prostacyclin receptor activity

Combining with prostacyclin (PGI(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.


establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.


regulation of microtubule depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.


thigmotropism

The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils, in response to a touch stimulus, usually toward or away from it.


basement membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.


thromboxane A2 receptor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Combining with thromboxane A2 (TXA(2)) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.


biotin binding

Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


positive regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction.


axon regeneration at neuromuscular junction

The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage at the neuromuscular junction. Motor axons regenerate after injury and they form neuro-muscular junctions with skeletal myofibers similar to normal ones.


positive regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.


atrial cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell in the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.


pancreatic D cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.


lateral line nerve glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a lateral line glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of cardiac chamber formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.


neuromast hair cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast hair cell. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.


cellular response to alcohol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


neuropeptide Y receptor binding

Binding to a neuropeptide Y receptor.


core-binding factor complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that contains an alpha subunit (Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in human) that binds DNA and a non-DNA-binding beta subunit (CBFbeta), and binds to a consensus sequence 5'-YGYGGTY-3' found in several enhancers and promoters; the beta subunit enhances the DNA binding of the alpha subunit.


neuroblast delamination

The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a neuroblast splits off of a neurectodermal sheet.


all-trans-retinol binding

Binding to all-trans-retinol.


oleic acid binding

Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid.


embryonic anal fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the embryonic anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.


subthalamus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subthalamus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subthalamus is the anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis.


anterior lateral line nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line nerve over time, form its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line nerve contains efferent axons that innervate hair cells of the ALL and afferent axons that project to an octavolateralis column in the hindbrain. The octavolateralis column consists of the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the caudal octavolateralis nucleus, and the magnocellular nucleus.


negative regulation of axial mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axial mesoderm cell fate specification.


paraxial mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a paraxial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


cardioblast cell midline fusion

The attachment of cardiac progenitor cells to one another that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.


endodeoxyribonuclease complex

A protein complex which is capable of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


DNA recombinase complex

A protein-DNA complex consisting of a higher-order oligomer of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) on single-stranded DNA.


double-stranded DNA endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a double-stranded DNA molecule by creating internal breaks.


somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.


negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate by Wnt signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which a cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate, initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell.


posterior commissure morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the midbrain towards target cells in the diencephalon.


cellular response to vitamin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus.


mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.


vestibular receptor cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of vestibular hair cells.


early neuron differentiation in forebrain

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of neurons. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


dendrite guidance

The process in which the migration of a dendrite is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


peptide receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


embryonic pelvic fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion.


inner ear sensory epithelium regeneration

The regrowth of lost or destroyed inner ear sensory epithelia.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.


multicellular organism

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.


NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human MT-ND1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


ketone body

A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.


Valeraldehyde

A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.


Belinostat

A hydroxamic acid-type histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.


Methionine

The L-enantiomer of methionine.


A member of the class of  phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.


A nitroarene that is  fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.


Triadimefon

A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.


Aloe emodin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is  chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.


Nitrous acid;phenol

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


Angiotensin (1-7)

An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.


Isoimperatorin

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein, human


Moxifloxacin

A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.


Nonanal

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by a methyl substituent at C-3 and by hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-8.


Indene

An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.


Meldonium

An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


Physcione

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.


Glycodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.


Monoethylglycinexylidide

Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.


Quinoxaline

A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.


Sulfadiazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


Aloin

A diastereoisomeric mixture of aloin A (barbaloin) and aloin B (isobarbaloin), which have similar properties. It is a bitter-tasting, yellow-brown colored compound found in the exudate of at least 68 Aloe species at levels of up to 6.6% of leaf dry weight (making between 3% and 35% of the total exudate), and in another 17 species at indeterminate levels. It is used as a stimulant-laxative, treating constipation by inducing bowel movements.


An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.


A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.


1,7-Dimethyluric acid

An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.


KYNURENINE

A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.


Thymol

A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.


Nitrous Oxide

A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.


Sodium Sulfite

An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion.


Mesalamine

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.


A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).


Indoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.


naphthalenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.


Glabridin

A member of the class of  hydroxyisoflavans that is (R)-isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4' and a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyran group across positions 7 and 8 respectively.


p-Coumaric acid

The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.


Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.


Anthrarobin

An anthracenetriol having the three hydroxy substituents at the 1-, 2- and 10-positions.


A dec-2-enal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration.


An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinol in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.


A pyridine alkaloid that is nicotine lacking the methyl group on the pyrrolidine nitrogen.


Rubidium chloride

An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.


Helenalin

A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).


Estazolam

A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.


Creatine

A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.


A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


Phenylethyl Alcohol

A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.


Saracatinib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by (5-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)amino, (oxan-4-yl)oxy and 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a dual inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases c-Src and Abl (IC50 = 2.7 and 30 nM, respectively). Saracatinib was originally developed by AstraZeneca for the treatment of cancer but in 2019 it was granted orphan drug designation by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a type of lung disease that results in scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.


Hydroxylamine

The simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria.


Diphenylacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by two phenyl groups respectively.


A member of the class of phenylacetaldehydes that is phenylacetaldehyde in which a hydrogen alpha to the aldehyde carbonyl group has been replaced by a methyl group. The major species at pH 7.3.


A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.


(5alpha)-3-Oxocholestan-26-oic acid

A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholestan-26-oic acid in which the hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by an oxo group.


Sapropterin

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


BILIVERDIN

A linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the first step of heme degradation, catalysed by heme oxygenase.


A retinal which contains an additional double bond between the 3 and 4 positions of the six-membered ring, and in which all of the double bonds in the side chain have the E-configuration.


Cyclopentanol

The simplest member of the class of  cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.


Etiocholanolone

An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.


Naringenin chalcone

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.


Doxercalciferol

A hydroxy seco-steroid and synthetic vitamin D2 analogue that undergoes metabolic activation in vivo to form 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D2), a naturally occurring, biologically active form of vitamin D2. It is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the body produces excess parathyroid hormone (PTH; a natural substance needed to control the amount of calcium in the blood) in certain people with chronic kidney disease.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


Duroquinone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.


The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.


A pentahydroxyflavone that is luteolin with an additional hydroxy group at position 6.


Daunorubicinol

The (13S)-diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.


A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.


Benzamidoxime

A member of the class of amidoximes obtained by formal condensation of the carbonyl group of benzamide with hydroxylamine.


The 2,3,5,6-isomer of tetrachlorophenol


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


Tetrastearoylcardiolipin

A cardiolipin derivative in which all four of the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).


Cefixime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.


Acenaphthylene

A ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar.


1-Naphthylacetic acid

A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.


Lipoamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of lipoic acid with ammonia.


A 2-pentenal in which the double bond has (E)-configuration. It is found in cigarette smoke, virgin olive oil, and milk.


Norverapamil

A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.


A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.


3-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid

A steroid acid resulting from the oxidation of one of the terminal methyl groups of cholesterol to the corresponding aldehyde.


A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is  salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.


Dauricine

A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).


S-Phenyl-N-acetylcysteine

The S-phenyl derivative of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. It is a urinary metabolite of benzene and used as a biomarker to assess benzene exposure.


3-Phenylpropionic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.


2-Phenylpropionic acid

A 2-arylpropionic acid carrying a phenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of alpha-methylstyrene (AMS), a volatile hydrocarbon.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


Carbocysteine

An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


2,3-Dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.


Vitamin A2

A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.


Ecgonine methyl ester

The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.


A 4,5-dihydrocortisone that has beta- configuration at position 5.


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


prostaglandin B1

A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).


A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.


Valerophenone

An aromatic ketone that consists of benzene substituted by a pentanoyl group.


8-Hydroxyoctanoic acid

An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is caprylic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.


3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.


Cyclopentanone

A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclopentane bearing a single oxo substituent.


A tetrahydropyridine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine having a carboxy group at the 2-position.


An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid with the amnio group of 2,6-diethylaniline.


A steroid aldehyde that is cortisol carrying a formyl group at position 18.


N,N-dimethylarginine

A L-arginine derivative  having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.


A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-hept-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1. Found in the peel of Malaysian pink and white pomelo peel and in the scent gland secretion of the rice stink bug Oebalus pugnax.


An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.


A heptadienal in which the two double bonds are located at positions 2 and 4 (the E,E-geoisomer).


A bile acid that is lithocholic acid carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 7.


Arachidonoyl Serotonin

An N-acylserotonin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the primary amino group of serotonin.


9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

A hydroxyoctadecanoic acid that is octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 9.


S-Methyl-L-cysteine

A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.


4-Formylbenzoic acid

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by a formyl group at position 4.


2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methyl ether

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a hydroxy group and the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has bee replaced by a methyl group.


Isovaleric acid

A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.


L-Monapterin

A neopterin in which the 1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl side-chain is in 1S,2S configuration.


Sulfoglycolithocholic acid

The 3-O-sulfo derivative of glycolithocholic acid.


Glycolithocholic acid

The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.


Dihydrosanguinarine

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine.


L-Pyroglutamic acid

An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.


Benzoylformic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.


HEMATOPORPHYRIN

A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.


Dehydrocholic acid

An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.


A peptide zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino terminus of Gly-Gln.


2,2-Dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 2 respectively.


Diclofenac acyl glucuronide

A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid (beta-D-glucuronide) that is a metabolite of diclofenac.


An N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion derived from N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan.


A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.


A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.


A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).


Methapyrilene

A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.


Fraxetin

A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.


Epoxiconazole

The (2S,3R)-stereoisomer of 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole.


Alborixin

A polyether antibiotic that is isolated from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces albus.


Cyclonite

An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.


Perfluorooctanesulfonamide

A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.


Clobetasol

A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.


Pacific ciguatoxin 1

A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.


Agathisflavone

A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-6 and C-8 of the two chromene rings.


A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).


Pyocyanin

An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


Galaxolide

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.


Zaragozic acid A

A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.


Hexaconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.


Casticin

A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.


Thifluzamide

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline. Used to control Rhizoctonia spp. diseases on rice, potatoes, maize, grass and other crops.


A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.


Entinostat

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of the pyridin-3-ylmethyl carbamate derivative of p-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase isoform 1 (HDAC1) and isoform 3 (HDAC3).


A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.


Mercuric bromide

A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr2.


Flusilazole

An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.


Vancomycin

A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.


L-Ethionine

An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.


Chloroprene

A macromolecule composed of repeating (2Z)-2-chlorobut-2-ene-1,4-diyl units.


Kenpaullone

An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).


A member of the class of cyanopyridines that is 6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-sulfanylpyridine in which the hydroxy and sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl and carboxamidomethyl groups respectively.


Demecolcine

A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.


DL-Arabinose

Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan.


Diethanolamine

A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.


Fluoranthene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.


Memantine

A primary aliphatic amine that is the 3,5-dimethyl derivative of 1-aminoadamantane. A low to moderate affinity uncompetitive (open-channel); NMDA receptor antagonist which binds preferentially to the NMDA receptor-operated cation channels.


alpha-PHELLANDRENE

One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).


A triacyl lipopeptide that is the pentapeptide Cys-Ser-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys in which the side-chain thiol hydrogen on the Cys residue has been replaced by a 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl group.


A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.


Nitric Acid

A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.


thrombin receptor-activating peptide SFLLRNPNDKY


Calcium dihydrate dichloride

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of calcium chloride.


Mecoprop

A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.


Cetrorelix

A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.


Undecane

A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.


Chloropicrin

A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.


antifungal drug

Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.


Boscalid

A pyridinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloronicotinic acid with the amino group of 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-amine. A fungicide active against a broad range of fungal pathogens including Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Sclerotinia spp. for use on a wide range of crops including fruit, vegetables and ornamentals.


A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.


Baohuoside I

A glycosyloxyflavone that is 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylflavone in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted into its alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside.


Iberin

An isothiocyanate that is 1-isothiocyanatopropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methylsulfinyl group. A glucosinolate hydrolysis product found in many members of the Brassicaceae family, it is a quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


Dibenzothiophene

A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.


Ethylbenzene

An  alkylbenzene carrying an ethyl substituent. It is a constituent of coal tar and petroleum.


mitogen

A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.


Kojic acid

A pyranone that is 4H-pyran substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a hydroxymethyl group at position 2 and an oxo group at position 4. It has been isolated from the fungus Aspergillus oryzae.


Folpet

A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.


mutagen

An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.


Glafenine

A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.


Fasudil

An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.


Dienogest

A steroid hormone that is 17beta-hydroxy-3-oxoestra-4,9-diene substituted at position 17 by a cyanomethyl group. Used as an oral contraceptive.


A dihydroxybenzoate having the two hydroxy groups located at the 3- and 4-positions.


Clodronic Acid

An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.


Triticonazole

A member of the class of cyclopentanols carrying 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl and 4-chlorobenzylidene and geminal dimethyl substituents at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively.


An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (13aR)-9,11,12,13,13a,14-hexahydrodibenzo[f,h]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups. It is an alkaloid produced by relatives of the milkweed family and exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic and antitumorigenic activities.


Iohexol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


Dihydroouabain

A cardenolide glycoside that is ouabain in which the double bond in the lactone ring has been reduced to a single bond. It is a cardiac glycoside and a derivative of ouabain which is used as a sodium pump antagonist and exhibits ionotropic effects.


Levofloxacin

An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.


Cantharidin

A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria.  Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.


Manganese Sulfate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 2,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 4 by an amino group.


Resacetophenone

A dihydroxyacetophenone that is acetophenone carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 4'.


Glufosinate

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is 2-aminobutanoic acid which is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl group.


Lonafarnib

A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.


Arbutin

A monosaccharide derivative that is  hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.


Phosphoramidon

A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.


Fenamidone

A member of the class of imidazolones that is 3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one substituted at position 2 by a methylthiogroup, at position 3 by an anilino group and at position 5 by phenyl and methyl groups (the S-enantiomer). A fungicide effective against Oomycete diseases such as downy mildew and certain leaf spot diseases.


Carbonyl sulfide

A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.


A polymer composed of repeating cis-2-methylbut-2-ene units.


Perflubron

A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.


Cumene

An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.


Oxamic acid

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.


Quercitrin

A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


Ethisterone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.


Yutopar

A 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol that has (1S,2R)-configuration.


mycotoxin

Poisonous substance produced by fungi.


SKF 83959 hydrobromide

A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.


chitosan

An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine residues.


A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.


Fludrocortisone acetate

An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.


Astaxanthin

A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.


Lucanthone

A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.


toxin

Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.


Iron-nickel oxide

A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.


Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.


Ranolazine

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.


Solanesol

A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).


A mononitrotoluene that is toluene carrying a nitro substituent at position 2.


Glycidyl methacrylate

An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.


alpha-PINENE

A pinene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6 respectively.


membrane transport modulator

Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane.


Prothioconazole

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.


A member of the class of  dibenzofurans that is dibenzo[b,d]furan-1(9bH)-one substituted by acetyl groups at positions 2 and 6, hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 and methyl groups at positions 8 and 9b.


Batimastat

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.


Nonane

A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.


The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.


A polynucleotide comprised of guanosine units connected via 3'->5' phosphodiester linkages.


Diallyl disulfide

An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.


Panobinostat

A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.


Scoparone

A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.


Penthiopyrad

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.


EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor

An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors.


Wogonin

A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.


triterpene

A C30 terpene.


Triciribine

A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.


Doramapimod

A member of the class of pyrazoles that is an immunomodulator used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis.


Dihydrolipoic acid

A  thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.


Fenoxycarb

A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.


THIACLOPRID

The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.


Calcium oxalate

The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).


Cefetamet

A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.


A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid.  Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.


lignan

Any phenylpropanoid  derived from phenylalanine via dimerization of substituted cinnamic alcohols, known as monolignols, to a dibenzylbutane skeleton. Note that while individual members of the class have names ending ...lignane, ...lignene, ...lignadiene, etc., the class names lignan, neolignan, etc., do not end with an "e".


Adefovir dipivoxil

An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


Kurarinol

A trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4' , a methoxy group at position 5 and a (2S)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hexyl group at position 8 respectively.


Pentane

A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.


teratogenic agent

A role played by a chemical compound  in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.


Estramustine

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.


Picoxystrobin

An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-3-methoxy-2-[2-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid.  A cereal fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including brown rust, tan spot, powdery mildew and net blotch.


Linalyl acetate

A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.


Apocarotenal

An apo carotenoid triterpenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 8'-position.


saponin

A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species.


Carnosic acid

An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11 and 12 and a carboxy group at position 20. It is isolated from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and common sage (Salvia officinalis) and exhibits anti-angiogenic, antineoplastic, antioxidant and anti-HIV activity.


Licoricidin

A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is R-isoflavan with hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 5 and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 3'. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity.


Acridine

A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.


alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde

A member of the class of  cinnamaldehydes carrying a hexyl substituent at the alpha-position.


Coumermycin a1

A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.


Palytoxin

A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.


Ferric citrate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).


Delphinidin

An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.


Ponatinib

A benzamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-ylethynyl)-4-methylbenzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. It is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ABL, SRC, FGFR, and others and was designed to overcome the resistance of BCR-ABL mutation to imatinib, in particular the gatekeeper mutation ABL(T315I).


Apremilast

A member of the class of isoindoles that is isoindole-1,3-dione substituted at position 4 by an acetamido group and at position 1 by a 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl group. Used for treatment of psoriatic arthritis.


Sorbic Acid

A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.


Pinocembrin

A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.


Tetradecane

A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.


St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution


Bromate

Any salt that has chlorate, [BrO3](-), as the anionic component.


Maleic Acid

A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.


A primary alcohol that is hexan-1-ol substituted by an ethyl group at position 2.


A hydroxamic acid that is biphenyl-4-amine bearing N-hydroxy and N-acetyl substituents.


Methyl gallate

A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.


hydroxamic acid

A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.


Cryptolepine

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.


Baciguent

A homodetic cyclic peptide consisting of (4R)-2-[(1S,2S)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid attached head-to-tail to L-leucyl,D-glutamyl, L-lysyl, D-ornityl, L-isoleucyl, D-phenylalanyl, L-histidyl. D-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues coupled in sequence and cyclised by condensation of the side-chain amino group of the L-lysyl residue with the C-terminal carboxylic acid group. It is the major component of bacitracin.


Metacetamol

A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.


Orcinol

A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl.


Methyl methacrylate

An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.


Dodecane

A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).


A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.


Bongkrekic acid

A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.


Scutellarin

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.


Oridonin

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and ent-kaurane diterpenoid with formula C20H28O6 isolated from the leaves of the medicinal herb Rabdosia rubescens.


Ketorolac tromethamine

An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.


Citraconic acid

A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.


Acadesine

A 1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide in which the carboxamide group is situated at position 4 of the imidazole ring, which is further substituted at position 5 by an amino group. A purine nucleoside analogue and activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, it is  is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is reported to have cardioprotective effects.


Omipalisib

A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by pyridazin-4-yl and 5-[(2,4-difluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl)amino]-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a highly potent inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was previously in human phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and solid tumors.


A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.


Potassium Iodide

A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.


Damascenone

A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene substituted at position 1 by a crotonoyl group.


cannabinoid receptor antagonist

An antagonist that binds to and deactivates cannabinoid receptors.


Sporidesmin

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that has formula C18H20ClN3O6S2, produced by the saprophyte fungus Pithomyces chartarum. It is a mycotoxin responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitisation disease facial eczema in ruminants.


Roflumilast

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine. Used for treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


Metalaxyl-M

A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.


Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride

An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.


Pyridine-N-oxide

The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.


An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.


Quizartinib

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the amino groups has been substituted by a 5-tert-butyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group while the other has been substituted by a phenyl group substituted at the para- position by an imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazol-2-yl group that, in turn, is substituted at position 7 by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethoxy group.


Eriodictyol

A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.


Fenpropidin

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropidin. A systemic fungicide, it is used for the control of foliar diseases in cereals and sugar beet.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and methyl groups at positions 3' and 5'. Isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, it has been shown to exhibit inhibitory effects on the viral neuraminidases from two influenza viral strains, H1N1 and H9N2.


surfactant

A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.


Zerumbone

A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith,  grown particularly in southeast Asia.


Gadodiamide

A non-ionic gadolinium chelate having a macrocyclic triamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


Rasagiline

An indane that consists of 1-aminoindane bearing an N-propargyl substituent. A selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor.


Tibolone

Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.


Pyrvinium

A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a  anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.


An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-allylcysteine. Major species at pH 7.3.


A diamine that is toluene in which both of the hydrogens ortho- to the methyl group are replaced by amino groups.


Hesperidin

A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


cyclohexyl carbonic acid 3'-carbamoyl-3-yl ester


Salubrinal

A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).


Sedaxane

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.


An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is allin in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.


10-Nitrooleic acid

A nitro fatty acid that is (9E)-octadec-9-enoic (elaidic) acid substituted by a nitro group at position 10.


Flunixin meglumine

An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.


An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.


A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.


Albiflorin

A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.


A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone


Cefmenoxime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.


Chlorothalonil

A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.


Nicorandil

A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.


Leupeptin

A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and argininal residues joined in sequenceby peptide linkages. It is an inhibitor of the calpains, a family of calcium-activated proteases which promote cell death.


Wedelolactone

A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.


A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole  which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.


Lactulose

A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.


A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.


Melamine

A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.


Olodaterol

A member of the class of benzoxazine that is 6-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a (1R)-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) for long-term treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.


Febuxostat

A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.


Robinetin

A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, 3, 4' and 5'.


Trifluridine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.


Bathocuproine disulfonate

A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.


alpha-GalCer

A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.


Bromochloroacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.


sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate


(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


Chromic nitrate

An inorganic nitrate salt consisting of chromium and nitrate in which the ratio of chromium (in the +3 oxidation state) to nitrate is 1:3


Cannabigerolic acid

A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a geranyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant.


amidine

Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.


HYDROXYSAFFLOR YELLOW A

A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).


A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).


Schizophyllan

An exopolysaccharide produced by the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, consisting of a 1,3-beta-D-glucan backbone with 1,6-beta-D-glucosyl side chains; a multipurpose compound applicable in many fields, including the food industry and pharmacy.


Proflavine

An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.


Clavulanic Acid

Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.


Lenvatinib

A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.


Sclareol

A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.


An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.


The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.


Isoproturon

A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.


Aureusidin

A  hydroxyaurone that is aurone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 6, 3' and 4' respectively.


soluble tachyzoite antigen, Toxoplasma gondii


Dioscin

A spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of diosgenin via a glycosidic linkage.


Dapt

A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.


Rivastigmine

A carbamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ethyl(methyl)carbamic acid with the phenolic OH group of 3-[(1S)-1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol. A reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.


Stattic

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide substituted at position 6 by a nitro group. Used as a radiosensitising agent for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.


Maleic Anhydride

A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.


Ractopamine

A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.


Tetrahydrofuran

A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.


Pyriproxyfen

An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.


Luteolin 7-O-glucoside

A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


Manumycin A

A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.


Metaproterenol

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.


Climbazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-climbazole. It is a topically applied antifungal agent used to treat human fungal skin infections.


Hyperoside

A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.


Norethindrone acetate

A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.


Tralopyril

A pyrrole resulting from the N-dealkylation of the ethoxymethyl group of chlorfenapyr. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide chlorfenapyr.


Ethambutol

An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.


Diphenylcyclopropenone

A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.


anticholesteremic drug

A substance used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.


Radicicol

An antifungal macrolactone antibiotic, obtained from Diheterospora chlamydosporia and Chaetomium chiversii that inhibits protein tyrosine kinase and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90).


Malvidin

An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.


Teriflunomide

An  enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. Used for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.


Methionine sulfoximine

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .


luzindole

A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.


Isoorientin

A flavone C-glycoside consisting of luteolin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue at the 6-position.


Elesclomol

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy groups of malonic acid with the hydrino groups of two molar equivalents of N-methylbenzenecarbothiohydrazide


Gliotoxin

A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.


Docebenone

A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.


testosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate


A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.


gallocatechin

A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from  Acacia mearnsii.


(-)-Epicatechin gallate

A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.


A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.


Methcathinone

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which the hydrogen alpha- to the keto group has been replaced by a methylamino group.


Syringic acid

A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.


Dimethyl maleate

A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.


Inuviscolide

A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a methyl group at position 5 and methylidene groups at positions 3 and 8 (the 3aR,4aR,5R,7aS,9aS stereoisomer). Isolated from the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.


Antroquinonol

An enone that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, a methyl group at position 6 and a (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl group at position 5 (the 4R,5R,6R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the solid-state fermented mycelium of the fungus Antrodia camphorata and has been found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against a number of human cancer cell lines. However, a synthesis-enabled biological re-examination published in 2016, revealed minimal in vitro and in vivo antitumour activity in preclinical models.


Buclizine

An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.


A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a pyridin-2-yldisulfanediyl group at position 2. It is a reagent used in molecular biology as an oxidizing agent. Also used in peptide synthesis and for detecting thiols.


Pracinostat

A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.


Little gastrin I

One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.


A member of the class of  phenols carrying an isopropyl group at position 2.


Camphor

A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid.


alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid

A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is 4-hydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxy group is replaced by a cyano group. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptides and oligonucleotides.


p-CYMENE

A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.


Butoconazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.


Tilmacoxib

A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is that is 1,3-oxazole which is substituted at positions 2, 4 and 5 by methyl, cyclohexyl, and 3-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl groups, respectively.


Acephate

A  phosphoramide that is  methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.


Ginsenoside Rb1

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is ginsenoside Rd in which the beta-D-glucopyranoside group at position 20 is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside group.


Semicarbazide

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is urea where one of the amino groups has been replaced with hydrazine.


Bilobalide

A terpenoid trilactone found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba.


Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the primary hydroxy group of 2-ethylhexane-1,5-diol


Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.


The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group.


Baricitinib

A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by a 1-[3-(cyanomethyl)-1-(ethanesulfonyl)azetidin-3-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl group at position 5. It is an FDA approved selective Janus Kinase 1 and 2 (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitor used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.


p-Anisidine

A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.


Flubendazole

A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.


Fenbuconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.


Iopromide

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.


Barium Sulfate

A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.


Phorbol

A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.


Blebbistatin

A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.


FUCOXANTHIN

An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.


NFkappaB Inhibitor

A 26-amino acid peptide with formula C129H230N36O29S.  It is a cell permeable inhibitor of NF-kappaB translocation.


Tomatidine

A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.


bis-N,N-dimethylamino-2-(N-methylpyrrolyl)methyl cyclopentadienyl titanium (IV)


Fentin acetate

An organotin compound that is the O-acetyl derivative of triphenyltin hydroxide. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.


Cabergoline

An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.


Cucurbitacin E

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23.


Dieckol

A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.


A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.


Drimenol

A sesquiterpenoid primary alcohol, being methanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group.


Dihydroergotamine

Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.


Rocuronium

A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.


9,12-Epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3',2',1'-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid, 2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-1-oxo-, methyl ester, (9S,10R,12R)-

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.


Ginsenoside Rh1

A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is (20S)-protopanaxadiol which is substituted by beta-D-glucoside at the 6alpha position.


A trimethoxyflavone that is the 5,6,7-trimethyl ether derivative of baicalein. It has been isolated from the plant Callicarpa japonica and has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity.


Isoprene

A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.


Sodium nitrite

An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.


Xanthohumol

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.


Stanozolol

An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.


Artemisinic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (the 1S,4R,4aS,8aR diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of artemisinin, obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua.


Teflubenzuron

A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 4,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 2 by an amino group.


A dimethoxyflavone that is the  5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of chrysin.


Isoprothiolane

A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.


EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor

An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*).


Metribuzin

A member of the class of  1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.


Cerium dioxide

A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.


An organoiodine compound that is acrylic acid in which the vinylic hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by mercapto and 4-iodophenyl groups respectively (the Z geoisomer).


Aurantio-obtusin

A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,3,7-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 8, and by a methyl group at position 6.


A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).


Lithium sulfate

A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1.


Iopamidol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.


Aztreonam

A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.


Mephedrone

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.


Morusin

An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.


Myxothiazol

A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.


Bergapten

A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.


Gypenoside LXXV

A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta,  12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.


latrunculin B

A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.


Neomycin

A broad-spectrum highly toxic antibiotic or mixture of antibiotics produced by a streptomyces (Streptomyces fradiae) and used medically especially to treat local infections.


Talmapimod

An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-3-[(dimethylamino)(oxo)acetyl]-1-methylindole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group  of (2S,5R)-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,5-dimethylpiperazine. It is a potent inhibitor of MAPK and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-ethyl-5-oxohexan-1-ol.


Novobiocin

A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.


Spiromesifen

A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.


Mefentrifluconazole

An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted by a 2-hydroxy-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-yl group at position 1, trifluoromethyl group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 4.


A chloroethanol carrying a chloro substituent at position 2.


Oroxindin

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.


Protopanaxadiol

A diastereomer of protopanaxadiol in which the 20-hydroxy substituent has been introduced at the pro-R position.


A D-allose in open-chain form.


cudraflavone B

An extended flavonoid that consists of a pyranochromane skeleton that is 2H,6H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-6-one substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2, a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 8, a hydroxy group at position 5 and a prenyl group at position 7. Isolated from Morus alba and Morus species it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.


Remdesivir

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[(S)-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy}(phenoxy)phosphoryl]-L-alanine with the hydroxy group of 2-ethylbutan-1-ol. A broad-spectrum antiviral prodrug with potent in vitro antiviral activity against a diverse panel of RNA viruses such as Ebola virus, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. It is currently in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of Covid-19 in adults.


Bandrowski's base

A quinone imine having amino substituents in the 2- and 5-positions and 4-aminophenyl substituents on both of the imine nitrogens. It is a trimer formed from 1,4-phenylenediamine.


Dipropyl disulfide

An organic disulfide where the alkyl groups specified are propyl. It is a component of the essential oils obtained from Allium.