ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.


DNA damage response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.


cellular response to nitrogen starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.


positive regulation of TORC1 signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.


protein K29-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K29-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.


protein K48-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.


negative regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


rescue of stalled ribosome

A process of translational elongation that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and results in freeing the ribosome from the stalled translation complex.


lysosome localization

Any process in which a lysosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


regulation of translational initiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.


negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.


negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.


suppression of host defenses by symbiont

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host defense(s) by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of a host pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y = Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages.


molecular adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.


ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S = X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.


ubiquitin ligase-substrate adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a ubiquitin ligase and its substrate. Usually mediated by F-box BTB/POZ domain proteins.


protein ubiquitination

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.


protein K6-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K6-linked ubiquitination is involved in DNA repair.


ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y = Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


ubiquitin ligase complex scaffold activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together an ubiquitin ligase and an ubiquitin ligase-substrate adaptor, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.


ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis

Endocytosis of a protein that requires the substrate to be modified by ubiquitination. Several plasma membrane proteins, including cell surface permeases and some receptors, are targeted for internalization by endocytosis, and are thereafter delivered to the vacuole or lysosome, where they are degraded.


ubiquitin activating enzyme activity

Catalysis of the reaction: E1 + ubiquitin + ATP--> E1-ubiquitin + AMP + PPi, where the E1-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond between the C-terminal glycine of Ub and a sulfhydryl side group of an E1 cysteine residue. This is the first step in a cascade of reactions in which ubiquitin is ultimately added to a protein substrate.


protein polyubiquitination

Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.


positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.


RNA polymerase II activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


nucleus

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.


cytoplasm

The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


cytosol

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.


plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.


lysosome

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.


neuron

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.


fibroblast

A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped.


nucleoplasm

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.


T cell

A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


lysosomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.


Purkinje cell

The output neuron of the cerebellar cortex.


cytosolic ribosome

A ribosome located in the cytosol.


host cell cytoplasm

The cytoplasm of a host cell.


host cell cytosol

The part of the host cell cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.


epithelial cell of lung

An epithelial cell of the lung.


myotube

A transversely striated, synctial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts.


cerebellar cortex

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. It consists of three main layers, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer.


RNA polymerase II, core complex

RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


NEDD4_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RPB1_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 (sprot)

A DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein-containing complex

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.


CUL3_HUMAN Cullin-3 (sprot)

A cullin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin-protein ligase E3C isoform h3 (human)

A ubiquitin-protein ligase E3C (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q15386-3.


PK3C3_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN167_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF167 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF167 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAST1_HUMAN Cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 1 (sprot)

A cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARL8B_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8B (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8B that is encoded in the genome of human.


4EBP1_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLH25_HUMAN Kelch-like protein 25 (sprot)

A kelch-like protein 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACLY_HUMAN ATP-citrate synthase (sprot)

An ATP-citrate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBR4_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR4 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RBX1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IPA7_SHIFL Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ipaH7.8 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ipaH7.8 gene in Shigella flexneri.


gasdermin-B isoform h1 (human)

A gasdermin-B (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8TAX9-1.


NLRP3_HUMAN NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBB_HUMAN Polyubiquitin-B (sprot)

A polyubiquitin-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI31_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM31 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM31 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLH22_HUMAN Kelch-like protein 22 (sprot)

A kelch-like protein 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRF7_HUMAN Interferon regulatory factor 7 (sprot)

An interferon regulatory factor 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GBP1_HUMAN Guanylate-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A guanylate-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IPA9_SHIFL E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ipaH9.8 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ipaH9.8 gene in Shigella flexneri.


EF1A1_HUMAN Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (sprot)

An elongation factor 1-alpha 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF14_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF14 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF25_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF25 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RS27A_HUMAN Ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eS31 fusion protein (sprot)

A ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a that is encoded in the genome of human.


ERF1_HUMAN Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 1 (sprot)

A eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KEAP1_HUMAN Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (sprot)

A kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NF2L2_HUMAN Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (sprot)

A nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL40_HUMAN Ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eL40 fusion protein (sprot)

A ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBC_HUMAN Polyubiquitin-C (sprot)

A polyubiquitin-C that is encoded in the genome of human.


glycogen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


cellular response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


cellular response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


HPPD_HUMAN 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (sprot)

A 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PELI1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pellino homolog 1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pellino homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NHLC1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NHLRC1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NHLRC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

An ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This protein form is produced during differentiation of mouse muscle cell types.


transcription by RNA polymerase II

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).


protein import into nucleus

The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


Notch signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB.


canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, also known as the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway is  mainly stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, antigen ligands, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).


negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.


SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.


non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-kappaB. Begins with activation of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-kappaB (p52). The non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway is generally activated by ligands of the TNF receptor superfamily, including lymphotoxin beta (LTB), CD40, OX40, RANK, TWEAK and B cell-activating factor (BAFF).


defense response to bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.


cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.


tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.


protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.


cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


antiviral innate immune response

A defense response against viruses mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


positive regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


protein K63-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair.


pre-replicative complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication.


circadian rhythm

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


negative regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.


cellular response to leucine starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of leucine.


nonfunctional rRNA decay

An rRNA catabolic process that results in the targeted detection and degradation of aberrant rRNAs contained within translationally defective ribosomes, thereby acting as a quality-control system.


negative regulation of TORC1 signaling

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.


intracellular iron ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron ions within a cell.


error-free translesion synthesis

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For S. cerevisiae, RAD30 encodes DNA polymerase eta, which incorporates two adenines. When incorporated across a thymine-thymine dimer, it does not increase the endogenous mutation level.


positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical  NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


cytosolic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of AIM2 inflammasome complex assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AIM2 inflammasome complex assembly.


protein autoubiquitination

The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink.


protein linear polyubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is added to a protein.


positive regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.


positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


regulation of exit from mitosis

Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.


negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.


macroautophagy

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.


cellular response to UV

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.


MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

A toll-like receptor signaling pathway not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate an immune response.


positive regulation of error-prone translesion synthesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of error-prone translesion synthesis.


nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number.


regulation of necroptotic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


amyloid fibril formation

The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins.


protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


signaling receptor activity

Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.


signaling adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity.


glucokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.


receptor ligand activity

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands).


transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.


phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H+.


transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


protein tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.


calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

Calmodulin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


pattern recognition receptor activity

Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response.


K63-linked deubiquitinase activity

Hydrolysis of a ubiquitin unit from a ubiquitinated protein linked via the Lys63 residue of ubiquitin.


endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.


phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cellular proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.


transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


activin receptor activity, type II

Combining with activin to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyses the phosphorylation of a type I activin receptor.


deubiquitinase activity

An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

cAMP-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.


binding

The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


ubiquitin binding

Binding to ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.


cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


phosphoglucomutase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-D-glucose.


glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UMP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n)-glucose-1-phosphate.


carbohydrate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: carbohydrate phosphate + H2O = carbohydrate + phosphate.


1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity (using a glucosylated glycogenin as primer for glycogen synthesis)

Catalysis of the reaction: a glucosylated glycogenin = a glycogen.


glycogenin glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + glucosylglycogenin.


glycogen phosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycogen + phosphate = maltodextrin + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.


leucine binding

Binding to 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


IkappaB kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + IkappaB protein = ADP + IkappaB phosphoprotein.


protein transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.


protein kinase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol.


anaphase-promoting complex binding

Binding to an anaphase-promoting complex. A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis.


cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.


muramyl dipeptide kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + muramyl dipeptide = ADP + H(+) + 6-O-phospho-muramyl dipeptide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate + phosphate.


deNEDDylase activity

An isopeptidase activity that cleaves NEDD8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


calcium-independent protein kinase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol but not calcium.


peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.


RNA polymerase III activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase III specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan chain to a primary hydroxyl group in a similar glucan chain.


NEDD8 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y = Y-NEDD8 + X, where both X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 are covalent linkages.


DNA-binding transcription factor activity

A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.


MAP kinase kinase kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase; each MAP kinase kinase can be phosphorylated by any of several MAP kinase kinase kinases.


protein-macromolecule adaptor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.


histone deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.


DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


metallopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


ATP hydrolysis activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.


protein sequestering activity

Binding to a protein to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3'hydroxyl group.


MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), resulting in activation of MAPKKK. MAPKKK signaling pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli.


metalloendopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


nuclear import signal receptor activity

Combining with a nuclear import signal (NIS) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the cytoplasm to the nuclear lumen. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.


aminopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.


cysteine-type peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


ABC-type transporter activity

Primary active transporter characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains and two transmembrane domains. Uses the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.


cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity

An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


aspartic-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


ubiquitin ligase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.


polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination of the target protein.


transcription regulator inhibitor activity

A molecular function regulator that inhibits the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification.


deoxycytidyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the insertion of a dCMP residue opposite a template abasic site in DNA.


Met1-linked polyubiquitin deubiquitinase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ubiquitin units from Met1-linked (or linear) polyubiquitin chains.


mitochondrion

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.


anaphase-promoting complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B.


muscle precursor cell

A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell.


M3K7_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLCG1_HUMAN 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 (sprot)

A 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TBK1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAF6_HUMAN TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (sprot)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI25_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase TRIM25 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase TRIM25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFIH1_HUMAN Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

An interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRF3_HUMAN Interferon regulatory factor 3 (sprot)

An interferon regulatory factor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAK1_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein

A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome.


E2AK2_HUMAN Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (sprot)

An interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


WSB1_HUMAN WD repeat and SOCS box-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A WD repeat and SOCS box-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RIGI_HUMAN Antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I (sprot)

An antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I that is encoded in the genome of human.


RIPK2_HUMAN Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (sprot)

A receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCND1_HUMAN G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (sprot)

A G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNCAP_HUMAN Synphilin-1 (sprot)

A synphilin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CHIP_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP that is encoded in the genome of human.


Triphosadenine

A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.


SESN2_HUMAN Sestrin-2 (sprot)

A sestrin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAT1_HUMAN Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta (sprot)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF4_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF4 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFIT1_HUMAN Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (sprot)

An interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CUL1_HUMAN Cullin-1 (sprot)

A fungal/metazoan cullin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HERC5_HUMAN E3 ISG15--protein ligase HERC5 (sprot)

An E3 ISG15--protein ligase HERC5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ISG15_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBA7_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 7 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XIAP_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP (sprot)

A baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAK2_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKKB_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (sprot)

An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ITCH_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy that is encoded in the genome of human.


DCAF1_HUMAN DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 1 (sprot)

A DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI37_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM37 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM37 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PJA2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja-2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIM7_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM7 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2N_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N that is encoded in the genome of human.


RO52_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIM6_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 6 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BECN1_HUMAN Beclin-1 (sprot)

A beclin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI11_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM11 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTN1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase listerin (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase listerin that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN123_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF123 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF123 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATG7_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZNRF2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZNRF1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE3A_HUMAN Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (sprot)

A ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2D1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MK03_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UFL1_HUMAN E3 UFM1-protein ligase 1 (sprot)

An E3 UFM1-protein ligase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAF7_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRAF7 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRAF7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI69_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM69 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM69 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI32_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM32 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM32 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MPIP1_HUMAN M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 (sprot)

An M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN115_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF115 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF115 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYC_MOUSE Myc proto-oncogene protein (sprot)

A c-myc protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ZN363_HUMAN RING finger and CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A RING finger and CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BIRC2_HUMAN Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPM1B_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1B (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


FLNB_HUMAN Filamin-B (sprot)

A filamin-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPY2_HUMAN Protein sprouty homolog 2 (sprot)

A protein sprouty homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF41_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NRDP1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NRDP1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CYLD_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDX41_HUMAN Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX41 (sprot)

A probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX41 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MKRN1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase makorin-1 (sprot)

A makorin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBA3_HUMAN NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic subunit (sprot)

A NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBC12_HUMAN NEDD8-conjugating enzyme Ubc12 (sprot)

A NEDD8-conjugating enzyme Ubc12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CENPR_HUMAN Centromere protein R (sprot)

A centromere protein R that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMUF1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMUF2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NED4L_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-like (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN111_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia that is encoded in the genome of human.


HERC2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COP1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase COP1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase COP1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIAH1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIAH2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFN1_HUMAN Mitofusin-1 (sprot)

A mitofusin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MFN2_HUMAN Mitofusin-2 (sprot)

A mitofusin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRKN_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin that is encoded in the genome of human.


VDAC1_HUMAN Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (sprot)

A voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTEF3_HUMAN Transcription termination factor 3, mitochondrial (sprot)

A transcription termination factor 3, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


MIB2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBA1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBA6_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 6 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WWP1_HUMAN NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1 (sprot)

A NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYLIP_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MYLIP (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MYLIP that is encoded in the genome of human.


IREB2_HUMAN Iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 (sprot)

An iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI63_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM63 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM63 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AREL1_HUMAN Apoptosis-resistant E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (sprot)

An apoptosis-resistant E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPY1_HUMAN Protein sprouty homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein sprouty homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MGRN1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MGRN1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MGRN1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF37_HUMAN RING finger protein 37 (sprot)

A RING finger protein 37 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARI2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ARIH2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ARIH2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MX1_HUMAN Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 (sprot)

An interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MX2_HUMAN Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 (sprot)

An interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2R1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2E1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2D2_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CBLB_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


BIRC3_HUMAN Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE4A_HUMAN Ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 A (sprot)

A ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 A that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIPC_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIP12 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIP12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HERC3_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC3 (sprot)

A probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRC41_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 41 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 41 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE3C_HUMAN Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3C (sprot)

A ubiquitin-protein ligase E3C that is encoded in the genome of human.


HERC1_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC1 (sprot)

A probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LONF1_HUMAN LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein 1 (sprot)

A LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LIN41_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM71 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM71 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HERC4_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC4 (sprot)

A probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HECD3_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECTD3 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECTD3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MEX3C_HUMAN RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MEX3C (sprot)

An RNA-binding protein MEX3C that is encoded in the genome of human.


HECD2_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECTD2 (sprot)

A probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECTD2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN220_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF220 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF220 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN213_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF213 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF213 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRSM1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LRSAM1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LRSAM1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN19B_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF19B (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF19B that is encoded in the genome of human.


DET1_HUMAN DET1 homolog (sprot)

A CDD complex component DET1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE3B_HUMAN Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3B (sprot)

A ubiquitin-protein ligase E3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


R144B_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF144B (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF144B that is encoded in the genome of human.


RBBP6_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBBP6 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBBP6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SH3R1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SH3RF1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SH3RF1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE3D_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase E3D (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase E3D that is encoded in the genome of human.


HUWE1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HUWE1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HUWE1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GOLI_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF130 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF130 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI50_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM50 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM50 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DZIP3_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DZIP3 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DZIP3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN135_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF135 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF135 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HERC6_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC6 (sprot)

A probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBR1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBR2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HACE1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HACE1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HACE1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN182_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF182 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF182 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CBLL2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBLL2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBLL2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PJA1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja-1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBX27_HUMAN F-box only protein 27 (sprot)

An F-box only protein 27 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LNX1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LNX (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LNX that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN217_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF217 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF217 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX3L_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX3L (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX3L that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI41_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM41 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM41 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN138_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF138 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF138 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF34_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF34 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF34 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPSB4_HUMAN SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 4 (sprot)

A SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPSB1_HUMAN SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 1 (sprot)

A SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBX17_HUMAN F-box only protein 17 (sprot)

An F-box only protein 17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LLR1_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat protein 1 (sprot)

A peptidylprolyl isomerase-like 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPSB2_HUMAN SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2 (sprot)

A SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBAC1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-associated domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-associated domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN126_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF126 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF126 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAIP_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRAIP (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRAIP that is encoded in the genome of human.


HOIL1_HUMAN RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIM9_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM9 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRIM4_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM4 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBA5_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 5 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTBD1_HUMAN BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GAN_HUMAN Gigaxonin (sprot)

A gigaxonin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBX44_HUMAN F-box only protein 44 (sprot)

An F-box only protein 44 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UNKL_HUMAN Putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UNKL (sprot)

A RING finger protein unkempt-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI39_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM39 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM39 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI36_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM36 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM36 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN19A_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF19A (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF19A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLH11_HUMAN Kelch-like protein 11 (sprot)

A kelch-like protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF12_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RLIM (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RLIM that is encoded in the genome of human.


HECW2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECW2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECW2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBXL4_HUMAN F-box/LRR-repeat protein 4 (sprot)

An F-box/LRR-repeat protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HECD1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECTD1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECTD1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF6_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN114_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF114 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF114 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAF3_HUMAN TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (sprot)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKKA_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha (sprot)

An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP).


Adenosine-diphosphate

A nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-) arising from deprotonation of all three diphosphate OH groups of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP); major species present at pH 7.3.


TRI56_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM56 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM56 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STING_HUMAN Stimulator of interferon genes protein (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 173 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2J1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EPM2A_HUMAN Laforin (sprot)

A laforin (human), isoforms 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.


RIPK3_HUMAN Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (sprot)

A receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2L6_HUMAN Ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 (sprot)

A ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBW1A_HUMAN F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (sprot)

An F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2C_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2W_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 W (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 W that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX4_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX4 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2K_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 K (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 K that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD3_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (sprot)

A smad3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD4_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (sprot)

A smad4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NALP4_HUMAN NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 4 (sprot)

A NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


[Hydroxy(oxido)phosphoryl] phosphate

A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from diphosphoric acid.


Hydrogen phosphate

A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.


CBL_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCOR1_HUMAN Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (sprot)

A nuclear receptor corepressor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RIPK1_HUMAN Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (sprot)

A receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCOR2_HUMAN Nuclear receptor corepressor 2 (sprot)

A nuclear receptor corepressor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGFR2_HUMAN TGF-beta receptor type-2 (sprot)

A TGF-beta receptor type-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD2_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (sprot)

A smad2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI33_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM33 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM33 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform h1 (human)

A CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O15519-1.


PPR3C_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C that is encoded in the genome of human.


M3K14_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PER2_HUMAN Period circadian protein homolog 2 (sprot)

A period circadian protein homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PER1_HUMAN Period circadian protein homolog 1 (sprot)

A period circadian protein homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2L3_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2D3_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D3 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDT1_HUMAN DNA replication factor Cdt1 (sprot)

A DNA replication factor Cdt1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GEMI_HUMAN Geminin (sprot)

A geminin that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2F_HUMAN NEDD8-conjugating enzyme UBE2F (sprot)

A NEDD8-conjugating enzyme UBE2F that is encoded in the genome of human.


RN125_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF125 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF125 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NLRC5_HUMAN Protein NLRC5 (sprot)

A protein NLRC5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2A_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 A (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 A that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2G2_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G2 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2G1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2H_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 H (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 H that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2B_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2V1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2V2_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2S_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 S (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 S that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2U_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 U (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 U that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2R2_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R2 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2Q1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Q1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Q1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2J2_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J2 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2Q2_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Q2 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Q2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2E3_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E3 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2E2_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E2 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2O_HUMAN (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (sprot)

An (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2Z_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Z (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Z that is encoded in the genome of human.


UB2D4_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D4 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARI1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ARIH1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ARIH1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAF2_HUMAN TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (sprot)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


APC11_HUMAN Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 (sprot)

An anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI65_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM65 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 65 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CUL2_HUMAN Cullin-2 (sprot)

A cullin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNF31_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF31 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF31 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BRCA1_HUMAN Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (sprot)

A breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


VHL_HUMAN von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor (sprot)

A von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor that is encoded in the genome of human.


CUL5_HUMAN Cullin-5 (sprot)

A cullin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


E1C626_CHICK TNF receptor-associated factor (trembl)


NEU1B_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEURL1B (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEURL1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEUL1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEURL1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEURL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MIB1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLK1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KSYK_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase SYK that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMPR2_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2 (sprot)

A BMP receptor type-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AKT1_HUMAN RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (sprot)

A RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYN_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOD1_HUMAN Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EGFR_HUMAN Epidermal growth factor receptor (sprot)

An epidermal growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAK2_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOD2_HUMAN Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PK3CA_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDN1B_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDN1A_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATM_HUMAN Serine-protein kinase ATM (sprot)

A serine-protein kinase ATM that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP44_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 44 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 44 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDC20_HUMAN Cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (sprot)

A cell division cycle protein 20 homolog that is encoded in the genome of human.


KC1A_HUMAN Casein kinase I isoform alpha (sprot)

A casein kinase I isoform alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSK3B_HUMAN Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (sprot)

A glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


XPO1_HUMAN Exportin-1 (sprot)

An exportin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NAGK_HUMAN N-acetyl-D-glucosamine kinase (sprot)

An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAPCA_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMR1A_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1A (sprot)

A BMP receptor type-1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAPCB_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP14_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KPCT_HUMAN Protein kinase C theta type (sprot)

A protein kinase C theta type that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLCG2_HUMAN 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 (sprot)

A 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDK2_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src isoform 1 (human)

A proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MPIP3_HUMAN M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 (sprot)

An M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MPIP2_HUMAN M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 (sprot)

An M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXK4_HUMAN Hexokinase-4 (sprot)

A hexokinase-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTK6_HUMAN Protein-tyrosine kinase 6 (sprot)

A protein-tyrosine kinase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KC1E_HUMAN Casein kinase I isoform epsilon (sprot)

A casein kinase I isoform epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


SHIP1_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABL1_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KC1D_HUMAN Casein kinase I isoform delta (sprot)

A casein kinase I isoform delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDK8_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AURKA_HUMAN Aurora kinase A (sprot)

An aurora kinase A that is encoded in the genome of human.


GYS2_HUMAN Glycogen [starch] synthase, liver (sprot)

A glycogen [starch] synthase, liver that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLYG2_HUMAN Glycogenin-2 (sprot)

A glycogenin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLGB_HUMAN 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme (sprot)

A 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme that is encoded in the genome of human.


GYS1_HUMAN Glycogen [starch] synthase, muscle (sprot)

A glycogen [starch] synthase, muscle that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLYG_HUMAN Glycogenin-1 (sprot)

A glycogenin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALPK1_HUMAN Alpha-protein kinase 1 (sprot)

An alpha-protein kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UCHL3_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXK1_HUMAN Hexokinase-1 (sprot)

A hexokinase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAPCG_HUMAN cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma (sprot)

A cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXK2_HUMAN Hexokinase-2 (sprot)

A hexokinase-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXK3_HUMAN Hexokinase-3 (sprot)

A hexokinase-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HKDC1_HUMAN Hexokinase HKDC1 (sprot)

A hexokinase HKDC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SENP8_HUMAN Sentrin-specific protease 8 (sprot)

A sentrin-specific protease 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Water

An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms


PTEN_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN that is encoded in the genome of human.


OTUD3_HUMAN OTU domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

An OTU domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP7_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 7 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


oligopeptide

A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.


L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


molecular entity

Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.


LCAP_HUMAN Leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase (sprot)

A leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP13_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 13 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THOP1_HUMAN Thimet oligopeptidase (sprot)

A thimet oligopeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPP2_HUMAN Tripeptidyl-peptidase 2 (sprot)

A tripeptidyl-peptidase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PSA_HUMAN Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (sprot)

A puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


BLMH_HUMAN Bleomycin hydrolase (sprot)

A bleomycin hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human.


innate immune response

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


MAVS_HUMAN Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (sprot)

A mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin protein ligase binding

Binding to a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.


protein binding

Binding to a protein.


N4BP3_HUMAN NEDD4-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A NEDD4-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


molecular condensate scaffold activity

Binding and bringing together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to organize as a molecular condensate.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + phosphorylated RNA polymerase II.


PARP1_HUMAN Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (sprot)

A poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCNT1_HUMAN Cyclin-T1 (sprot)

A cyclin-T1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chromatin binding

Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


promoter-specific chromatin binding

Binding to a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA.


DNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


bHLH transcription factor binding

Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.


regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.


RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding

Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.


protein kinase A signaling

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


erythrocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.


stem cell factor receptor activity

Combining with stem cell factor (SCF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. Stem cell factor is a cytokine that stimulates mast cell growth and differentiation.


macrophage

A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.


goblet cell

A cell of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins.


B cell

A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B cell mediated immunity.


epithelial cell

A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.


type B pancreatic cell

A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans.


neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata)

A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.


cerebral cortex

The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex.


oocyte

A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.


cardiac muscle cell

Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei.


motor neuron

An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.


neural stem cell

An undifferentiated neural cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple central nervous system neuronal and glial cell types.


hepatocyte

The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.


lens of camera-type eye

A transparent and refractive lens located posterior to the iris. The lens of camera-type eye refracts light to be focused on the retina.


osteoblast

Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell.


Sertoli cell

A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier.


endothelial cell

An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell

A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature.


ameloblast

Skeletogenic cell that produces enamel, overlies the odontogenic papilla, and arises from the differentiation of a preameloblast cell.


dendritic cell

A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative).


keratinocyte

An epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.


skeletal muscle myoblast

A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers.


migratory neural crest cell

A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body.


smooth muscle cell

A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast).


embryonic stem cell

A stem cell of embryonic origin.


brown fat cell

A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in many species,  particularly in newborns and hibernating mammals, but also in lesser amounts in adults of other mammals including humans. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation.


epiblast cell

A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation.


myoblast

A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell.  Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes.  Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair.


interneuron

Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell

A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor.


retinal ganglion cell

The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve.


cell of skeletal muscle

A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.


mesenchymal stem cell

A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.


future spinal cord

Embryonic structure part of the posterior presumptive neural plate that is fated to become the spinal cord.


cardioblast

A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart.


stem cell

A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel

A endothelial cell of a lymphatic vessel. The border of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell of initial lymphatics are joined by specialized buttons. The discontinuous feature of buttons distinguishes them from zippers in collecting lymphatics, but both types of junctions are composed of proteins typical of adherens junctions and tight junctions found in the endothelium of blood vessels. Buttons seal the sides of flaps of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell, leaving open the tips of flaps as routes for fluid entry without disassembly and reformation of intercellular junctions.


atrioventricular canal

The part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle[ZFA]. In the developing heart, the constriction between the atrium and ventricle constitutes the atrial canal, and indicates the site of the future atrioventricular valves[WP].


paneth cell

An epithelial cell found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) including the appendix. Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. Numerous in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts, particularly in the duodenum, rich in zinc, contain large acidophilic granules, with irregular apical microvilli and prominent membrane-bound vacuoles containing matrix.


future neurohypophysis

The outgrowth of neuroectoderm located on the floor of the embryonic hypothalamus that gives rise to the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) of the pituitary gland.


preadipocyte

An undifferentiated fibroblast that can be stimulated to form a fat cell.


Leydig cell

A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.


GABAergic neuron

A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter


granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell

A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata1 or Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1.


precursor B cell

A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive.


hypertrophic chondrocyte

Chondrocyte that is terminally differentiated, produces type X collagen, is large in size, and often associated with the replacement of cartilage by bone (endochondral ossification).


mature alpha-beta T cell

A alpha-beta T cell that has a mature phenotype.


hindlimb bud

A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb.