Osteosarcoma that arises from the soft tissue and is confined to a specific site without evidence of spread to other anatomic sites.


Laryngeal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

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A soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the larynx.


Skin Pleomorphic Lipoma

A pleomorphic lipoma arising from the skin.


Kidney Leiomyoma

A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the kidney.


Uterine Corpus Low Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma

A rare, indolent, invasive mesenchymal tumor that arises from the endometrial stroma. It is characterized by the presence of a plexiform vasculature, infrequent mitoses, and insignificant cytologic atypia. Late recurrences may occur.


Malignant fibrous histiocytoma metastatic

An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that has spread to other anatomic sites.


Bone Leiomyoma

A rare leiomyoma affecting the bone.


Skin Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the skin.


Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma

A benign, well-circumscribed tumor of the neck occurring in adults.  It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells, epithelial islands, and adipose tissue.  There is no evidence of thymic origin or differentiation, despite the use of the term thymoma in the literature.


Mammary-Type Myofibroblastoma

A benign mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle shaped myofibroblasts and mast cells in a collagenous stroma.  It is histologically identical to the myofibroblastoma of breast.  It usually arises from the subcutaneous tissue and the most common sites of involvement are the inguinal/groin, paratesticular, and vulvovaginal areas.


Dermal Fibroma

A benign neoplasm arising from the dermis. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


Periosteal fibroma

A benign fibrous neoplasm arising from the periosteal connective tissue that surrounds a bone.


Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Stage I Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage I includes: IA (T1a, N0, M0, G1, GX); (T1b, N0, M0, G1, GX); IB (T2a, N0, M0, G1, GX); (T2b, N0, M0, G1, GX).  T1a: Superficial tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1b: Deep tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2a: Superficial tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T2b: Deep tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  G1: Grade 1.  GX: Grade cannot be assessed. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Sinonasal glomangiopericytoma

A sinonasal soft tissue neoplasm with hemangiopericytoma-like features.


Stage III Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7


Stage IIIA Gastric and Omental Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: T3, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but not more than 10 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. High Mitotic Rate: Over 5 mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IIIA Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: T3a, N0, M0. T3a: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor infiltrating abdominal tissues at one site. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)


Low Grade Paranasal Sinus Sarcoma

A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the paranasal sinus.  It is characterized by the presence of low-grade histologic features.


Locally Advanced Epithelioid Sarcoma

Epithelioid sarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System

A cavernous hemangioma arising from the central nervous system.


Vaginal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the vagina.  Representative examples include leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, endometrioid stromal sarcoma, and botryoid-type embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.


Unresectable Desmoid Fibromatosis

Desmoid fibromatosis that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Parotid Gland Liposarcoma

A liposarcoma that arises from the parotid gland.


Laryngeal Soft Tissue Sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from soft tissue of the larynx.


Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma occurring in adults.


Benign Uterine Corpus PEComa

A benign neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation arising from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by the absence of pleomorphism and scarcity or absence of mitotic figures. It usually affects perimenopausal women. Patients present with a pelvic mass or abnormal bleeding.


Stage IA Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7


Refractory Malignant Myoepithelioma

A malignant myoepithelioma that does not respond to treatment.


Hemosiderotic Fibrolipomatous Tumor

A non-encapsulated, slow-growing, locally aggressive subcutaneous tumor characterized by the presence of adipocytes, hemosiderin-laden spindle cells, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, osteoclast-like giant cells, and scattered chronic inflammatory cells. It usually arises from the dorsum of the foot, ankle, dorsum of the hand, thigh, calf, or cheek.  It may recur if it is not completely excised but does not metastasize.


Central Nervous System Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma

A rare undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma) involving the central nervous system.


Uterine Corpus Myxoid Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential

A smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential that arises from the uterine corpus and displays myxoid changes.


Tumor of Specialized Prostatic Stroma

A rare neoplasm arising from specialized prostatic stroma.  This category includes prostatic stromal proliferations of uncertain malignant potential and prostatic stromal sarcomas.


Paratesticular Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the paratesticular region.


Vulvar Distal-Type Epithelioid Sarcoma

A rare epithelioid sarcoma of the distal type that arises from the vulva.


Non-Metastatic Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma

A soft tissue sarcoma that occurs during childhood and is confined to a specific site without evidence of spread to other anatomic sites.


A morphologic variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by the presence of a fibrosarcomatous component.


Vaginal Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A rare solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the vagina.


Stage IV Gastric and Omental Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: (Any T, N1, M0, Any Mitotic Rate); (Any T, Any N, M1, Any Mitotic Rate). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Seminal Vesicle Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma that arises from the seminal vesicle.


EBV-Positive Inflammatory Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma

A  follicular dendritic cell sarcoma that occurs almost exclusively in the liver and spleen and is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus.


Childhood Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma

An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that occurs during childhood.


Stage IVB Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma AJCC v8

Stage IVB includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: M1: Distant metastasis (excluding adnexa, pelvic, and abdominal tissues). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Superficial Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well Differentiated Liposarcoma

An atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma that occurs in a superficial body structure.


Solitary Adult Fibroma

A solitary benign neoplasm arising from the fibrous soft tissues. The tumor is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


Vaginal Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential

A smooth muscle neoplasm that arises from the vagina and cannot be reliably diagnosed as benign or malignant, because of the presence of ambiguous morphologic findings.


Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the stomach.  It covers a spectrum of benign to malignant soft tissue neoplasms and includes most gastric smooth muscle tumors, leiomyoblastomas, and tumors formerly called gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors.


Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor

An intermediate fibrohistiocytic neoplasm of the skin that usually affects children and young adults. It is a multinodular, poorly circumscribed tumor characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells, mononuclear histiocyte-like cells, and spindle fibroblast-like cells arranged in a plexiform pattern.


Subcutaneous Nodular Fasciitis

A self-limiting, rapidly growing, non-encapsulated benign neoplasm arising from the subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by the growth of plump spindle-shaped fibroblasts in a storiform pattern, multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, red blood cell extravasation, chronic inflammatory cells, and high mitotic activity.


Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


Superficial CD34-Positive Fibroblastic Tumor

A low-grade neoplasm arising from the skin and subcutis. It is characterized by the presence of spindled cells with abundant, eosinophilic, granular to glassy cytoplasm, low mitotic activity, marked nuclear pleomorphism, diffuse CD34 expression, and frequent keratin immunoreactivity. The prognosis is excellent.


Skin Spindle Cell Lipoma

A spindle cell lipoma arising from the skin.


Cervical Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the cervix.  Representative examples include rhabdomyoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma.


Extragastrointestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A rare gastrointestinal stromal tumor that presents as a solitary mass outside the gastrointestinal tract.


Stage IIB Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IIB includes: (T2a, N0, M0, G2); (T2b, N0, M0, G2).  T2a: Superficial tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T2b: Deep tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  G2: Grade 2.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Cervical Angiosarcoma

A highly aggressive malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the cervix and shows endothelial cell differentiation.


Lipoma of appendix

A benign adipose tissue neoplasm involving the wall of the appendix.


Sinonasal Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Omentum Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the omentum. This is an extragastrointestinal tumor, meaning that it does not arise directly from the gastrointestinal tract.


Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans with Giant Cell Fibroblastoma-Like Differentiation

A morphologic variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by areas of fibroblastoma like-differentiation, and the presence of giant cells.


Vulvar Fibrolipoma

A lipoma of the vulva with a predominant fibrous component.


Skin Angiolipoma

An angiolipoma arising from the skin.


Stage IV Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: (Any T, N1, M0, Any G); (Any T, Any N, M1, Any G). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Uterine Corpus Sarcoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of uterine corpus sarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


Parotid Gland Sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from the parotid gland.


Recurrent Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities

The reemergence of a soft tissue sarcoma of the trunk and extremities after a period of remission.


Gastric Plexiform Fibromyxoma

A rare soft tissue neoplasm arising from the stomach.  It occurs in the antrum and pyloric region and it may extend into the duodenum.  It occurs in all ages and affects men and women equally.  Morphologically it is characterized by a multinodular plexiform mass that involves the muscular layer.  The neoplastic cells are spindle-shaped and the mitotic activity is low.  It follows a benign clinical course.


Sinonasal Angiosarcoma

An angiosarcoma that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Breast Vascular Neoplasm

A benign or malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the breast.


Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Neoplasm

A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with cartilaginous or osseous differentiation arising from the soft tissues exclusively.  Representative examples include chondroma, osteoma, and osteosarcoma.


Skin Fibrous Histiocytoma, Cellular Variant

A morphologic variant of fibrous histiocytoma of the skin. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibrohistiocytic cells and increased cellularity.


Extraskeletal osteosarcoma metastatic

A soft tissue osteosarcoma which has spread to another anatomical site.


Paratesticular Hemangioma

A capillary or cavernous hemangioma that arises from the paratesticular region.


Paratesticular Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma that arises from the paratesticular region.


Uterine Ligament Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma that arises from the broad or other uterine ligaments.


Perivascular epithelioid tumor, malignant

A usually large and aggressive tumor with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation characterized by the presence of marked nuclear atypia, pleomorphism, increased mitotic activity, necrosis, and infiltrative margins.  The most common metastatic sites are liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and bone.


Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of small intestinal, esophageal, colorectal, mesenteric, and peritoneal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IIIB Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIB includes: T3b, N0, M0. T3b: Tumor infiltrates abdominal tissues, more than one side.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis.  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Kaposi's sarcoma of extrahepatic bile duct

A Kaposi sarcoma that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts.


Benign Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity.


Dedifferentiated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that through the process of dedifferentiation, results in an uncommon phenotype. Dedifferentiation in the context of GIST, may manifest as loss of CD117 expression and regression from specialized tissue to a more anaplastic/pleomorphic appearance, high nuclear atypia, high mitotic activity, and necrosis.


sarcoma of tongue

A sarcoma that arises from the tongue.


Stage IC Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IC includes: T1c, N0, M0.  T1c: For adenosarcoma: tumor invades more than half of the myometrium.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  Stage IC does not apply for leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Abdominal Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma involving the organs and structures in the abdomen.


Ectomesenchymal Chondromyxoid Tumor

A rare, well circumscribed, non-encapsulated tumor that arises in the oral cavity, most often the anterior tongue.  It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle cells in a chondromyxoid or hyalinized stroma.  Recurrences have been observed in a minority of patients.


Tongue Liposarcoma

A liposarcoma that arises from the tongue.


Gastric Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the stomach.


Kidney Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma

A rare variant of kidney angiomyolipoma that consists of at least 80% epithelioid cells. (WHO 2016)


Benign Fibroblastic Neoplasm

A benign mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic fibroblasts without malignant characteristics.


Bladder Angiosarcoma

A very rare angiosarcoma that arises from the bladder.


Primitive non-neural granular cell tumor

A rare, low-grade skin neoplasm of mesenchymal cells of unknown lineage with prominent cytoplasmic granularity. The lesions are most commonly non-ulcerated papules or nodules. Most cases are indolent, despite worrisome histopathologic features. Few cases with regional lymph node metastasis have been reported. (WHO 2018)


Stage IV Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4, Any N, M0); IVB (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4: Tumor involves bladder or rectum.  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distal metastasis (excluding adnexa, pelvic and abdominal tissues).  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Prostate Granular Cell Tumor

A rare granular cell tumor that arises from the prostate gland.


Stage IV adult soft tissue sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from the soft tissues during adulthood and has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Malignant Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Neoplasm

A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with cartilaginous or osseous differentiation arising from the soft tissues exclusively. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a representative example.


Stage IVB Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distal metastasis (excluding adnexa, pelvic and abdominal tissues).  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Spindle Cell Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor composed of neoplastic spindle cells.


Central Nervous System Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma

A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm that arises from the central nervous system.  It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.


Stage IIA Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Tumor involves adnexa.  No regional lymph node or distant metastasis.


Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of soft tissue sarcoma of the trunk and extremities, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.


Extra-abdominal fibromatosis

An insidious poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the soft tissues outside the abdomen. It is characterized by the presence of elongated spindle-shaped fibroblasts, vascular collagenous stroma formation, and an infiltrative growth pattern.


Epithelioid sarcoma metastatic

An epithelioid sarcoma which has spread to another anatomic site.


Scrotal Liposarcoma

A liposarcoma involving the scrotum.


Vulvar Lipoma

An uncommon benign neoplasm of the vulva, composed of lobules of mature adipocytes.


Stage II Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor extending beyond the uterus, within the pelvis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)


Childhood Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) occurring in childhood. Pediatric GISTs differ biologically from adult GISTs in that only 11% of pediatric GISTs have activating mutations of KIT and PDGFRA.


Vaginal Angiomyofibroblastoma

An angiomyofibroblastoma arising from the vagina.


Uterine Corpus Metastasizing Leiomyoma

A cytologically benign smooth muscle neoplasm that arises from the uterine corpus and has metastasized to the lungs, abdomen, or lymph nodes. It usually presents in women with a history of benign uterine leiomyomas that have been surgically removed years before the extrauterine neoplasm spread.


Atypical fibroxanthoma - spindle cell type

A morphologic variant of atypical fibroxanthoma characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibrohistiocytic cells and a storiform growth pattern.


Sellar Solitary Fibrous Tumor

An extremely rare meningeal solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the sellar region.


Recurrent Desmoid Fibromatosis

Desmoid fibromatosis that has recurred after a period of remission.


Uterine Corpus Hydropic Leiomyoma

A variant of leiomyoma arising from the uterine corpus. It is characterized by conspicuous zonal edema. Hyalinization may also be present.


Mesenteric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the mesentery. This is an extragastrointestinal tumor, meaning that it does not arise directly from the gastrointestinal tract.


undifferentiated sarcoma of soft tissue

A term that refers to a heterogeneous group of uncommon soft tissue sarcomas that do not show an identifiable line of differentiation using currently available technologies.  This is a diagnosis of exclusion and includes undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (also known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma), undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma, undifferentiated round cell sarcoma, and undifferentiated epithelioid sarcoma.


Locally Advanced Unresectable Malignant PEComa

A malignant PEComa that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes and is not amenable to surgical resection.


Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft tissue

A non-metastasizing soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of a neoplastic stroma containing spindle cells, dilated thin-walled vessels lined by fibrin, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate.  The majority of cases develop in the subcutaneous tissues usually in the lower extremities and present as slow growing masses.  Recurrences occur in approximately half of the cases.


Cellular fibroma

A morphologic variant of fibroma characterized by increased cellularity.


Central Nervous System Desmoid Fibromatosis

Intracranial and/or spinal involvement by desmoid fibromatosis.


Skin Radiation-Related Angiosarcoma

A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from an area of skin exposed to radiation therapy.


Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the peritoneum. This is an extragastrointestinal tumor, meaning that it does not arise directly from the gastrointestinal tract.


Intermediate Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A soft tissue neoplasm characterized by an increased risk of local recurrence and/or a low risk of metastasis.


Gardner Fibroma

An uncommon, poorly circumscribed, benign neoplasm arising in the soft tissues of infants, children and adolescents. It is characterized by the presence of haphazardly arranged spindle-shaped fibroblasts, collagenous stroma formation, and plaque-like growth pattern. There is a strong genetic component associating the neoplasm with Gardners syndrome and deep fibromatosis/desmoid tumor.


Endocervical Undifferentiated Sarcoma

A high grade undifferentiated sarcoma that arises from the endocervix.


Stage I Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8

Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0, G1, GX); IB: (T2, T3, T4, N0, M0, G1, GX). T1: Tumor measuring 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm and less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm and less than or equal to 15 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor measuring more than 15 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. GX: Grade cannot be assessed. G1: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 2 or 3. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IB Gastric and Omental Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IB includes: T3, N0, M0, Low Mitotic Rate. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but not more than 10 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. Low Mitotic Rate: Five or fewer mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IIIA Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: (T1, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate); (T4, N0, M0, Low Mitotic Rate). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less. T4: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. High Mitotic Rate: Over 5 mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. Low Mitotic Rate: Five or fewer mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Unresectable Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Unresectable Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

A desmoplastic small round cell tumor that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Refractory Desmoid Fibromatosis

Desmoid fibromatosis that is resistant to treatment.


Maxillofacial Desmoplastic Fibroma

A rare, benign, locally aggressive osteolytic neoplasm that arises in a maxillofacial bone. It is characterized by the presence of a rich collagenous stroma and spindle cells with minimal cellular atypia.


Lymphangioleiomyomatosis of skin

Lymphangiomyomatosis involving the dermis.


Benign Skin Vascular Neoplasm

A benign vascular neoplasm that arises in the skin.


Stage I Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage I includes: IA (T1a, N0, M0, G1, GX); (T1b, N0, M0, G1, GX); IB (T2a, N0, M0, G1, GX); (T2b, N0, M0, G1, GX).  T1a: Superficial tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1b: Deep tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2a: Superficial tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T2b: Deep tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  G1: Grade 1.  GX: Grade cannot be assessed. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Oral Cavity Lipoma

A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the oral cavity. It usually occurs within the lingual and buccal mucosa.


Paratesticular Deep (Aggressive) Angiomyxoma

A locally infiltrating, non-metastasizing angiomyxoma that arises from the paratesticular region.


Nuchal fibroma

A rare non-encapsulated and poorly circumscribed tumor that usually arises from the posterior neck. It is seen more frequently in men and is characterized by the presence of thick collagen fibers. It may recur but does not metastasize.


Meningeal Central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumor, Grade 3

A solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the meninges. It most often corresponds to the tumor previously diagnosed as anaplastic hemangiopericytoma.


Stage IV Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1, Any G.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Abdominal Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that arises from the abdominal cavity.


Benign Laryngeal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the larynx.


Intermediate Lipomatous Neoplasm

A lipomatous neoplasm characterized by a high risk of local recurrence and no risk of metastasis.


Vascular neoplasm of skin

A benign, intermediate, or malignant vascular neoplasm that arises from the skin.


Angiomyofibroblastoma

A benign myofibroblastic neoplasm, usually arising in the pelviperineal region. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic spindle to round cells, dilated thin walled vessels, and stromal edema.  Most patients present with painless circumscribed masses.


Metastatic Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

A desmoplastic small round cell tumor that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Metastatic Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from the soft tissues during childhood and has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Stage II Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8

Stage II includes: T1, N0, M0, G2, G3. T1: Tumor measuring 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 4 or 5. G3: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 6, 7, or 8. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Vulvar Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A rare solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the vulva.


Stage IIIB Gastric and Omental Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: T4, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate. T4: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. High Mitotic Rate: Over 5 mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Epithelioid fibrous histiocytoma

A morphologic variant of fibrous histiocytoma of the skin. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid fibrohistiocytic cells.


Parotid Gland Kaposi Sarcoma

A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the parotid gland.


Recurrent Malignant Myoepithelioma

The reemergence of a malignant myoepithelioma after a period of remission.


Stage IA Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IA includes: (T1a, N0, M0, G1, GX); (T1b, N0, M0, G1, GX).  T1a: Superficial tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1b: Deep tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  G1: Grade 1.  GX: Grade cannot be assessed. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Esophageal Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that affects the esophageal wall.


Fascial fibroma

A benign fibrous tumor arising from the fascial connective tissue.


Stage IA Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Stage IA includes: T1 or T2, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: Low.  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm, but not more than 5 cm, in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Uterine Corpus Malignant PEComa

A malignant neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation arising from the uterine corpus. The neoplasm is usually a large size, and charcaterized by the presence of marked nuclear atypia, pleomorphism, increased mitotic activity, necrosis, and infiltrative margins.  The most common metastatic sites are lungs, lymph nodes, and bone. Patients present with a pelvic mass or abnormal bleeding.


Stage IV Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: T4, Any N, M0; IVB: Any T, Any N, M1. T4: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor invading bladder or rectum. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis (excluding adnexa, pelvic, and abdominal tissues). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Benign Pilar-Associated Mesenchyme Neoplasm

A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the pilar sheath of the hair follicle.  Representative examples include fibrofolliculoma, perifollicular fibroma, pilar leiomyoma, and trichogenic myxoma.


Seminal Vesicle Mammary-Type Myofibroblastoma

An extramammary myofibroblastoma that affects the seminal vesicle.


Stage I Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor limited to the uterus.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Malignant Cervical Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix.


Skin Intermediate Fibrohistiocytic Neoplasm

A borderline fibrohistiocytic neoplasm arising from the dermis and extending to the subcutaneous tissues.


Digestive System Sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from the digestive system.


Stage III Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIA (T3a, N0, M0); IIIB (T3b, N0, M0); IIIC (T1-T3, N1, M0).  T1: Tumor limited to the uterus. T2: Tumor extends beyond the uterus, within the pelvis.  T3: Tumor infiltrates abdominal tissues.  T3a: Tumor infiltrates abdominal tissues, one side. T3b: Tumor infiltrates abdominal tissues, more than one side.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Peritoneal Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

A desmoplastic small round cell tumor that occurs in the abdominal and/or pelvic peritoneum.


Stage II Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage II includes: IIA (T1a, N0, M0, G2, G3); (T1b, N0, M0, G2, G3); IIB (T2a, N0, M0, G2); (T2b, N0, M0, G2).  T1a: Superficial tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1b: Deep tumor 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2a: Superficial tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T2b: Deep tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  G2: Grade 2.  G3: Grade 3. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Intermediate Fibroblastic Neoplasm

A locally aggressive or rarely metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the soft tissues.  It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


Gastric Lymphangioma

A lymphangioma arising from the stomach.


Bladder Malignant PEComa

A malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor arising from the bladder.


Leiomyoma, Epithelioid

A benign or malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor with epithelioid morphology.


Giant Cell Angioblastoma

A rare, slow-growing, locally aggressive soft tissue tumor characterized by the presence of oval to spindle cells forming concentric aggregates around small vessels.  Giant multinucleated cells are also present.


Undifferentiated Sarcoma, Not Otherwise Specified

An undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma which cannot be further characterized.


Stage IB Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IB includes: T1b, N0, M0.  T1b: For leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma: tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  For adenosarcoma: tumor invades to less than half of the myometrium.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Vulvar Superficial Myofibroblastoma

An uncommon benign polypoid or nodular mesenchymal neoplasm that arises in the vulvar region. It is characterized by the presence of oval or spindle-shaped cells in a collagenous stroma and is separated from the epidermis by a variably thick Grenz zone.


AIDS-Related Cervical Kaposi Sarcoma

A Kaposi sarcoma arising from the cervix in patients who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.


Laryngeal Granular Cell Tumor

A granular cell tumor that arises from the larynx.


Breast Angiolipoma

An angiolipoma that arises from the breast. The majority are located in the subcutaneous tissue overlying the breast parenchyma, rather than in breast parenchyma.


Stage IIIA Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIA includes: T3a, N0, M0.  T3a: Tumor infiltrates abdominal tissues, one side. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis.  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Skin Spindle Cell/Pleomorphic Lipoma

A spindle cell/pleomorphic lipoma arising from the skin.


Central Nervous System Angiolipoma

An angiolipoma that arises from the central nervous system.


Malignant Sinonasal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Sclerosing PEComa

A tumor with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation characterized by the presence of cords of neoplastic cells in a densely collagenous stroma.


Epithelioid Sarcoma NCI Grade 2

An epithelioid sarcoma with less than 15% necrosis.


Bladder Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the bladder. Most tumors are benign.


Uterine Corpus Central Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor

A rare uterine corpus malignant small round cell tumor with neuroglial differentiation. The prognosis is poor.


Undifferentiated Stromal Sarcoma

An infiltrating high grade mesenchymal tumor arising from the uterine corpus, cervix, vagina, and the ovary.


EBV-Positive Inflammatory Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma of the Digestive System

An inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma that occurs in the digestive system and is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus.


Gastric and Omental Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of gastric and omental gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Mixed Cell Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor composed of a mixture of neoplastic epithelioid and spindle cells.


Conventional Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma

A well differentiated extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.


Skin Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well Differentiated Liposarcoma

A rare atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma arising from the skin.


Myxoid leiomyoma

A leiomyoma characterized by the presence of abundant myxoid matrix.


Hemangioendothelioma of skin

A vascular proliferation arising from the skin.  It is characterized by the presence of prominent endothelial cells and formation of vascular channels.


Malignant Laryngeal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the larynx.


Degeneration of uterine fibroid

A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by the presence of hyalinized or myxoid stroma, edema, cystic changes, hemorrhage, and calcifications.


Undifferentiated Epithelioid Sarcoma

An undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the presence of a malignant cellular infiltrate with epithelioid morphology.


Stage IV Soft Tissue Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1, Any G.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system does not apply to pediatric GIST, familial GIST (germline mutant KIT or PDGFRA), or syndromic GIST (no AJCC staging system available). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IIIB Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: (T2, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate); (T3, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate); (T4, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate). T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but not more than 10 cm. T4: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. High Mitotic Rate: Over 5 mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Vulvar Angiomyofibroblastoma

An angiomyofibroblastoma arising from the vulva.


A morphologic variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by the presence of poorly differentiated sarcomatous components.


Vaginal Low Grade Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma

An infiltrating sarcoma that arises from the vagina.  It is characterized by the presence of cells that resemble endometrial stromal cells.


Fallopian Tube Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the fallopian tube.  Representative examples include leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma.


Stage IIIA Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: T2, N0, M0, G2, G3. T2: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm and less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 4 or 5. G3: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 6, 7, or 8. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Bladder Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the bladder.


Superficial angiomyxoma

An angiomyxoma arising from the dermis or subcutaneous tissues.  It may recur following resection.


Stage III Gastric and Omental Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate); IIIB: (T4, N0, M0, High Mitotic Rate). T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but not more than 10 cm. T4: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. High Mitotic Rate: Over 5 mitoses per 5 square millimeters, or per 50 HPF. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Resectable Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma that is amenable to surgical resection.


Epithelioid sarcoma non-metastatic

Epithelioid sarcoma that is confined to a specific site without evidence of spread to other anatomic sites.


Desmoplastic fibroblastoma

A rare benign soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of an abundant collagenous or myxocollagenous matrix, spindle-shaped, and stellate-shaped fibroblasts.  It usually presents as an asymptomatic, slowly growing subcutaneous mass. The most common sites of involvement are the upper arm, shoulder, and lower limb.


Uterine Corpus Leiomyoma, Mitotically Active Variant

A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by an increased number of mitoses (up to 19 mitoses per 10 high-powered fields).


Sinonasal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Recurrent Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma

The reemergence of soft tissue sarcoma in childhood after a period of remission.


Lacrimal Gland Myoepithelial Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the lacrimal gland. It is characterized by the presence of a malignant cellular infiltrate exhibiting myoepithelial differentiation.


Optic Nerve Sheath Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A rare solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the optic nerve sheath.


Metastatic Malignant PEComa

A malignant PEComa that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Stage IA Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma AJCC v8

Stage IA includes: T1a, N0, M0. T1a: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor limited to the uterus, measuring 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)


Central Nervous System Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm affecting the central nervous system.  It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.


An extramammary myofibroblastoma that arises from the paratesticular region.


Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities

A soft tissue sarcoma that arises from the trunk or the extremities.


Stage II Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Stage II includes: (T1, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: High); (T2, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: High); (T4, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: Low). T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm, but not more than 5 cm, in greatest dimension.  T4: Tumor more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

The reemergence of desmoplastic small round cell tumor after a period of remission.


Stromal Neoplasm

A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of stromal cells.  Representative examples include gastrointestinal stromal tumor, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and prostate stromal sarcoma.


NTRK-Rearranged Spindle Cell Neoplasm

An emerging rare group of soft tissue tumors, usually characterized by a monomorphic spindle cell infiltrate, stromal hyalinization, and frequent coexpression of S100 and CD34 by immunohistochemistry. Most tumors harbor NTRK1 fusions with a variety of partners. Rare cases involving NTRK2 and NTRK3 fusions have also been reported.


Classic Type Atypical Fibroxanthoma

A morphologic variant of atypical fibroxanthoma characterized by the presence of atypical mitotic figures, high mitotic activity, and pleomorphic cells.


Conjunctival Angiosarcoma

An angiosarcoma that arises from the conjunctiva.


Fibromatosis, Abdominal

An insidious poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the deep soft tissues of the abdomen. It is characterized by the presence of elongated spindle-shaped fibroblasts, collagenous stroma formation, and an infiltrative growth pattern.


Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation

A benign,intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm in which the line of differentiation is uncertain.  Representative examples include neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation, alveolar soft part sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, epithelioid sarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.


Benign Gastric Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing mesenchymal neoplasm of the stomach.  Representative examples include leiomyoma, lipoma, and hemangioma.


Stage IV Small Intestinal, Esophageal, Colorectal, Mesenteric, and Peritoneal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: (Any T, N1, M0, Any Mitotic Rate); (Any T, Any N, M1, Any Mitotic Rate). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Vulvar Prepubertal Fibroma

A rare, benign mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the vulvar region, usually the labia majora of prepubertal girls. It presents as a slow-growing, unilateral painless mass. It is characterized by an infiltrative growth of bland spindle cells in a collagenous, edematous, or myxoid stroma. It may recur following incomplete excision.


Prostate Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

A rare inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that arises from the prostate gland.


Locally Invasive Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis

Desmoid-type fibromatosis that has invaded the surrounding tissues.


Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma

A benign fibroblastic neoplasm that arises from acral sites, usually the periungual area of the digits.  It is characterized by the proliferation of spindled and stellate-shaped fibroblasts in the dermis in a myxoid or collagenous stroma.  Nuclear atypia is usually minimal.  It usually presents as a solitary and slow-growing dome-shaped mass on a digit. The recurrence rate is low.


Paratesticular Cellular Angiofibroma

A cellular angiofibroma that arises from the paratesticular region.


Stage IIIB Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: T3, T4, N0, M0, G2, G3. T3: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm and less than or equal to 15 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor measuring more than 15 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 4 or 5. G3: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 6, 7, or 8. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with myoid differentiation

A morphologic variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by the presence of areas of myofibroblastic differentiation.


Advanced Malignant PEComa

A malignant PEComa that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Unresectable Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage IB Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8

Stage IB includes: T2, T3, T4, N0, M0, G1, GX. T2: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm and less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm and less than or equal to 15 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor measuring more than 15 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. GX: Grade cannot be assessed. G1: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 2 or 3. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Pulmonary Artery Angiosarcoma

A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the pulmonary artery.


Appendix Kaposi Sarcoma

A rare Kaposi sarcoma that arises from the appendiceal wall.


Recurrent Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

The reemergence of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor after a period of remission.


Breast Atypical Myoepitheliosis

A neoplastic process characterized by the proliferation of spindle to cuboidal myoepithelial cells in and around small breast ducts exhibiting cytologic atypia and mitotic activity.


Angiosarcoma of the Skin of the Arm after Radical Mastectomy followed by Lymphedema

An angiosarcoma arising from the skin of the arm following radical mastectomy and resulting lymphedema.


Vaginal Deep (Aggressive) Angiomyxoma

A locally infiltrating, non-metastasizing vaginal angiomyxoma.  It may recur following resection.


Malignant Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation

A malignant soft tissue tumor in which the line of differentiation is uncertain.


Skin Myoepithelioma

A benign skin neoplasm composed exclusively of myoepithelial cells.


Intermediate Sinonasal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the sinonasal tract and is characterized by an increased risk of local recurrence and/or a low risk of metastasis.


Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor arising from the stomach.  It is characterized by a maximum diameter greater than 5 cm and equal or less than 10 cm and no more than 5 mitotic figures per 50 high power fields.


Vulvar Superficial Angiomyxoma

A vulvar angiomyxoma arising from the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. It may recur following resection.


A rare variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by plaque-like growth, resembling plaque-like CD34-positive dermal fibroma.


Prostate Malignant Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A rare malignant solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the prostate gland.


Hepatobiliary Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the hepatobiliary system.


Thyroid Gland Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma that arises from the thyroid gland.


Atypical fibroxanthoma of skin

An intermediate cutaneous mesenchymal neoplasm of uncertain differentiation, usually affecting the actinic-damaged skin of the elderly.  The tumor presents as a single cutaneous nodule which is often ulcerated.  Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of highly atypical cytologic features, pleomorphism and abundant mitotic figures. The vast majority of patients have an excellent prognosis following conservative therapy. Recurrences are infrequent, and metastasis is rare.


Skin Fibrous Histiocytoma, Fibroblastic Variant

A morphologic variant of fibrous histiocytoma of the skin. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibrohistiocytic cells and associated acanthosis.


Soft Tissue Sarcoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of soft tissue sarcoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


An epithelioid hemangioendothelioma that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Intracranial Fibrous Histiocytoma

A benign fibrous histiocytoma involving the dura or cranial bone.


Intracranial lipoma

A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm located in the intracranial region. It is a congenital hamartomatous malformation derived from the embryologic meninx primitiva.


Kaposi Sarcoma Related to Immunosuppressive Treatment

A Kaposi sarcoma that develops after immunosuppressive treatment.


Digestive System Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the digestive system. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.


Pelvic Fibromatosis

Fibromatosis that occurs in the pelvis. It affects almost always females. It is characterized by the presence of elongated spindle-shaped fibroblasts, collagenous stroma formation, and an infiltrative growth pattern. It recurs if incompletely resected but lacks metastatic potential.


Paratesticular Schwannoma

A schwannoma that arises from the paratesticular region.


Stage IIIC Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIC includes: T1-T3, N1, M0.  T1: Tumor limited to the uterus. T2: Tumor extends beyond the uterus, within the pelvis.  T3: Tumor infiltrates abdominal tissues.  N1: Regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Uterine Angiosarcoma

A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the uterus.


Stage III Uterine Corpus Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: T3a, N0, M0; IIIB: T3b, N0, M0; IIIC: T1-3, N1, M0. T1: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor limited to the uterus. T2: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor extending beyond the uterus, within the pelvis. T3: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor infiltrating abdominal tissues. T3a: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor infiltrating abdominal tissues at one site. T3b: Uterine corpus endometrial stroma sarcoma with tumor infiltrating abdominal tissues at more than one site. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVA Uterine Sarcoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: T4, Any N, M0. T4: Tumor involves bladder or rectum.  M0: No distant metastasis.  This staging applies to leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Gastric sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from the stomach. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma.


Recurrent Skin Angiosarcoma

The reemergence of skin angiosarcoma after a period of remission.


Intermediate Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation

A soft tissue tumor of uncertain differentiation which is locally aggressive but rarely metastasizes.


Uterine Corpus Sarcoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of uterine corpus sarcoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to leiomyosarcomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas, and adenosarcomas of the uterine corpus. It does not apply to carcinosarcomas which are staged according to the carcinomas and carcinosarcomas of the uterine corpus. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Cervical Low Grade Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma

A very rare sarcoma that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of cells that resemble endometrial stromal cells.


Kaposi Sarcoma NCI Grade 2

A Kaposi sarcoma with less than 15% necrosis.


Lipofibromatosis

A rare, slow-growing, painless tumor of infancy and early childhood that usually affects the distal extremities. It is characterized by the presence of alternating bands of mature adipose tissue and spindle-cell fibrous tissue, without destruction of the adipose tissue architecture. It does not metastasize, however the rate of local recurrences is high.


Malignant vascular tumor of skin

A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from blood vessels and lymphatics of the skin.


EWSR1-SMAD3-Positive Fibroblastic Tumor

A benign fibroblastic neoplasm characterized by a fusion of exon 7 of EWSR1 gene with exon 5 of SMAD3 gene. Patients usually present with a small painless superficial tumor in the hands and feet. Morphologically, there is zonation with acellular hyalinized center and peripheral proliferation of fibroblastic spindle cells without atypia. It may recur following incomplete excision.


Unresectable Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage III Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Trunk and Extremities AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T2, N0, M0, G2, G3); IIIB: (T3, T4, N0, M0, G2, G3). T2: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm and less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 10 cm and less than or equal to 15 cm in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor measuring more than 15 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis or unknown lymph node status. M0: No distant metastasis. G2: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 4 or 5. G3: Total differentiation, mitotic count and necrosis score of 6, 7, or 8. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Skin Breakdown or Decubitus Ulcer, CTCAE

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Grade 2 Skin Breakdown or Decubitus Ulcer, CTCAE


Grade 4 Skin Breakdown or Decubitus Ulcer, CTCAE


Grade 5 Skin Breakdown or Decubitus Ulcer, CTCAE


Prostate Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

An exceptionally rare neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland.  It is characterized by the presence of malignant large cells.


Postpartum Obstetric Thromboembolism

Presence of a blood clot in the maternal vascular system which originated from a distant site during the postpartum period.


Ampulla of Vater Neuroendocrine Tumor G1

A well differentiated, low grade neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the ampulla of Vater and the periampullary region. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF.


Grade 1 Intraoperative Renal Injury, CTCAE

Primary repair of injured organ/structure indicated


Osteolytic Lesions of Multiple Myeloma

A radiologic finding indicating the presence of multiple radiolucent osteolytic bone lesions observed in a patient with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma.


Solitary Lytic Metastatic Bone Lesion

A radiologic finding indicating the presence of solitary area of bone destruction that results from the spread of cancer to the bone(s).


An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.


Laryngeal Fistula

An abnormal communication between the larynx and another organ or cavity.


Pharyngocutaneous fistula

An abnormal communication between the skin and the pharynx.


Salivary Gland Fistula

An abnormal communication between a salivary gland and another organ or anatomic site.


External Auditory Canal Fistula

An abnormal communication between the external auditory canal and the adjacent tissues.


Grade 5 Oral Cavity or Gum Infection Documented Clinically or Microbiologically with Grade 3 or 4 Neutrophils, CTCAE


Locally Advanced Liposarcoma

A liposarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Liposarcoma metastatic

A liposarcoma that has metastasized to a secondary site.


Metastatic Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Advanced Myxoid Liposarcoma

A myxoid liposarcoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Myxoid liposarcoma metastatic

Myxoid liposarcoma that has spread to other anatomic sites.


Advanced Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma

A dedifferentiated liposarcoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Locally Advanced Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Advanced Liposarcoma

A liposarcoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Recurrent Multinodular and Vacuolated Neuronal Tumor

The reemergence of multinodular and vacuolated neuronal tumor following a period of remission.


Grade 5 Ovarian Infection, CTCAE

Death


Stage IV Ureter Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades adjacent organs, or through the kidney into the perinephric fat. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node, more than 2 cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Grade 5 Mucosal Infection, CTCAE

Death


Cleft Maxilla

A congenital abnormality consisting of a fissure in the midline of the upper jawbone.


Fallopian Tube Lymphoma

An exceedingly rare lymphoma that arises from the fallopian tube.


Grade 3 Lower Extremity Vein Injury, CTCAE


Grade 4 Lower Extremity Vein Injury, CTCAE


Grade 2 Lower Extremity Vein Injury, CTCAE


Grade 1 Lower Extremity Vein Injury, CTCAE


Grade 5 Lower Extremity Vein Injury, CTCAE


Gastric melanoma

A melanoma that arises from mucosa of the stomach.


The (R)-enantiomer of bromazine.


Grade 2 Oral Cavity or Gum Infection with Normal Absolute Neutrophil Count or Grade 1 or 2 Neutrophils, CTCAE


Oral Cavity or Gum Infection with Normal Absolute Neutrophil Count or Grade 1 or 2 Neutrophils, CTCAE


Grade 5 Oral Cavity or Gum Infection with Normal Absolute Neutrophil Count or Grade 1 or 2 Neutrophils, CTCAE


Grade 4 Oral Cavity or Gum Infection with Normal Absolute Neutrophil Count or Grade 1 or 2 Neutrophils, CTCAE


Grade 3 Oral Cavity or Gum Infection with Normal Absolute Neutrophil Count or Grade 1 or 2 Neutrophils, CTCAE


straight-chain fatty acid

Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.


linolenic acid

A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.


octadecadienoic acid

Any straight-chain, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid having two C=C double bonds.


2-Undecenoic acid

A 2-undecenoic acid in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration.


octadecatrienoic acid

Any trienoic fatty acid having eighteen carbons.


The (5Z,7E,9E,14Z,17Z)-isomer of icosapentaenoic acid.


Hendecenoic acid

An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 2-position.


cis-9-Undecenoic acid

The cis-isomer of 9-undecenoic acid.


Undec-9-enoic acid

An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 9-position.


8-Undecenoic acid

An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 8-position.


9-Undecenoic acid

The trans-isomer of 9-undecenoic acid.


Head and Neck Disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region.  This category includes inflammatory disorders, benign neoplasms, precancerous conditions, and malignant neoplasms.


Thyroid Gland Lipoadenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma composed of follicular structures and mature adipocytes.


Nasopharyngeal Paraganglioma

An extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the nasopharynx and nose.  Epistaxis or nasal obstruction are common presenting symptoms.


Follicular ameloblastoma

A histologic variant of solid/multicystic ameloblastoma characterized by the presence of odontogenic epithelial islands in a fibrotic stroma.


Recurrent Malignant Neoplasm of Salivary Gland

The reemergence of a malignant salivary gland neoplasm after a period of remission.


Malignant odontogenic tumor

A sarcoma that arises from tooth-forming tissues.


Salivary Gland Lipoma

A lipoma that arises from a salivary gland. It usually occurs in the parotid gland.


Sellar Neurocytoma

A rare extraventricular neurocytoma (WHO grade 2) of the hypothalamic-pituitary area. (WHO 2017)


Squamous odontogenic tumor

A rare, locally invasive neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It usually grows intraosseously in the mandible. The maxilla is less frequently involved. It is characterized by the presence of well differentiated squamous cells which form islands. Recurrences may rarely occur and probably are related to incomplete excision of the tumor.


Parotid Gland Hemangioma

A hemangioma arising from the parotid gland.


Malignant Ameloblastoma

A rare, well differentiated, cytologically benign ameloblastoma which paradoxically metastasizes.


Sellar Choriocarcinoma

A choriocarcinoma that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Oral Intraepithelial Neoplasia

A precancerous neoplastic process affecting the oral mucosa. It is characterized by the presence of dysplasia in the mucosal epithelium.


Thyroid Gland Follicular Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential

An encapsulated or well-circumscribed thyroid gland tumor composed of well-differentiated follicular cells with no nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma and with questionable capsular or vascular invasion. This is a tumor indeterminate between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. (WHO)


Non-Neoplastic Laryngeal Disorder

A non-neoplastic pathologic process that affects the larynx.  Representative examples include laryngitis, vocal cord nodule, and laryngeal cleft.


Advanced Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the head and neck region and has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Sellar Yolk Sac Tumor

A yolk sac tumor that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Head and Neck Precancerous Condition

A premalignant pathologic process that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck.  Representative examples include oral leukoplakia and leukoplakia of the vocal cords.


Non-Neoplastic Oral Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the oral cavity or the lips.


Polyp of nasal sinus

A polyp that arises from the paranasal sinus mucosa. Causes include allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, and cystic fibrosis. It is characterized by the presence of edematous tissue infiltrated by inflammatory cells, including eosinophils.


Minor Salivary Gland Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm

A rare papillary neoplasm that grows within and is limited to the duct system of the minor salivary glands. This category includes papillary cystadenoma, ductal papilloma (including the intraductal and inverted variants), sialadenoma papilliferum, and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.


Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism

Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.


Low Risk Thyroid Gland Neoplasm

A thyroid gland neoplasm in which the incidence of metastatic spread is extremely low. This category includes thyroid gland noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, thyroid gland hyalinizing trabecular tumor, and thyroid gland tumors of uncertain malignant potential.


Sellar Paraganglioma

An extremely rare paraganglioma arising from chief cells of the dispersed paraganglia of the sellar region. (WHO)


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to orbit

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the orbit from another anatomic site.


Congenital thyroid disorder

A thyroid gland disorder present at birth. It includes thyroid gland aplasia and thyroid gland hypoplasia, both result in hypothyroidism.


Sellar Immature Teratoma

An immature teratoma that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Congenital hypothyroidism with ectopic thyroid

Thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth that is associated with ectopic thyroid tissue located in the neck region.


Non-Neoplastic Nasal Cavity Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the nasal cavity.  Representative examples include rhinitis and Wegener granulomatosis.


Jugular Foramen Neoplasm

A neoplasm that affects the jugular foramen.  Representative examples include paraganglioma, schwannoma, and meningioma.


Salivary Gland Sebaceous Lymphadenoma

A rare, benign epithelial neoplasm composed of irregular proliferating nests and islands of epithelium, including solid and gland-like sebaceous elements, surrounded by lymphoid stroma. Most occur in the parotid gland. Symptoms include a progressively enlarging, painless mass.  Sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma is the malignant counterpart.


Benign Sinonasal Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Hard Palate Monomorphic Adenoma

A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the minor salivary glands in the hard palate. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic cellular infiltrate.


Malignant Parapharyngeal Neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the parapharyngeal space.


Benign Inner Ear Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the inner ear. Representative examples include vestibular schwannoma and lipoma.


Non-Neoplastic Tonsillar Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the tonsils.


Atypical Parathyroid Gland Tumor

A parathyroid gland tumor that shares certain morphologic characteristics with parathyroid gland carcinomas (e.g. broad fibrous bands formation with or without hemosiderin deposition, presence of mitotic figures) but lacks unequivocal evidence of capsular or vascular invasion. It is considered a tumor of uncertain malignant potential. (WHO)


Disorder of neck

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the neck region.  This category includes disorders of the pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland.


Metastatic Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the head and neck region and has spread to another anatomic site.


Odontogenic tumor, benign

A benign, slow growing neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It occurs in the maxillofacial skeleton or the gingiva. Representative examples include adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, and squamous odontogenic tumor.


Benign neoplasm of orbit

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the orbit.


Iatrogenic Central Hypothyroidism

Central hypothyroidism due to medical or surgical treatment.


Congenital hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, the cause of which is present at birth.


Sellar Meningioma

A rare meningioma that arises from the sellar region.


Rhinosinusitis

Inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the nose and paranasal sinuses.


Non-Neoplastic Thyroid Gland Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the thyroid gland.  Representative examples include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid gland abscess.


Parapharyngeal Neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the parapharyngeal space.


Singers' nodes

A non-neoplastic growth in the vocal cord. It is characterized by tissue swelling in both vocal cords in a symmetrical manner. It is caused by vocal abuse behavior. Hoarseness is the presenting symptom.


Nasopharyngeal Non-Neoplastic Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the nasopharynx.


Suprasellar germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor that arises from the suprasellar region.


Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma

A locally aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from odontogenic tissue. It occurs in the mandible and less often in the maxilla.  It is characterized by the presence of a malignant connective tissue component and a benign epithelial component.  The frequency of distal metastases is low.


Sellar Germinoma

A germinoma that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Ceruminous Neoplasm

An adenoma or carcinoma that arises from the ceruminous glands in the external auditory canal.


Laryngeal Precancerous Condition

A premalignant pathologic process that affects the epithelial cells of the laryngeal mucosa.


Non-Neoplastic Neck Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the neck region.  This category includes non-neoplastic disorders of the pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland.


Ameloblastic fibroma

A rare neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It usually arises from the posterior mandible. It is characterized by the presence of an epithelial component and fibromyxoid stroma. It may recur and rarely shows malignant transformation to ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. It is treated with enucleation and curettage.


Nasal Cavity Exophytic Papilloma

A benign nasal cavity exophytic papillary neoplasm with fibrovascular cores lined by epithelial cells. It arises from the lower anterior nasal septum. Clinical manifestations include nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and the presence of a mass.


Leukoplakia of lips

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white patch on the surface of the lip which cannot be characterized as any other disease.  It may be a precancerous condition and in most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Parotid monomorphic adenoma

A benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic cellular infiltrate.


Benign Anterior Tongue Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the anterior portion of the tongue.


Benign Ameloblastoma

An ameloblastoma that does not recur or metastasize.


Oral neoplasm malignant recurrent

Reemergence of a lip or oral cavity malignant neoplasm after a period of remission.


Nasopharyngeal Lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the nasopharynx.


Central Hyperthyroidism

Overproduction of thyroid hormones due to a disorder originating within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.


Thyroglobulin Deficiency

Subnormal production of thyroglobulin, the glycoprotein precursor of thyroid hormones, presumed to result from loss-of-function mutation(s) in the TG gene.


Head and Neck Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the head and neck.


sarcoma of oral cavity

A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity.  Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma and angiosarcoma.


Nasopharyngeal Hodgkin Lymphoma

A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the nasopharynx.


Smokers keratosis

A premalignant pathologic process that affects the oral mucosa.  It is associated with the use of smoked tobacco.  It appears as white lesions on the oral mucosa.  Morphologically it is characterized by the pathologic production of keratin in the mucosal epithelial surface with or without epithelial atypia.  It may reverse with the cessation of tobacco use.


Defective Thyroglobulin Transport

Impairment in the intracellular transport of thyroglobulin.


Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity malignant neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Oropharyngeal Hodgkin Lymphoma

A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the oropharynx.


Extraosseous/Peripheral Ameloblastoma

An ameloblastoma that arises from the soft tissues in the gingiva or alveolar mucosa.  It presents as a painless exophytic mass.


Head and Neck Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

A histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasm that affects the head and neck.


Locally Advanced Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the head and neck region and has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Thyroid Gland Clear Cell Follicular Adenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma composed of follicular cells with cytoplasmic clearing.


Parotid Gland Sialolipoma

A benign parotid gland neoplasm composed of mature adipose tissue and epithelial tissue.


Non-Neoplastic Parathyroid Gland Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the parathyroid glands.  Representative examples include hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.


Benign Parapharyngeal Neoplasm

A benign neoplasm that arises from the parapharyngeal space.


Sellar Mature Teratoma

A mature teratoma that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Oropharyngeal Lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the oropharynx.


Hemangioma of salivary gland

A hemangioma that arises from a salivary gland. It occurs almost exclusively in the parotid gland.


Thyroid Gland Rosai-Dorfman Disease

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy affecting the thyroid gland. It is rare and is usually accompanied by involvement of cervical lymph nodes.


Adenoma, Monomorphic

A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the salivary glands. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic cellular infiltrate.


Non-Neoplastic Middle Ear Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the middle ear.


Oral Cavity Monomorphic Adenoma

A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the salivary glands in the oral cavity. It is characterized by the presence of a monomorphic cellular infiltrate.


Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Papillary Hyperplasia

A thyroid gland adenoma characterized by the presence of papillae lined by cells that range from cuboidal to columnar. The papillae are usually cystic and non-branching. Aggregates of follicles may be found within the papillary structures.


Oropharyngeal Polyp

A benign exophytic growth that arises from the oropharynx.


Dental surface disorders

A disorder that affects the surface of the tooth.


Abscess of thyroid

A rare disorder characterized by the development of an abscess in the thyroid gland.  It usually follows an upper respiratory tract, pharyngeal, or middle ear infection.  It is usually caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus infection.  It presents with fever, pain, and neck mass.


Salivary gland adenoma

A benign adenoma that arises from the salivary gland. This group includes pleomorphic adenoma, canalicular adenoma, basal cell adenoma, and sebaceous adenoma.


Orbital Melanoma

A melanoma that arises from the structures of the orbit.


Primordial Odontogenic Tumor

A benign odontogenic tumor composed of variably cellular loose fibrous tissue with areas similar to the dental papilla, entirely surrounded by cuboidal to columnar epithelium resembling the internal epithelium of the enamel organ. It occurs intraosseously, with a marked preference for the mandible. (WHO 2017)


Mouth Mucous Membrane Leukoplakia

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white patch on the mucous membrane in the mouth which cannot be characterized as any other disease.  It may be a precancerous condition and in most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Pharyngeal Melanoma

A melanoma that arises from the mucosal surface of the pharynx.


Benign Head and Neck Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the head and neck.


Salivary Gland Lymphadenomas

A rare benign salivary gland tumor that consists of a well-circumscribed biphasic proliferation of epithelial cells and reactive lymphoid tissue. Sebaceous and non-sebaceous forms can be distinguished. (WHO 2017)


Agenesis of larynx

A congenital deformity in which there is no laryngeal structure.


Wolff-Chaikoff Phenomenon

Hypothyroidism induced by excessive levels of iodine in the blood.


ductal papilloma of salivary gland

A benign papillary neoplasm that arises from the salivary glands.  This category includes intraductal papilloma, inverted ductal papilloma, and sialadenoma papilliferum.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to lip

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the lip from another anatomic site.


Posterior Tongue Neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the base of the tongue.


Benign neoplasm of base of tongue

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the base of the tongue.


Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma

A rare neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It usually arises from the posterior mandible. It is characterized by the presence of an epithelial component, fibromyxoid stroma, and dentin formation. It is treated with enucleation and curettage. Recurrences may occur.


Basal Cell Ameloblastoma

A solid/multicystic ameloblastoma with follicular pattern in which the odontogenic epithelial islands are composed of uniform basaloid cells.


Non-Neoplastic Paranasal Sinus Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the paranasal sinuses.  Representative examples include sinusitis and mucocele.


Suppurative parotitis

Parotitis that is caused by a bacterial agent.


Sinonasal Disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.  Representative examples include inflammatory disorders, papillomas, and carcinomas.


Benign Maxillofacial Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


Non-Neoplastic External Ear Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the pinna and/or the ear canal.


Pharyngeal Mucositis

An inflammatory process affecting the mucous membrane of the pharynx.


Malignant Anterior Tongue Neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the anterior portion of the tongue.


Benign neoplasm of palate

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.


Nasopharyngeal hairy polyp

A benign polypoid lesion that arises from the nasopharynx. It usually affects neonates and older infants. It manifests as a pedunculated mass associated with cough, dyspnea, vomiting, or difficulty in swallowing. It is composed of ectoderm and mesoderm.


Recurrent Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasm

The reemergence of a malignant head and neck neoplasm after a period of remission.


Iatrogenic Primary Hypothyroidism

Primary hypothyroidism due to medical or surgical treatment.


Leukoplakia of buccal mucosa

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white patch on the buccal mucosa in the mouth which cannot be characterized as any other disease.  It may be a precancerous condition and in most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Refractory Malignant Salivary Gland Neoplasm

A malignant salivary gland neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Stage IVA Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T3-T4a, N1, M0).  T4a: Moderately advanced disease.  Tumor involves deep soft tissue, cartilage, bone, or overlying skin.  T3: Mucosal disease.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Tumor with regional lymph node metastases.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumor

A benign but locally infiltrating neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It is more often intraosseous and less frequently extraosseous and occurs in the jaw. It is characterized by the presence of ameloblastoma-like epithelium, connective tissue stroma, ghost cells, and dysplastic dentin. Wide local resection is recommended for intraosseous neoplasms and enucleation for extraosseous neoplasms.


Unresectable Craniopharyngioma

A craniopharyngioma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

A benign neoplasm that arises from the ciliated respiratory mucosa that lines the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.  It results from the invagination and proliferation of epithelial cells in the underlying stroma.  Clinical manifestations include nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and anosmia. It has the tendency to recur and extend to adjacent structures.  Inverted papillomas are occasionally associated with the development or presence of carcinomas, usually squamous cell carcinomas.


Diffuse C-Cell Hyperplasia

A non-neoplastic proliferation of morphologically bland C-cells with a diffuse growth pattern in the thyroid gland.


Malignant tumor of palate

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.


Oral Mucosa Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the oral mucosa.


Sinonasal Ameloblastoma

A locally aggressive, primarily gnathic (jaw) tumor with a high propensity for recurrence. It originates wholly within the sinonasal tract, without connection to gnathic sites, arising from sinonasal epithelium and showing histological features identical to those of its counterpart originating in the jaw. (WHO 2017)


Conventional ameloblastoma

An intraosseous ameloblastoma that arises from the jaw, usually the mandible.  It grows slowly, invades locally, and recurs frequently.  It presents with swelling of the jaw.


Head and Neck Melanocytic Neoplasm

A melanocytic neoplasm that arises from the skin or mucosal sites in the head and neck region.


Parotid Gland Sebaceous Lymphadenoma

A rare, benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland.  It is composed of irregular proliferating nests and islands of epithelium, including solid and gland-like sebaceous elements, surrounded by lymphoid stroma. Patients present with a progressively enlarging and painless mass.


Lingual Thyroid Gland

Ectopic thyroid gland located at the base of the tongue.


Hyperthyroidism with Hashimoto disease

Severe, transient hyperthyroidism associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis.


canalicular adenoma of salivary gland

A benign epithelial neoplasm primarily composed of branching and interconnecting cords of single and double-cell thick rows of columnar epithelium in a very loose stroma. It often occurs in the upper lip, where only pleomorphic adenoma is more frequent. Asymptomatic swelling of the upper lip is the most common clinical finding. It may present clinically and histologically as a multifocal lesion, a feature not generally seen with other intraoral salivary gland tumors.


Thyroid Gland Spindle Cell Follicular Adenoma

A rare thyroid gland follicular adenoma composed predominantly of spindle cells.


Middle Ear Paraganglioma

A jugulotympanic paraganglioma arising from paraganglia in the middle ear.


Thyroid Gland Schwannoma

A rare schwannoma that arises from the thyroid gland.


Dual Oxidase 2 Deficiency

Thyroid peroxidase system defect due to presumed mutation(s) in the DUOX2 gene, resulting in decreased activity of dual oxidase 2.


Transient hypothyroxinemia

Reduced concentration of thyroid hormone(s), usually associated with a non-thyroidal illness, that resolves spontaneously.


Refractory Malignant Pharyngeal Neoplasm

Malignant pharyngeal neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Non-Neoplastic Head and Neck Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region.


Laryngeal Mucositis

An inflammatory process affecting the mucous membrane of the larynx.


Benign neoplasm of bone of skull

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the bones and structures of the skull.


External Ear Actinic Keratosis

Actinic keratosis that develops in the skin of the external ear.


Non-Neoplastic Pharyngeal Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the pharynx.  Representative examples include pharyngitis and mucositis.


Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Bizarre Nuclei

A thyroid gland adenoma containing follicular cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei.  The clinical course is benign.


Defective Thyroglobulin Synthesis

Impairment in the intracellular synthesis of thyroglobulin.


Parathyroid gland abscess

An abscess that is located in the parathyroid gland(s).


Hairy leukoplakia of tongue

An epithelial hyperplasia on the surface of the tongue associated with Epstein-Barr virus and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy.


Pharyngeal Hodgkin Lymphoma

A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the pharynx.


Congenital thyroid hypoplasia

Incomplete development of the thyroid gland in a newborn.


Erythroleukoplakia

Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa that is clinically characterized by the presence of erythematous or red and white patches.


Thyroid Gland Paraganglioma

A rare, circumscribed or encapsulated neuroendocrine tumor arising from the thyroid gland. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of tumor cells arranged in a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. The reported cases have followed a benign clinical course.


Hodgkin's lymphoma of thyroid gland

An exceedingly rare Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the thyroid gland.


Refractory Malignant Oral Neoplasm

Lip or oral cavity malignant neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Non-Neoplastic Tongue Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the tongue.


Speckled oral leukoplakia

Non-homogenous leukoplakia on the oral mucosa.  It is associated with a high risk for malignant transformation.


Leukoplakia of tongue

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white patch on the surface of the tongue which cannot be characterized as any other disease.  It may be a precancerous condition and in most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Benign neoplasm of uvula

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the uvula.


Thyroid Gland Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

A rare histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasm that affects the thyroid gland.


Non-Neoplastic Salivary Gland Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the major or minor salivary glands.


Hodgkin's lymphoma of salivary gland

A very rare Hodgkin lymphoma that manifests initially in a salivary gland.


Minor Salivary Gland Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm

A rare, low-grade epithelial neoplasm with ductal differentiation that grows within and is limited to the duct system of the minor salivary glands. It is characterized by a proliferation of mucin-producing cells within the minor salivary gland ducts, intraductal accumulation of mucin, and a papillary growth pattern. Cytologic and architectural atypia and mitotic activity are present. AKT1 gene mutations have been identified in the majority of cases. Morphologically it resembles the intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas.


Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst

A benign, intraosseous or extraosseous cystic neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It is characterized by the presence of a cyst lined by an ameloblastoma-like epithelium and ghost cells formation. The ghost cells may undergo calcification. It is treated with enucleation. Few recurrences have been reported for intraosseous neoplasms whereas no recurrences have been reported for extraosseous neoplasms.


Sinonasal Lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the sinonasal tract.


Stage IVC Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Head and Neck Nevus

A benign nevus that arises from the skin in the head and neck region.


Leukoplakia of larynx

A premalignant pathologic process that affects the mucosal epithelium of the larynx.  It appears as a localized or diffuse white patch on the laryngeal mucosa.  Morphologically it is characterized by the pathologic production of keratin in the mucosal epithelial surface with or without epithelial atypia.  It may progress to or co-exist with invasive squamous cell carcinoma.


Maxillofacial Osteoblastoma

A benign bone-forming neoplasm with prominent osteoblastic rimming arising in a maxillofacial bone.


Nasopharyngeal Salivary Gland Anlage Tumor

A rare midline nasopharyngeal lesion that affects infants. It presents with respiratory distress due to nasal airway obstruction. It is a biphasic lesion characterized by the presence of epithelial and myoepithelial components. The histological features suggest that this lesion may be a hamartoma, rather than a neoplasm.


Maxillofacial Neoplasm

A neoplasm that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


Sinonasal Exophytic Papilloma

A papilloma with an exophytic growth arising from the sinonasal track.


Central odontogenic fibroma

A rare, benign, intraosseous neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues in the mandible and maxilla. It is characterized by the presence of odontogenic epithelium which is embedded in a fibrous stroma. Local enucleation of the tumor is curative.


Suprasellar Germinoma

A germinoma that arises from the suprasellar region.


Sinonasal Neurofibroma

A neurofibroma that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Orbit Paraganglioma

An extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the orbit.  Patients may present with visual disturbances or proptosis.


Maxillofacial Sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


Diffuse goiter

Enlargement of the entire thyroid gland without discrete mass(es).


Neonatal hearing impairment

An abnormality that affects hearing within the first month after birth. It may or may not result in hearing loss.


Thyroid Gland Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential

An encapsulated or well-circumscribed thyroid gland tumor composed of well-differentiated follicular cells, in which capsular or vascular invasion is indeterminate.


Nasopharyngeal Melanoma

A melanoma that arises from the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx.


Oral Cavity Adenoma

A monomorphic or pleomorphic adenoma that arises from the salivary glands in the oral cavity.


Soft Palate Benign Granular Cell Tumor

A rare benign neoplasm that arises from the soft palate.  It is characterized by the presence of plump eosinophilic cells with abundant granular cytoplasm.  The neoplastic cells extend into the surrounding tissues.  Recurrences are rare after removal of the tumor.


Thyroid Gland Mucinous Follicular Adenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma composed of follicles and characterized by the presence of abundant extracellular mucin.


Adenoma, Basal Cell

A benign epithelial neoplasm with a uniform, monomorphic appearance that is dominated by basal cells forming trabecular structures. It is rare, and occurs mostly on the parotid gland. The average age of patients has been reported to be 58 years. Swelling is the most constant clinical finding.


Iodine Deficiency Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism due to insufficient intake of iodine.


Thyroid Gland Signet Ring Cell Follicular Adenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma characterized by the presence of signet ring cells that stain positive for thyroglobulin.


Head and Neck Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the head and neck. This category includes neuroendocrine tumors, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and paragangliomas.


Thyroid Gland Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the thyroid gland focally or diffusely. It is exceedingly rare and usually occurs in patients with multifocal disease.


Pharyngeal Lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the pharynx.


Stage III Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0.  T3: Mucosal disease N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Follicular Nodular Disease

A benign, non-inflammatory, multifocal proliferation of thyroid follicular cells that results in the formation of multiple thyroid nodules. The clinical term multinodular goiter refers to the changes caused in the thyroid gland by follicular nodular disease.


neoplasm of anterior dorsal surface of tongue

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anterior portion of the tongue.


Salivary Gland Infection

A viral (such as mumps) or bacterial infectious process affecting the salivary gland. The salivary gland becomes enlarged and is often painful.


Refractory Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasm

A malignant head and neck neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


inverted ductal papilloma of salivary gland

A very rare benign tumor of the minor salivary glands, characterized by a luminal papillary proliferation that arises at the junction of the salivary gland duct and the oral mucosal surface epithelium and expands as a nodular mass into the lamina propria.  It presents as an asymptomatic mucosal swelling.


Unicystic ameloblastoma

An ameloblastoma that presents as a unilocular cyst.  It usually arises from the mandible.


Sellar ependymoma

A very rare, low-grade neoplasm that arises from the posterior pituitary. It is composed of epithelioid and oncocytic cells forming sheets and fascicles. It shows histopathological features reminiscent of ependymomas, including perivascular pseudorosettes and true rosettes. There is no evidence of necrosis or increased mitotic activity. Despite the presence of ependymal histopathological features, these neoplasms probably are not related to ependymomas. Their prognosis is unknown.


malignant neoplasm of skull

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the bones and structures of the skull.


Benign neoplasm of accessory sinus

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the paranasal sinuses.  Representative examples include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma.


Oral Cavity Myeloid Sarcoma

An extramedullary myeloid tumor that arises from the oral cavity. It occurs de novo or can precede, coincide with, or follow the presentation of acute myeloid leukemia, or can constitute blastic transformation of a myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. (WHO 2017)


Malignant Inner Ear Neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm that affects the inner ear.


Benign Skull Base Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the skull base.


Stage IVB Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: T4b, Any N, M0.  T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor involves brain, dura, skull base, lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII), masticator space, carotid artery, prevertebral space, or mediastinal structures.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Head and Neck

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the head and neck.  This may be from a primary head and neck malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Recurrent Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

The reemergence of inverted Schneiderian papilloma after a period of remission.


Thyroid Gland Hyperfunctioning Adenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma producing thyroxin.  It is associated with hyperthyroidism.  Radioactive iodine scan reveals a hot nodule.


Adult Craniopharyngioma

A craniopharyngioma that occurs during adulthood.  It can be either adamantinomatous or papillary.  The papillary histologic variant occurs virtually exclusively in adults.  Clinical signs and symptoms include visual disturbances and endocrine deficiencies.


Acquired Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, the cause of which is not present from birth.


Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Papillary Architecture

A benign, encapsulated thyroid gland neoplasm characterized by the presence of large follicles with intrafollicular papillary architecture. The cells lining the papillae are usually columnar. It is usually a cystic neoplasm and lacks nuclear atypia and capsular invasion. Psammoma bodies are not present. Activating TSHR mutations have been described in the majority of cases. In a small number of cases GNAS mutations have been identified.


Non-Neoplastic Inner Ear Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the inner ear.  Representative examples include infection and sensory hearing loss.


Thyroid Gland Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A rare solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the thyroid gland.


Oral Squamous Cell Papilloma

A benign, exophytic and polypoid growth that arises from the lips or oral cavity. It is covered by hyperplastic epithelium. Some cases are caused by human papillomavirus infection.


Odontogenic myxoma

An intraosseous odontogenic neoplasm with good prognosis, arising from the mandible and less frequently from the maxilla. It is characterized by the presence of stellate cells, myxoid stroma formation, and prominent collagen. Small tumors may be cured with enucleation. Complete excision may be required for larger tumors.