Gastric Obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of the contents in the stomach.


ocular hyperemia

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Oculogyric crisis

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An acute dystonic reaction with blepharospasm, periorbital twitches, and protracted fixed staring episodes. There may be a maximal upward deviation of the eyes in the sustained fashion. Oculogyric crisis can be triggered by a number of factors including neuroleptic medications.


esophageal adenocarcinoma

A malignant tumor with glandular differentiation arising predominantly from Barrett mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus. Rare examples of esophageal adenocarcinoma deriving from ectopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus have also been reported. Grossly, esophageal adenocarcinomas are similar to esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Microscopically, adenocarcinomas arising in the setting of Barrett esophagus are typically papillary and/or tubular. The prognosis is poor.


esophageal atresia

A congenital abnormality of the esophagus in which the upper esophagus ends as a blind pouch and does not connect with the lower esophagus; it is often accompanied by a tracheoesophageal fistula. Signs and symptoms in a newborn with this abnormality include excessive salivation, choking, coughing, and the development of cyanosis and respiratory distress when fed.


carcinoma of esophagus

Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is a tumor arising in the epithelial cells lining the esophagus and can be divided into two subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).


Esophageal bleeding

Bleeding originating from the esophagus.


Esophageal obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of the contents in the esophagus.


Esophageal Pain

Painful sensation in the esophageal region.


Esophageal Perforation

The presence of a hole or other type of opening in the esophageal wall through which the contents of the esophagus can pass into the mediastinum. The most common cause of esophageal perforation is injury during a medical procedure such as esophagoscopy or placement of a naso-gastric tube; and pathologic process such as neoplasm or gastric reflux with ulceration. Less common causes include injuries from penetrating or blunt trauma or injury to the esophagus during an operation on another organ, mechanical problem such as violent retching or vomiting; ingestion of a foreign body or caustic agents. The condition often results in infection of the mediastinum and mediastinitis.


oligohydramnios

A lower than normal quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of less than 5 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of less than 2 cm.


Oligomenorrhea

Infrequent menses (less than 6 per year or more than 35 days between cycles).


Onycholysis

Detachment of the nail from the nail bed.


Ophthalmoplegia

Paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles that are responsible for eye movements.


Opportunistic infection

An infection that is caused by a pathogen that would generally not be able to cause an infection in a host with a normal immune system. Such pathogens take advantage of the opportunity, so to speak, that is provided by a weakened immune system.


optic atrophy

A disorder characterized by loss of optic nerve fibers. It may be inherited or acquired. Acquired causes include ischemia, optic nerve neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, radiation, brain tumors, and multiple sclerosis. It leads to vision disturbances.


Oral mucosal blisters

Blisters arising in the mouth.


Oral Pain

Painful sensation in the mouth, tongue, or lips.


orgasm disorder

A change in the ability to obtain orgasm or in the quality of the orgasmic sensation.


Orthopnea

A sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing.


bone inflammation disease

Inflammation of the bone.


osteochondrosis

A condition that is characterized by defective bone growth that affects the growth centers of bone.


osteonecrosis

A none disease characterized by death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply.


Osteoporotic Fractures

A pathologic bone fracture due to osteoporosis. It is generally caused by a fall from a standing height or lower and usually involves the spine, hip, or wrist.


osteosclerosis

Abnormally high bone density.


otitis media

Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the middle ear, which is most often caused by an infectious process. Symptoms include erythema and edema of the tympanic membrane, pain, and possibly fever.


chronic otitis media

Chronic form of otitis media (disease).


discharging ear

Discharge or drainage of fluid from the ear.


ovarian disorder

A disease involving the ovary.


Drug Overdose

Exposure to, or intake of, an excessive amount of a substance.


ovarian dysfunction

The inability of the ovaries to function.


CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).


Tianeptine

A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.


Overweight

Increased body weight with a body mass index of 25-29.9 kg per square meter.


Low Blood Oxygen Saturation

A low level of the degree to which oxygen is bound to hemoglobin given as a percentage calculated by dividing the maximum oxygen capacity into the actual oxygen content and multiplying by 100. Oxygen saturation usually is measured using pulse oximetry.


Limb pain

Chronic pain in the limbs with no clear focal etiology.


Jaw pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the jaw.


Skin Pain

Painful sensation in the skin.


palindromic rheumatism

A syndrome that involves sudden and rapidly developing attacks of arthritis with a remission period that results in no joint damage or symptoms.


Pallor

Abnormally pale skin.


hand-foot syndrome

A condition characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and tingling in the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet. It may appear as a side effect to chemotherapy agents.


Palpitations

A sensation that the heart is pounding or racing, which is a non-specific sign but may be a manifestation of arrhythmia.


exocrine pancreatic carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas


stage IV pancreatic cancer

A carcinoma that arises from the pancreas and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Pancreatic cysts

A cyst of the pancreas that possess a lining of mucous epithelium.


pancreas disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pancreas. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include cystadenomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, and neuroendocrine neoplasms.


Pancreatic pseudocyst

Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas. Pancreatic pseudocysts are often associated with pancreatitis.


acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

An acute pancreatits that is characterized by acute inflammation of the pancreas in which the initial edematous pancreatitis evolved into necrosis accompanied by hemorrhage.


Recurrent pancreatitis

A recurrent form of pancreatitis.


Panic attack

A sudden episode of intense fear in a situation where there is no danger or apparent cause.


Panic

A sudden and overwhelming sense of fear characterized by the inability to function as normal.


panniculitis

Inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue.


Papule

A circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to less than 10mm in diameter at the widest point.


Paraparesis

Weakness or partial paralysis in the lower limbs.


paraplegia

Complete paralysis of the lower half of the body including both legs, often caused by damage to the spinal cord.


parapsoriasis

Parapsoriasis describes a group ofskin diseases that can be characterized by scaly patches or slightly elevated papules and/or plaques (red, scaly patches) that have a resemblance to psoriasis. However, this description includes several inflammatory cutaneous diseases that are unrelated with respect to pathogenesis, histopathology, and response to treatment. Because of the variation in clinical presentation and a lack of a specific diagnostic finding on histopathology, a uniformly accepted definition of parapsoriasis remains lacking. There are 2 general forms: a small plaque type, which is usually benign, and a large plaque type, which is a precursor of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).Treatment of small plaque parapsoriasis is unnecessary but can include emollients, topical tar preparations or corticosteroids, and/or phototherapy. Treatment of large plaque parapsoriasis is phototherapy or topical corticosteroids.


parathyroid gland disorder

A disease involving the parathyroid gland.


benign neoplasm of parathyroid gland

A benign neoplasm that involves the parathyroid gland.


Parosmia

Misperception of existing odor, that is, distorted or altered olfactory perception in the presence of known stimuli.


parotitis

Inflammation of the parotid glands.


Fractured patella

A partial or complete breakage of the patella.


Patent ductus arteriosus - persisting type


Piritramide

A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.


Dihydralazine

1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)


Decreased Peak Expiratory Flowrate

Decreased expiratory peak flow measurement achieved during forced expiration that primarily reflects changes in upper airway conductance and may be of limited use in evaluation of changes in peripheral airway conductance. Evaluation of peak flow performance is subjective, and, therefore, acceptability criteria are lacking. Because the maneuver is effort and volume dependent, the patient must be encouraged to perform as vigorously as clinically feasible. The results of subjective evaluation may be difficult to interpret consistently. A validated dyspnea rating scale may be useful.


pectus excavatum

A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.


pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an acute or chronic inflammation in the pelvic cavity. It is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia and gonorrhea that have ascended into the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries as a result of intercourse or childbirth, or of surgical procedures, including insertion of IUDs or abortion. PID may be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. It may cause infertility and it may raise the risk of ectopic pregnancy. PID is a disease associated with HIV infection.


Pelvic mass

An abnormal enlargement or swelling in the pelvic region.


Pelvic pain

Pain perceived in the area of the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones.


Penile Pain

Painful sensation in the penis.


penile disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the penis. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include phimosis, balanitis, and hypospadias. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.


periarthritis

Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)


hemopericardium

An accumulation of blood within the pericardial sac.


Perinephric abscess

A perinephric abscess is a collection of suppurative material in the perinephric space (i.e., the connective and adipose tissues surrounding the kidney).


periodontal disorder

An inflammatory process of the gingival tissues and/or periodontal membrane of the teeth, resulting in an abnormally deep gingival sulcus, possibly producing periodontal pockets and loss of alveolar bone support.


Periorbital edema

Edema affecting the region situated around the orbit of the eye.


periostitis

Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)


sensory peripheral neuropathy

Inflammation or degeneration of the sensory nerves.


peroneal nerve paralysis

Paralysis of the nerves located in the legs.


Personality changes

An abnormal shift in patterns of thinking, acting, or feeling.


personality disorder

A diverse category of psychiatric disorders characterized by behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture; this pattern of deviation is pervasive and inflexible and is stable over time. The behavioral pattern negatively interferes with relationships and work.


Petechiae

Petechiae are pinpoint-sized reddish/purple spots, resembling a rash, that appear just under the skin or a mucous membrane when capillaries have ruptured and some superficial bleeding into the skin has happened. This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to developing petechiae.


adrenal gland pheochromocytoma

A benign or malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines. It arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Clinical presentation includes headaches, palpitations, chest and abdominal pain, hypertension, fever, and tremor. Microscopically, a characteristic nesting (zellballen) growth pattern is usually seen. Other growth patterns including trabecular pattern may also be present.


Pharyngeal Hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from the pharynx.


Pharyngeal edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid leading to swelling of the pharynx.


streptococcal sore throat

Inflammation of the throat due to Streptococcus pyogenes.


Philadelphia Chromosome Positive

Indicates that the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality, t(9;22)(q34;q11), has been detected in a sample.


Phimosis

The male foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the penis.


phobic disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation. The individual seeks to avoid the object, activity, or situation. In adults, the individual recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.


Photopsia

Perceived flashes of light.


obesity-hypoventilation syndrome

Hypoventilation syndrome in very obese persons with excessive adipose tissue around the abdomen and diaphragm is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic hypoxia; hypercapnia; polycythemia; and long periods of sleep during day and night (hypersomnolence). It is a condition often related to obstructive sleep apnea but can occur separately.


placenta disorder

A disease involving the placenta.


placental insufficiency

Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.


plantar fasciitis

Inflammation of the thick tissue on the bottom of the foot (plantar fascia) causing heel pain. The plantar fascia (also called plantar aponeurosis) are bands of fibrous tissue extending from the calcaneal tuberosity to the toes. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with heel spur, they do not appear to be causally related.


plasma cell leukemia

An aggressive plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic plasma cells in the peripheral blood. It is characterized by the presence of a circulating clonal plasma cell count that exceeds 2x10^9/L or is 20% of the leukocyte differential count.


plasmacytoma

Plasmacytoma is a localized mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells that represents approximately 5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. There are two separate entities: primary plasmacytoma of the bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma of the soft tissues. Of the extramedullary plasmacytomas, 80% occur in the head and neck, usually in the upper respiratory tract. The median age at diagnosis is 50 years and the male to female ratio is 3:1. Long-term survival is possible following local radiotherapy, particularly for soft tissue presentations.


Platelet aggregation increased (finding)


Abnormal platelet count

Abnormal number of platelets per volume of blood. In a healthy adult, a normal platelet count is between 150,000 and 450,000 per microliter of blood.


inherited bleeding disorder, platelet-type


CSF pleocytosis

An increased white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Pleural effusion

The presence of an excessive amount of fluid in the pleural cavity.


Pleural thickening

An increase in the thickness of the pleura, generally related to scarring of the pleural tissue.


Pleuritic chest pain

Pleuritic chest pain is characterized by sudden and intense sharp, stabbing, or burning pain in the chest when inhaling and exhaling.


Doxofylline

An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.


cytomegalovirus pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus. Most humans are exposed to cytomegalovirus. Healthy individuals do not develop signs and symptoms of infection. Patients with weakened immune system (e.g., AIDS patients, cancer patients who are being treated with chemotherapy, and patients who have received bone marrow or solid organ transplants) develop signs and symptoms of infection. They include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, malaise, fever, muscle and joint pain, and excessive sweating.


Pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus

Pneumonia that is attributed to the respiratory syncytial virus.


viral pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.


pneumonitis

An inflammatory process affecting the lung parenchyma. It is a milder form of lung inflammation compared to pneumonia.


Spontaneous pneumothorax

Pneumothorax occurring without traumatic injury to the chest or lung.


Pocket erosion

Erosion of patient's skin pocket which houses a device.


polyarticular arthritis

An arthritis affecting five or more separate joints.


polydactyly

A disease characterized by the presence of polydactyly, including syndromic and non-syndromic forms.


polyhydramnios

An excess quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of greater than or equal to 25 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of greater than 8 cm.


polyneuropathy

A disease or disorder affecting more than one nerve.


portal vein thrombosis

The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the portal vein.


Surgical Wound Infection

An infection that occurs at a surgical site within 30 days after an operation.


Abnormal posturing

Involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs.


pouchitis

Acute inflammation in the intestinal mucosa of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ileostomy and restorative proctocolectomy (proctocolectomy, restorative).


preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that is characterized by new-onset hypertension with proteinuria presenting after 20 weeks of gestation, and depending on mild or severe forms may initially present with severe headache, visual disturbances, and hyperreflexia.


Positive Pregnancy Test

A test result indicating the presence of hormones (HCG) in the blood or urine of a woman that confirm pregnancy.


Atosiban

Atosiban is a synthetic peptide which is a competitive antagonist of human oxytocin at receptor level. In human pre-term labour, atosiban at the recommended dosage antagonises uterine contractions and induces uterine quiescence.


Premature birth

The birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks of gestational age.


premature menopause

Cessation of menstruation before the age of 40. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and decreased sex drive.


Premature rupture of membranes

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a condition which occurs in pregnancy when the amniotic sac ruptures more than an hour before the onset of labor.


polydactyly-myopia syndrome

Polydactyly-myopia syndrome is an exceedingly rare autosomal dominant developmental anomaly reported in 1986 in nine individuals among four generations of the same family. The syndrome is characterized clinically by four-limb postaxial polydactyly and progressive myopia. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1986.


presbycusis

Bilateral hearing loss caused by progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways, typically associated with the aging process.


presbyopia

The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.


Pressure of speech

Abnormal increased rate and amount of speech, delivered with urgency.


Presyncope

Presyncope is a state of lightheadedness, muscular weakness, blurred vision, and feeling faint. Presyncope is most often cardiovascular in cause.


Productive cough

A cough that produces phlegm or mucus.


progressive external ophthalmoplegia

A mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi, and extraocular muscles. Ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. Familial and sporadic forms may occur. Disease onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, and the illness slowly progresses until usually all ocular motility is lost. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1422)


prolactin producing pituitary tumor

An adenoma or carcinoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces prolactin.


Prostate cancer recurrent

Prostate carcinoma reemerging after a period of remission.


Stage I Prostate Carcinoma

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0, G1.  T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue.  N0: No regional metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated (slight anaplasia) (Gleason 2-4).  (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage III Prostate Carcinoma

Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0, Any G. T3: Tumor extends through the prostatic capsule.  T3a: Extracapsular extension (unilateral or bilateral).  T3b: Tumor invades seminal vesicle(s). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage IV Prostate Carcinoma

Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1) (Any G).  T4: Tumor is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles: bladder neck, external sphincter, rectum, levator muscles, and/or pelvic wall.  N1: Metastasis in regional lymph node(s).  M1: Distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th ed.)


prostate disorder

A disease involving the prostate gland.


Prostatic Pain

Pain in the prostate gland.


PSA Progression

The amount of prostate specific antigen is increased, based on pre-defined thresholds.


Abnormal prothrombin time

Any deviation from the normal amount of time to coagulation in the prothrombin time test, which is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The results of the prothrombin time test are often expressed in terms of the International normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated as a ratio of the patient's prothrombin time (PT) to a control PT standardized for the potency of the thromboplastin reagent developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the formula: INR is equal to Patient PT divided by Control PT.


Protruding tongue

Tongue extending beyond the alveolar ridges or teeth at rest.


prurigo

A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


Liddle syndrome

A rare genetic form of low-renin hypertension characterized by hypertension associated with decreased plasma levels of potassium and aldosterone.


pseudolymphoma

A neoplastic process that resembles a malignant lymphoma, but has a benign course.


Pseudoporphyria

A drug-induced photodermatosis characterized by skin fragility, erythema, and the appearance of tense bullae, erosions and scarring in the absence of abnormalities in porphyrin metabolism.


Psychomotor Agitation

Physical restlessness, often associated with increased motor activity.


Psychomotor Retardation

Abnormally slow physical movement.


Pulmonary Alveolar Hemorrhage

Bleeding in the alveoli.


Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) above 15mmHg.


Congenital stenosis of pulmonary artery

A congenital cardiovascular abnormality characterized by the narrowing of the lumen of the main pulmonary artery or its branches. It may be associated with other congenital heart malformations. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, fatigue, and edema.


pulmonary eosinophilia

A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with eosinophils due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.


Pulmonary Granuloma

A granuloma that is located in lung tissue.


pulmonary hypoplasia

A respiratory malformation characterized by the presence of both bronchi (albeit rudimentary) and alveoli in an under-developed lobe. Both the size and the weight of the lung are reduced. The true prevalence is not well known (1.4% of all births according to Knox et al. 13), but in cases of premature rupture of membranes at 15-28 weeks gestation, the reported prevalence of pulmonary hypoplasia ranges from 9 to 28%. Factors that contribute to pulmonary hypoplasia include adequate volume of the thoracic cavity, pulmonary fluid dynamics, and abnormal fetal breathing movements.


pulmonary embolism and infarction

Localized necrosis of lung tissue caused by obstruction of the arterial blood supply, most often due to pulmonary embolism.


pulmonary sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis affecting the lung parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas in the lung tissues. It is manifested with dyspnea, cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss.


pulmonary valve insufficiency

Dysfunction of the pulmonary valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


pulpitis

Inflammation of the dental pulp.


Abnormal pulse

An anomaly of the rhythmic throbbing of an artery that reflects the widening of the artery as blood flows through it and is caused by successive contractions of the heart.


Absent pulse

The pulsation of an artery where the pulse is taken (e.g. the radial artery at the wrist) cannot be detected on physical examination.


pupil disorder

A disease involving the pupil.


Purulent Discharge

Pus-containing fluid that is draining from an orifice or wound.


Pustule

A small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells.


acute pyelonephritis

Sudden onset pyelonephritis.


pyoderma

Any skin disease that is pyegenic.


pyogenic granuloma

A disorder of the skin, the oral mucosa, and the gingiva, that usually presents as a solitary polypoid capillary hemangioma often resulting from trauma. It is manifested as an inflammatory response with similar characteristics to those of a granuloma.


pyomyositis

Pyomyositis (PM) is a rare primary bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle, usually resulting from hematogenous spread or due to muscle injury, and characterized by pain and tenderness in the affected muscle, fever and abscess formation.


quadriplegia

Paralysis of all four limbs.


radiation pneumonitis

Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.


radiculopathy

Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.


Fractured radius

Traumatic or pathological injury to the radius bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.


Macular Rash

An outbreak of small, flat, red spots on the skin.


Maculopapular exanthema

A skin rash that is characterized by diffuse cutaneous erythema with areas of skin elevation. It may evolve to vesicles or papules as part of a more severe clinical entity. Different degrees of angioedema with involvement of subcutaneous tissue may also appear.


Morbilliform rash

An exanthema consisting of widespread pink-to-red macules (flat spots of 2-10 mm in diameter) or papules (red bumps) that blanch with pressure. The macules and papules may cluster and merge to form sheets over several days.


Papular Lesion

A small (less than 5-10 mm) elevation of skin that is non-suppurative.


Pustular rash

A rash composed of pustular lesions. A pustule is defined as a vesicle or bulla containing purulent material. It varies in size and may occur at different levels within the epidermis: subcorneal, intraepidermal, or basement membrane zones. The pustules may or may not be sterile and are normally filled with neutrophils.


rectum adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the rectum. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, rectal adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.


rectal carcinoma

A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.


Rectal perforation

A hole (perforation) in the wall of the rectum.


polyp of rectum

A polyp that involves the rectum.


rectal prolapse

Protrusion of the rectum through the anus.


Rectal Stenosis

Narrowing of the rectal lumen.


Ulcer of rectum

A circumscribed inflammatory and necrotic erosive lesion in the mucosa surface of the rectum.


Rectocele

A Rectocele results from a tear in the rectovaginal septum (which is normally a tough, fibrous, sheet-like divider between the rectum and vagina). Rectal tissue bulges through this tear and into the vagina as a hernia. There are two main causes of this tear: childbirth, and hysterectomy.


Recurrent Carcinoma

The reemergence of a carcinoma after a period of remission.


Abnormal red blood cell count

Any deviation from the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


Decreased red blood cell count

An abnormal reduction below the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


Increased red blood cell count

An abnormal elevation above the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of 5-19% myeloblasts in the bone marrow or 2-19% blasts in the peripheral blood. It includes two categories: myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-1 and myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-2.


Intrarenal abscess

An encapsulated collection of pus and necrotic material within the renal parenchyma. The destruction of renal parenchyma is associated with suppurative/neutrophil-rich inflammation and necrosis.


Renal atrophy

Atrophy of the kidney.


kidney cancer

Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the kidney.


Stage I Renal Cell Carcinoma

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Lesions have been divided into T1a and T1b.  T1a is defined as tumor 4 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  T1b is defined as tumor greater than 4 cm but not more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage II Renal Cell Cancer

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor more than 7 cm in greatest dimension limited to the kidney.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th Ed.)


Stage III renal cell cancer

Stage III includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3a, N0, M0); (T3a, N1, M0); (T3b, N0, M0); (T3b, N1, M0); (T3c, N0, M0); (T3c, N1, M0). T3: Tumor extends into major veins or invades adrenal gland or perinephric tissues but not beyond Gerota's fascia.  T3a: Tumor directly invades adrenal gland or perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia.  T3b: Tumor grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches, or vena cava below the diaphragm.  T3c: Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Metastasis in a single regional lymph node. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th Ed.)


Stage IV Renal Cell Cancer

Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Metastasis in a single regional lymph node.  N2: Metastasis in more than one regional lymph node.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


cystic kidney disease

A congenital or acquired kidney disorder characterized by the presence of renal cysts.


renal hypodysplasia/aplasia 1

The presence of developmental dysplasia of the kidney.


Hemorrhage of kidney

Bleeding originating from the kidney.


Renal infarction

Ischemic necrosis of the kidney caused by interruption of the blood supply to the area.


kidney papillary necrosis

A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving kidney papilla in the kidney medulla. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in polyuria. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block kidney pelvis or ureter. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to kidney failure.


Renal tubular atrophy

The presence of renal tubules with thick redundant basement membranes, or a reduction of greater than 50% in tubular diameter compared to surrounding non-atrophic tubules.


renal tubule disorder

A disease that involves the renal tubule.


Renal vein thrombosis

The presence of a thrombus (blood clot) in the major renal veins or its tributaries, generally leading to passive congestion that develops causes the affected kidney to swell and become engorged, leading to degeneration of nephrons and causing symptoms of flank pain, hematuria, and decreased urine output.


Respiratory arrest

Cessation of breathing function.


respiratory system disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the respiratory system. Representative examples include pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary failure, lung adenoma, lung carcinoma, and tracheal carcinoma.


Respiratory distress

Respiratory distress is objectively observable as the physical or emotional consequences from the experience of dyspnea. The physical presentation of respiratory distress is generally referred to as labored breathing, while the sensation of respiratory distress is called shortness of breath or dyspnea.


Restlessness

A state of unease is characterized by diffuse motor activity or motion, which is subject to limited control, nonproductive, or disorganized behavior.


Tachypnea

Very rapid breathing.


Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis


Retching

Involuntary spasms of the stomach and esophagus resulting in vomiting or dry heaving.


retinal artery occlusion

An occlusion of the retinal artery.


retinal degeneration

Degeneration of the retina.


Hypopigmentation of the fundus

Reduced pigmentation of the fundus, typically generalised. Fundoscopy may reveal a low level pigment in both RPE and choroid with clear visibility of choroidal vessels (pale/albinoid) or low pigment level in the RPE with deep pigment in choroid so that visible choroidal vessels are separated by deeply pigmented zones (tesselated/tigroid).


Retinal exudate

Fluid which has escaped from retinal blood vessels with a high concentration of lipid, protein, and cellular debris with a typically bright, reflective, white or cream colored appearance on the surface of the retina.


retinal ischemia

A ischemic disease that involves the retina.


retinal perforation

A usually small tearing of the retina occurring when the vitreous separates from the retina. It may lead to retinal detachment. Symptoms include flashes and floaters.


retinal vascular disorder

Retinal damage resulting from diminished blood flow/oxygenation due to abnormalities of the retinal vessels. Causes include hypertension, diabetes, thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage.


retinal vascular occlusion

An occlusion of the retinal vasculature.


retinal vasculitis

Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; lupus erythematosus, systemic; multiple sclerosis; behcet syndrome; and chorioretinitis.


retinitis

Inflammation of the retina.


retrograde amnesia

The loss of access to memories that were previously encoded; this disorder is most commonly preceded by trauma, including physical brain injury, stroke, or seizure, but may also be psychogenic in origin. Memory loss may be temporary or permanent, but the ability to encode new memories or skills is not generally affected.


Retrograde ejaculation

The emission of semen and seminal fluid into the bladder instead of through the penis during orgasm.


Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage

Bleeding originating in the retroperitoneal area.


Rheumatoid factor positive

The presence in the serum of an autoantibody directed against the Fc portion of IgG.


rheumatoid lung disease

Rheumatoid lung disease is a group of lung problems related to rheumatoid arthritis.


Rhonchi

Abnormal breath sounds characterized by low-pitched, snoring or rattle-like sounds.


Fractured rib

A partial or complete breakage of the rib.


rotator cuff syndrome

Tear of one or more of the tendons of the four rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder. A rotator cuff 'injury' can include any type of irritation or overuse of those muscles or tendons, and is among the most common conditions affecting the shoulder.


arthritis, sacroiliac

Inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, generally accompanied by lower back pain.


Scab

A hard covering or layer of solid matter formed by dried bodily exudate or secretion.


Fractured scapula

A partial or complete breakage of the scapula.


severe cutaneous adverse reaction

A permanent mark left on the skin in the process of wound healing.


sciatica

A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the spinal nerve roots; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina.


scleritis

Inflammation of the sclera.


scoliosis

A congenital or acquired spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature of the spine.


Scrotal pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the scrotum.


seborrheic keratosis

A common benign skin neoplasm usually affecting older individuals. The lesions usually are multiple and arise in the face, chest, and shoulders. They appear as black or brown, slightly elevated skin lesions.


Second Primary Cancers

A primary malignant neoplasm in a patient who has been already diagnosed with a primary malignant neoplasm in another anatomic site.


secondary adrenal insufficiency

A hormonal disorder that occurs when lack of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the hypothalamus or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from the pituitary is responsible for hypofunction of the adrenal cortex.


Sedated

A state of a lowered level of consciousness.


Paraldehyde

A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9)

A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.


Sensory Disorders

An interruption or alteration in the sensory activity or functions of the nervous system.


Sensory Loss

Any loss of sensation.


Septic arthritis staphylococcal

Arthritis due to staphylococcal sepsis.


Septic embolism

Embolization of intravascular thrombus containing microorganisms into the distant tissues via arterial system.


Seroma

A collection of serum in the body.


5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) is a chemical by-product of the protein building block L-tryptophan. It is also produced commercially from the seeds of an African plant known as Griffonia simplicifolia 5-HTP is used for sleep disorders such as insomnia, depression, anxiety, migraine and tension-type headaches, fibromyalgia, obesity, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), seizure disorder, and Parkinson's disease.

The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.


Exudative retinal detachment

A type of retinal detachment arising from damage to the outer blood-retinal barrier that allows fluid to access the subretinal space and separate the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium.


Abnormal circulating ferritin concentration

A deviation from the normal circulating concentration of ferritin. Ferritin concentration can be measured in serum or plasma.


Decreased circulating ferritin concentration

Abnormally reduced concentration of ferritin, a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron, in the blood.


Increased circulating ferritin concentration

Increased concentration of ferritin in the blood circulation.


sialadenitis

Sialadenitis is an infection of the salivary glands. It is usually caused by a virus or bacteria. The parotid (in front ofthe ear) and submandibular (under the chin) glands are most commonly affected. Sialadenitis may be associated with pain, tenderness, redness, and gradual, localized swelling of the affected area. Sialadenitis most commonly affects the elderly and chronically ill especially those with dry mouth or who are dehydrated, but can also affected people of any age including newborn babies. Diagnosis is usually made by clinical exam but a CT scan, MRI scan or ultrasound may be done if the doctor suspects an abscess or to look for stones. Treatment may include an antibiotic (if bacterial), warm compresses, increasing fluid intake and good oral hygiene. Most salivary gland infections go away on their own or are cured with treatment. Complications are not common.


atrial standstill

Atrial standstill is a rare cardiac rhythm disease with a few familial and sporadic cases described to date that is characterized by a transient or permanent absence of electrical and mechanical atrial activity. Electrocardiographic findings include bradycardia, ectopic supraventricular rhythms, lack of atrial excitability and absent P waves.


Sinus Pain

Painful sensation in the face, between the eyes, or upper teeth originating from the sinuses. It is usually caused by sinus infections.


Scaling skin

Refers to the loss of the outer layer of the epidermis in large, scale-like flakes.


Fragile skin

Skin that splits easily with minimal injury.


hyperpigmentation of the skin

Darkening of the skin due to excessive melanin deposition. Causes include skin injuries, pregnancy, eczema, and Addison disease.


skin infection

An inflammatory process affecting the skin, caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Examples of bacterial infection include carbuncles, furuncles, impetigo, erysipelas, and abscesses. Examples of viral infection include shingles, warts, molluscum contagiosum, and pityriasis rosea. Examples of parasitic infection include scabies and lice. Examples of fungal infection include athlete's foot, yeast infection, and ringworm.


Skin lesion

A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of skin.


Cutaneous necrosis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue necrosis (tissue death). Clinically, cutaneous necrosis may present as a painful and extremely tender black eschar (dead tissue found in a full-thickness wound) surrounded by dusky grey-red coloured skin.


skin papilloma

A benign papillary neoplastic growth on the skin composed of epithelial cells and a fibrous stalk. It usually develops in the eyelid, axilla, neck, upper chest, and groin.


Premature skin wrinkling

The presence of an increased degree of wrinkling (irregular folds and indentations) of the skin as compared with age-related norms.


sleep-wake disorder

Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the circadian rhythm which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.


Sleep disorder due to general medical condition, insomnia type


Sleep paralysis

An inability to move the body at the onset of sleep or upon awakening from sleep, lasting for seconds to a few minutes.


Sleep terror

Episodes of intense fear, screaming, and flailing occur even though the affected individuals are still asleep.


fetal growth restriction

A fetus that does not grow beyond the 10th percentile of conventionally accepted weight for gestational age.


Small bowel obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of the small intestinal contents.


Small intestinal perforation

A hole (perforation) in the wall of the small intestine.


Small Intestinal Ulcer

A circumscribed inflammatory and necrotic erosive lesion in the mucosa surface of the small intestine.


Abnormal PAP Smear

A finding indicating the presence of abnormal cervical cells in a Pap smear.


Snoring

Deep, noisy breathing during sleep, accompanied by hoarse or harsh sounds, is caused by the vibration of respiratory structures, especially the soft palate. This vibration results in sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping.


Excessive daytime somnolence

A state of abnormally strong desire for sleep during the daytime.


speech disorder

A term referring to disorders characterized by the disruption of normal speech. It includes stuttering, lisps, dysarthria and voice disorders.


spina bifida

A congenital neural tube defect in which vertebrae are not fully formed. It results in the protrusion of the spinal cord through the opening of the vertebrae.


Fractured vertebra

A partial or complete breakage of the vertebra.


osteoarthritis, spine

A degenerative joint disease involving the spine. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (cartilage, articular), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (osteophyte).


splenic disorder

A disease involving the spleen.


splenic abscess

An abscess that is located in the spleen.


Splenic rupture

A breach of the capsule of the spleen.


Splenomegaly

Abnormal increased size of the spleen.


Athletic Injuries

An injury sustained while practicing or competing in a sport.


skin squamous cell carcinoma

A carcinoma arising from the squamous cells of the epidermis. Skin squamous cell carcinoma is most commonly found on sun-exposed areas. The majority of the tumors are well-differentiated.


cervical squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the cervical epithelium. It usually evolves from a precancerous cervical lesion. Increased numbers of sexual partners and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are risk factors for cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The following histologic patterns have been described: conventional squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, condylomatous carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma. Survival is most closely related to the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis.


tongue squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the tongue. It usually presents as a painful ulcerated or nodular lesion. The size of the tumor and the status of the lymph nodes are the most important factors that determine prognosis.


Stasis dermatitis

Stasis dermatitis commonly occurs in older age. It is caused by venous hypertension resulting from retrograde flow due to incompetent venous valves, valve destruction, or obstruction of the venous system. Further tissue changes arise from an inflammatory process mediated by metalloproteinases, which are up-regulated by ferric ion from extravasated red blood cells. Stasis dermatitis presents initially as poorly demarcated erythematous plaques of the lower legs bilaterally, classically involving the medial malleolus.


status asthmaticus

An acute exacerbation of asthma, characterized by inadequate response to initial bronchodilators.


stereotypic movement disorder

Motor behavior that is repetitive, often seemingly driven, and nonfunctional. This behavior markedly interferes with normal activities or results in severe bodily self-injury. The behavior is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. (dsm-iv, 1994)


Fractured sternum

A partial or complete breakage of the sternum.


strabismus

Strabismus is the intermittent or constant misalignment of an eye so that its line of vision is not pointed at the same object as the other eye. Strabismus is caused by an imbalance in the extraocular muscles which control the positioning of the eyes. Strabismus is normal in newborns but should resolve by the time the baby is 6 months old. In older children with strabismus, the brain may learn to ignore the input from one eye, and this may lead to amblyopia, a potentially permanent decrease in vision in that eye if not corrected.


Stress

The negative mental, emotional, and physical reactions that occur when environmental stressors are perceived as exceeding the individual's adaptive capacities.


Stress Fractures

A small, traumatic break or severe bruising of a bone caused by repetitive application of force.


Stridor

Stridor is a high pitched sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the upper airway.


Traumatic subcutaneous emphysema

The infiltration of air into the skin tissue secondary to traumatic tissue disruption.


Subdural hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.


Sudden death

Rapid and unexpected death.


sudden infant death syndrome

Unexpected death in infancy which remains unexplained following autopsy, review of the medical history, and investigation of the death circumstances and death scene.


sagittal sinus thrombosis

Formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in the superior sagittal sinus or the inferior sagittal sinus. Sagittal sinus thrombosis can result from infections, hematological disorders, craniocerebral trauma; and neurosurgical procedures. Clinical features are primarily related to the increased intracranial pressure causing headache; nausea; and vomiting. Severe cases can evolve to seizures or coma.


superior vena cava syndrome

Obstruction of the blood flow in the superior vena cava caused by a malignant neoplasm, thrombosis, or aneurysm. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Signs and symptoms include swelling and cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms, cough, orthopnea, and headache.


Premature atrial contractions

A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature atrial contractions or beats caused by signals originating from ectopic atrial sites.


sweat gland neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the sweat glands.


Swelling

Enlargement; expansion in size; sign of inflammation


syndactyly

A disease characterized by the presence of syndactyly, including syndromic and non-syndromic forms.


Systemic lupus erythematosus rash

A rash associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.


T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A non-Hodgkin lymphoma of T-cell lineage. It includes the T lymphoblastic lymphoma and the mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas. -- 2003


Talipes

A deformity of foot and ankle that has different subtypes that are talipes equinovarus, talipes equinovalgus, talipes calcaneovarus and talipes calcaneovalgus.


Tearfulness

A feeling of sadness characterized by episodes of crying that can occur suddenly and are not easily controlled in social situations.


temporal lobe epilepsy

A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see epilepsy, complex partial) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)


temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome

A common disorder noted with jaw movement. It may be caused by malocclusion, repetitive use injury, trauma or arthritis. It is more prevalent among females between their second and fourth decades. Clinical signs include preauricular pain, temporomandibular joint clicking (as the mandibular condyle slips from the articulation made with the capsular disk and temporal bone) and restriction of jaw motion. Clinical course is typically benign but may progress to associated headaches, ear and neck pain, tinnitus and dislocation of temporomandibular joint. Prognosis is favorable as a majority of cases will respond to conservative management.


Soreness

A dull achy pain.


tendinopathy

Disorders that are causes by overuse of tendons.


teratoma

A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of various tissues which correspond to the different germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). It occurs in the testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system, mediastinum, lung, and stomach. According to the level of differentiation of the tissues which comprise the tumor, teratomas are classified as mature or immature. Mature teratomas are composed of well differentiated, adult-type tissues. Immature teratomas are composed of immature, fetal-type tissues. Testicular teratomas in children follow a benign clinical course. Mature ovarian teratomas without a fetal-type component have an excellent outcome. The prognosis of immature ovarian teratomas is related to the grade and stage of the tumor.


atrophy of testis

Loss of testicular volume.


testicular disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the testis. Representative examples include torsion, infarction, germ cell tumor, sex cord-stromal tumor, lymphoma, and leukemia.


Testicular pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to one or both testes.


Decreased Therapeutic Response

A reduction in the desirable and beneficial effects resulting from a medical  treatment.


Increased Therapeutic Response

An increase in the desirable and beneficial effects resulting from a medical  treatment.


Throat cancer

Carcinoma, predominantly squamous cell, arising from epithelial cells of the larynx or pharynx.


thrombocytopenic purpura

Purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors.


thrombotic microangiopathy

The syndromes of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and variable signs of organ impairment, due to platelet aggregation in the microcirculation.


thyroid tumor

A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.


subacute thyroiditis

Self-limited inflammation of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. Patients present with neck pain, often associated with fever and dysphagia. The clinical course includes an initial phase of hyperthyroidism, followed by a phase of hypothyroidism, and eventually a return to normal thyroid function.


tic disorder

Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)


tongue disorder

A disease involving the tongue.


tongue cancer

A malignant neoplasm affecting the tongue. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas.


Tongue edema

An abnormal accumulation of fluid and swelling in the tongue.


Tonic seizure

A tonic seizure is a type of motor seizure characterised by unilateral or bilateral limb stiffening or elevation, often with neck stiffening.


tonsil cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the tonsil.


Enlarged tonsils

Increase in size of the tonsils, small collections of lymphoid tissue facing into the aerodigestive tract on either side of the back part of the throat.


dental abscess

A tooth disease characterized by a localized collection of pus associated with a tooth.


Tooth Discoloration

A change in tooth color. Causes may be local or systemic and include tobacco use, foods, dental plaques, caries, restorative filling materials, trauma, medications, infections, hereditary diseases, and nutritional deficiencies.


tooth erosion, non-bacterial

Progressive loss of tooth tissue by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)


Tooth Loss

One or more teeth lost/dislodged from the mouth.


Abnormality of the dentition

Any abnormality of the teeth.


tooth resorption

Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)


cervical dystonia

Cervical dystonia is a neurological condition characterized by excessive pulling of the muscles of the neck and shoulder resulting in abnormal movements of the head (dystonia).Most commonly, the head turns to one side or the other.Tilting sideways, or to the back or front may also occur.The turning or tilting movements may be accompanied by shaking movement (tremor) and/or soreness of the muscles of the neck and shoulders.Cervical dystonia can occur at any age, but most cases occur in middle age. It often begins slowly and usually reaches a plateau over a few months or years. The cause of cervical dystonia is often unknown. In some cases there is a family history. Several genes have been associated with cervical dystonia, including GNAL, THAP1, CIZ1, and ANO3. Other cases may be linked to an underlying disease (e.g. Parkinson disease), neck trauma, or certain medications. Treatment may include local injections of botulinum toxin, pain medications, benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety medications), anticholinergics,physical therapy, or surgery.


tracheitis

A tracheal disease which involves bacterial infection of the trachea often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci that follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. The symptoms include barking croup cough, loud squeaking noise while breathing, scratchy feeling in the throat, high fever, and production of large amounts of pus-filled secretions.


tracheobronchitis

Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree.


Transfusion Reaction

Adverse events associated with the transfusion of whole blood or one of its components, most commonly a hemolytic reaction to cross-typed blood.


transient global amnesia

A condition characterized by sudden, temporary, usually short-lived memory loss, not associated with a neurologic disorder. Affected individuals lose memory function for recent events and have a decreased ability to retain new information. It is usually a solitary event.


transposition of the great arteries

A congenital cardiac defect in which two heart vessels are reversed (transposed).


lateral sinus thrombosis

Formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in the lateral sinuses. This condition is often associated with ear infections (otitis media or mastoiditis) without antibiotic treatment. In developed nations, lateral sinus thrombosis can result from craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; neurosurgical procedures; thrombophilia; and other conditions. Clinical features include headache; vertigo; and increased intracranial pressure.


Tremor

An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.


Triiodothyronine level below reference range


trichotillomania

A disorder characterized by repetitive pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss; the individual experiences a rising subjective sense of tension before pulling out the hair and a sense of gratification or relief when pulling out the hair.


tricuspid valve insufficiency

The backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, owning to imperfect functioning/insufficiency of the tricuspid valve.


trigger thumb

A painful disability in the hand affecting the finger or thumb. It is caused by mechanical impingement of the digital flexor tendons as they pass through a narrowed retinacular pulley at the level of the metacarpal head. Thickening of the sheath and fibrocartilaginous metaplasia can occur, and nodules can form. (From Green's Operative Hand Surgery, 5th ed, p2137-58).


Trismus

Limitation in the ability to open the mouth.


persistent truncus arteriosus

A rare congenital cardiovascular disorder characterized by the failure of the embryologic structure truncus arteriosus to divide into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. It results in the presence of a single vessel instead of two vessels leading out of the heart. Clinical signs and symptoms include cyanosis that is present at birth, poor growth, dyspnea, tachypnea, arrhythmia, cardiomegaly, and heart failure. If it is not surgically repaired, it leads to death.


tumor lysis syndrome

A condition of metabolic abnormalities that result from a spontaneous or therapy-related cytolysis of tumor cells. Tumor lysis syndrome typically occurs in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. Burkitt lymphoma and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are commonly associated with this syndrome. Metabolic abnormalities include hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia and may result in renal failure, multiple organ failure, and death.


pleural tuberculosis

Inflammation of the pleura secondary to an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


Tumor Pain

A painful sensation caused by the tumor growth.


Peripheral visual field loss

Loss of peripheral vision with retention of central vision, resulting in a constricted circular tunnel-like field of vision.


Twin Pregnancy

A pregnancy involving two fetuses.


IgE responsiveness, atopic

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction - type I reaction, involves immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated release of chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils. Th2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-13, which then act on B cells to promote the production of antigen-specific IgE. Reexposure to the antigen can then result in the antigen binding to and cross-linking the bound IgE antibodies on the mast cells and basophils. This causes the release of preformed mediators (histamine, tryptase, tryptase, chemotactic factors), newly synthesized mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandin, thromboxane, platelet-activating factor, adenosine, bradykinin), and cytokines from these cells that results in structural and functional changes to the affected tissue.


ulcer disease

A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.


Unresponsive to Stimuli

An individual whose level of consciousness is such that he is not responsive to any stimulus.


ureteral obstruction

Blockage in any part of the ureter causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as hydronephrosis and obstructive nephropathy.


Ureteral stenosis

The presence of a stenotic, i.e., constricted ureter.


Bladder hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from the urinary bladder wall.


Cylindruria

The presence of renal casts (cylindrical, cigar-shaped structures produced by the kidney in certain disease states) in the urine.


urinary system disorder

A disease involving the renal system.


Tetranabinex

Compounds having the cannabinoid structure. They were originally extracted from Cannabis sativa L. The most pharmacologically active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; CANNABINOL; and CANNABIDIOL.

A diverse group of pharmacologically active secondary metabolite characteristic to Cannabis plant as well as produced naturally in the body by humans and animals. Cannabinoids contain oxygen as a part of the heterocyclic ring or in the form of various functional groups. They are subdivided on the basis of their origin.


Urogenital fistula

The presence of a fistula affecting the genitourinary system.


uterine cancer

Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the uterine corpus and/or the cervix.


uterine disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the uterine corpus or the cervix. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include endometritis and cervicitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include endometrial carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and cervical carcinoma.


Enlarged uterus

An increase in the overall dimensions or volume of the uterus compared to normal.


Uterine hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from the uterus.


Uterine Pain

A painful sensation in the uterus.


Uterine Perforation

A rupture in the uterus due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


uterine polyp

A benign protruding lesion arising either from the endometrial cavity (endometrial polyp) or the endocervix (endocervical polyp). It may occasionally recur following complete resection.


Uterine prolapse

The presence of prolapse of the uterus.


Uterine rupture

The complete, nonsurgical disruption of all layers of the uterus.


vaginal discharge

Normal or abnormal secretions from the vagina. Mucus produced by the cervical glands is discharged from the vagina naturally, especially during the childbearing years. Causes of abnormal vaginal discharge include infectious agents (e.g., Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas, and Candida albicans), the presence of foreign bodies, and cervical or vaginal cancer.


Vaginal Hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from the vagina.


infective vaginitis

An infectious process affecting the vagina. Symptoms include pain and purulent discharge.


varicocele

A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the spermatic cord with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.


vascular hemostatic disease

Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of blood vessels, blood fluidity, and blood coagulation. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the vascular endothelium, the plasma proteins (including blood coagulation factors), and platelets.


Vasospasm

Narrowing of an artery due to constriction of the blood vessels.


vein disorder

A disease involving the vein.


Thrombosis of vena cava

The formation of a thrombus in the vena cava.


Amsacrine

An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.

A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits  antineoplastic activity.


Venous Injury

Damage to a vein from traumatic or pathologic processes.


Elevated jugular venous pressure

Increased jugular venous pressure.


Ventricular hypertrophy

Enlargement of the cardiac ventricular muscle tissue with increase in the width of the wall of the ventricle and loss of elasticity. Ventricular hypertrophy is clinically differentiated into left and right ventricular hypertrophy.


ventricular septal defect

The presence of a defect (opening) in the septum that separates the two ventricles of the heart. It can be congenital or acquired.


vestibular disorder

Pathological processes of the vestibular labyrinth which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.


Virilization

The development of normal male puberty due to testosterone effect or the abnormal development of male secondary sexual characteristics in children and females due to excessive androgens.


Visual field defect

An absolute or relative reduction in the extent of the normal field of vision.


Reduced vital capacity

An abnormal reduction on the vital capacity, which is defined as the total lung capacity (volume of air in the lungs at maximal inflation) less the residual volume (i.e., volume of air in the lungs following maximal exhalation) of the lung.


abducens nerve disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the abducens nerve (sixth cranial nerve).


vitreous detachment

Detachment of the vitreous humor from the retina.


vitreous body disorder

Any disease affecting the vitreous body of the eye.


Vitreous floaters

Deposits of various size, shape, consistency, refractive index, and motility within the eye's vitreous humour, which is normally transparent.


hyalitis

Inflammatory intraocular reaction with clouding and cells in vitreous; often accompanies inflammation of ciliary body, iris, choroid, or retina.


Vocal cord dysfunction

Any functional anomaly of the vocal cord.


Vocal cord paralysis

A loss of the ability to move the vocal folds.


intestinal volvulus

Twisting of a loop of bowel that results in intestinal obstruction.


Projectile vomiting

Vomiting that ejects the gastric contents with great force.


Vulvar abscess

A circumscribed area of pus or necrotic debris in the vulvar region.


vulva cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vulva.


vulvar disease

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the vulva. Representative examples include infection, Bartholin gland adenoma, and vulvar carcinoma.


inherited obesity

Abnormally low body weight.


Failure to thrive

Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.


Abnormal leukocyte count

Number of leukocytes per volume of blood beyond normal limits.


Fracture of wrist

Traumatic injury to the wrist joint in which the continuity of a wrist bone is broken. Symptoms include wrist pain, swelling, and deformity of wrist.


Leukocytosis

A laboratory test result indicating an increased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood.


Wound dehiscence

Splitting of the sutured margins of a surgical wound. Risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, and advanced age.


Wound Infection

Infection of a break in the skin or other tissue.


Yawning

An involuntary deep inhalation with the mouth open, often a sign of drowsiness or boredom.


Mental Status Change

An alteration in the mental status of an individual.


Pneumoperitoneum

Free air within the peritoneal cavity.


Aneurysm, Ruptured

An aneurysm that has burst, resulting in hemorrhage into adjacent tissues.


Dandy-Walker syndrome

Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) is the association of three signs: hydrocephalus, partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis, and posterior fossa cyst contiguous with the fourth ventricle, presenting early in life with hydrocephalus, bulging occiput and posterior fossa signs such as cranial nerve palsies, nystagmus and ataxia.


Enlarged kidney

An abnormal increase in the size of the kidney.


lip disorder

A disease involving the lip.


Cystocele

Anterior vaginal wall prolapse with bulging of the bladder into the vagina.


Cardiotoxicity

Toxicity that impairs or damages the heart. This condition is often caused by the administration of a pharmaceutical agent that initiates a poisonous or toxic response in cardiac tissue.


Plagiocephaly

Asymmetric head shape, which is usually a combination of unilateral occipital flattening with ipsilateral frontal prominence, leading to rhomboid cranial shape.


Abnormality of the umbilical cord

An abnormality of the umbilical cord, which is the cord connecting the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta.


Transudative pleural effusion

A type of pleural effusion with a transudate (extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity). Pleural effusions can be classified as transudates or exudates based on Light's criteria, which classify an effusion as exudate if one or more of the following are present: (1) the ratio of pleural fluid protein to serum protein is greater than 0.5, (2) the ratio of pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to serum LDH is greater than 0.6, or (3) the pleural fluid LDH level is greater than two thirds of the upper limit of normal for serum LDH.


intestinal polyp

Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the intestine. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.


Pseudoarthrosis

A pathologic entity characterized by a developmental defect in a long bone leading to bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form a normal bony callus with subsequent fibrous nonunion, leading to the pseudarthrosis (or "false joint").


Wound Discharge

The material exuded from a wound, either surgical or traumatic.


idiopathic spontaneous coronary artery dissection

The spontaneous occurrence of a dissection of the coronary artery. The clinical recognition of this phenomenon has increased as coronary angiography is becoming more commonly used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. The etiology of the condition has not been fully elucidated, but the mean age of presentation is 30-45 years, more than 70% are women, and 30% of cases occur in the peripartum period.


Atrial thrombosis

Presence of a blood clot in the atria of the heart.


lymphocele

A cystic lesion containing lymph. It usually results from injury, gynecologic surgery, or urologic surgery.


rheumatoid nodulosis

A particular variant of polyarthritis associated with early manifestations of palindromic rheumatism, radiologic subchondral bone cysts, and subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules.


Joint Range of Motion Decreased

Decreased joint flexibility.


Pneumocephalus

The presence of air or gas within the cranial cavity.


Tooth Infection

An infectious process affecting a tooth.


Carotid Bruit

An innocent murmur with a medium pitched, harsh character heard at the right or left upper sternal border, supraclavicular region, or anterior portion of the lower neck that disappears with bilateral shoulder hyperextension. (ACC/AHA)


Increased Energy

Feeling of excessive energy, which may be associated with increased activity.


myofascial pain syndrome

Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on trigger points, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome.


acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis

A widespread acute rash characterized by fever and multiple small pustules on a reddish background.


deafness, unilateral

A unilateral absence of sensory perception of sound.


Sinus Rhythm

An electrocardiographic finding of an atrial rhythm which originates from the sinoatrial node that is considered normal for the population. (CDISC)


Trachyonychia

Excessive longitudinal ridging that gives the surface of the nail plate a rough appearance. It results from multiple foci of defective keratinization of the proximal nail matrix.


Rectal abscess

A collection of pus in the area of the rectum.


Localized Edema

Swelling due to an excessive accumulation of fluid at a specific anatomic site.


carotid artery occlusion

A occlusion precerebral artery that involves the carotid artery segment.


Pseudoaneurysm

A contained rupture of an artery with a disruption in all 3 layers of the arterial wall.


Cytomegalovirus colitis

A form of cytomegalovirus infection characterized by infection and inflammation of the colon.


Bladder Spasm

A sudden and involuntary contraction of the bladder wall.


Acute phase response

Presence of one or more manifestations of the acute phase response. Acute phase proteins (APP) are blood proteins primarily synthesized by hepatocytes as part of the acute phase response (APR). The APR is part of the early-defense or innate immune system, which is triggered by different stimuli including trauma, infection, stress, neoplasia, and inflammation. The APR results in a complex systemic reaction with the goal of reestablishing homeostasis and promoting healing.


Cytomegaloviral gastritis

Inflammation of stomach that is associated with cytomegalovirus.


Esophagitis caused by Cytomegalovirus

Inflammation of the esophagus that is associated with cytomegalovirus.


Axillary Mass

An abnormal growth in the axilla.


camptodactyly of fingers

Camptodactyly of fingers is a rare, genetic, non-syndromic, congenital limb malformation characterized by a painless, non-traumatic, non-neurogenic, often bilateral, permanent flexion contracture at the proximal interphalangeal joint of a postaxial finger, resulting in permanent volar inclination of the affected digit. The fifth finger is always involved, but additional digits might also be affected.


Weight Fluctuation

Repetitive loss and regain of body weight.


autoimmune thyroid disease

Inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-cells and thyroid autoantibodies. The clinical signs can range from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.


HELLP syndrome

A life-threatening condition that can potentially complicate pregnancy. It is named for 3 features of the condition: H emolysis, E levated L iver enzyme levels, and L ow P latelet levels. It typically occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy (the third trimester) but can also start soon after delivery. A wide range of non-specific symptoms may be present in women with HELLP syndrome. Symptoms may include fatigue; malaise; fluid retention and excess weight gain; headache; nausea and vomiting; pain in the upper right or middle of the abdomen; blurry vision; and rarely, nosebleed or seizures. The cause of HELLP syndrome is not known, but certain risk factors have been associated with the condition. It is most common in women with preeclampsia or eclampsia. If not diagnosed and treated quickly, HELLP syndrome can lead to serious complications for the mother and baby.The main treatment is to deliver the baby as soon as possible, even if premature. Treatment may also include medications needed for the mother or baby, and blood transfusion for severe bleeding problems.


Emotional Distress

Disturbed mental state characterized by moodiness, irritability, agitation, anxiety, and/or depression resulting from physical or mental stress.


patellofemoral pain syndrome

A syndrome characterized by retropatellar or peripatellar pain resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint. The pain is most prominent when ascending or descending stairs, squatting, or sitting with flexed knees. There is a lack of consensus on the etiology and treatment. The syndrome is often confused with (or accompanied by) chondromalacia patellae, the latter describing a pathological condition of the cartilage and not a syndrome.


Neck Mass

An abnormal growth in the neck.


Fractured coccyx

A partial or complete breakage of the coccyx.


Abnormal erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A deviation from normal range of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a test that measures the distance that erythrocytes have fallen after one hour in a vertical column of anticoagulated blood under the influence of gravity. The ESR is a nonspecific finding. An elevation may indicate inflammation or may be caused by any condition that elevates fibrinogen. A decreased ESR may be seen in polycythemia or in certain blood diseases in which red blood cells have an irregular or smaller shape that causes slower settling.


Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate

An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR is a test that measures the distance that erythrocytes have fallen after one hour in a vertical column of anticoagulated blood under the influence of gravity. The ESR is a nonspecific finding. An elevation may indicate inflammation or may be caused by any condition that elevates fibrinogen.


Adactyly

The absence of all phalanges of all the digits of a limb and the associated soft tissues.


Abnormal hematocrit

Any deviation from the normal ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.


ankyloglossia

A developmental abnormality in which the bottom of the tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth.


Onychomadesis

Complete shedding (separation) of the nail from the proximal matrix. Onychomadesis is the proximal separation of the nail plate from the nail matrix due to a temporary cessation of nail growth.


acquired lipodystrophy

An instance of lipodystrophy (disease) that is acquired during the lifetime of the individual.


cardiac conduction defect

The heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating resulting in death within a short time period (generally within 1 h of symptom onset).


Decreased Bone Density

A laboratory finding indicating the presence of lower than normal bone mineral density.


Increased serum serotonin

A increased concentration of serotonin in the blood.


Live Birth

The complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a fetus, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which, after such expulsion or extraction, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles.


Bleeding from anus

Bleeding originating from the anal area.


Increased muscle fatiguability

An abnormal, increased fatiguability of the musculature.


fungal esophagitis

Infection of the esophagus caused by fungi, most often candida albicans and candida tropicalis. It usually affects patients with immunodeficiency disorders or diabetes mellitus. Symptoms include dysphagia and pain on swallowing.


Homicidal Ideation

Thinking about ending or making plans to end another's life.


salpingo-oophoritis

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.


Tetraparesis

Weakness of all four limbs.


polyp of gallbladder

A polyp that involves the gall bladder.


Hemorrhage of urethra

Bleeding originating from the urethra.


silent myocardial infarction

A history of myocardial infarction in the absence of clinical symptoms and positive electrocardiographic findings.


Hemorrhagic Shock

Hypoperfusion of body tissues due to acute blood loss, resulting in cellular injury and vital organ dysfunction.


Single umbilical artery

Single umbilical artery (SUA) is the absence of one of the two umbilical arteries surrounding the fetal bladder and in the fetal umbilical cord.


Osseous metaplasia

Heterotopic formation of normal bone within soft tissue.


craniosynostosis

Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures leading to secondary distortion of skull shape resulting in skull deformities with a variable presentation. Craniosynostosis may occur in an isolated setting or as part of a syndrome.


Fractured cervical vertebra

A partial or complete breakage of the cervical vertebra.


Fractured lumbar vertebra

A partial or complete breakage of the lumbar vertebra.


intracranial hypotension

Reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure characterized clinically by headache which is maximal in an upright posture and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy (see abducens nerve diseases), neck stiffness, hearing loss (see deafness); nausea; and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to spinal puncture; neurosurgical procedures; dehydration; uremia; trauma (see also craniocerebral trauma); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see hematoma, subdural) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)


Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus

A prenatal partial or complete closure of the ductus arteriosus (i.e., prior to delivery).


Bradyphrenia

Abnormal slowness of thought processes.


Abulia

Abulia is a severe form of apathy, characterized by difficulty in initiating and sustaining spontaneous movements, as well as reductions in emotional responsiveness, spontaneous speech, and social interaction.


inborn mitochondrial metabolism disorder

Diseases caused by abnormal function of the mitochondria. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial dna or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.


Duodenal stenosis

The narrowing or partial blockage of a portion of the duodenum.


Epidural Hematoma

A collection of blood into the space between the dura mater and the skull.


megalencephaly

A congenital abnormality in which the occipitofrontal circumference is greater than two standard deviations above the mean for a given age. It is associated with hydrocephalus; subdural effusion; arachnoid cysts; or is part of a genetic condition (e.g., alexander disease; sotos syndrome).


Pneumomediastinum

The presence of free air in the mediastinum.


Inguinal abscess

A circumscribed area of pus or necrotic debris in the groin (inguinal region).


Low self-esteem

Low self-confidence and excessively critical feelings about oneself characterize a negative opinion about oneself.


Herniation of intervertebral nuclei

The presence of one or more herniated nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk.


Right ventricular hypertrophy

In this case the right ventricle is more muscular than normal, causing a characteristic boot-shaped (coeur-en-sabot) appearance as seen on anterior- posterior chest x-rays. Right ventricular hypertrophy is commonly associated with any form of right ventricular outflow obstruction or pulmonary hypertension, which may in turn owe its origin to left-sided disease. The echocardiographic signs are thickening of the anterior right ventricular wall and the septum. Cavity size is usually normal, or slightly enlarged. In many cases there is associated volume overload present due to tricuspid regurgitation, in the absence of this, septal motion is normal.


Oropharyngeal candidiasis

Infection of the oropharynx with, or disease caused by, Candida, especially C. albicans. This disease usually results from debilitation (as in immunosuppression and especially AIDS), physiologic change, prolonged administration of antibiotics, and iatrogenic and barrier breakage. SYN candidosis, moniliasis.


Facial Injuries

Trauma to the face.


carotid artery dissection

Spontaneous or traumatic separation of the layers of the carotid artery wall. It manifests with headache, neck pain, temporary vision loss, and/or ischemic stroke.


Tongue biting

Clamping of the teeth on the tongue, as can accompany a seizure. (ACC/AHA)


pineoblastoma

Pineoblastoma is a rare, malignant type of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNET), found mainly in children (less than 10% of cases are reported in adults), and located in the pineal region of the brain but that can metastasize along the neuroaxis. As it is the most aggressive of the pineal parenchymal tumors, it is usually associated with a poor prognosis.


Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma that has spread from the kidney to other anatomic sites.


Hyposmia

A decreased sensitivity to odorants (that is, a decreased ability to perceive odors).


Ejection Fraction Decreased

A finding indicating a decrease in the volume of blood ejected during ventricular heart contraction.


Mitral valve calcification

Abnormal calcification of the mitral valve.


aortic valve calcification

Calcification of the aortic valve


Contusions

Injury of the soft tissues or bone without breaking the skin that is characterized by blood leakage into the surrounding area.


Prostatic Infection

An acute or chronic infectious process affecting the prostate gland.


engraftment syndrome

A toxicity of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that manifests as fever, rash and pulmonary deterioration which becomes evident at marrow engraftment. It occurs unexpectedly and is occasionally fatal. It can occur after an autogeneic or an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.


Cytokine storm

Excessive or uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines.


Blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio increased


Urine specific gravity above reference range


Hypochromia

A qualitative impression that red blood cells have less color than normal when examined under a microscope, usually related to a reduced amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells.


Chest Wall Pain

Painful sensation in the chest wall region.


Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis


Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract (small intestine, large intestine, and anus).


congenital hydronephrosis

Congenital hydronephrosis is a renal urinary disease characterized by distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces secondary to various congenital obstructive malformations of the kidneys and urinary tract that can evolve to renal atrophy.


Gastric varix

Extreme dilation of the submucusoal veins in the stomach.


hyper-IgE recurrent infection syndrome 1, autosomal dominant

A condition of decreased or absent presence or activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein. Deficiency of this protein is associated with hyper-IgE syndrome.


macular holes

A hole in the macula of the retina.


Post procedural hemorrhage

Bleeding occurring after a medical intervention.


Lacunar stroke

A stroke related to a small infarct (2-20 mm in diameter) in the deep cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, or pons, that is presumed to result from the occlusion of a single small perforating artery supplying the subcortical areas of the brain.


Foreign Body Sensation

Feeling of grittiness or having something in the eye; frequently caused by a foreign body. Other possible causes include corneal abrasion, corneal ulcer, inturned eye lash or acute conjunctivitis.


Drug ineffective for unapproved indication


Hypofibrinogenemia

Decreased concentration of fibrinogen in the blood.


Electrocardiogram QRS Complex Shortened by ECG Finding

A QRS complex that is less than 120 milliseconds on electrocardiogram, reflexing rapid activation of the ventricles via the normal His-Purkinje system. It may indicate the presence of an arrhythmia originating above or within the His bundle.


5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in urine increased


campylobacteriosis

Infections with bacteria of the genus campylobacter.


Loss of eyelashes

This term refers to the loss of eyelashes that were previously present.


hyperhomocysteinemia

A serious metabolic condition caused by mutations in the MTHFR gene, medications, or nutritional deficiency. It results in increased levels of homocysteine in the blood. Patients with this condition are at an increased risk for recurrent blood clots formation and cardiovascular accidents.


Central nervous system lesion

A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity in the central nervous system.


Exercise intolerance

A functional motor deficit where individuals whose responses to the challenges of exercise fail to achieve levels considered normal for their age and gender.


SAPHO syndrome

SAPHO syndrome (acronym for Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis and Osteitis) is an auto-inflammatory disease, mainly characterized by the association of neutrophilic cutaneous involvement and chronic osteomyelitis.


T lymphocytopenia

An abnormally low count of T cells.


Bile Duct Stenosis

Narrowing or stricture of the bile duct.


Cytomegalovirus gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis resulting from an infection with cytomegalovirus.


calciphylaxis

Calciphylaxis is a disease in which blood vessels (veins and arteries) become blocked by a build-up of calcium in the walls of the vessels, preventing blood from flowing to the skin or internal organs. The lack of blood flow (ischemia) damages healthy tissue and causes itto die (necrosis). The most obvious and frequent symptom of calciphylaxis is damage to the skin, as ulcers can developand become infected easily. Calciphylaxis can also affect fat tissue, internal organs, and skeletal muscle, causing infections, pain, and organ failure.These symptoms are often irreversible, and many individuals with calciphylaxis may not survive more thana few months after they are diagnosed due to infection that spreads throughout the body (sepsis), or organ failure. The exact cause of calciphylaxis is unknown. Treatments may include medications to reduce pain, antibiotics to treat infections, and various approaches to preventing the development or worsening of this condition.


Cancer antigen 125 above reference range


Enterocutaneous fistula

An abnormal connection (fistula) between the intra-abdominal intestinal tract and the skin.


vitamin K-antagonist embryofetopathy

A teratogenic disorder observed in a newborn or child of a mother who was exposed to warfarin during pregnancy. Manifestations include nasal bridge depression, nasal bones hypoplasia, microcephaly, congenital heart disorders, and brachydactyly.


Hepatojugular reflux

The examiner applies firm but persistent pressure over the liver for 10 seconds while observing the mean jugular venous pressure. Normally there is either no rise or only a transient (i.e., 2 to 3 sec) rise in mean jugular venous pressure. A sustained increase in the mean venous pressure until abdominal compression is released is abnormal and indicates impaired right heart function. This abnormal response is called hepatojugular reflux.


gastric antral vascular ectasia

Dilatation of the vessels in the antrum of the stomach. It is associated with portal hypertension, scleroderma, and chronic renal failure. It may cause gastric bleeding.


polyp of large intestine

A polyp that involves the large intestine.


Conjunctival hyperemia

Dilatation of the blood vessels of the conjunctiva leading to a red appearance of the sclera.


digestive system adenoma

A sporadic or less frequently familial neoplasm, arising from the glandular epithelium of the stomach, small intestine, biliary tract, colon, and rectum. It is a polypoid or flat circumscribed lesion. Morphologically, it is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic glandular cells and it is associated with dysplasia. According to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous. The dysplasia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The frequency of malignant transformation depends on the size of the lesion and the degree of dysplasia. Larger adenomas with severe dysplastic changes (sometimes called carcinoma in situ) carry a higher risk of progressing to invasive adenocarcinoma. Gastrointestinal adenomas may present as solitary or multifocal lesions. Familial adenomas tend to be multifocal and carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to chest wall

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the structures of the chest wall from another primary anatomic site.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to peritoneum

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the peritoneum from another primary anatomic site.


Vascular calcification

Abnormal calcification of the vasculature.


Infusion-Related Reaction

A reaction to the infusion of pharmacological or biological substances. Symptoms may appear within minutes to hours following the infusion and may include pruritus, flushing, swelling, dyspnea, bronchospasm, and hypotension.


Retrognathia

An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.


Skin Induration

An area of hardness in the skin. Causes include inflammatory process and infiltration of the skin by malignant neoplasms.


Left atrial enlargement

Increase in size of the left atrium.


acute chest syndrome

A vaso-occlusive crisis of the pulmonary vasculature occurring in patients with sickle cell disease. It is characterized by the presence of a new radiodensity on a chest radiograph accompanied by fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia.