Heptanal

An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.


Triethylenetetramine

A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.


Everolimus

A macrocyclic lactone that is rapamycin in which the hydroxy group attached to the cyclohexyl moiety has been converted into the corresponding 2-hydroxyethyl ether. It is an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent.


A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum  wallichii).


Ferric nitrilotriacetate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of equimolar amounts of iron(3+) and nitrilotriacetate(3-).


Dabrafenib

An organofluorine compound and antineoplastic agent, used as its mesylate salt in treatment of metastatic melanoma.


An oxime O-ether resulting from the formal conversion ot the acyclic keto group of 5-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-propionylcyclohex-2-en-1-one to the corresponding oxime with subsequent O-alkylation of the oxime by an (E)-3-chloroallyl group. It is used as a selective postemergence herbicide for the control of annual and perennial grasses in numerous crops, including alfalfa, celery, clover, conifers, cotton, cranberries, garlic, onions, ornamentals, peanuts, soybeans, strawberries, sugarbeet, sunflowers, and vegetables; the (-)-enantiomer has been reported to be more active than the (+)-enantiomer.


Dibenzoylmethane

A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.


Cilazapril monohydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate of cilazapril. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


Azacitidine

An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.


Benazepril

A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


Phenylthiourea

A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.


A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.


Buparlisib

An aminopyridine that is 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine substituted at position 5 by a 2,6-di(morpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4-y group. A selective PI3K inhibitor with anti-tumour properties.


protein kinase inhibitor

An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.


3-Indolepropionic acid

An  indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is  propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.


Enflurane

An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.


Ezetimibe

A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and  4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).


Nonivamide

A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.


Thymoquinone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.


Rottlerin

A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.


Dicloxacillin

A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.


Sepantronium bromide

An organic bromide salt consisting of sepantronium cations and bromide anions. It has been found to selectively inhibit survivin (BIRC5) gene promoter activity and to down-regulate survivin in vitro, so leading to induction of apoptosis.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.


Alloxan

A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.


A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.


A  monohydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.


Fenpropathrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between  2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.


beta-N-Methylamino-L-alanine

A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.


N-acetylsphingosine

A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.


Retigabine

A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An  anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.


ACETAMIPRID

The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.


Allyl alcohol

A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.


A pyrrolotriazine that is pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine which is substituted at position 2 by the pyrrolidine nitrogen of (2S)-N-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylprolinamide, and at position 4 by a (5-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino group. It is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/insulin receptor family kinases.


delta-Tocotrienol

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.


Perillyl alcohol

A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl  and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.


COLISTIN

A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


Capecitabine

A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.


A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous tenovir.


Tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone

The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.


Aclarubicin

An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.


Trimethaphan

A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.


Heptafluorobutyric acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.


Leptomycin B

A leptomycin having a (2E,10E,12E,16Z,18E)-double bond configuration as well as an ethyl substituent at position 17.


Pyrroloquinoline quinone

A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.


Plumbagin

A  hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.


Aphidicolin

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.


Benoxaprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.


Parecoxib

An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.


Arsenic trichloride

A arsenic molecular entity that consists of a single arsenic atom bearing three chloro substituents.


Lamotrigine

A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6.


Levamisole

A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.


Gingerol

A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.


Fotemustine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.


Thioguanine

A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.


Saccharin

A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.


DOXYCYCLINE

The monohydrate form of doxycycline. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.


Pemetrexed

An N-acylglutamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as 4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).


The aminophenol which has the single amino substituent located ortho to the phenolic -OH group.


Mepanipyrim

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional methyl and 1-propynyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including grey mould on strawberries, tomatoes and cucumabers, and scab on apples and pears.


Sodium aurothiomalate

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of gold thiomalic acid, with a basic unit comprising two sodium cations and a divalent aurothiomalate anion.


PRODIGIOSIN

A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.


Tranilast

An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.


A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-bromouracil as the nucleobase.


Cobimetinib

A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.


Lead chromate

A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio


Lactacystin

L-Cysteine substituted at nitrogen by an acetyl group and at sulfur by a substituted-lactam carbonyl group.


A 2-methylbutyronitrile that has S configuration.


Trametinib

A pyridopyrimidine that is used (as its dimethyl sulfoxide addition compound) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, and who have not received prior BRAF inhibitor treatment.


Salbutamol

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


Isoalantolactone

A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.


alkylating agent

Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.


Silibinin

A flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle, Silybum marianum, that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.


Brilliant green

An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.


Ceritinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


Sonidegib

A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.


trans-Stilbene

Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.


Epirubicin

An anthracycline that is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.


A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.


Carvone, (+/-)-

A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.


Nimustine cation

An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of nimustine.


Afatinib

A quinazoline compound having a 3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino group at the 4-position, a 4-dimethylamino-trans-but-2-enamido group at the 6-position, and an (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy group at the 7-position. Used (as its dimaleate salt) for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


Dactolisib

An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.


Azelaic Acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]aniline. It is a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist (IC50 = 30 nM).


A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.


Magnesium Sulfate

A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.


Phalloidine

A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.


A polysaccharide composed of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue joined to a [(2->6)-beta-D-fructosyl]n moiety by an alpha-(1->2) linkage.


omega-6 fatty acid

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


Flurazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.


Methamidophos

An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.


Salsolinol

A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.


Nocodazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidalole which is substituted at position 2 by a (methoxycarbonyl)amino group and at position 5 by a 2-thienoyl group. It is an antineoplastic agent that exerts its effect by depolymerising microtubules.


Nafenopin

A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.


Picryl chloride

The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


Salvianolic acid B

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza


amino acid

A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.


Convallatoxin

A cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3.


A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.


N-hexanoylsphingosine

An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.


Abiraterone

A 3beta-sterol that is androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol substituted at position 17 by a 3-pyridyl group. Administered as the O-acetate, it is used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.


Tarceva

The hydrochloride salt of erlotinib.


An organic heterotricyclic compound that is pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted at positions 2 and 4 by 3-hydroxyphenyl and morpholin-4-yl groups respectively. A dual-kinase inhibitor with anti-cancer properties.


S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine

A nitroso compound that is N-acetyl-D-penicillamine in which the sulfanyl hydrogen is replaced by a nitroso group.


Cucurbitacin B

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated.


A  monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.


isocyanates

Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).


Aceclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.


L-Name

An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine.


16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.


Captopril

A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


Ttnpb

A  retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).


Alvespimycin

A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.


L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate

An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.


Fosinopril

A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.


Terbinafine

A tertiary amine that is N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(tertbutylethynyl)allyl group. An antifungal agent administered orally (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of skin and nail infections.


Vemurafenib

A pyrrolopyridine that is 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 5 by a p-chlorophenyl group and at positions 3 by a 3-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, the amino group of which has undergone formal condensation with propane-1-sulfonic acid to give the corresponding sulfonamide. An inhibitor of BRAF and other kinases.


A member of the class of indolones that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one which is substituted by a (2,6-dichlorobenzyl)sulfonyl group at position 5 and by a (1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group at position 2, the pyrrole ring of which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a [2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]carbonyl group at position 4 (the Z,R isomer).


Lobeline

An optically active piperidine alkaloid having a 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl group at the 6-position.


Chlorpropamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.


Amifostine

An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


antipsychotic agent

Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.


Malachite Green

An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.


surfactin

Any mixture comprising isoforms of a bacterial cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis. The isoforms are cyclodepsipeptides containing at least seven amino acid residues. Among the most effective biosurfactants, surfactin can reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 27 mN/m at a concentration as low as 0.005%.


Galunisertib

A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.


Flavokawain B

A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 2' and methoxy groups at positions 4' and 6'. Isolated from Piper methysticum and Piper rusbyi, it exhibits antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities.


Juglone

A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.


3-Bromopyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine. Synthetic brominated derivative and structural analog of pyruvic acid. Highly reactive alkylating agent. Anti-cancer drug


Nigericin

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.


Methyl Ethyl Ketone

A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.


A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.


organic molecule

Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.


flavanones

Members of the class of flavans with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


Sodium Cyanide

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.


immunological adjuvant

A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.


Nitrobenzene

A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.


Rifaximin

A semisynthetic member of the class of rifamycins and non-systemic gastrointestinal site-specific broad spectrum antibiotic. Used in the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and irritable bowel syndrome.


Sodium azide

The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).


Liquiritigenin

A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.


The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


Vismodegib

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid and the anilino group of 4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)aniline. Used for the treatment metastatic basal cell carcinoma.


Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.


Quinolinic acid

A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.


Timolol hemihydrate

A hydrate, which is the hemihydrate form of the (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol.


An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.


A biphenyl that is 4-chloro-1,1'-biphenyl substituted by a (4-{4-[(4-{[(2R)-4-(dimethylamino)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)butan-2-yl]amino}-3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}piperazin-1-yl)methyl group at position 2'. It is a BH3-mimetic drug which targets the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, including BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BCL-w, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.


Lumiracoxib

An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.


Epichlorohydrin

An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.


Lomustine

An N-nitrosourea that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 2-chloroethyl group and by a nitroso group, while the other nitrogen is substituted by a cyclohexyl group. An alkylating antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of brain tumours, lung cancer, malignant melanoma and other solid tumours.


Noscapine

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.


Gossypetin

A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.


Auraptene

A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.


Ruxolitinib

A pyrazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-cyano-1-cyclopentylethyl group and at position 3 by a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl group. Used as the phosphate salt for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis.


Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (35-55)


Thiopental Sodium

An organic sodium salt having thiopental(1-) as the counter-ion.


Vinorelbine

A vinca alkaloid with a norvinblastine skeleton.


Glycolaldehyde

The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.


An organic anion that is the conjugate base of 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane, obtained by deprotonation of the N-hydroxy group.


Terephthalic acid

A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.


The sodium salt of porfimer. The purified component of haematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units (n = 0-6), where R = CH(OH)Me and/or CH=CH2. After addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to pH 7.2 - 7.9, it is used as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, and superficial bladder cancer. The drug is administered by slow intravenous injection and accumulates in malignant tissue. After 40-50 hours, it is activated by laser light at 630 nm, delivered to the tumour using a fibre optic guide. Subsequent spin transfer to oxygen molecules within the tissue, generates highly reactive singlet oxygen, and subsequent radical reactions generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Propagation of radical reactions ultimately kills the tumour cells.


A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.


Oleamide

A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.


A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.


BUPROFEZIN

A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.


2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


Force

A 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.


Streptomycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class


Cladribine

2'-Deoxyadenosine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine ring has been substituted by chlorine. It inhibits the synthesis and repair of DNA, particularly in  lymphocytes and monocytes, and is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic drug for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies including  hairy-cell leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.


An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.


Nonanoic acid

A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Phosphocreatine

A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.


Pentosalen

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


Tocotrienol

A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.


C.I. Acid Red 91

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of eosin b diphenol.


Oxiconazole

An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.


Torin 2

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


Econazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.


Ivabradine

A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.


ribonucleoside

Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.


Navitoclax

A N-sulfonylcarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{4-[(4'-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro[biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}benzoic acid with the amino group of 4-{[(2R)-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)butan-2-yl]amino}-3-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]benzenesulfonamide. It is a BH3-mimetic drug which targets the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, including BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BCL-w, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Currently under clinical investigation as treatment for solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.


Latrunculin a

A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.


Dibucaine

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.


Hispidulin

A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.


An indolyl carbohydrate that is glucobrassicin methoxy substituted at position 1 of the indole moiety.


N-phenylanthranilic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of  anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


Teniposide

A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.


antineoplastic agent

A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.


Cerulenin

An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.


Remifentanil

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.


A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.


Liquiritin

A flavanone glycoside that is  liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.


Paxilline

An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


Chromate

A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.


Estragole

A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.


Argipressin

The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.


Cucurbitacin I

A  cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.


Temephos

An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.


Bicuculline

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.


Paromomycin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.


An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.


oral contraceptive

A compound, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy.


Dopaminechrome

A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.


Isoxaben

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.


A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


Isophorone diisocyanate

A diisocyanate in which the two isocyanate groups are linked by an isophorone substituent.


An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.


Acesulfame

A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.


Magnesium chloride hexahydrate

A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of magnesium dichloride.


Kanamycin

Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.


Monobutyryl cyclic AMP

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.


Tirapazamine

A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.


A PYR-41 that has (Z)-configuration.


Transfluthrin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol.


Safranal

A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.


pyrimidines

Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.


Azinphos-methyl

A member of the class of  benzotriazines that is  1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.


Emodepside

A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of  D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.


gamma-Secretase Inhibitor XXI

An L-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanine with the amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. An inhibitor of memapsin 2 (gamma-secretase).


A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.


Dihydro-beta-erythroidine

An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.


alpha-Tocotrienol

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.


Etomidate

The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.


A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.


Streptonigrin

Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.


Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.


Heptanoic Acid

A C7, straight-chain fatty acid that contributes to the odour of some rancid oils. Used in the preparation of esters for the fragrance industry, and as an additive in cigarettes.


CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE

A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.


Etofenprox

An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.


Chloramine-T

An  organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.


Tectochrysin

A monohydroxyflavone that is  flavone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.


Aliskiren

A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.


N,N-Dimethylacetamide

A member of the class of  acetamides that is  acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


o-PHENYLENEDIAMINE

A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.


Acamprosate

An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


disinfectant

An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.


O-Desmethylnaproxen

A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.


Cangrelor

A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.


An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.


A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices.


A member of the class of  hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.


An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.


Geranylgeranic acid

A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.


A trisubstituted guanidine, carrying 4-cyanophenyl, diphenylmethyl and carboxymethyl substituents, which is known to act as a highly potent sweetening agent.


benzoquinones

Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their C-substituted derivatives.


calcium channel blocker

One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.


Ginsenoside Rd

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.


opioid analgesic

A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.


Closantel

An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.


Carbamic acid, N,N-dimethyl-, 6-(1-naphthalenyl)pyrrolo(2,1-d)(1,5)benzoxazepin-7-yl ester


3-Hydroxypyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.


Chlorpropham

A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.


Diphenylamine

An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.


Adapalene

A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.


A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.


Plitidepsin

A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.


A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.


anticoagulant

An agent that prevents blood clotting.


Etanidazole

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.


Spinosad

A two-component mixture comprising spinosyn A and spinosyn D in a ratio of approximately 5:1. Obtained from the fermentation of the naturally occurring soil dwelling bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, it is used for the topical treatment of head lice.


Cyanate

Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.


A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.


Dimethyl Sulfate

The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.


Miltefosine

A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.


Coformycin

An N-glycosyl in which (8R)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-8-ol is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(3)-glycosidic bond. compound The parent of the class of coformycins.


Fluopyram

A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethylamine. A fungicide used for foiliar application and as a seed treatment in order to control botrystis, powdery mildew and other diseases.


EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor

An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3).


Piericidin A

A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase


A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.


A member of the class of  quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(1H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against  poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.


N-(3-Oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone

A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide arising from formal condensation of homoserine lactone with 3-oxododecanoic acid.


Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride

An organic chloride salt having nitro blue tetrazolium(2+) as the counterion.


Sulfentrazone

A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.


Methylamine

The simplest of the methylamines, consisting of ammonia bearing a single methyl substituent.


Quizalofop-ethyl

An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.


Ibogaine

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.


Mescaline

A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.


PDK1 inhibitor AR-12

A member of the class of pyrazoles that is N-[4-(pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]glycinamide in which the pyrazole ring is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by trifluoromethyl and phenanthrene-2-yl groups respectively.


beta-Lapachone

A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.


hydroquinones

Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.


anthracenes

Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.


An alanine derivative that is L-alanine bearing a 5-fluorouracil-1-yl substituent at position 3. A more potent and selective AMPA receptor agonist (at hGluR1 and hGluR2) than AMPA itself (Ki = 14.7, 25.1, and 1820 nM for hGluR1, hGluR2 and hGluR5 respectively).


Stigmatellin a

A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.


Epothilone

Any member of the class of 16-membered macrolide natural products, or their analogues, normally containing a double bond or its epoxide at positions 12-13 and bearing hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 8, methyl groups at positions 5, 5, 7, and 9, an oxo group at position 6, and a 1-(2-substituted-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl substituent at position 15.


Isobutyronitrile

An aliphatic nitrile that is acetonitrile in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.


The simplest member of the class of 2-pyranones that is 2H-pyran with an oxo substituent at position 2.


A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by 4-chlorobenzyl and formyl groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is an anti-cancer agent that is active against lung cancer cells with K-Ras mutations.


rodenticide

A substance used to destroy rodent pests.


Ancitabine

An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.


A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl group.


Spinosyn A

A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.


EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor

An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.


8-isoprostaglandin E2

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.


Ramiprilat

A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


Clobazam

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


A platinum coordination entity that consists of a central platunum atom bound to chloro (x2), acetate (x2), amino, and cyclohexylamino groups. Used for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.


Infigratinib

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.


DEMECLOCYCLINE

Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.


Cyclohexyl isocyanate

An isocyanate comprising a cyclohexane core with a single isocyanato substituent.


A monocarboxylic acid that is the 5-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.


Isoamyl acetate

The acetate ester of isoamylol.


A tertiary carboxamide that is piperazine in which one of the amino groups has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-L-serine, while the other has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-(1-benzothiophen-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-leucine. It is a cell-permeable, potent and selective agonist of the TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channel.


Semustine

An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


Eluxadoline

An amino acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine with the secondary amino group of 2-methoxy-5-({[(1S)-1-(4-phenylimidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid. It has mixed opioid receptor activity and is used for treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.


IB-Meca

A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.


A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.


A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.


A monocarboxylic acid that is the 4'-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.


A trichlorobiphenyl that is 1,4-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a 3-chlorophenyl group.


Diphosphomethylphosphonic acid adenosyl ester


peptidyl-lysine trimethylation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.


peptidyl-lysine monomethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.


N-terminal protein N-methyltransferase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.


hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation

The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.


Oxalate

A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of oxalic acid.


A dioxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2,3-diketogulonic acid, and the major species at pH 7.3.


Conjugate base of L-threonic acid.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-ascorbate(out) + Na+(out) = L-ascorbate(in) + Na+(in).


mitotic DNA replication DNA duplex unwinding

Any DNA duplex unwinding involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


regulation of protein dephosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.


nascent polypeptide-associated complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.


tooth replacement

The process whose specific outcome is the replacement of an existing tooth with another tooth.


nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I

The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


alpha-ketoglutarate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor = (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.


serine family amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


nicotinamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.


NAD salvage

Any process that generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis; salvage is usually from the degradation products nicotinic acid (Na) and nicotinamide (Nam).


CENP-A recruiting complex

A protein complex that includes Mis16(Yippee family) and/or Mis18 (WD repeat) subunits that is involved in the deposition of centromere specific (CENP-A containing) nucleosomes at the centromere.


extracellular matrix organization involved in endocardium development

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + [dinitrogen reductase] = nicotinamide + ADP-D-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase].


A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex

A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


corticospinal tract

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The corticospinal fibers that arise from the pyramidal cells within the cerebral cortex layer V of the precentral motor area, the premotor area and the postcentral gyrus, then descend into and through the medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract.


late endosome to Golgi transport

The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the Golgi.


An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-3-oxodocosatetraenoic acid.


A 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions of 3-oxodocosanoyl-CoA; principal microspecies at pH 7.3.


chitin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n) = UDP + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n+1).


ecdysis, chitin-based cuticle

The shedding of the old chitin-based cuticlar fragments during the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


cuticle

Tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP].


hemolymphoid system

Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs.


photoreceptor inner segment layer

Layer of the retina composed of the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells.


response to leptin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism].


alpha-actinin binding

Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.


patched binding

Binding to a patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins.


olfactory behavior

The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.


response to cycloheximide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.


regulation of actin filament-based process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.


wound healing, spreading of cells

The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface.


choroidal cell of the eye

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A structural cell that is part of optic choroid.


regulation of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission.


regulation of postsynaptic dense core vesicle exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic dense core vesicle exocytosis.


negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.


substance P secreting cell

A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes substance P.


mRNA 5'-splice site recognition

Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


superior olivary nucleus maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.


epinephrine secretion

The regulated release of epinephrine by a cell. Epinephrine is a catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter, released by certain neurons and active in the central nervous system.


adrenal chromaffin cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an adrenal chromaffin cell. An adrenal chromaffin cell is a neuroendocrine cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles.


type I enteroendocrine cell

An enteroendocrine cell commonest in the duodenum and jejunum, rare in ileum, that secretes cholecystokinin. This cell type is involved in the regulation of digestive enzymes and bile.


mitotic spindle midzone

The area in the center of the anaphase spindle consisting of microtubules, microtubule bundling factors and kinesin motors where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap in an antiparallel manner.


mitotic metaphase chromosome alignment

A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating norepinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream.


longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum

The portion of the free sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of longitudinal tubules that connect terminal cisternae.


skeletal muscle adaptation

Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.


regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction

Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


protein complex involved in cell adhesion

Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell.


inducible T-cell costimulator isoform 1 (human)

An inducible T-cell costimulator isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNR14_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTLA_HUMAN B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (sprot)

A B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICOSL_HUMAN ICOS ligand (sprot)

An ICOS ligand that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of centriole replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.


WW domain-binding protein 5 isoform 1 (mouse)

A transcription elongation factor A protein-like 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


platelet alpha granule

A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).


cerebellar granular layer morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


negative regulation of platelet activation

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.


mating plug formation

The deposition of a plug of sperm or other gelatinous material into the opening of the vulva by a male at the termination of copulation. Probably acts to prevent subsequent matings by other males.


seminal vesicle epithelium development

The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.


negative regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that decreases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


negative regulation of protein export from nucleus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


acetylcholine binding

Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


neuroblast fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


regulation of timing of subpallium neuron differentiation

The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell in the subpallium acquires features of a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


Myb complex

A multisubunit complex consisting of Myb and other proteins that regulates site specific DNA replication, gene amplification and transcriptional repression.


histone acetyltransferase binding

Binding to an histone acetyltransferase.


glutamate-cysteine ligase complex

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine.


negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.


regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


positive regulation of focal adhesion assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.


positive regulation of actin nucleation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.


ureteric bud invasion

The process in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis and contributes to the formation of the metanephros.


dynamin-1-like protein isoform m2 (mouse)

A dynamin-1-like protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K1M6-2.


phospholipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


regulation of phospholipase A2 activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.


regulation of phospholipid catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


STAP2_HUMAN Signal-transducing adaptor protein 2 (sprot)

A signal-transducing adaptor protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proprioception involved in equilibrioception

The series of events contributing to equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.


cellular response to interleukin-3

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.


neural fold bending

The morphogenesis of the neural fold elevations that results in the movement of the tips of the elevations towards each other in order to fuse.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development

A developmental process occurring after the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.


dark adaptation

The process by which the rods of the retina gradually become fully responsive to dim light when no longer exposed to bright light.


heterotrimeric G-protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


pyruvate kinase PKM isoform M1 (mouse)

A pyruvate kinase PKM isoform M1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer to attain its fully functional state. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


MutSalpha complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6.


guanine/thymine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.


mismatched DNA binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.


somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


MSH6_HUMAN DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 (sprot)

A DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSH3_HUMAN DNA mismatch repair protein Msh3 (sprot)

A DNA mismatch repair protein Msh3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


convergent extension involved in somitogenesis

The morphogenetic process in which a presomitic mesoderm narrows along the left-right axis and lengthens in the rostral-caudal axis contributing to somitogenesis.


tau-protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein.


negative regulation of neuron maturation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.


positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division

The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons.


stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium.


lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.


carotid body glomus cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a glomus cell of the carotid body. The carotid body is a specialized chemosensory organ that helps respond to hypoxia.


pituicyte

A glial cell of astrocytic lineage with long processes running parallel to adjacent axons in the proximal infundibulum of the neurohypophysis. These processes form a three-dimensional network among the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and are connected by gap junctions which provide for their metabolic coupling. This cell type constitutes most of the nonexcitable tissue in the neurohypophsis; function may include possibly acting as an intermediate in the modulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release. This cell type is highly variable in size and shape and commonly contain lipid droplets and deposits of lipochrome pigment.


intussusceptive angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels as a result of the insertion and extension of lumenal tissue pillars.


keratinocyte migration

The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.


nuclear receptor binding

Binding to a nuclear receptor protein. Nuclear receptor proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors which are regulated by binding to a ligand.


myosin filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules.


striated muscle cell apoptotic process

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.


APOA_HUMAN Apolipoprotein(a) (sprot)

An apolipoprotein(a) that is encoded in the genome of human.


stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation.


natural killer cell inhibitory signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.


craniofacial suture morphogenesis

The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.


inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation

Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


myoepithelial cell of mammary gland

A myoepithelial cell that surrounds milk-secreting luminal epithelial cells. This cell type contracts under the stimulation of oxytocin and is attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes and to the adjacent luminal cells by desmosomes. This cell type expresses high level of keratin-14 and is estrogen receptor alpha negative.


calcium ion binding involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

The directed change of presynaptic cytosolic free calcium ion concentration in the cytosol via the reversible binding of calcium ions to calcium-binding proteins in the cytosol thereby modulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of changes in presynaptic cytosolic calcium concentrations.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit site

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at an endoplasmic reticulum exit site.


membrane coat

Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules.


copper ion transport

The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


5-methylcytosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.


positive regulation of gene expression via CpG island demethylation

An epigenetic gene regulation mechanism that positively regulates gene expression by demethylation of cytosine residues in chromosomal CpG islands. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.


basal cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.


RNA metabolic process

The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


pinocytosis

An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.


positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.


squamous basal epithelial stem cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a squamous basal epithelial stem cell of the prostate.


type D cell of stomach

A type D cell found in the stomach.


optic fissure

Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary].


regulation of corticosterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosterone secretion.


soft palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.


negative regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.


anoikis

Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix.


DNA double-strand break processing involved in repair via single-strand annealing

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.


lens fiber cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a lens fiber cell. Lens fiber cells are elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.


importin-alpha family protein binding

Binding to a member of the importin-alpha family.


calcitonin receptor activity

Combining with calcitonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


AATF_HUMAN Protein AATF (sprot)

A protein AATF that is encoded in the genome of human.


receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 isoform JM-B CYT-2 (mouse)

A receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Bcl-2-modifying factor isoform 2 (mouse)

A Bcl-2-modifying factor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by [LM]DPGAEPWHHNSEAETLSWSHPGE followed by the sequence in UniProtKB:Q91ZE9-1. It is uncertain whether Leu or Met is the starting residue. The authors in PMID:20706276 claim the use of a non-conventional CUG-translation initiation site.


Bcl-2-modifying factor isoform 1 (mouse)

A Bcl-2-modifying factor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZE9-1.


Bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform Bcl-X(S) (mouse)

A Bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


DLL3_HUMAN Delta-like protein 3 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOGG_HUMAN Noggin (sprot)

A noggin that is encoded in the genome of human.


MESP2_HUMAN Mesoderm posterior protein 2 (sprot)

A mesoderm posterior protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PALS1_HUMAN Protein PALS1 (sprot)

A protein PALS1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CRUM3_HUMAN Protein crumbs homolog 3 (sprot)

A protein crumbs homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INADL_HUMAN InaD-like protein (sprot)

An InaD-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD5_HUMAN Claudin-5 (sprot)

A claudin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD4_HUMAN Claudin-4 (sprot)

A claudin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD11_HUMAN Claudin-11 (sprot)

A claudin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD7_HUMAN Claudin-7 (sprot)

A claudin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD9_HUMAN Claudin-9 (sprot)

A claudin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD14_HUMAN Claudin-14 (sprot)

A claudin-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.