descending aorta development

The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.


artery morphogenesis

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.


SAMD1_HUMAN Sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZFY16_HUMAN Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 16 (sprot)

A zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


GATA6_HUMAN Transcription factor GATA-6 (sprot)

A transcription factor GATA-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EOMES_HUMAN Eomesodermin homolog (sprot)

An eomesodermin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TBXT_HUMAN T-box transcription factor T (sprot)

A T-box transcription factor T that is encoded in the genome of human.


MIXL1_HUMAN Homeobox protein MIXL1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein MIXL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSC_HUMAN Homeobox protein goosecoid (sprot)

A homeobox protein goosecoid that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXA2_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


SOX17_HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-17 (sprot)

A transcription factor SOX-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


kinesin complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.


neuromast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory organ of the lateral line and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromasts are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.


nose development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).


Kupffer's vesicle

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995. Kupffer's vesicle has been compared to the mouse embryonic node. Drummond et al, 2005.


SMO_HUMAN Protein smoothened (sprot)

A smoothened that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS1_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS4_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBIP1_HUMAN BBSome-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A BBSome-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TTC8_HUMAN Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 8 (sprot)

A tetratricopeptide repeat protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS7_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTHB1_HUMAN Protein PTHB1 (sprot)

A protein PTHB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SSR3_HUMAN Somatostatin receptor type 3 (sprot)

A somatostatin receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PKD1_HUMAN Polycystin-1 (sprot)

A polycystin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PKD2_HUMAN Polycystin-2 (sprot)

A polycystin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CYS1_HUMAN Cystin-1 (sprot)

A cystin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NPHP3_HUMAN Nephrocystin-3 (sprot)

A nephrocystin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


adult feeding behavior

Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


positive regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.


Q8K3G7_MOUSE Reticulon (trembl)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K3G7.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human FLT1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular element of right lung

A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung.


vascular element of left lung

A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung.


cranial ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


hatching behavior

The specific behavior of an organism during the emergence from an egg shell. In Drosophila for example, the larva swings its head reiteratively through a semicircular arc, using its mouth hooks to tear apart the chorion in front of it and thus free itself from within the egg shell.


dendrite self-avoidance

The process in which dendrites recognize and avoid contact with sister dendrites from the same cell.


inferior olivary complex

Largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is closely associated with the cerebellum, but its specific function is voluntary body movements.


autonomic neuron

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.


primary sensory neuron (sensu Teleostei)

A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a sensory function.


muscle cell apoptotic process

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.


positive regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


Cyperquat

A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.


A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.


Histamine

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group.


Estrone sulfate

A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfate of estrone.


A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.


Glyburide

An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.


A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.


An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.


An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.


Coumestrol

A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.


Phenylephrine

A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


Ascorbic Acid

The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.


Hymecromone

A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


oxalate

A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid.


Resveratrol

A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.


Zearalenone

A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.


Glycitein

A  methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.


Menadione

A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.


Chlorpyrifos

An  organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.


Benzo[a]pyrene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.


Atrazine

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group.


Deltamethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide tralomethrin.


Bisphenol A

A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.


Arsorite

An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of all three protons from the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.


Vinclozolin

A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.


Ethinyl estradiol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a  xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.


Chlordecone

An  organochlorine compound with insecticidal activity.


A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.


Geraniol

A monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end.


Cadmium Chloride

A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.


Permethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.


Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


Endosulfan

A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.


Mercuric Chloride

A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.


Genistein

A 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties.


Oxido(dioxo)vanadium

A vanadium oxoanion in which a central vanadium is divalently bound to two oxygens and monovalently bound to a hydroxide.


Clofenotane

A chlorophenylethane that is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane substituted by additional chloro substituents at positions 4 of the phenyl substituents. It is a commonly used organochlorine insecticide.


Triclosan

An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.


Raloxifene hydrochloride

A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.


Afimoxifene

A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.


A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.


Nickel Chloride

A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.


Eugenol

A phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis.


Bisphenol AF

An organofluorine compound that is  bisphenol A with its methyl hydrogens replaced by fluorines.


BETA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE

The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.


Luteolin

A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3', 4', 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers.


Hexachlorobenzene

A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.


Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.


Methyltestosterone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.


Geldanamycin

An ansamycin consisting of a 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It shows antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.


T-2 Toxin

A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.


Warfarin

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.


Cobalt chloride

A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.


Apigenin

A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4', 5 and 7.  It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells.


Kaempferol

A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress, it is currently under consideration as a possible cancer treatment.


Diethylstilbestrol

An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.


A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.


Dibromoacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.


Daidzein

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 4'.


An aryl sulfide that is (2Z,3Z)-bis[amino(sulfanyl)methylidene]butanedinitrile in which the sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by 2-aminophenyl groups. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that also exhibits anti-cancer properties.


Pentachlorophenol

A  chlorophenol that is phenol substituted by 5 chloro groups.


Bromochlorodifluoromethane

A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by two fluorines, a bromine, and a chlorine. Widely used in 'vapourising liquid'-type fire extinguishers, its use is now generally banned under the Montreal Protocol (ozone-depleting substances), although it is still used in certain applications (e.g. aviation).


Dieldrin

An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.


Metformin

A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.


A chromone substituted with a phenyl group at position 8 and a morpholine group at position 2.


p,p'-DDE

A chlorophenylethylene that is ethylene substituted by two 4-chlorophenyl groups at position 1 and two chlorine atoms at position 2.


Bezafibrate

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid. Benafibrate is used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.


A methylquinoline carrying a methyl substituent at position 8.


Coppertrace

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of copper(II) chloride. It occurs naturally as the mineral eriochalcite.


Carbaryl

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of  1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.


Guaiacol

A  monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.


A bisphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups.


An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.


Naphthalene

An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.


Toxaphene

A highly complex mixture of several hundred polychlorinated compounds obtained by chlorination of camphene to an overall chlorine content of 67-69% by weight and having an overall empirical formula of C10H10Cl8 (including optical isomers, it could theoretically contain over 32,000 congeners). Toxaphene was used from the mid-1940s as an agricultural insecticide (mostly in the USA, particularly on corn and soybeans). Use increased with the phasing out of DDT in the 1970s (it became the most heavily manufactured pesticide in the US) but it is now banned due to concerns about toxicity and carcinogenicity. Total production since its first use is estimated at around 500,000 tons. In the environment, most of the components of toxaphene get metabolised, but from 10 to >100 resist biodegradation, depending on the medium and the specialisation of the enzyme system. Breathing, drinking or eating high levels of toxaphene can damage the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system.


A member of the class of benzamides that is 4-(imidazol-2-yl)benzamide carrying additional 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl and pyridin-2-yl substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively on the imidazole ring.


Biochanin A

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 4'. A phytoestrogen, it has putative benefits in dietary cancer prophylaxis.


Heptachlor

A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


Naringenin

The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.


Alachlor

An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.


phytoestrogen

Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.


alpha-Naphthoflavone

An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).


Aldrite

An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.


Benomyl

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is the methyl ester of  [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid. A foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops.


Dicofol

A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


Estriol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer).


A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.


Phthalic acid

A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.


Mestranol

A terminal acetylenic compound that is (17alpha)-17-ethynylestra-1(10),2,4-triene substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a hydroxy group at position 17.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.


Benzyl Benzoate

A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.


Hexachlorophene

An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.


Quinoline

The simplest member of the quinoline class of compounds, comprising a benzene ring ortho fused to C-2 and C-3 of a pyridine ring.


A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.


Anethole

The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.


Sodium Hypochlorite

An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.


A phenanthrol that is phenanthrene in which a hydrogen attached to a carbon in the central ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


benzenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


Cyanazine

A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.


A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.


Fusidic Acid

A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.


A organochlorine compound that is  4,4'-dichlorodiphenylmethane in which one of the methylene hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


A monohydroxyquinoline carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.


A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.


5-hydroxybisphenol A

A bisphenol (methylenediphenol) having hydroxy functions at C-3, C-4 and C-4', and gem-dimethyl groups on the methylene bridge.


response to hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.


positive regulation of sarcomere organization

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.


estradiol binding

Binding to estradiol.


steroid hormone binding

Binding to a steroid hormone.


response to estradiol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


vitamin D response element binding

Binding to a vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


inner ear receptor cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


Adefovir

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


Perfluorooctanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.


A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-ketoconazole.


Calcipotriol

A seco-cholestane that is 26,27-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10,22-tetraene carrying additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 3 and 24. It is used (as its hydrate) in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


sex determination

Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


calcitriol binding

Binding to calcitriol. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the hormonally active form of vitamin D3.


lithocholic acid binding

Binding to lithocholic acid.


vitamin D binding

Binding to vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


retinal cone cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.


retinal cone cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


Triphenyltin hydroxide

An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.


Triphenyltin chloride

An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group.  A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.


Flurbiprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.


nuclear steroid receptor activity

Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.


androgen binding

Binding to an androgen, a male sex hormone.


male courtship behavior

The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


protein neddylation

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.


retinal pigment epithelium development

The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.


regulation of organ growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.


ventriculo bulbo valve development

The progression of the ventriculo bulbo valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


chorion micropyle formation

Establishment of the micropyle, a single cone-shaped specialization of the chorion that allows sperm entry into the egg prior to fertilization.


epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an epithelial cell.


ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.


anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.


anatomical entity

Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.


late distal convoluted tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the late distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The late distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive.


axial mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.


camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.


epithalamus development

The progression of the epithalamus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle.


proximal convoluted tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule.


pineal gland development

The progression of the pineal gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms.


photoreceptor cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a photoreceptor cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


retinal cone cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal cone cell. A retinal cone cell is one of the two photoreceptor subtypes in a camera-type eye.


negative regulation of hepatocyte differentiation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.


mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression.


regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.


gamma-tubulin complex binding

Binding to a gamma-tubulin complex.


determination of dorsal/ventral asymmetry

Determination of asymmetry from the dorsal to the ventral side; as, the dorsoventral axis.


trabecular layer of ventricle

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A myocardium trabecular layer that is part of a cardiac ventricle.


cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.


angiogenesis involved in wound healing

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


regenerating anatomical structure

An anatomical structure that is undergoing regeneration.


muscle organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.


negative regulation of growth rate

Any process that reduces the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.


regulation of muscle hyperplasia

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.


regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


neural crest-derived cardiac glial cell differentiation

The process in which a neural crest cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart.


regulation of motor neuron axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron axon guidance.


eye morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.


otic placode development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an otic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of developmental growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.


embryonic morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.


regulation of proton transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial respirasome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of respiratory enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane (including, for example, complex II, complex III, complex IV) to form a large supercomplex.


mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit

The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).


phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis from sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that involves the two-step acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to a phosphatidylcholine.


ether hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an ether bond, -O-.


fatty aldehyde

An aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxylic acid group of its corresponding fatty acid, having a carbonyl group at one end of the carbon chain.


glycerophosphocholine

The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.


TM86B_HUMAN Lysoplasmalogenase TMEM86B (sprot)

A lysoplasmalogenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


A glycero-3-phosphocholine compound having an alk-1-enyl substituent at the 1-position and an acyl substituent at the 2-position.


A glycerophosphoethanolamine compound having an alk-1-enyl substituent at the 1-position and an acyl substituent at the 2-position.


Catalysis of the reaction:acyl-CoA + glycerophosphocholine = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.


mitochondrial mRNA processing

Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the mitochondrial genome into mature mRNAs.


3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization

An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.


cellular response to cell wall damage

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of cell wall damage. The process begins with detection of the damage and ends with a change in state or activity of the cell.


RNA sequestering activity

Binding to a specific RNA molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


cartilage morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.


skeletal muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.


peripheral nervous system neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion from intracellular stores by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


BMP receptor complex

A protein complex that acts as a receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs); a homo- or heterodimer of type I and/or type II BMP receptor subunits.


central nervous system formation

The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


lateral mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


mesoderm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.


cardiac atrium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


embryonic caudal fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion.


negative regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.


cerebellum vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.


abducens nucleus

Nucleus located beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle in the pontine tegmentum, containing motor neurons innervating the lateral rectus muscle of the eye (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 533).


optic tract

Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF].


brainstem nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem.


sensory perception of touch

The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach).


negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.


anterior/posterior axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


cranial nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.


regulation of collateral sprouting in absence of injury

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting in the absence of injury.


diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H+ + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


THOC4_HUMAN THO complex subunit 4 (sprot)

A THO complex subunit 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CHTOP_HUMAN Chromatin target of PRMT1 protein (sprot)

A chromatin target of PRMT1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


SARNP_HUMAN SAP domain-containing ribonucleoprotein (sprot)

A nuclear protein Hcc-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZC11A_HUMAN Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11A (sprot)

A zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11A that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDIP3_HUMAN Polymerase delta-interacting protein 3 (sprot)

A polymerase delta-interacting protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UIF_HUMAN UAP56-interacting factor (sprot)

A UAP56-interacting factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


LUZP4_HUMAN Leucine zipper protein 4 (sprot)

A leucine zipper protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribonuclease inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ribonuclease.


poly(A) binding

Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.


regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.


lymphatic endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a venous blood vessel endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a lymphatic endothelial cell.


venous endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to a venous endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an venous endothelial cell.


response to retinoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.


otic vesicle formation

The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


neural crest cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.


positive regulation of ribosome biogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.


mesenchymal cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.


lysosomal lumen pH elevation

Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


ion channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.


TM175_HUMAN Endosomal/lysosomal proton channel TMEM175 (sprot)

An endosomal/lysosomal proton channel TMEM175 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LAMP2_HUMAN Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (sprot)

A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism

Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.


VATA_HUMAN V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A (sprot)

A V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A that is encoded in the genome of human.


xanthophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a xanthophore cell. Xanthophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This makes them yellow to orange in appearance.


myelination in peripheral nervous system

The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


semicircular canal morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized.


Schwann cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


otic vesicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


pole plasm

Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo.


positive regulation of mRNA catabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


intramembranous ossification

Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.


swim bladder morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the swim bladder is generated and organized. The swim bladder is used by some fishes to maintain buoyancy and may function in addition as a sound producing organ, a sound receptor, and a respiratory organ.


optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development

The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


cornea development in camera-type eye

The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.


facial nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives off nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


rhombomere 4 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere 4 morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 4 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


hindbrain maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


nucleus of cerebellar nuclear complex

Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.


hindbrain venous system

A venous system that is part of a hindbrain.


hindbrain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


fourth ventricle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.


neural keel formation

The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.


rhombomere 4 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 4. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.


reticulocyte

An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.


cranial blood vasculature

A blood vasculature that is part of a head.


Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus


deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m2 (mouse)

A deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q60710-2.


deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at Thr-634. UniProtKB:Q60710-1, Thr-634, MOD:00047.


deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at Thr-634. UniProtKB:Q60710-1, Thr-634, PR:000026291.


dATP trianion

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, arising from deprotonation of three of the four triphosphate OH groups.


deSUMOylase activity

An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves SUMO from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


transcription elongation factor activity

A molecular function that stimulates the elongation properties of the RNA polymerase during the elongation phase of transcription. A subclass of transcription elongation factors enable the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, while another class rescue stalled RNA polymerases.


protein desumoylation

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.


plasmid maintenance

The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.


response to decreased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.


uridylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an uridylyl group to an acceptor.


RNA 3' uridylation

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.


RNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


blood circulation

The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.


otolith formation

The process that gives rise to an otolith. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.


skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.


cardiac atrium morphogenesis

The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation.


angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting

The directional migration of angioblast cells as part of selective angioblast sprouting, which results in angioblast segregation into arterial and venous populations.


glycogen binding

Binding to glycogen.


regulation of glycogen metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.


glycogen phosphorylase, liver form isoform 1 (mouse)

A glycogen phosphorylase, liver form isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


starch binding

Binding to starch.


polysaccharide binding

Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


habituation

A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.


L-glutamate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane.


positive regulation of macroautophagy

Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.


regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.


macromolecule metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.


regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.


regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.


regulation of protein ubiquitination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


ear development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


ear morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


pharyngeal muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx.


sweat gland development

The progression of the sweat gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Sweat glands secrete an aqueous solution that is used in thermoregulation.


keratinocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


establishment of skin barrier

Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.


response to food

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.


transforming growth factor beta1 production

The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


elastic fiber assembly

Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.


barbel

Surface structure which is a tactile structure found in the branchial region. Barbels are covered with epidermis rich in taste buds, and are innervated by branches of the cranial nerves.


adenohypophysis development

The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


sensory epithelium regeneration

The regrowth of a sensory epithelium following its loss or destruction.


sympathetic ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Hedgehog signaling complex

A multiprotein complex that binds microtubules in a Hedgehog-dependent manner, and is required for signal transduction by members of the Hedgehog family of proteins. The core components of the complex are the serine/threonine protein kinase Fused, the kinesin motor protein Costal2 (Cos2), and a zinc finger transcription factor (Gli family members in humans, and Cubitus interruptus (Ci) in Drosophila).


pituitary gland development

The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.


cranial nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.


trigeminal nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.


vagus nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.


glossopharyngeal nerve development

Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.


adenohypophysis morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the adenohypophysis are generated and organized. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


muscle cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


abducens nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the abducens nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.


trigeminal motor nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal motor nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


helper T cell

A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.


regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.


regulation of cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


negative regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.


positive regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.


regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.


angioblast cell migration from lateral mesoderm to midline

The directed movement of angioblasts from the lateral mesoderm to the midline which occurs as part of the formation of the early midline vasculature.


regulation of vasculature development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


endocardial progenitor cell migration to the midline involved in heart field formation

The orderly movement of an endocardial progenitor cell toward the midline to form the heart field. Cardiac muscle progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into endocardial cells of the heart.


cardioblast migration to the midline involved in heart rudiment formation

The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline that contributes to the initial appearance of the heart rudiment.


regulation of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting.


blood vessel lumenization

The process in which a developing blood vessel forms an endothelial lumen through which blood will flow.


cell migration involved in vasculogenesis

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.


spinal cord radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of radial glial cells. Radial cell precursors differentiate into both neuronal cell types and mature radial glial cells. Mature radial glial cells regulate the axon growth and pathfinding processes that occur during white matter patterning of the developing spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell.


hypochord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta.


positive regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


short term hematopoietic stem cell

A hematopoietic stem cell capable of rapid replenishment of myeloerythroid progenitors and limited self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD34-positive, CD150-positive, and is Flt3-negative.


response to activity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.


NPHP4_HUMAN Nephrocystin-4 (sprot)

A nephrocystin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


angiomotin isoform h1 (human)

An angiomotin (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q4VCS5-1.


AMOL1_HUMAN Angiomotin-like protein 1 (sprot)

An angiomotin-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMOL2_HUMAN Angiomotin-like protein 2 (sprot)

An angiomotin-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


slow muscle cell

A muscle cell that develops tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber.


skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.


calcium ion import into cytosol

The directed movement of calcium ion into a cytosol.


cellular response to pulsatile fluid shear stress

Any response to pulsatile fluid shear stress that occurs at the level of a cell.


larval locomotory behavior

Locomotory behavior in a larval (immature) organism.


fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction

A process in which force is generated within fast-twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fast-twitch skeletal muscle is characterized by fast time parameters, high force development and fatiguability.


slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction

A process in which force is generated within slow-twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The slow-twitch skeletal muscle is characterized by slow time parameters, low force development and resistance to fatigue.


protein glycosylation

A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


HYALP_HUMAN Hyaluronidase PH-20 (sprot)

A hyaluronidase PH-20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


endothelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.


regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.


regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


angioblast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells).


positive regulation of lymphangiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human FLT4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


intersegmental lymph vessel

Lymph vessel that is located between the somites.


lymphoid system

The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system[WP].


lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.


regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


lymph vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph.


selective angioblast sprouting

The segregation of angioblasts into discrete arterial and venous vessels from one common precursor vessel.


microtubule plus-end

The growing (plus) end of a microtubule. In vitro, microtubules polymerize more quickly at the plus end than at the minus end. In vivo, microtubule growth occurs only at the plus end, and the plus end switches between periods of growth and shortening, a behavior known as dynamic instability.


negative regulation of fatty acid oxidation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.


negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.


inorganic cation transmembrane transport

A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


actin ubiquitination

The modification of actin by addition of ubiquitin groups.


pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch

The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).


vasculature of eye

Vasculature that is part of the eye region.


urorectal septum

The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP].


microtubule associated complex

Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule.


CA3 pyramidal cell dendrite

A dendrite of a hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell.


cytoskeletal regulatory protein binding

Binding to a protein involved in modulating the reorganization of the cytoskeleton.


microtubule bundle formation

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.


protein localization to axon

A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within an axon.


multipolar neuron

A neuron with three or more neurites, usually an axon and multiple dendrites.


interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 1 (mouse)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PROM1_MOUSE Prominin-1 (sprot)

A prominin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 isoform 2 (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q925P2-2.


agrin isoform m1 (mouse)

An agrin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A2ASQ1-1.


corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 isoform beta (mouse)

A corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 isoform beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of AMPA receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.


axonal spine

A spine that originates from the axon, usually from the initial segment.


dendritic spine membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendritic spine.


AMPA glutamate receptor activity

An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate and acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium, potassium, and, in the absence of a GluR2 subunit, calcium.


cellular response to ammonium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.


signaling receptor regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a receptor.


positive regulation of endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.


neurotransmitter receptor transport to plasma membrane

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.


regulation of protein targeting to membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


regulation of AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA glutamate receptor clustering.


neuron spine

A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck.


pyramidal layer of CA1

CA1 part of stratum pyramidale hippocampi.


dendritic spine maintenance

The organization process that preserves a dendritic spine in a stable functional or structural state. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.


dendritic spine organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dendritic spine. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.


inhibitory synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inhibitory synapse.


maintenance of synapse structure

A process that preserves the structural organistation and orientation of a synaptic cellular component such as the synaptic cytoskeleton and molecular scaffolds.


associative learning

Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).


circadian sleep/wake cycle

The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.


response to interleukin-17

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.


excitatory synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an excitatory synapse.


locomotor rhythm

The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.


glutamatergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glutamatergic neuron.


spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion

Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the absence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential.


hippocampal pyramidal neuron

A pyramidal neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.


glutamate receptor clustering

The neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering process in which glutamate receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


neuroplastin isoform m2 (mouse)

A neuroplastin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P97300-2.


glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform Alpha-3K (mouse)

A glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


presynapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse.


calcium import into the mitochondrion

A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.


negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.


positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.


A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.


Major microspecies at pH 7.3


8ODP_HUMAN Oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (sprot)

An oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuromuscular synaptic transmission

The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.


establishment of synaptic specificity at neuromuscular junction

The biological process in which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed.


phrenic nerve

A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium.


tibial nerve

The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted].


neurofilament

A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.


protein localization to mitochondrion

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.


glycine receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which glycine receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


smoothened signaling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the spinal cord that contributes to the process of a precursor cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.


medial motor column neuron differentiation

The process in which differentiating motor neurons in the neural tube acquire the specialized structural and/or functional features of medial motor column neurons. Medial motor column neurons are generated at all rostrocaudal levels and send axons to the axial muscles (medial group) and to the body wall muscles (lateral group). Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


visceral motor neuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of visceral motor neurons. Visceral motor neurons innervate glandular targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-aminoadipate + acetyl-CoA = N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate + coenzyme A.


mitotic cleavage furrow formation

Any cleavage furrow formation that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.


egg activation

The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.


cortical granule exocytosis

The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a cortical granule by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. A cortical granule is a specialized secretory vesicle that is released during egg activation that changes the surface of the egg to prevent polyspermy.


proximal neuron projection

The portion of an axon or dendrite that is close to the neuronal cell body.


cilium disassembly

A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium.


regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.


negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.


ruffle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42.


follicle-stimulating hormone receptor activity

Combining with follicle-stimulating hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


osteoclast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


osteoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.


regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.


positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.