Trioxsalen

Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.

7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.


Asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction

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Digitalis toxicity by EKG

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Venography: peripheral

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pneumonia caused by gram negative bacteria


cystoid macular edema

An autosomal dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema manifesting with macular atrophy, strabismus and, sometimes, pericentral retinitis pigmentosa. It is associated with a poor visual prognosis.


baylisascariasis

An infection that is caused by the raccoon nematode Baylisascaris procyonis, which is transmitted by the ingestion of embryonated eggs in contaminated soil; symptoms depend on larval migration sites (visceral organs, eye, or brain) provoking severe inflammatory responses.


Eosinophilia

Abnormal high level of eosinophils in the blood.


Tubo-ovarian abscess

An abscess involving the distal fallopian tube and ovary. It is caused by pelvic inflammatory disease or other infections.


allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare immunologic pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus, clinically manifesting with poorly controlled asthma and recurrent pulmonary infiltrates.


disruptive behavior disorder

A mental disorder that includes conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Features may include frequent aggression, deceitfulness, and defiance, and often persist through the lifespan.


inherited lipid metabolism disorder

An inherited metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency, resulting in an inability to oxidize fatty acids for energy production.


Rift valley fever

Rift Valley fever (RVF), caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is an arbovirus characterized by a usually self-limiting febrile illness but that in some cases can also manifest with thrombosis, vision loss, hemorrhages and/or neurological symptoms.


trichuriasis

An infection that is caused by the nematode Trichuris trichiura, a soil-transmitted helminth, which is transmitted via food and/or water contaminated with the eggs of the worm. Symptoms are usually mild and include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and possibly anemia secondary to blood loss in diarrhea.


Ursodeoxycholic acid

An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.

A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.


tinea barbae

A dermatophytosis that involves the beard.


Chloroxine

A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.


Oxamniquine

An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121)

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.


schistosomiasis

An infectious disease caused by parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma that colonize human blood vessels and release eggs that can cause granulomatous reactions leading to acute (swimmer's itch or acute schistosomiasis syndrome) or chronic disease. Depending on where the eggs lodge, manifestations of chronic schistosomiasis can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, anemia (intestines), hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension (liver), urogenital inflammation and scarring, hematuria and dysuria (genitourinary system). Other patients may be asymptomatic.


venous insufficiency

Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with edema and sometimes with venous stasis ulcers at the ankle.


acute monocytic leukemia

Acute monoblastic leukemia (AML-M5), is one of the most common subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is either comprised of more than 80% of monoblasts (AML-M5a) or 30-80% monoblasts with (pro)monocytic differentiation (AML-M5b). AML-M5 presents with asthenia, pallor, fever, and dizziness. Specific features of AML-M5 include hyperleukocytosis, propensity for extramedullary infiltrates, coagulation abnormalities including disseminated intravascular coagulation and neurological disorders. Leukemia cutis and gingival infiltration can also be seen. A characteristic translocation observed in AML-M5 is t(9;11).


Dextrothyroxine

The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.

The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.


Nitrogen

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

An elemental molecule consisting of two trivalently-bonded nitrogen atoms.


Hexachlorophene

A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)

An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.


vaginitis

A non-infectious or infectious inflammatory process affecting the vagina.


Tetany

A condition characterized by intermittent involuntary contraction of muscles (spasms) related to hypocalcemia or occasionally magnesium deficiency.


methylmalonic acidemia

A rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by mutations of the MUT, MMAA, MMAB, MMADHC, and MCEE genes. It is characterized by abnormalities in the metabolism of lipids and proteins. Signs and symptoms usually appear early in life and vary from mild to life threatening. They include vomiting, dehydration, hypotonia, developmental delays, hepatomegaly, lethargy, intellectual disabilities, and chronic kidney disease.


Metyrapone

An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.

An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.


respiratory syncytial virus infectious disease

Infection with the respiratory syncytial virus, an RNA virus of the genus Pneumovirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae, which is characterized by the formation of syncytia in tissue culture. It causes minor respiratory infection with rhinitis and cough in adults, but is capable of causing severe bronchitis and bronchopneumonia in young children.


chorioamnionitis

A morphologic finding indicating inflammation of the fetal sac membranes. It is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration of the amnion and chorion.


tyrosinemia type I

Tyrosinemia type 1 (HTI) is an inborn error of tyrosine catabolism caused by defective activity of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) and is characterized by progressive liver disease, renal tubular dysfunction, porphyria-like crises and a dramatic improvement in prognosis following treatment with nitisinone.


Fosfomycin

An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.

A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.


Paroxysmal hypertension

Hypertension that presents intermittently.


Respiratory alkalosis

Alkalosis due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body.


esotropia

A form of strabismus in which one or both eyes are deviated medially.


Carbocysteine

A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.

An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


Brill-Zinsser disease

A delayed relapse of epidemic typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii.


Spinal cord compression

External mechanical compression of the spinal cord.


nephrocalcinosis

Nephrocalcinosis is a disorder that occurs when too much calcium is deposited in the kidneys. It commonly occurs in premature infants. Individuals may not have symptoms or may have symptoms related to thecondition causing nephrocalcinosis. If kidney stones are present, symptoms may include blood in the urine, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, and severe pain in the belly area, sides of the back (flank), groin, or testicles. Later symptoms may be associated with chronic kidney failure. It may be caused by use of certain medications or supplements, infection, or any condition that leads to high levels of calcium in the blood or urine including hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, Alport syndrome, Bartter syndrome,and a variety of other conditions. Some of the underlying disorders that can cause nephrocalcinosis are genetic, with the inheritance pattern depending on the specific disorder. Treatment differs depending on the cause of nephrocalcinosis and often aims to prevent more calcium from being deposited in the kidneys.


Threonine

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

An optically active form of threonine having L-configuration.


acrodermatitis enteropathica

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare inherited inborn error of metabolism resulting in a severe zinc deficiency and characterized by acral dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea and growth failure.


patent ductus arteriosus

A congenital defect characterized by the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close soon after birth. As a consequence, blood from the aorta mixes with blood from the pulmonary artery. If untreated, it may lead to congestive heart failure.


paratyphoid fever

A condition resembling typhoid fever that is caused by infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Parathyphi.


Puerperal endometritis

Infection of the endometrium, decidua and/or myometrium occurring at any time between birth and 42 days postpartum.


Amlexanox

The mechanism of action by which amlexanox accelerates healing of aphthous ulcers is unknown. In vitro studies have demonstrated amlexanox to be a potent inhibitor of the formation and/or release of inflammatory mediators (histamine and leukotrienes) from mast cells, neutrophils and mononuclear cells.

A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.


cervicofacial actinomycosis

A form of actinomycosis characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses.


Clofibrate

A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III and severe HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986)

The ethyl ester of clofibric acid.


acute papillary necrosis

Acute form of kidney papillary necrosis.


epidemic louse-borne typhus

A gram-negative bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. It is spread by lice infected with the bacteria. Signs and symptoms include sudden headache, generalized muscle pain, malaise, and macular skin lesions. The infection may affect the central nervous system causing encephalitis.


Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome


trichostrongylosis

Infestation with nematode worms of the genus trichostrongylus. Humans become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.


neoplastic meningitis

Metastatic neoplasm in which the tumor cells spread to leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid) and subarachnoid space. The most common primary tumors metastasizing to the leptomeninges are breast and lung carcinomas, melanoma, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia.


nocturnal enuresis

Urination during sleep.


Tubocurarine chloride

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.


Carglumic acid

carglumic acid could be helpful in lowering plasma ammonia levels over 400 micromol/L more rapidly

A urea that is the N-carbamoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. An orphan drug used to treat a deficiency in the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, which leads to acute hyperammonaemia.


Barbital

A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression.

A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).


tooth disorder

A disease involving the calcareous tooth.


vernal keratoconjunctivitis

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, severe allergy that affectsthe surfaces of the eyes. It most commonly occurs in boys living in warm, dry climates. Attacks associated with VKC are common in the spring (hence the name 'vernal') and summer but often reoccur in the winter. Signs and symptoms usually begin before 10 years of age and may include hard, cobblestone-like bumps (papillae) on the upper eyelid; sensitivity to light; redness; sticky mucus discharge; andinvoluntary blinking or spasms of the eyelid (blepharospasm).The condition usually subsides at the onset of puberty. It is caused by ahypersensitivity (allergic reaction)to airborne-allergens. Management focuses on preventing 'flare ups' and relieving the symptoms of the condition.


Oleandomycin

Antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus.


brain aneurysm

A congenital or acquired aneurysm within the cranium.


candidiasis

Infection with the organism Candida.


Methoxamine

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.

An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .


Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of episodic atrial tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


islet cell adenomatosis

A sporadic or inherited disorder characterized by the focal or diffuse proliferation of the cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It results in hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia.


pertussis

A contagious bacterial respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe and uncontrollable cough, resulting in a whooping sound during breathing following the cough.


Broncho-esophageal fistula

An abnormal connection between a bronchus and the esophagus.


Phenylbutazone

A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.

A member of the class of  pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.


ectopic pregnancy

An abnormal pregnancy in which the conception is implanted outside the endometrial cavity.


interstitial cystitis

A rare chronic debilitating urogenital disease characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain.


Atypical absence seizure

An atypical absence seizure is a type of generalised non-motor (absence) seizure characterised by interruption of ongoing activities and reduced responsiveness. In comparison to a typical absence seizure, changes in tone may be more pronounced, onset and/or cessation may be less abrupt, and the duration of the ictus and post-ictal recovery may be longer. Although not always available, an EEG often demonstrates slow (<3 Hz), irregular, generalized spike-wave activity.


Abdominal pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the abdomen.


Lupus anticoagulant disorder

A hypercoaguable state that results from the presence of the immunoglobulin known as Lupus Anticoagulant. The antibody interacts with cell membrane phospholipids, causing increased aggregation and adhesion of platelets, which causes increased clot formation. Though the majority of patients who test positive for lupus anticoagulant do not have lupus, those individuals afflicted with lupus have a higher probability of developing the antibody.


Cidofovir

An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.

Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.


acute gonococcal epididymo-orchitis

Acute form of gonococcal epididymo-orchitis.


hereditary thrombophilia due to congenital protein C deficiency

Congenital protein C deficiency is an inherited coagulation disorder characterized by deep venous thrombosis symptoms due to reduced synthesis and/or activity levels of protein C.


Prolonged PR interval

Increased time for the PR interval (beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex).


night blindness

Inability to see clearly in dim light.


Docosanol

A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


Vidarabine

A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.

A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


mycotic endocarditis

An endocarditis (disease) caused by infection with Fungi.


uterine anomalies

An abnormality of the uterus.


Alcaftadine

Alcaftadine is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist and inhibitor of the release of histamine from mast cells. Decreased chemotaxis and inhibition of eosinophil activation has also been demonstrated.

An imidazobenzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][3]benzazepine substituted at position 3 by a formyl group and at position 11 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. An antihistamine used for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.


thyroid gland carcinoma

A carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland. It is usually an adenocarcinoma and includes the following main subtypes: follicular, papillary, medullary, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic.


Aluminum Chloride

A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.


Natamycin

Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.

A macrolide antibiotic that has formula C33H47NO13, produced by several Streptomyces species including Streptomyces natalensis. It exhibits broad spectrum antifungal activity and used in eye drops, and as a food preservative, and also as a postharvest biofungicide for citrus and other fruit crops.


Netilmicin

Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.


allergic cutaneous vasculitis

Inflammation of the small vessels of the skin that is mediated by the immune system.


neonatal thyrotoxicosis

A hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, weight loss, and moist skin that is caused by the elevation of thyroid hormone levels in the serum of the newborn infant or thyroid-axis receptor activation, most commonly due to transplacental passage of thyroid stimulating globulins.


parasomnia, sleepwalking type

A disorder in which a series of complex behaviors are initiated during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep and result in walking during sleep. It is a parasomnia, defined as a clinical disorder resulting in undesirable physical phenomena that occur predominantly during sleep. Parasomnias are not abnormalities of the processes responsible for sleep and wake states. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood (up to 26%), and usually resolves in adolescence; however, it can persist into adulthood (3%).


congenital non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma

A variant of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), a rare epidermal disease, characterized by fine, whitish scales on a background of erythematous skin over the whole body.


Ranolazine

An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.


hypertrichosis of eyelid

A hypertrichosis (disease) that involves the eyelid.


glucose intolerance

The inability to regulate blood glucose levels resulting in hyperglycemia.


Antepartum hemorrhage

Significant maternal hemorrhage/bleed in the second half of pregnancy and prior to the birth of the baby.


Alpha-Tocopherol

A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.

An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.


Urinary hesitancy

Difficulty in beginning the process of urination.


omphalitis

Inflammation of the umbilical cord stump in newborns.


Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.

A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group.


Potassium Acetate

A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.

A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions


Glucantime

ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.


Influenza due to Influenza virus, type B


Malignant melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation


male infertility

The inability of the male to effect fertilization of an ovum after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.


dracunculiasis

Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) characterized by a painful burning skin lesion from which the Dracunculus medinensis parasite emerges approximately 1 year after infection resulting from consumption of unsafe drinking water containing parasite-infected copepods (Cyclops spp., microcrustacea also called water fleas).


radiodermatitis

A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to biologically effective levels of ionizing radiation.


obstructive hydrocephalus

An abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain that occurs as a consequence of an obstruction at any location within the ventricular system that prevents cerebrospinal fluid flowing into the subarachnoid space.


Trilostane

inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome

An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.


Staphylococcal enterocolitis

Gastroenteritis resulting from an infection with Staphylococcus aureus.


Pulmonary artery stenosis

An abnormal narrowing or constriction of the pulmonary artery, in the main pulmonary artery and/or in the left or right pulmonary artery branches.


Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive (AR) disorder characterized by the formation and hyperexcretion of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) in urine, causing urolithiasis and crystalline nephropathy.


holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency

A life-threatening early-onset form of multiple carboxylase deficiency, an inborn error of biotin metabolism, that, if untreated, is characterized by vomiting, tachypnea, irritability, lethargy, exfoliative dermatitis, and seizures that can worsen to coma.


Cardiomegaly

Increased size of the heart, clinically defined as an increased transverse diameter of the cardiac silhouette that is greater than or equal to 50% of the transverse diameter of the chest (increased cardiothoracic ratio) on a posterior-anterior projection of a chest radiograph or a computed tomography.


Dementia associated with Parkinson's Disease


Mephentermine

A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.


gestational diabetes

Carbohydrate intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy.


Wheezing

A high-pitched whistling sound associated with labored breathing.


Sermorelin

The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.

A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).


intracranial embolism

Blocking of a blood vessel in the skull by an embolus which can be a blood clot (thrombus) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with heart diseases. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with vascular diseases.


Odynophagia

Pain experienced with swallowing.


lipodystrophy

A congenital or acquired disorder characterized by abnormal loss or redistribution of the adipose tissue in the body.


CUPRIC CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS

An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.


herpes simplex encephalitis

Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is caused by the infection of the central nervous system by Herpes simplex virus (HSV) that could have a devastating clinical course and a potentially fatal outcome particularly with delay or lack of treatment. HSV often involves the frontal and temporal lobes, usually asymmetrically, resulting in personality changes, cognitive impairment, aphasia, seizures, and focal weakness.


Copper sulfate pentahydrate

A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.

The pentahydrate of copper(2+) sulfate. A bright blue crystalline solid.


Guanadrel

A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).


Phenol red

Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.

3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.


myeloid neoplasm associated with PDGFRA rearrangement

A rare, malignant, neoplastic disease characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid and/or lymphoid precursors harboring rearrangements in the PDGFRA gene, in the blood, bone marrow and often other tissues as well (spleen, lymph nodes, skin, etc.). It usually presents as chronic eosinophilic leukemia or, less commonly, as acute myeloid leukemia or T-lymphoblastic leukemia with eosinophilia. Patients usually present with eosinophilia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, fever, sweating and/or weight loss. Tissue infiltration by eosinophils can manifest with skin rash, erythema, cough, neurological alterations, gastrointestinal symptoms or, rarely, endomyocardial fibrosis and restrictive cardiomyopathy.


multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN2A) syndrome is a form of MEN2 characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in combination with pheochromocytoma and primary mild hyperparathyroidism resulting from hyperplasia or adenoma of the parathyroid cells.


eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include eosinophilia, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn wd, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)


congenital toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma infection that is present from birth.


Benzonatate

The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.


central nervous system cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the central nervous system


Decreased circulating carnitine concentration

Concentration of carnitine in the blood circulation below the lower limit of normal.


loiasis

Loiasis is a form of filariasis (see this term), caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa, endemic to the forest and savannah regions of Central and Western Africa. Loiasis may either be asymptomatic or manifest as a large, transient area of localized, non-erythematous subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings), adult worm migration through the sub-conjunctiva (''African eye worm'') and pruritus. Generalized itching, hives, muscle pains, arthralgias, fatigue, and adult worms visibly migrating under the surface of the skin may be observed. Severe complications such as encephalopathy have been reported in highly infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.


hyperostosis

Excessive thickening of bone.


Left bundle branch block

A conduction block of the left branch of the bundle of His. This manifests as a generalized disturbance of QRS morphology on EKG.


Emedastine

1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.


Thiethylperazine

A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457)

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is perazine substituted by a ethylsulfanyl group at position 2.


Ethinamate

short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85)

A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.


Intrathecal injection of chemotherapeutic agent


vitamin A deficiency

Deficiency of vitamin A due to malnutrition, malabsorption, or dietary lack. It is manifested with reduced night vision, night blindness, and xerophthalmia.


gnathomiasis

An infection that is caused by nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma, which is commonly found in Southeast Asia, and which is transmitted via the consumption of contaminated raw/undercooked birds, eels, fish, frogs, or reptiles. The pattern of symptoms is species-dependent, and extraintestinal manifestations are due to larval migration (e.g., pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilic meningitis, or painful, pruritic subcutaneous swellings, and peripheral blood eosinophilia).


Moricizine

An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.

A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.


spinal cord injury

Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).


Pancreatic fistula

An abnormal communication between the pancreas and another organ or cavity.


Troglitazone

A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.


galactosemia

Galactosemia is a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders characterized by impaired galactose metabolism resulting in a range of variable manifestations encompassing a severe, life-threatening disease (classic galactosemia), a rare mild form (galactokinase deficiency) causing cataract, and a very rare form with variable severity (galactose epimerase deficiency) resembling classic galactosemia in the severe form.


Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances and dementia.


Pelvic abscess

An abscess that is located in the pelvic cavity.


Low levels of vitamin B1

A reduced concentration of vitamin B1.


Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency isaconditionin which the body cannot break down the nucleotides thymine and uracil. DPD deficiency can have a wide range of severity; some individuals may have various neurological problems, while others have no signsand symptoms. Signs and symptoms in severely affected individuals begin in infancy and may include seizures, intellectual disability, microcephaly, increased muscle tone (hypertonia), delayed motor skills, and autistic behavior. All individuals with the condition, regardless of the presence or severity of symptoms, are at risk for severe, toxic reactions to drugs called fluoropyrimidines which are used to treat cancer. Individuals with no symptoms may be diagnosed only by laboratory testing or after exposure to fluoropyrimidines. DPD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DPYD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.


cervicitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the cervix. Causes include sexually transmitted diseases and bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations include abnormal vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge.


acute myelomonocytic leukemia M4

An acute leukemia characterized by the proliferation of both neutrophil and monocyte precursors. (WHO, 2001)


Benzyl Alcohol

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.


Pediculus humanus corporis infestation

A infectious disease involving the Pediculus humanus corporis.


Isosorbide

1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.


Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma

An ichthyosiform abnormality of the skin with congenital onset.


latent early syphilis

Latent syphilis when infection was acquired less than twelve months previously.


subcorneal pustular dermatosis

A rare, benign, chronic disease characterized by sterile pustular eruption, typically involving the flexural sites of the trunk and proximal extremities.


hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Abnormal ovarian or testicular function due to insufficient hormonal stimulation from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.


erythrasma

A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.


osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) comprises a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by increased bone fragility, low bone mass, and susceptibility to bone fractures with variable severity.


malignant urinary system neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the urinary system. Common tumor types include carcinomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.


Ectopic ossification

Formation of abnormal, extraskeletal bony tissue, i.e., the presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist.


choroiditis

An inflammatory process that affects the choroid.


Pseudophakia

The term pseudophakia refers to having an artificial lens implanted after the natural eye lens has been removed. During cataract surgery the natural cloudy lens is replaced by an pseudophakia intraocular lens (IOL).


adrenoleukodystrophy

A peroxisomal disorder resulting in cerebral demyelination, axonal dysfunction in the spinal cord leading to spastic paraplegia, adrenal insufficiency and in some cases testicular insufficiency.


hydroa vacciniforme

A rare skin disorder of unknown etiology affecting children. It is a photodermatitis, characterized by the formation of vesicles and scarring on sun exposed areas.


dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare infiltrating soft tissue sarcoma, generally of low grade malignancy, arising from the dermis of the skin and characteristically associated with a specific chromosomal translocation t(17;22).


esophageal varices with bleeding

Bleeding from esophageal varices.


interstitial nephritis

Inflammation of the renal tubules and supporting tissues of the kidney.


Mazindol

Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.


Herpes zoster with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)


multifocal atrial tachycardia

Multifocal atrial tachycardia is a rare supraventricular arrhythmia in neonates and young infants that is characterized by multiple P waves with varying P wave morphology and is usually asymptomatic.


Tocainide

An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.

A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.


diphtheritic myocarditis

An myocarditis caused by infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae.


blackwater fever

A complication of malaria resulting from hemolysis.


Nummular eczema

A type of eczema characterized by pruritic coin-shaped patches on the skin. Nummular eczema most commonly occurs on the extremities, particularly the legs, but may occur anywhere on the trunk, hands, or feet


Buclizine

An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.


sitosterolemia

A rare autosomal recessive sterol storage disease characterized by the accumulation of phytosterols in the blood and tissues. Clinical manifestations include xanthomas, arthralgia and premature atherosclerosis. Hematological manifestations include hemolytic anemia with stomatocytosis and macrothrombocytopenia. The disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in ABCG5 (2p21) and ABCG8 (2p21) genes.


bartonellosis

An infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus Bartonella.


Toothache

A painful sensation originating from a tooth.


Selective decontamination of the digestive tract


giant papillary conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis that is associated with contact lens wear, and which is characterized by giant papillae in the tarsal conjunctiva.


Pelvic inflammatory disease due to Mycoplasma hominis


Bartter syndrome

Bartter syndrome is a group of rare renal tubular disease characterized by impaired salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and clinically by the association of hypokalemic alkalosis, hypercalciuria/nephrocalcinosis, increased levels of plasma renin and aldosterone, low blood pressure and vascular resistance to angiotensin II.


capillary leak syndrome

A syndrome characterized by leakage of intravascular fluids into the extravascular space. This syndrome is observed in patients who demonstrate a state of generalized leaky capillaries following shock syndromes, low-flow states, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, toxemias, medications, or poisoning. It can lead to generalized edema and multiple organ failure.


Bepotastine

An ether that is (S)-(4-chlorophenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a 1-(3-carboxypropyl)piperidin-4-yl group. A topical, selective and non-sedating histamine (H1) receptor antagonist used (as its benzenesulfonate salt) for treatment of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.


Paroxysmal tachycardia

An electrocardiographic finding of episodic tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


malignant glioma

A grade III or grade IV glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.


subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus

Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) is a form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) that can present either as a non-scarring, annular photo-distributed dermatosis or psoriasiform plaques. SCLE is associated with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and can be drug-induced.


Verruca plana

Slightly raised wart 2-5 mm in diameter often associated with viral infections, commonly persistent in immunodeficient individuals.


exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Inability of the exocrine pancreas to produce and secrete an adequate amount of digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Patients present with symptoms of malabsorption syndrome, abdominal discomfort, and bloating. Causes include chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune disorders.


glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency (GDD) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder clinically characterized by encephalopathic crises resulting in striatal injury and a severe dystonic dyskinetic movement disorder.


hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

A disorder caused by hantaviruses of the family Bunyaviridae. It is transmitted by rodents and is manifested with fever, hemorrhage, and renal failure. Other symptoms include headaches, abdominal and back pain, and blurred vision.


breast fibrocystic disease

Fibrosis associated with cyst formation in the breast parenchyma.


Contact dermatitis caused by urushiol from Pacific poison oak


Testolactone

An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.


altitude sickness

Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high altitude.


bacterial meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria


croup

Acute upper respiratory airways infection that results in the swelling of the larynx. It is usually caused by parainfluenza viruses. Signs include a characteristic barking cough and stridor.


opisthorchiasis

Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.


Metocurine

from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr


multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

A disorder of fatty acid and amino acid oxidation, caused by mutations in ETFDH, ETFA, or ETFB, and is a clinically heterogeneous disorder ranging from a severe neonatal presentation with metabolic acidosis, cardiomyopathy and liver disease, to a mild childhood/adult disease with episodic metabolic decompensation, muscle weakness, and respiratory failure.


ocular pemphigoid

Ocular pemphigoid is a rare inflammatory eye disease characterized by sub-epithelial blistering manifesting with bilateral, asymmetrical, chronic or recurrent conjunctivitis and aberrant tissue regeneration leading to progressive conjunctival fibrosis, secondary corneal vascularization and, in some cases, blindness. Patients typically present with conjunctival redness, increased lacrimation, burning and/or foreign body sensation, edema, limbitis and/or varying degrees of ocular pain. Ankyloblepharon may be observed in end stages of the disease.


Renal transplant rejection

A sudden immune response occurring after transplantation, directed against donor kidney alloantigens.


Hyperplasia of the endometrium

A proliferation of the endometrial cells resulting in glandular enlargement and budding. The proliferation may or may not be associated with atypia of the endometrial cells. When the hyperplastic changes are excessive, there is formation of complex epithelial structures (complex endometrial hyperplasia).


Calcium Carbonate

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.


imperforate anus

A congenital birth defect characterized by the absence of a normal anal opening. It may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.


actinic cheilitis

Cheilitis due to chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It may increase the risk for the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip.


Pargyline

A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.


trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia is a nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric-shock-like pain in parts of the face. The pain lasts a few seconds to a few minutes, and usually on only one side of the face. It can also cause muscle spasms in the face the same time as the pain. The pain may result from a blood vessel pressing against the trigeminal nerve (the nerve that carries pain, feeling, and other sensations from the brain to the skin of theface), as a complication of multiple sclerosis, or due to compression of the nerve by a tumor or cyst. In some cases, the cause is unknown. Treatment options include medicines, surgery, and complementary approaches.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex, corticospinal tracts, brainstem and spinal cord.


Pemoline

A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.

A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.


rheumatoid vasculitis

Necrotizing VASCULITIS of small and medium size vessels, developing as a complication in RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients. It is characterized by peripheral vascular lesions, cutaneous ulcers, peripheral gangrene, and mononeuritis multiplex.


acute erythroid leukemia

An acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a predominant immature erythroid population. There are two subtypes recognized: erythroleukemia and pure erythroid leukemia. (WHO, 2001)


invasive ductal breast carcinoma

The most common type of invasive breast carcinoma, accounting for approximately 70% of breast carcinomas. The gross appearance is usually typical with an irregular stellate outline. Microscopically, randomly arranged epithelial elements are seen. When large sheets of malignant cells are present, necrosis may be seen. With adequate tissue sampling, in situ carcinoma can be demonstrated in association with the infiltrating carcinoma. The in situ component is nearly always ductal but occasionally may be lobular or both.


lichen planus, oral

A chronic, autoimmune inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes in the oral cavity that affects approximately two percent of the population and is most often seen in middle aged women. It is characterized by white, lacy patches; red, swollen tissue; papules and plaques; or open sores. The lesions are typically bilateral.


Glycerin

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, or sweetening agent.

A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.


Vitreous hemorrhage

Bleeding within the vitreous compartment of the eye.


Gait disturbance

The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk. In general, this can refer to neurological diseases but also fractures or other sources of pain that is triggered upon walking. However, in the current context gait disturbance refers to difficulty walking on the basis of a neurological or muscular disease.


lymphedema

Excess fluid collection in tissues, causing swelling. It is the result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.


hyperaldosteronism

Overproduction of aldosterone by the adrenal glands, which may lead to hypokalemia and/or hypernatremia.


ligneous conjunctivitis

Ligneous conjunctivitis (LC) is a rare form of chronic conjunctivitis characterized by the recurrent formation of pseudomembranous lesions most commonly on the palpebral surfaces. It is most frequently reported as a clinical manifestation of severe homozygous or compound-heterozygous hypoplasminogenemia.


toxic amblyopia

A condition where a toxic reaction in the optic nerve results in visual loss. Various poisonous substances may cause the condition as well as nutritional factors.


Premature epimetaphyseal fusion

Stop of growth at the epiphyseal plate the hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone, at an earlier than normal age, resulting in growth arrest and shortening of the involved bone.


Uterine perforation by intrauterine contraceptive device


Apathy

Apathy is a quantitative reduction of motivation and the initiation and persistence of goal-directed behavior, where the accompanying emotions, thoughts, and social interactions are also suppressed.


Ketotifen

A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.


carcinoid crisis

A life-threatening complication of carcinoid syndrome, and is generally found in people who already have carcinoid syndrome. The crisis may occur suddenly, or it can be associated with stress, chemotherapy, or anesthesia.


Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a systemic disease associated with the proliferation and accumulation (usually in granulomas) of Langerhans cells in various tissues.


Sickle Cell Trait

An individual who is heterozygous for the mutation that causes sickle cell anemia.


high output heart failure

High-output heart failure is a heart condition that occurs when the cardiac output is higher than normal.


Enzalutamide

Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor that acts on different steps in the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Enzalutamide has been shown to competitively inhibit androgen binding to androgen receptors and inhibit androgen receptor nuclear translocation and interaction with DNA. A major metabolite, N‑desmethyl enzalutamide, exhibited similar in vitro activity to enzalutamide. Enzalutamide decreased proliferation and induced cell death of prostate cancer cells in vitro, and decreased tumor volume in a mouse prostate cancer xenograft model.

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{3-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-1-yl}-2-fluorobenzoic acid with methylamine. Used for the treatment of of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.


Tofacitinib

Tofacitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. JAKs are intracellular enzymes which transmit signals arising from cytokine or growth factor-receptor interactions on the cellular membrane to influence cellular processes of hematopoiesis and immune cell function. Within the signaling pathway, JAKs phosphorylate and activate Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) which modulate intracellular activity including gene expression. Tofacitinib modulates the signaling pathway at the point of JAKs, preventing the phosphorylation and activation of STATs.

A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.


Tafluprost

a prostaglandin analog is a selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist which is believed to reduce intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow

A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.


Axitinib

A benzamide and indazole derivative that acts as a TYROSINE KINASE inhibitor of the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of advanced RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.

An indazole substituted at position 3 by a 2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl group and at position 6 by a 2-(N-methylaminocarboxy)phenylsulfanyl group. Used for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of a first line systemic treatment.


Ingenol mebutate

protein kinase C agonist and antineoplastic


Vismodegib

inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid and the anilino group of 4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)aniline. Used for the treatment metastatic basal cell carcinoma.


Lucinactant

a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid; Aerosurf is for inhalation


Strontium ranelate

an uncoupling agent containing strontium prevents bone loss by depressing bone resorption & maintaining bone formation in estrogen-deficient rats


Stibophen

antimony compound used as treatment of schistosomiasis


Teduglutide

an analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) preserves mucosal integrity by promoting repair and normal growth of the intestine through an increase of villus height and crypt depth

A 33-membered polypeptide consisting of His, Gly, Asp, Gly, Ser, Phe, Ser, Asp, Glu, Met, Asn, Thr, Ile, Leu, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ala, Ala, Arg, Asp, Phe, Ile, Asn, Trp, Leu, Ile, Gln, Thr, Lys, Ile, Thr and Asp residues joined in sequence. A  glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.


Lomitapide

an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor

A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.


Apixaban

Apixaban is a selective inhibitor of FXa. It does not require antithrombin III for antithrombotic activity. Apixaban inhibits free and clot-bound FXa, and prothrombinase activity. Apixaban has no direct effect on platelet aggregation, but indirectly inhibits platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. By inhibiting FXa, apixaban decreases thrombin generation and thrombus development.

A pyrazolopyridine that is 7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted at position 1 by a 4-methoxyphenyl group and at position 6 by a 4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl group. It is used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases.


4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.


Methylprednisolone acetate

Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.


perennial allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis caused by indoor allergens and lasting year round.


Dabrafenib

Dabrafenib is an inhibitor of some mutated forms of BRAF kinases with in vitro IC50 values of 0.65, 0.5, and 1.84 nM for BRAF V600E, BRAF V600K, and BRAF V600D enzymes, respectively. Dabrafenib also inhibits wild-type BRAF and CRAF kinases with IC50 values of 3.2 and 5.0 nM, respectively, and other kinases such as SIK1, NEK11, and LIMK1 at higher concentrations. Some mutations in the BRAF gene, including those that result in BRAF V600E, can result in constitutively activated BRAF kinases that may stimulate tumor cell growth. Dabrafenib inhibits cell growth of various BRAF V600 mutation-positive tumors in vitro and in vivo.

An organofluorine compound and antineoplastic agent, used as its mesylate salt in treatment of metastatic melanoma.


Trametinib

a reversible inhibitor of mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 activation and of MEK1 and MEK2 kinase activity. MEK proteins are upstream regulators of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway, which promotes cellular proliferation

A pyridopyrimidine that is used (as its dimethyl sulfoxide addition compound) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, and who have not received prior BRAF inhibitor treatment.


Carbetocin

carbetocin selectively binds to oxytocin receptors in the smooth muscle of the uterus, stimulates rhythmic contractions of the uterus, increases the frequency of existing contractions, and raises the tone of the uterus musculature

Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.


Obidoxime chloride

Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.


Trabectedin

A complex structure that includes isoquinolines joined by a cyclic ester; it is a DNA-binding agent and guanine N2 alkylator derived from the marine tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata. Trabectedin is used for the treatment of advanced soft-tissue SARCOMA, after failure of ANTHRACYCLINES or IFOSFAMIDE drug therapy.

A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from a Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Used for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed ovarian cancer.


Bosutinib

a 4-anilino-3-quinolinecarbonitrile dual inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases

An aminoquinoline that is 4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline bearing additional cyano and methoxy substituents at positions 3 and 6 respectively.


Crizotinib

Crizotinib is an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases including ALK, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (HGFR, c-Met), ROS1 (c-ros), and Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON). Translocations can affect the ALK gene resulting in the expression of oncogenic fusion proteins. The formation of ALK fusion proteins results in activation and dysregulation of the gene's expression and signaling which can contribute to increased cell proliferation and survival in tumors expressing these proteins. Crizotinib demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of ALK, ROS1, and c-Met phosphorylation in cell-based assays using tumor cell lines and demonstrated antitumor activity in mice bearing tumor xenografts that expressed echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)- or nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion proteins or c-Met.

A  3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)


Pirfenidone

pyridone, indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


Bazedoxifene

an estrogen agonist/antagonist that acts as an agonist in some estrogen-sensitive tissues and an antagonist in others


Avanafil

a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific PDE5 has no direct relaxant effect on isolated human corpus cavernosum, but enhances the effect of NO by inhibiting PDE5, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(3-chloro-4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-2-[(2S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of pyrimidin-2-ylmethylamine. Used for treatment of erectile dysfunction.


Gimeracil

a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU


Aclidinium

a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-hydroxy(di-2-thienyl)acetic acid and the hydroxy group of N-(3-phenoxypropyl)-3-quinuclidinol. Used as its bromide salt for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


Ibrutinib

Ibrutinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of BTK. Ibrutinib forms a covalent bond with a cysteine residue in the BTK active site, leading to inhibition of BTK enzymatic activity. BTK is a signaling molecule of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) and cytokine receptor pathways. BTK's role in signaling through the B-cell surface receptors results in activation of pathways necessary for B-cell trafficking, chemotaxis, and adhesion. Nonclinical studies show that ibrutinib inhibits malignant B-cell proliferation and survival in vivo as well as cell migration and substrate adhesion in vitro.

A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.


Dapoxetine

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that was designed specifically for premature ejaculation


Moxisylyte

An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)


Clobutinol

was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)


Sofosbuvir

A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.

A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.


Simeprevir

Oral HCV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) serine protease NS3/4A. It is used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (Antivirals) genotype 1 infection in adults with compensated liver disease, including CIRRHOSIS.


Luliconazole

an antifungal that belongs to the azole class, luliconazole appears to inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme lanosterol demethylase, inhibition of this enzyme’s activity by azoles results in decreased amounts of ergosterol, a constituent of fungal cell membranes, and a corresponding accumulation of lanosterol


Olodaterol

a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA), activation of beta2 receptors in the airways results in a stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that mediates the synthesis of cyclic-3',5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), elevated levels of cAMP induce bronchodilation by relaxation of airway smooth muscle cells

A member of the class of benzoxazine that is 6-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a (1R)-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) for long-term treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.


Artesunic acid

A water-soluble, semi-synthetic derivative of the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin with anti-malarial, anti-schistosomiasis, antiviral, and potential anti-neoplastic activities. Artesunate (AS) contains an endoperoxide bridge that is activated by heme iron, resulting in the generation of free radicals that alkylate parasite proteins and ultimately lead to cell death. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA, also known as artenimol), the active metabolite of artesunate, was found to specifically increase oxidative stress in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes but not uninfected cells, by reduction of antioxidants.

An artemisinin derivative that is the hemisuccinate ester of the lactol resulting from the reduction of the lactone carbonyl group of artemisinin. It is used, generally as the sodium salt, for the treatment of malaria.


Naftidrofuryl

A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.


Tandospirone

A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).


bruxism

Excessive clenching of the jaw and grinding of the teeth.


Polidocanol

An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.

A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.


Levomethadone

A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.


Clobazam

A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME.  It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


Trichomycin

major descriptor (78-85); on-line search ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIFUNGAL (66-85); Index Medicus search TRICHOMYCIN (63-77); HACHIMYCIN (78-85)


Levamisole

An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)

A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.


ancylostomiasis

Infection by hookworms of the genus Ancylostoma.


Lixisenatide

A synthetic GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist that binds GLP-1 receptor that is used to control blood sugar levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES; amino acid sequence is H-HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPSK KKKKK-NH2 (ZP10A).

A forty-four membered polypeptide consisting of L-His, Gly, L-Glu, Gly, L-Thr, L-Phe, L-Thr, L-Ser, L-Asp, L-Leu, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Gln, L-Met, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Ala, L-Val, L-Arg, L-Leu, L-Phe, L-Ile, L-Glu, L-Trp, L-Leu, L-Lys, L-Asn, Gly, Gly, LPro, L-Ser, L-Ser, Gly, L-Ala, L-Pro, L-Pro, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, and L-Lys-NH2 residues joined in sequence. Used as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with type II diabetes.


Disodium tartrate

The organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of L-tartaric acid.


Rilmenidine

Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.


Tegafur

Congener of FLUOROURACIL with comparable antineoplastic action. It has been suggested especially for the treatment of breast neoplasms.


Molsidomine

A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.


Umeclidinium

a long-acting antimuscarinic agent with similar affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors M1 to M5, in the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through inhibition of M3 receptor at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation


alpha-Lactose

A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.

The alpha-anomer of lactose.


lactose intolerance

Inability to fully digest and absorb lactose due to limited or no lactase activity in the small intestine.  Congenital intolerance is inherited following an autosomal recessive pattern but is rare. It is more often due to a gradual decline of lactase production in adulthood following the ingestion of fewer lactose-containing foods or secondary to an intestinal mucosal brush-border injury. Prevalence is highest among Asians, Native Americans and Africans. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea following the dietary intake of lactose.


Betamethasone valerate

Betamethasone valerate has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of the topical steroids, in general, is unclear. However, corticosteroids are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2.

A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.


4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid

An arenesulfonic acid that is guaiacol sulfated at position 4. Commonly used (in the form of its potassium salt) as an expectorant.


Doconexent

a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement

A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.


Deferoxamine

Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.

An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.


Flatulence

Passage of excessive amounts of gas and the feeling of abdominal fullness and bloating.


Aluminum Sulfate

An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.


Butethal

Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)


Metahexamide

major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


Benzoin

A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. This should not be confused with benzoin gum from STYRAX.

A ketone that consists of acetophenone bearing hydroxy and phenyl substituents at the alpha-position. The parent of the class of benzoins.


Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of sodium dihydrogenphosphate.


Tyropanic acid

A diagnostic aid as a radiopaque medium in cholecystography.


Formaldehyde

A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)

An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.


Dihydroergocornine

A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains isopropyl sidechains at the 2' and 5' positions of the molecule.

Ergocornine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10.


Levoleucovorin

A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.

The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.


Depinar

A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12.


Adenosine Phosphate

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


pyridoxine deficiency anemia

Deficiency of vitamin B6. It is usually caused by alcoholism, malabsorption, or as a side effect of medications. Signs and symptoms include stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, irritability, seizures, and anemia.


penile cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the penis. Representative examples include penile carcinoma and penile sarcoma.


laryngeal papillomatosis

Laryngeal papillomatosis is a form of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis where tumors (papillomas) grow in the larynx (voice box).Symptoms usually begin with hoarseness and/or a change in the voice.Some people mayexperience difficulty breathing (dyspnea) and/or experience other life-threatening complications if the papillomas block the airway. The tumors may vary in size and grow very quickly. They often grow back even when removed.Laryngeal papillomatosisis caused by two types of human papilloma virus (HPV), called HPV 6 and HPV 11.


The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.

The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers.


Undecylenic acid

a fatty acid with a terminal double bond

An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.


A mixture where R = H or Me. Colistin in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid sodium salt, commonly by the action of formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite. A polymyxin antibiotic derivative, it is used in the treatment of severe infections, particularly of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.


An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Aminohippuric acid

The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.

An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.


Methyl aminolevulinate

The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.


Peramivir

Peramivir is an inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, an enzyme that releases viral particles from the plasma membrane of infected cells.

A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.


Growth delay

A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.


Colestilan

a 2-methylimidazole-epichlorohydrin polymer; bile acid and methotrexate anion-exchange resin


Prussian blue insoluble

antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure


Levomilnacipran

a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), mechanism of the antidepressant action of levomilnacipran is unknown, but is thought to be related to the potentiation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system


Diphenidol

shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd

A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.


Nadifloxacin

(R)-isomer does not induce chromosomal aberrations, unlike (S)-isomer; structure given in first source


Nitrofuran derivative anti-infective agent used for urinary tract infections.

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino group (the configuration of the C=C and C=N bonds in the grouping that links the two heterocycles is not specified). A nitrofuran antibiotic with properties similar to nitrofurantoin, furagin is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.


Thiosemicarbazone

A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217)


Vorapaxar

Vorapaxar is a reversible antagonist of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) expressed on platelets, but its long half-life makes it effectively irreversible. Vorapaxar inhibits thrombin-induced and thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP)-induced platelet aggregation in vitro studies. Vorapaxar does not inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen or a thromboxane mimetic and does not affect coagulation parameters ex vivo. PAR-1 receptors are also expressed in a wide variety of cell types, including endothelial cells, neurons, and smooth muscle cells, but the pharmacodynamic effects of vorapaxar in these cell types have not been assessed.

A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.


Nitrazepam

A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).


Estrone sodium sulfate

A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of water-soluble, conjugated estrogens derived wholly or in part from URINE of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. It contains a sodium-salt mixture of estrone sulfate (52-62%) and equilin sulfate (22-30%) with a total of the two between 80-88%. Other concomitant conjugates include 17-alpha-dihydroequilin, 17-alpha-estradiol, and 17-beta-dihydroequilin. The potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate.


Piperaquine

The exact mechanism of action of piperaquine is unknown, but it likely mirrors that of chloroquine, a close structural analogue. Chloroquine binds to toxic haeme (derived from the patient’s haemoglobin) within the malaria parasite, preventing its detoxification via a polymerisation step.

An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.


Dihydroartemisinin

Artenimol is able to reach high concentrations within the parasitized erythrocytes. Its endoperoxide bridge is thought to be essential for its antimalarial activity, causing free-radical damage to parasite membrane systems.


Thiosalicylic acid

a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd

A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.


Benzylhydrochlorothiazide

thiazide diuretic used as a blood pressure-lowering agent


Simetride

a analgesic agent indicated for low back pain, symptomatic neuralgia, headache, menstrual pain, pharyngalgia/earache due to inflammation, toothache, postoperative pain, combined with caffeine


Lornoxicam

A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.


Ferric citrate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).


Icosapent ethyl

Icosapent ethyl is a stable ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The mechanisms of action contributing to reduction of cardiovascular events with icosapent ethyl are not  completely understood. The mechanisms are likely multi-factorial including improved lipoprotein profile with reduction of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, reduction of macrophage accumulation, improved endothelial function, increased fibrous cap thickness/stability, and antiplatelet effects. Each of these mechanisms   can beneficially alter the development, progression, and stabilisation of atherosclerotic plaque, as well as the implications of plaque rupture, and preclinical and clinical studies support such benefits with EPA. Systemic and localised anti-inflammatory effects of EPA may result from displacement of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA), directing catabolism away from eicosanoids (2-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes, and 4-series leukotrienes) to non- or anti-inflammatory mediators. However, the direct clinical meaning of individual findings is not clear.

A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


biliary dyskinesia

A motility disorder characterized by biliary colic, absence of gallstones, and an abnormal gallbladder ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or sphincter of oddi dysfunction.


Betahistine

A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.

An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.


Nicorandil

A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.

A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.


Asunaprevir

an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus


Luseogliflozin

an antidiabetic agent that inhibits sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)


TALAPORFIN

effective tumor localizer that brings about the selective degradation of tumor tissue following light exposure; structure given in first source


Tipiracil

tipiracil increases trifluridine exposure by inhibiting its metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase

A member of the class of pyrimidones that is uracil substituted by chloro and (2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl groups at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) in combination with trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, for treatment of advanced/relapsed unresectable colorectal cancer.


Menatetrenone

A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.


hemorrhagic disease of newborn

A condition characterized as a coagulation disturbance in newborns due to vitamin K deficiency resulting in impaired production of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, and proteins C and S by the liver.


Iguratimod

a methanesulfonanilide disease-modifying antirheumatic drug that has been developed exclusively in Japan and China


Teneligliptin

A long-acting, orally bioavailable, pyrrolidine-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Teneligliptin may also reduce plasma triglyceride levels through a sustained increase in GLP-1 levels.


pituitary gigantism

The condition of accelerated and excessive growth in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess human growth hormone before the closure of epiphyses. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.


Anagliptin

anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound


Methylprednisolone hemisuccinate

A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.


Edoxaban

An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (activated factor X) with anticoagulant activity. Edoxaban is administered as edoxaban tosylate. This agent has an elimination half-life of 9-11 hours and undergoes renal excretion.

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.


Mitiglinide

a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source


Pegaptanib

a pegylated modified oligonucleotide that binds with high specificity and affinity to extracellular Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF165) inhibiting its activity, VEGF is a secreted protein that induces angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammation, all of which are thought to contribute to the progression of the neovascular (wet) form of AMD


Mozavaptan

Mozavaptan is a benzazepine derivative that antagonizes the binding of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to vasopressin receptors. Mozavaptan can inhibit the antidiuretic action of AVP promoting aquaresis.


Loxoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.


Tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


Levosimendan

A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.


Ipriflavone

A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.


Toloxatone

oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure

A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.


Moclobemide

A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA) that has antidepressive properties.

A member of the class of  benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.


Pranlukast

SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist


Tranilast

antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; structure

An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.


Cicatrix, Hypertrophic

A permanent mark on the skin caused by deposits of excessive amounts of collagen during wound healing. It is elevated and does not extend beyond the original boundaries of the wound; the elevation may stabilize or regress spontaneously.


Pilsicainide

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.


Olaparib

Olaparib is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, including PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3. PARP enzymes are involved in normal cellular homeostasis, such as DNA transcription, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. Olaparib has been shown to inhibit growth of select tumor cell lines in vitro and decrease tumor growth in mouse xenograft models of human cancer both as monotherapy or following platinum-based chemotherapy. Increased cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity following treatment with olaparib were noted in cell lines and mouse tumor models with deficiencies in BRCA. In vitro studies have shown that olaparib-induced cytotoxicity may involve inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity and increased formation of PARP-DNA complex, resulting in disruption of cellular homeostasis and cell death.

A member of the class of N-acylpiperazines obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-fluoro-5-[(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the free amino group of N-(cyclpropylcarbonyl)piperazine; used to treat advanced ovarian cancer.


peritoneum cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the peritoneum