eye photoreceptor cell development

Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.


PRCD_HUMAN Photoreceptor disk component PRCD (sprot)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDHC3_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribosome

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An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.


synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.


extracellular matrix of synaptic cleft

The portion of the extracellular matrix that lies within the synaptic cleft.


extrinsic component of synaptic membrane

The component of the synaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


regulation of synapse organization

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.


postsynaptic density assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.


regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the presynaptic cytosol.


regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane.


ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any ligand-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.


postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion

The regulatory process by which increased cytosolic calcium levels lead to the the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic active zone membrane by bringing primed synaptic vesicle membrane into contact with membrane presynaptic active zone membrane.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels.


translation at presynapse

Translation that occurs at the presynapse.


G1TPJ8_RABIT Glutamate receptor (trembl)


F7AGW3_MACMU Glutamate receptor (trembl)


F1MB71_BOVIN CASK interacting protein 1 (trembl)


MAGI3_CHICK Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of chicken.


protein localization to membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


UN93B_HUMAN Protein unc-93 homolog B1 (sprot)

A protein unc-93 homolog B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.


Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.


photoreceptor disk component PRCD palmitoylated 1 (mouse)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that has been post-translationally modified to include S-palmitoylation at Cys-2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, MOD:00115.


photoreceptor disk component PRCD unpalmitoylated 1 (mouse)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that lacks S-palmitoylation of a Cys at position 2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, PR:000026291.


photoreceptor outer segment membrane

The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.


primary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.


secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

A neuron of teleosts that develops later than a primary neuron, typically during the larval stages.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.


chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.


heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfate; results in 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid residues in heparan sulfate.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.


nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + acetate.


heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfate; results in 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.


UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.


UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


protein xylosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


prenyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


fucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.


calcineurin-mediated signaling

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.


smoothened binding

Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.


XYLT2_HUMAN Xylosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A xylosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B4GT7_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35B4_HUMAN Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35B4 (sprot)

A UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIA4A_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FUT2_HUMAN Galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BGAT_HUMAN Histo-blood group ABO system transferase (sprot)

A histo-blood group ABO system transferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTP_MOUSE Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit (sprot)

A microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 isoform m1 (mouse)

A group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EPR2-1.


ceramide synthase isoform 1 (mouse)

A ceramide synthase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 isoform 1 (mouse)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R4D1-1.


Q1A6U9_MOUSE phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (trembl)

A type II inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q1A6U9.


C0K3M3_MOUSE Corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 2 beta (trembl)

A corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 isoform iv-beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 isoform PC5B (mouse)

A proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q04592-1.


CHPF2_HUMAN Chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase (sprot)

A chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35D2_HUMAN Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35D2 (sprot)

A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter that is encoded in the genome of human.


XYLT1_HUMAN Xylosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A xylosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B4GT3_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDH18_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NMNA2_HUMAN Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MPAA2_PENBR Polyprenyl transferase mpaA' (sprot)


TRIM3_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.


fatty acid binding

Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


CKAP4_HUMAN Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (sprot)

A cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDH21_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OPSB_MOUSE Short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC2E_MOUSE Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 (sprot)

A retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC2B_MOUSE Guanylate cyclase activator 2B (sprot)

A guanylate cyclase activator 2B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


NUP42_MOUSE Nucleoporin NUP42 (sprot)

A nucleoporin NUP42 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC1A_MOUSE Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC1B_MOUSE Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


OPSG_MOUSE Medium-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the Opn1mw gene in mouse.


perineuronal net

A dense extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms around many neuronal cell bodies and dendrites late in development and is responsible for synaptic stabilization in the adult brain.


central nervous system myelin formation

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.


retinal ganglion cell axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


amino acid transport

The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of astrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.


axon choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.


central nervous system myelin maintenance

The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


optic nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the optic nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.


positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.


plasma membrane raft

A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.


bladder urothelial cell

A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of the urinary bladder.


hinge region between urothelial plaques of apical plasma membrane

A narrow rim of non-thickened membrane in between urothelial plaques in apical plasma membrane.


protein localization to paranode region of axon

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the paranode region of an axon.


protein insertion into plasma membrane

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a plasma membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


negative regulation of myelination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


hypoglossal nerve

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue.


establishment of apical/basal cell polarity

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


protein targeting

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


photoreceptor distal connecting cilium

The distal region of the photoreceptor connecting cilium is structurally unique to the photoreceptor and is maintained by retina-specific protein, SPATA7, and its interacting partners RPGR and RPGRIP1. It is essential for photoreceptor sensory cilium stability.


rod photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate rod photoreceptor that contains sealed membrane discs that are not connected to the ciliary membrane and containing rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins.


photoreceptor proximal connecting cilium

The proximal region of the photoreceptor connecting cilium is similar to the transition zone of unspecialized primary cilia and houses several major transition zone complexes, including NPHP, MKS, and RPGR.


ciliary rootlet

A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm.


apical dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.


retinal pigment epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium.


pericentriolar material

A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.


dendrite terminus

A structure at the distal end of a dendrite adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. dendriole.


BBSome

A ciliary protein complex involved in cilium biogenesis. It consists of at least seven Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins and BBIP10. It moves in association with IFT trains through cilia (likely as an IFT-A/B adaptor or cargo), and is required for the integrity of IFT-A and IFT-B.


interphotoreceptor matrix

A specialized extracellularc matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors of the retina and lies between them and the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. The IPM has been implicated in several important activities required for photoreceptor function and maintenance.


cone photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate cone photoreceptor that contains membrane discs that are contiguous with the ciliary membrane and containing opsin photoreceptor proteins.


structural constituent of cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.


retinal rod cell development

Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.


retina layer formation

The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.


cellular response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


phototransduction, visible light

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


establishment of organelle localization

The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.


retinal rod cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.


neural retina development

The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


cell tip growth

Growth that occurs specifically at the tip of a cell.


tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


kinesin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.


neuron projection extension

Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


regulation of retina development in camera-type eye

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.


eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.


neuron maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.


axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


glial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.


cell fate determination

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment that occurs after cell fate specification,  in which a cell is irreversibly committed to a cellular developmental fate which is heritable on cell division.


neuron projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


retinoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


retinal bipolar neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina.


photoreceptor cell morphogenesis

The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by the excitation of rhodopsin by a photon, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.


retinal cell programmed cell death

Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.


positive regulation of G1 to G0 transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.


negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


dynamin-1 isoform ac (mouse)

A dynamin-1 isoform ac that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


reticulon-4 isoform D (mouse)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99P72-3.


A8IK50_MOUSE Purkinje cell protein 2 (L7) (trembl)

A Purkinje cell protein 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


heterotrimeric G-protein complex

Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.


cone retinal bipolar cell

A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.


rod bipolar cell

A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells but not by cone photoreceptor cells.  These neurons depolarize in response to light.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-adrenaline, obtained by protonation of the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-noradrenaline, obtained by protonation of the priamry amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


sperm head plasma membrane

The plasma membrane that is part of the head section of a sperm cell.


spectrin binding

Binding to spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.


visual perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


response to light intensity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.


podosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.


rod bipolar cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a rod bipolar cell.


detection of light stimulus

The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.


phototransduction

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling

The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation.


sensory perception of light stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in thermoception

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.


thermotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.


G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G protein-coupled receptor = ADP + G protein-coupled receptor phosphate.


DHRS3_HUMAN Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 (sprot)

A short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHB1_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (sprot)

A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RDH8_HUMAN Retinol dehydrogenase 8 (sprot)

A retinol dehydrogenase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse

One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.


trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


behavioral fear response

An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat.


fear response

The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.


learning or memory

The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.


feeding behavior

Behavior associated with the intake of food.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.


positive regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.


nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.


regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


mechanoreceptor differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.


positive regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


cellular response to acid chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.


dendrite extension

Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.


regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


neuron recognition

The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.


taste bud development

The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.


axo-dendritic protein transport

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.


intercellular bridge

A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.


cell quiescence

A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed.


sperm flagellum assembly

The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).


miRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degron) pathway. In the DesCEND pathway, C-terminal residues (C-end degrons) in substrates are recognized by Cul2-RING and Cul4-RING E3 ligases, whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation. C-end degrons can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms.


5'-3' RNA helicase activity

Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


intraciliary anterograde transport

The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.


MOV10_HUMAN Helicase MOV-10 (sprot)

A helicase MOV-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA methylation

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.


DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity, acting on CpG substrates

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + CpG (in DNA) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-MeCpG (in DNA).


HBG1_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HBG2_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RUNX1_HUMAN Runt-related transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A runt-related transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FAS_MOUSE Fatty acid synthase (sprot)

A fatty acid synthase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ACOD1_MOUSE Acyl-CoA desaturase 1 (sprot)

An acyl-CoA desaturase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CD36_MOUSE Platelet glycoprotein 4 (sprot)

A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 3 (mouse)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9WTN3-3.


post-fertilization epigenetic regulation of gene expression

A epigenetic process that happens during embryonic development that modulates gene expression potential at later stages of development of the organism, including the adult. Epigenetic regulation takes place via chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine DNA methylation.


epigenetic programing of male pronucleus

The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the male pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The most major change in the paternal genome is DNA demethylation, which takes place before the first cell division.


negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.


retrotransposon silencing by heterochromatin formation

A retrotransposon silencing mechanism involving heterochromatin assembly. Heterochromatin is a chromatin conformation that is refractory to transcription.


retrotransposition

A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) copies and pastes itself into a different genomic location by transcription and convertsion of the transcribed RNA back into DNA through reverse transcription.


myelin sheath

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.


paranode region of axon

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.


myelin sheath adaxonal region

The region of the myelin sheath nearest to the axon.


internode region of axon

An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath.


compact myelin

The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs.


response to toxic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.


paranodal junction

A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


axon initial segment

Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment.


septate junction

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.


protein binding involved in heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Binding to a protein or protein complex contributing to the adhesion of two different types of cells.


paranodal junction assembly

Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.


clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels

The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.


white matter of cerebellum

Regional part of cerebellum consisting of the myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer, excluding the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar peduncles.


white matter

Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system.


clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels

The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.


paranodal junction maintenance

The maintenance of a paranodal junction, a highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. A paranodal junction flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve, electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments, and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


apical plasma membrane urothelial plaque

A scallop-shaped plaque, also referred to as an asymmetric unit membrane (AUM), found in the apical plasma membrane of urothelial superficial (umbrella) cells which form a a barrier to the passage of water and soluble toxic compounds found in urine. The plaques are thickened regions of membrane composed of uroplakin transmembrane proteins which form a crystalline array.


sodium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.


urinary bladder development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.


vacuole fusion

Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.


channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


transporter complex

A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 isoform A unmethylated 1 (mouse)

A mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 isoform A (mouse) that lacks a monomethylated Lys at position 70. UniProtKB:O35253-1, Lys-70, PR:000026291.


protein methylation

The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


RN111_MOUSE E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


methylation-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon methylation of the target protein.


peptidyl-lysine methylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.


negative regulation of transferase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


heterochromatin organization

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.


extracellular matrix assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.


positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


mitochondrial matrix

The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.


alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 unmethylated 1 (mouse)

An alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 (mouse) that lacks methylation at the position equivalent to Lys-943 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1. UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1, Lys-943, PR:000026291.


alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 methylated 1 (mouse)

An alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 (mouse) that has been methylated at the position equivalent to Lys-943 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1. UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1, Lys-943, MOD:00663.


S-adenosylmethionine

A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.


RS2_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS5 (sprot)

A 40S ribosomal protein S2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine

An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.


EF2_HUMAN Elongation factor 2 (sprot)

An elongation factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIN17_HUMAN DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 (sprot)

A DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MET22_HUMAN Methyltransferase-like protein 22 (sprot)

A methyltransferase-like protein 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT21A_HUMAN Protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A (sprot)

A protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETFB_HUMAN Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (sprot)

An electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETKMT_HUMAN Electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase (sprot)

An electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type II

Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor.


LTBP4_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FKB1A_HUMAN Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A (sprot)

A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9 isoform 1 (human)

A zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP1_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A latent TGF-beta-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP2_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP3_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the cytosine DNA methylation.


RBCC1_HUMAN RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 (sprot)

An RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETD6_HUMAN N-lysine methyltransferase SETD6 (sprot)

An N-lysine methyltransferase SETD6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hair cycle process

A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


myeloid leukocyte

A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.


ribosomal RNA

RNA molecules which are essential structural and functional components of ribosomes, the subcellular units responsible for protein synthesis.


N-acylsphingosine

The parent compounds of the ceramide family, composed of sphingosine having an unspecified fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.


sphingomyelin d18:1

Any sphingomyelin having sphingosine as the sphingoid component.


Phosphocholine

The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.


NSMA_HUMAN Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 (sprot)

A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNFL6_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNR6_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).


negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.


arterial endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an arterial endothelial cell.


cell adhesion mediated by integrin

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


somite

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.


NUMB_HUMAN Protein numb homolog (sprot)

A protein numb that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARRB1_HUMAN Beta-arrestin-1 (sprot)

A beta-arrestin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLL1_HUMAN Delta-like protein 1 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAG2_HUMAN Protein jagged-2 (sprot)

A protein jagged-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNER_HUMAN Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor (sprot)

A delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNTN1_HUMAN Contactin-1 (sprot)

A contactin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLL4_HUMAN Delta-like protein 4 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAG1_HUMAN Protein jagged-1 (sprot)

A protein jagged-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


YBOX1_HUMAN Y-box-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A Y-box-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX2_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX2 (sprot)

A protein deltex-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


methylcytosine dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + succinate + CO2.


keratinocyte stem cell

A stem cell located in the bulge of the hair follicle that can give rise to regenerate the new follicle with each hair cycle and to reepithelialize the epidermis during wound repair.


keratin filament

A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.


keratinocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.


keratinocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.


anagen

The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.


catagen

The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.


hair cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.


hair follicle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of hair follicle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


positive regulation of melanocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.


melanin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


stem cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.


negative regulation of timing of anagen

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.


hair follicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.


negative regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


integumental system

Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.


cannabinoid receptor activity

Combining with a cannabinoid to initiate a change in cell activity. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.


Z disc

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.


intermediate filament

A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.


type III intermediate filament

A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.


receptor complex

Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


ribonucleoprotein complex

A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.


nuclear inclusion body

An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered.


protein phosphatase type 2A complex

A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. The catalytic and scaffolding subunits form the core enzyme, and the holoenzyme also includes the regulatory subunit.


AMPA glutamate receptor complex

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.


G protein-coupled receptor dimeric complex

A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors.


phospholipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid.


positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


protein deubiquitination

The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.


carbohydrate phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


neuronal stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a neuronal stem cell.


protein localization to organelle

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.


ventricular system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.


receptor localization to non-motile cilium

A process in which a receptor is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.


synaptic vesicle membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


intracellular chloride ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of chloride ions within a cell.


protein N-linked glycosylation

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.


regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


negative regulation of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity.


regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.


very long-chain fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a very long chain fatty acid, a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 22 or more carbons.


nuclear membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.


PDZ domain binding

Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.


proteolysis

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.


pumilio-response element binding

Binding to a region of RNA containing a Pumilio-response element element. The consensus sequence for the element is UGUAAAUA.


synaptic transmission, serotonergic

The vesicular release of serotonin from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of serotonin receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


tryptophan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.


regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


neutral lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


glycine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid.


regulation of autophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


arachidonic acid binding

Binding to arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.


gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.


lateral ventricle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.


biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.


positive regulation of myelination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.


regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process

A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.


regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.


prepulse inhibition

The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.


cytochrome-c oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.


negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


protein phosphatase binding

Binding to a protein phosphatase.


positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


pteridine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.


positive regulation of axonogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.


beta-tubulin binding

Binding to the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin.


interleukin-17 production

The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


negative regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


xenobiotic metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


corpus callosum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.


negative regulation of protein localization to centrosome

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.


corticospinal tract morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.


membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).


positive regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.


locomotion involved in locomotory behavior

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.


maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


phosphatidylinositol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


neuronal stem cell population maintenance

Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.


regulation of NMDA receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.


glycine transport

The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


choline transport

The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.


interkinetic nuclear migration

The movement of the nucleus of the ventricular zone cell between the apical and the basal zone surfaces. Mitosis occurs when the nucleus is near the apical surface, that is, the lumen of the ventricle.


neurexin family protein binding

Binding to a neurexin, a synaptic cell surface protein related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.


positive regulation of dendritic spine development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


inositol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


ganglioside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.


short-term memory

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.


positive regulation of receptor binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->6) linkage.


serine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


proteasome core complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active 20S proteasome core particle complex that does not contain any regulatory particles.


leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.


epinephrine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


positive regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


arachidonic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.


ionotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.


plasminogen activation

The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.


acetylcholine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.


protein phosphatase 2A binding

Binding to protein phosphatase 2A.


tyrosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


mRNA CDS binding

Binding to an mRNA molecule coding sequence (CDS).


glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. The glycyll-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a glycine-accepting tRNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.


norepinephrine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor activity

Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.


ventricular septum development

The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.


presenilin-2 isoform PS2beta (mouse)

A presenilin-2 isoform PS2beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse. The sequence is shorter (361 residues long) than isoform 1 sharing the same sequence up to residue 357, followed by the sequence SKGA.


catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 1 (mouse)

A catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


profilin-2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A profilin-2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitochondrial transcription factor activity

Interacting with the mitochondrial promoter DNA to modulate transcription by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


mitochondrial promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.


mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


regulation of protein stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.


iron-sulfur cluster transmembrane transport

A process in which an iron-sulfur cluster is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial tRNA thio-modification

The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + 2-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine.


Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine.


tRNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of tRNA molecules.


protein adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein = diphosphate + adenylyl-protein; mediates the addition of an adenylyl (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP group) to L-serine, L-threonine, and L-tyrosine residues in target proteins.


thiosulfate sulfurtransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen cyanide + thiosulfate = H+ + sulfite + thiocyanate.


regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


farnesyltranstransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate.


succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + ubiquinone = fumarate + ubiquinol.


aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.


regulation of mitophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.


D-loop DNA binding

Binding to a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.


positive regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-succinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-succinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


peptidyl-lysine desuccinylation

The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.


glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol.


agmatinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + H2O = putrescine + urea.


Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 4 isopentenyl diphosphate = 4 diphosphate + all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate.


glutamate synthase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-glutamine + H+ + NADH.


protein maturation by [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer

The transfer of an assembled [2Fe-2S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 2 (mouse)

An induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glycerol kinase isoform 1 (mouse)

A glycerol kinase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64516-1.


mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 1 (mouse)

A mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform BimEL (mouse)

A Bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase isoform 1 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9CZ42-1.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R104-1.


ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 isoform m3 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80SX8-3.


NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase isoform 1 (mouse)

An apolipoprotein A-I-binding protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


K2C5_MOUSE Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 (sprot)

A keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial isoform 1 (mouse)

A deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


METL8_HUMAN tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8, mitochondrial (sprot)

A tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


tRNA dimethylallyltransferase isoform h5 (human)

A tRNA dimethylallyltransferase (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9H3H1-5.


PG045_VACCW Apoptosis regulator OPG045 (sprot)


succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)

The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration.


IFI27_HUMAN Interferon alpha-inducible protein 27, mitochondrial (sprot)

An interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GDAH_HUMAN Guanidino acid hydrolase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An agmatinase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone

The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation.


retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid

Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by an endocannabinoid ligand.


regulation of ATP metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.


sarcoplasmic reticulum

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.


sarcomere

The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


sarcolemma

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.


caveola

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.


smooth muscle contractile fiber

The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.


A band

The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line.


costamere

Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.


actomyosin

Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.


SWI/SNF superfamily-type complex

A protein complex that contains an ortholog of the Saccharomyces ATPase Swi2/Snf2 as one of the catalytic subunit components (ATPase) and mediates assembly of nucleosomes, changes to the spacing or structure of nucleosomes, or some combination of those activities in a manner that requires ATP.


I band

A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.


cardiac muscle myoblast

A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.


M band

The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.


mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex

A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix.


cellular respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).


response to injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.


embryonic heart tube left/right pattern formation

The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis of the embryonic heart tube in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place.


mitophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.


cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development

The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.


heart formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.