERK5 cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK5 cascade.


anatomical structure arrangement

The process that gives rise to the configuration of the constituent parts of an anatomical structure. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


GTPase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a GTPase.


CAPON_HUMAN Carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein (sprot)

A carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRCN1_HUMAN SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 (sprot)

A SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RAC3_HUMAN Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (sprot)

A Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering.


acetylcholine receptor binding

Binding to an acetylcholine receptor.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.


pulmonary artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.


intrahepatic cholangiocyte

An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. These cells are flattened or cuboidal in shape, and have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to large/extrahepatic cholangiocytes.


glandular cell of stomach

A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach.


urothelial cell

A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the proximal urethra, bladder, ureter or renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.


regulation of dendrite extension

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.


1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase complex

A protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a glucose group from UDP-glucose to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain.


1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n) = UDP + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n+1).


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


cellular bud neck septin ring organization

Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of a septin ring located at the bud neck.


positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


regulation of secondary cell septum biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary cell septum biogenesis.


protein localization to mating projection tip

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mating projection tip.


stereocilia tip-link density

An electron-dense plaque at either end of a stereocilia tip link that provides the anchor in the stereocilia membrane.


ESCRT I complex

An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.


regulation of deacetylase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.


actin crosslink formation

The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes.


actin nucleation

The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.


protein-containing complex remodeling

The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.


alpha-tubulin binding

Binding to the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.


protein deacylation

The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.


Hsp90 deacetylation

The modification of an Hsp90 protein by removal of acetyl groups.


cellular response to misfolded protein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.


aggresome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an aggresome; requires the microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein.


regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of microtubule plus-end binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.


endothelial tube lumen extension

Any endothelial tube morphogenesis process by which the tube is increased in length.


negative regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin

The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.


negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.


actomyosin contractile ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


neuron projection retraction

The organization process which results in the disassembly (either partial or complete) of constituent parts of a neuron projection. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


negative regulation of neuron projection regeneration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.


regulation of cellular component size

A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.


profilin binding

Binding to profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.


regulation of spindle checkpoint

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


positive regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of sensory perception of pain

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.


mastication

The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.


catecholamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


response to corticosterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosterone stimulus. Corticosterone is a 21 carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type, produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In many species, corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel metabolism, immune reactions, and stress responses.


response to external stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.


response to dopamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.


response to methylphenidate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylphenidate stimulus.


negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.


phosphatidylserine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.


multivesicular body membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of the membranes of multivesicular bodies.


neutral lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


benzil reductase [(S)-benzoin-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-benzoin + NADP(3-) <=> benzil + NADPH(4-) + H+.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


regulation of norepinephrine secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.


inactivation of paternal X chromosome by genomic imprinting

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the paternal X-chromosome in the XX sex by genomic imprinting.


regulation of sensory perception of pain

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.


ammonium excretion

The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell.


cytoplasm protein quality control

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are either targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation or protected by chaperones to shield thermosensitive proteins from degradation until conditions allow disaggregation and refolding.


IkappaB kinase complex

A trimeric protein complex that phosphorylates inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) proteins. The complex is composed of two kinase subunits (alpha and beta) and a regulatory gamma subunit (also called NEMO). In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to inhibitory IKB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


LUBAC complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex that catalyzes linear head-to-tail polyubiquitin conjugation on its targets. In human the complex consists of RBCK1, RNF31 and SHARPIN, and has an MW of approximately 600 kDa, suggesting a heteromultimeric assembly of its subunits. LUBAC stands for Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex.


positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.


Noc1p-Noc2p complex

A heterodimer associated with 90S and 66S preribosomes. Predominantly, but not exclusively, nucleolar; involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis.


regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


septal nuclear complex

Collection of nerve cells in the medial forebrain lying generally in front of the anterior commissure (Maryann Martone).


SUMO1_HUMAN Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (sprot)

A small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SUMO3_HUMAN Small ubiquitin-related modifier 3 (sprot)

A small ubiquitin-related modifier 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SUMO2_HUMAN Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (sprot)

A small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2B1_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2B3_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2B2_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DCP1A_HUMAN mRNA-decapping enzyme 1A (sprot)

An mRNA-decapping enzyme 1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


TISB_HUMAN mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1 (sprot)

An mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNPO1_HUMAN Transportin-1 (sprot)

A transportin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TTP_HUMAN mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36 (sprot)

An mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PARN_HUMAN Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PARN (sprot)

A poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PARN that is encoded in the genome of human.


Z385A_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 385A (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 385A that is encoded in the genome of human.


BRD7_HUMAN Bromodomain-containing protein 7 (sprot)

A bromodomain-containing protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO4F1_HUMAN POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IASPP_HUMAN RelA-associated inhibitor (sprot)

A RelA-associated inhibitor that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO4F2_HUMAN POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 2 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BANP_HUMAN Protein BANP (sprot)

A protein BANP that is encoded in the genome of human.


HIPK1_HUMAN Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (sprot)

A homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASPP2_HUMAN Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (sprot)

An apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASPP1_HUMAN Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 1 (sprot)

An apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sperm mitochondrial sheath assembly

The assembly and organization of the sperm mitochondrial sheath, the tightly packed helical sheath of ATP-producing mitochondria restricted to the midpiece of the sperm flagellum.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= dopamine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


TR10D_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10D (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10D that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSH2_HUMAN DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 (sprot)

A DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCNK_HUMAN Cyclin-K (sprot)

A cyclin-K that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDK12_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TM219_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 receptor (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 219 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGTA_HUMAN Geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit alpha (sprot)

A geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


B2L14_HUMAN Apoptosis facilitator Bcl-2-like protein 14 (sprot)

An apoptosis facilitator Bcl-2-like protein 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PERP_HUMAN p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22 (sprot)

A p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGTB2_HUMAN Geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit beta (sprot)

A geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDRG1_HUMAN Protein NDRG1 (sprot)

A protein NDRG1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NLRC4_HUMAN NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

An NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIA1_HUMAN TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (sprot)

A TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BNI3L_HUMAN BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3-like (sprot)

A BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


GA45A_HUMAN Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha (sprot)

A growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTG2_HUMAN Protein BTG2 (sprot)

A protein BTG2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLAL1_HUMAN Zinc finger protein PLAGL1 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein PLAGL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RGCC_HUMAN Regulator of cell cycle RGCC (sprot)

A response gene to complement 32 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


E2F8_HUMAN Transcription factor E2F8 (sprot)

A transcription factor E2F8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARI3A_HUMAN AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 3A (sprot)

An AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


E2F7_HUMAN Transcription factor E2F7 (sprot)

A transcription factor E2F7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TR10A_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A that is encoded in the genome of human.


TR10B_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B that is encoded in the genome of human.


TR10C_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLD3A_HUMAN PRELI domain containing protein 3A (sprot)

A PRELI domain containing protein 3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRLD1_HUMAN PRELI domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial (sprot)

A PRELI domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


early stripe melanocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an early stripe melanocyte (ESM). In zebrafish, ESMs develop during the first phase (2-3 weeks of development) of the larva to adult transition (2-4 weeks of development).


pronephric nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.


fetal thymocyte

A thymocyte found in the fetal thymus.


experimentally modified cell in vitro

A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure.


negative regulation of hh target transcription factor activity

Any process that decreases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates members of the Gli protein family are activated by Hedgehog signaling.


mitotic anaphase A

The cell cycle phase during which the kinetochore microtubules shorten as chromosomes move toward the spindle poles as part of mitosis.


protein phosphatase type 1 complex

A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity.


intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in cytokinesis

Any regulation of protein localization to cell division site that is involved in cytokinesis.


regulation of cell budding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and growth of cell buds.


protein phosphatase 1 binding

Binding to a protein phosphatase 1.


articular chondrocyte

Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in joints.


beige adipocyte

A fat cell that is beige in color, thermogenic, and which differentiates in white fat tissue from a Myf5-negative progenitor.


regulation of collagen fibril organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.


muscle system process

A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.


extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength

A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress.


response to polyamine macromolecule

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a polyamine macromolecule stimulus.


mitochondrial transmembrane transport

The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


protein homooligomerization

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.


death receptor binding

Binding to a member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).


Sodium dodecyl sulfate

An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.


Diphenyleneiodonium

An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.


Triton X-100

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-3-yl)phenyl ether.


Methylene Blue

An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.


A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group.


coproporphyrinogen III(4-)

Tetracarboxylate anion of coproporphyrinogen III.


Dicarboxylate anion of protoporphyrinogen.


uroporphyrinogen III(8-)

An octacarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of all eight carboxy groups of uroporphyrinogen III.


The dicarboxylate anion of protoporphyrin, obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups.


Pyrogallol

A  benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.


Caffeic Acid

The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.


Butin

A trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3', 4' and 7. It is found in Acacia mearnsii, Vernonia anthelmintica and Dalbergia odorifera and has a protective affect against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.


Tempo carboxylic acid

A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a carboxy group at position 4.


Tempamine

A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an amino group at position 4.


tetrapyrrole binding

Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.


protoporphyrinogen IX metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving protoporphyrinogen IX, the specific substrate for the enzyme ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron to form protoheme. It is probably also the substrate for chlorophyll formation.


regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.


detection of UV

The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


Mevalonic acid

The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: a (3R)-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] = a (2E)-enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + H2O.


enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein].


positive regulation of intracellular protein transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.


'de novo' GMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) through an inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) intermediate.


entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod

The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night).


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit binding

Binding to a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The regulatory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit to regulate both its activity and subcellular location.


protein heterooligomerization

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


response to glial cell derived neurotrophic factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glial cell derived neurotrophic factor stimulus.


neurotrophin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.


Rab protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rab family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


slow muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a slow muscle cell from one site to another.


cellular biogenic amine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


phosphatidic acid

A derivative of glycerol in which one hydroxy group, commonly but not necessarily primary, is esterified with phosphoric acid and the other two are esterified with fatty acids.


phosphatidylglycerol

A glycerophosphoglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups has been replaced by a phosphatidyl group.


An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which a single acyl substituent is located at position 2.


A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, N-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine.  The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety.


nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.


An octadecenoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of trans-2-octadecenoic acid.


A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 3-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid.


A 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate groups of 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


Tetraanion of icosanoyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.


sphinganine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


FAN_HUMAN Protein FAN (sprot)

A protein FAN that is encoded in the genome of human.


acyltransferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


melanocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a melanocyte, the main structural component of the epidermis.


stem cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.


swim bladder formation

The process that gives rise to the swim bladder. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The swim bladder is used by some fishes to maintain buoyancy and may function in addition as a sound producing organ, a sound receptor, and a respiratory organ.


negative regulation of protein sumoylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.


outward rectifier potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the outward flow of K+ ions exceeds the inward flow for the opposite driving force.


extrinsic component of membrane

The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus

A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.


regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of macrophage migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.


cardiac atrium formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


CENPE_HUMAN Centromere-associated protein E (sprot)

A centromere-associated protein E that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF9_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF9 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIFC1_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIFC1 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIFC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF15_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF15 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIFA3_HUMAN Kinesin-associated protein 3 (sprot)

A kinesin-associated protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI18A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF18A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF18A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF28_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF28P (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the KIF28P gene in human.


KIF2A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF2A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF3C_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF3C (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF3C that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF3B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF3B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF1C_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF1C (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF1C that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF1B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF1B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI21B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF21B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF21B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF4A_HUMAN Chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4A (sprot)

A chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLC1_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 1 (sprot)

A kinesin light chain 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF1A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF1A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF22_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF22 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI26B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF26B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF26B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF19_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF19 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF4B_HUMAN Chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4B (sprot)

A chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4B that is encoded in the genome of human.


Q66K46_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein (Fragment) (trembl)


KLC3_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 3 (sprot)

A kinesin light chain 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Q6PKD1_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein (Fragment) (trembl)


KIF6_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF6 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI21A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF21A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF21A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF27_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF27 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF27 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI18B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF18B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF18B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF2B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF2B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF2B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIFC2_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIFC2 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIFC2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF12_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF12 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI16B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF16B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF16B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI20B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF20B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF20B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF2C_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF2C (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF2C that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLC2_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 2 (sprot)

A kinesin light chain 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI13B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF13B (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF13B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLC4_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 4 (sprot)

A kinesin light chain 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF25_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF25 (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KI26A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF26A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF26A that is encoded in the genome of human.


Tempol

A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.


cytoplasmic dynein complex

Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.


primary cell septum biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a primary cell septum following nuclear division.


protein localization to cell division site

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the site of cell division.


regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.


protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V1 (mouse)

A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V2 (mouse)

A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


pterinosome

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which pteridine pigments are synthesized and stored. Pterinosomes are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.


footplate apical ectodermal ridge

An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate.


negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.


positive regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


NALCN_HUMAN Sodium leak channel NALCN (sprot)

A sodium leak channel NALCN that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration.


positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.


group 3 innate lymphoid cell

An innate lymphoid cell that constituitively expresses RORgt and is capable of expressing IL17A and/or IL-22.


A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.


response to immobilization stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.


response to methamphetamine hydrochloride

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methamphetamine hydrochloride stimulus.


response to monoamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


response to environmental enrichment

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the provision of a combination of complex inanimate and social stimulations in the organism's housing environment.


regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.


negative regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


positive regulation of melanin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.


mitotic actomyosin contractile ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments, myosin, and myosin-associated proteins that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the mitotic spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two future daughter cells. In animal cells, the mitotic contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the mitotic contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


cellular response to cisplatin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.


Epanova

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe

A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.


coumaric acid

A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.


Ammonium Chloride

An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.


Butyric Acid

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.


Activated Charcoal

An allotropic form of the element carbon with cubic structure which is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 6 GPa at room temperature and metastable at atmospheric pressure. At low pressures diamond converts rapidly to graphite at temperatures above 1900 K in an inert atmosphere. The chemical bonding between the carbon atoms is covalent with sp(3) hybridization.


Potassium Chromate

A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.


Sodium Fluoride

A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.


Diethyl maleate

A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.


4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide

A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.


N-Nitroso-N-methylurea

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.


Propylthiouracil

A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.


Potassium Dichromate

A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.


Palbociclib

A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-{[5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one bearing additional methyl, acetyl and cyclopentyl substituents at positions 5, 6 and 8 respectively. It is used in combination with letrozole for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.


Deoxynivalenol

A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.


Sulindac sulfone

A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps.  Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.


A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one carrying (6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl, 2-methylphenyl and methyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively.


excitatory amino acid agonist

An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.


sodium (2S)-2-ammoniopentanedioate

An optically active form of monosodium glutamate having L-configuration.


lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli O111 B4


amphibole asbestos

A class of asbestos minerals that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.


Midostaurin

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.


A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.


nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2)

A nickel coordination entity with formula Ni3S2. Used in the manufacture of lithium batteries.


A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).


carcinogenic agent

A role played by a chemical compound which is known to  induce a process of carcinogenesis  by corrupting  normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.


Streptozocin

An N-nitrosourea that is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.


Ozone

An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.


Triptonide

A diterpene triepoxide that is triptobenzene K in which the acylhydroquinone moiety has undergone oxidation to the corresponding triepoxyketone derivative. It has been isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii.


A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.


Andrographolide

A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the leaves and roots of Andrographis paniculata that exhibits anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties.


Dorsomorphin

A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.


Propiconazole

The cyclic ketal obtained by formal condensation of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone with pentane-1,2-diol. A triazole fungicide, it is used commercially as a diastereoisomeric mixture on soft fruit (including apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes), nuts (including peanuts, pecans and almonds), mushrooms, and grasses grown for seeds.


Maneb

A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.


antimycin A1

A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.


Benzododecinium

A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N-benzyl-N-methyldodecan-1-amine.


antirheumatic drug

A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.


Temozolomide

An imidazotetrazine that is 3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 8 by methyl, oxo, and carboxamide groups, respectively. A prodrug for MTIC (5-(3-methyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, formed by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body), it is used as an oral alkylating agent for the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant  glioblastoma multiforme (concomitantly with radiotherapy) and malignant melanoma.


Sodium Selenite

An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10.


An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.


A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).


Trovafloxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and  6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.


Trimellitic anhydride

A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.


Triclocarban

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.


A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 9H-fluoren-4-yl group.


Ionomycin

A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.


An  ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.


Oxaliplatin

A platinum coordination entity that is a commonly used chemothrepeutic drug for treatment of colorectal cancer.


Imatinib Mesylate

A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.


An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.


Potassium Cyanide

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of potassium cations and cyanide anions.


Sonolisib

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is obtained from wortmanin via aminolysis of its furan ring by diallyl amine.


The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.


Penicillamine

An optically active form of penicillamine having D-configuration. Pharmaceutical form (L-form is toxic) of chelating agent used to treat heavy metal poisoning.


Deguelin

A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.


Butein

A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2', 3, 4 and 4'.


Candesartan

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.


Alternariol

A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.


Cycloheximide

A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon  bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.


Phosgene

An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.


Domoic acid

An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).


A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.


Cafestol

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and furan diterpenoid with formula C20H28O3 obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee oil (a lipid fraction obtained from coffee beans by organic solvent extraction).


Griseofulvin

An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.


Zinc Acetate

An acetate salt in which the cationic component is zinc(2+).


Rofecoxib

A butenolide that is furan-2(5H)-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 3 and by a p-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl group at position 4. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was used from 1999 to 2004 for the treatment of ostoarthritis, but was withdrawn following concerns about an associated increased risk of heart attack and stroke.


The phenol that is the N-methyl derivative of 4-aminophenol.


Tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


Pirimiphos-methyl

An  organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.


Ethyl methanesulfonate

A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.


Melphalan

A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.


Amlodipine

A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.


Alendronic acid

A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.


Oligomycins

Any of the 26-membered ring macrolides produced by Streptomyces species that can be toxic to other organisms through their ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane-bound ATP synthases.


Cu(II) oxide

A metal oxide that has the formula CuO. It has an ionic structure.


Bucladesine

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.


Carboplatin

A platinum coordination entity with cis square-planar geometry in which  platinum(II) is coordinated to two ammonia ligands and a bidentate cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate ligand.


Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate

A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of iron(2+) sulfate. It is used as a source of iron in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia (generally in liquid-dosage treatments; for solid-dosage treatments, the monohydrate is normally used).


Pentetrazol

An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.


Senecionine

A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.


Phosphine

The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.


Josamycin

A macrolide antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus.


Dobutamine

A  catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.


benzoates

A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.


The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers.


A triazaacenaphthylene that is 2,2a,3,4,5,5a,6,7-octahydro-1H-1,8,8b-triazaacenaphthylene which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 7 by methyl, sulfooxy, and (2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)(hydroxy)methyl groups, respectively (the 2aS,3R,4S,5aS,7R stereoisomer in which the carbon bearing the hydroxy group has R configuration). It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater cyanobacteria, such as Aphanizomenon ovalisporum.


Iodoacetic acid

A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.


A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.


Cidofovir dihydrate

The dihydrate of the anhydrous form of cidofovir. A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.


A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).


Methoxyacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.


A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.


Z-Leu-leu-leu-al

A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.


Osimertinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.


2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


Catechol

A  benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other.


Dimethyl Sulfoxide

A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.


Hexamethylene diisocyanate

A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.


Monocrotophos

An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.


A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393


A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.


Crocin

A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.


Vigabatrin

A gamma-amino acid having a gamma-vinyl GABA structure. It is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric 664 acid transaminase


The open-chain form of D-glucosamine.


ABAMECTIN

Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.


Diethyl malate

A malate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the two carboxy groups of malic acid with two molecules of ethanol respectively.


Torin 1

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


Carbamate

Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.


Obeticholic acid

A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.


Puromycin aminonucleoside

Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.


Lithium Chloride

A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.


An aromatic amine that is pyridine bearing a single amino substituent at position 4. An orphan drug in the US, it is used to improve walking in adults with multiple sclerosis.


An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position


A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.


Nitenpyram

A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.


The open-chain form of D-galactosamine.


A member of the class of ureas that is 1-tert-butylurea in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(3) is substituted by a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl group, which is itself substituted at positions 2 and 6 by a 4-(diethylamino)butyl]amino group and a 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, respectively. It is a FGF/VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.


Ceruletide

A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.


Celastrol

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25,26-trinoroleana-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-29-oic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2, a hydroxy substituent at position 3 and two methyl groups at positions 9 and 13. An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Potently inhibits lipid peroxidation in mitochondria and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Also shown to inhibit topoisomerase II activity in vitro (IC50 = 7.41 muM).


Dihydroxyacetone

A ketotriose consisting of acetone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 3. The simplest member of the class of ketoses and the parent of the class of glycerones.


p-Cresol sulfate

An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.


Trabectedin

A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from a Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Used for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed ovarian cancer.


Carfilzomib

A synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of morpholin-4-acetyl, L-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl, L-leucyl and L-phenylalanyl residues joined in sequence with the C-terminus connected to the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-1-one via an amide linkage. Used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma


Tocopherols

A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.


Zileuton

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


Oxcarbazepine

A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.


poly(ethylene glycol monomethacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been acylated by formal condensation with methacrylic acid.


Phenylhydrazine

A phenylhydrazine that is the monophenyl derivative of hydrazine.


Tipifarnib

A quinolone that is 1-methylquinolin-2-one which carries a 3-chlorophenyl and an amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-imidazol-5-yl)methyl groups at the 4 and 6 positions, respectively (the R-isomer).


Crizotinib

A  3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)


Pirimicarb

An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.


fragrance

A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell.


Piceid

A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.


Acifluorfen

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 2-nitrobenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group. It is a herbicide used for the post-emergence control of a variety of annual broadleaf weeds.


Sulfoxaflor

A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.


Idelalisib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


Methomyl

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of  methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of  1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.


bafilomycin A1

The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.


Stigmasterol

A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.


Antimony (V) derivative of sodium gluconate

A D-gluconate adduct of indefinite composition containing between 30 and 34% of antimony(V), calculated with reference to dried and methanol-free substance. It is used as a treatment for leishmaniasis.


Pristane

A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.


Propoxur

A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.


3-Nitropropionic acid

A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.


Perifosine

A phospholipid consisting of 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium-4-yl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen is replaced by a stearyl (octadecyl) group.


p-Phenylenediamine

A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.