Odevixibat

Odevixibat is a reversible inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT). It decreases the reabsorption of bile acids (primarily the salt forms) from the terminal ileum. Pruritus is a common symptom in patients with PFIC and the pathophysiology of pruritus in patients with PFIC is not completely understood. Although the complete mechanism by which odevixibat improves pruritus in PFIC patients is unknown, it may involve inhibition of the IBAT, which results in decreased reuptake of bile salts, as observed by a decrease in serum bile acids.


progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

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Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) refers to a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders of childhood that disrupt bile formation and present with cholestasis of hepatocellular origin.


Belzutifan

Belzutifan is an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF-2alpha), with potential antineoplastic activity. HIF-2alpha is a transcription factor that plays a role in oxygen sensing by regulating genes that promote adaptation to hypoxia. Under normal oxygen levels, HIF-2alpha is targeted for ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation by VHL protein. Lack of functional VHL protein results in stabilization and accumulation of HIF-2alpha. Upon stabilization, HIF-2alpha translocates into the nucleus and interacts with hypoxia-inducible factor 1 beta (HIF-1beta) to form a transcriptional complex that induces expression of downstream genes, including genes associated with cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Belzutifan binds to HIF-2alpha, and in conditions of hypoxia or impairment of VHL protein function, belzutifan blocks the HIF-2alpha-HIF-1beta interaction, leading to reduced transcription and expression of HIF-2alpha target genes. In vivo, belzutifan demonstrated anti-tumor activity in mouse xenograft models of renal cell carcinoma.


von Hippel-Lindau disease

A familial cancer predisposition syndrome associated with a variety of malignant and benign neoplasms, most frequently retinal, cerebellar, and spinal hemangioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and pheochromocytoma.


Difelikefalin

Difelikefalin is a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. The relevance of KOR activation to therapeutic effectiveness is not known.


Uremic pruritus

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Mobocertinib

Mobocertinib is a kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that irreversibly binds to and inhibits EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations at lower concentrations than wild type (WT) EGFR. Two pharmacologically-active metabolites (AP32960 and AP32914) with similar inhibitory profiles to mobocertinib have been identified in the plasma after oral administration of mobocertinib. In vitro, mobocertinib also inhibited the activity of other EGFR family members (HER2 and HER4) and one additional kinase (BLK) at clinically relevant concentrations (IC50 values <2 nM).


Atogepant

Atogepant is a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist.

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (3'S)-2'-oxo-1',2',5,7-tetrahydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-6,3'-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (3S,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-methyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5-(2,3,6-trifluorophenyl)piperidin-2-one. It is a selective oral, small-molecule antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor that has been approved for the treatment of migraine.


Migraine prophylaxis

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ANIFROLUMAB

Anifrolumab-fnia is a human IgG1kappa monoclonal antibody that binds to subunit 1 of the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) with high specificity and affinity. This binding inhibits type I IFN signaling, thereby blocking the biologic activity of type I IFNs. Anifrolumab-fnia also induces the internalization of IFNAR1, thereby reducing the levels of cell surface IFNAR1 available for receptor assembly. Blockade of receptor mediated type I IFN signaling inhibits IFN responsive gene expression as well as downstream inflammatory and immunological processes. Inhibition of type I IFN blocks plasma cell differentiation and normalizes peripheral T-cell subsets. Type I IFNs play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Approximately 60-80% of adult patients with active SLE express elevated levels of type I IFN inducible genes.


AVALGLUCOSIDASE ALFA

Avalglucosidase alfa-ngpt provides an exogenous source of GAA. The M6P on avalglucosidase alfa-ngpt mediates binding to M6P receptors on the cell surface with high affinity. After binding, it is internalized and transported into lysosomes where it undergoes proteolytic cleavage that results in increased GAA enzymatic activity. Avalglucosidase alfa-ngpt then exerts enzymatic activity in cleaving glycogen.


glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency, late-onset

Glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency, late onset (AMDL), a form of Glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency (AMD), a degenerative metabolic myopathy particularly affecting respiratory and skeletal muscles, is characterized by an accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes.


LONAPEGSOMATROPIN

Lonapegsomatropin is a pegylated human growth hormone (somatropin) for once-weekly subcutaneous injection. Somatropin binds to the growth hormone (GH) receptor in the cell membrane of target cells resulting in intracellular signal transduction and a host of pharmacodynamic effects. Somatropin has direct tissue and metabolic effects, and indirect effects mediated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), including stimulation of chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation, stimulation of hepatic glucose output, protein synthesis and lipolysis. Somatropin stimulates skeletal growth in pediatric patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) as a result of effects on the growth plates (epiphyses) of long bones.


Somatotropin deficiency

Abnormally low levels of circulating somatotropin.


TISOTUMAB VEDOTIN

Tisotumab vedotin-tftv is a tissue factor (TF)-directed antibody drug conjugate (ADC). The antibody is a human IgG1 directed against cell surface TF. TF is the primary initiator of the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade. The small molecule, MMAE, is a microtubule-disrupting agent, attached to the antibody via a protease-cleavable linker. Nonclinical data suggests that the anticancer activity of tisotumab vedotin-tftv is due to the binding of the ADC to TF expressing cancer cells, followed by internalization of the ADC-TF complex, and release of MMAE via proteolytic cleavage. MMAE disrupts the microtubule network of actively dividing cells, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. In vitro, tisotumab vedotin-tftv also mediates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.


BIMEKIZUMAB

Bimekizumab is a humanised IgG1/kappa monoclonal antibody that selectively binds with high affinity to IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-17AF cytokines, blocking their interaction with the IL-17RA/IL-17RC receptor complex. Elevated concentrations of IL-17A and IL-17F have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases including plaque psoriasis. Bimekizumab inhibits these proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in the normalization of skin inflammation and as a consequence improvement in clinical symptoms associated with psoriasis. From in vitro models, bimekizumab was shown to inhibit psoriasis-related gene expression and cytokine production to a greater extent than inhibition of IL-17A alone.


obesity due to pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency is a form of monogenic obesity resulting in severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency, red hair and pale skin.


Obesity due to leptin receptor gene deficiency


TRALOKINUMAB

Tralokinumab is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the type 2 cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) and inhibits its interaction with the IL-13 receptors. Tralokinumab neutralises the biological activity of IL-13 by blocking its interaction with the IL-13Ralpha1/IL-4Ralpha receptor complex. IL-13 is a major driver of human type 2 inflammatory disease, such as atopic dermatitis and inhibiting the IL-13 pathway with tralokinumab in patients decreases many of the mediators of type 2 inflammation.


Vosoritide

Vosoritide is a modified type C natriuretic peptide (CNP). In patients with achondroplasia, endochondral bone growth is negatively regulated due to a gain of function mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). Binding of vosoritide to natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B) antagonises FGFR3 downstream signalling by inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway at the level of rapidly accelerating fibrosarcoma serine/threonine protein kinase (RAF-1). As a result, vosoritide, like CNP, acts as a positive regulator of endochondral bone growth as it promotes chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.


Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is the most common form of chondrodysplasia, characterized by rhizomelia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, brachydactyly, and macrocephaly with frontal bossing and midface hypoplasia.


pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus is a group of chronic autoimmune skin diseases characterized by blister formations on the outer layer of the skin and the mucous membranes. Three clinical forms have been characterized, of which pemphigus vulgaris is the most frequent (75%).


Ioflupane I-123

Ioflupane binds reversibly to the human recombinant dopamine transporter (DaT). Following administration of DaTscan to humans, radioactive decay of the iodine 123 emits gamma radiation which can be detected externally using gamma detectors, allowing visualization of the brain striata through SPECT imaging. Autoradiography of post-mortem human brain slices exposed to radiolabeled ioflupane shows concentration of the radiolabel in striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). The specificity of the binding of ioflupane I 125 to dopamine transporter was demonstrated by competition studies with the DaT inhibitor GBR 12909 (a dopamine reuptake inhibitor), the serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram, and the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor desipramine in post-mortem human brain slices exposed to radiolabeled ioflupane.  Citalopram reduced binding in the neocortex and thalamus with only minor effects in the striatum. This indicated that the binding in the cortex and thalamus is mainly to the serotonin reuptake sites.  Desipramine showed no effect on the level of striatal binding of ioflupane I 125, but reduced extrastriatal binding by 60 to 85%.  The binding of ioflupane I 125 to the striatum was abolished in the presence of high concentrations of GBR 12909, indicating selectivity of ioflupane binding for the pre-synaptic DaT.

An azabicycloalkane that is ecgonine methyl ester in which the N-methyl group is replaced by 3-fluoropropyl and the 3beta-hydroxy group is replaced by 4-((123)I)iodophenyl. Used for the imaging of dopamine transporters in the brain of adult patients with potential Parkinsonian Syndromes.


Behcet disease

A chronic, relapsing, multisystemic vasculitis characterized by mucocutaneous lesions, as well as articular, vascular, ocular and central nervous system manifestations.


PEFICITINIB

Peficitinib inhibits the signal transduction of cytokines important for the pathological condition of RA as it inhibits the kinase activity of the JAK family (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2) and their signal transduction mediated by IL-2.


Imeglimin

Imeglimin is a first-in-class oral agent which improves pancreatic beta-cell function and enhances insulin action in key tissues, including liver and skeletal muscle.


adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

A peripheral (mature) T-cell neoplasm linked to the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is endemic in several regions of the world, in particular Japan, the Caribbean, and parts of Central Africa.


Microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer


classic Hodgkin lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a B-cell lymphoma characterized histologically by the presence of large mononuclear Hodgkin cells and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells.


Klebsiella infectious disease

Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.


Acinetobacter infectious disease

Infections with bacteria of the genus acinetobacter.


Exposure to radiation

Exposure to radioactive materials or ionizing radiation, whether by external irradiation, contact or contamination with radioactive material, or incorporation of radioactive materials, as in the case of certain diagnostic procedures.


Lower limb spasticity

Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis


AL amyloidosis

AL Amyloidosis is a plasma cell disorder characterized by the aggregation and deposition of insoluble amyloid fibrils derived from misfolding of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains usually produced by a plasma cell tumor. It usually presents as primary systemic amyloidosis (PSA) with multiple organ involvement and less frequently as primary localized amyloidosis (PLA) restricted to a single organ.


Acute exacerbation of chronic congestive heart failure


esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a type of esophageal carcinoma (EC) that can affect any part of the esophagus, but is usually located in the upper or middle third.


Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation


Potassium Sulfate

Potassium sulfate is used to cleanse the colon (bowel) before colonoscopy in combination with sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate.


Molidustat

Molidustat (BAY 85–3934) is a novel, orally bioavailable HIF-PH inhibitor that mimics hypoxia by stabilizing HIF-a subunits. Molidustat inhibits HIF-PH, allowing the accumulation of HIF, which then translocates to the nucleus where it activates the transcription of erythropoietin (EPO) and other hypoxia-inducible genes, thereby increasing endogenous EPO levels and formation of the red blood cell.


Anamorelin

Anamorelin is a potent and selective novel ghrelin receptor agonist that mimics the N-terminal active core of ghrelin. ANAM stimulates neuroendocrine responses and can induce rapid positive effects on appetite and metabolism, which can lead to an increase in body weight and lean body mass.


PABINAFUSP ALFA

Pabinafusp alfa is a fusion protein consisting of a humanized anti-hTfR antibody and hIDS. The humanized anti-hTfR antibody is considered to bind to TfRs expressed in the luminal cell membrane of brain microvascular endothelial cells composing the blood-brain barrier, being transported together with the TfR, passing through brain microvascular endothelial cells via transcytosis (which involves the mechanisms of uptake into the cell via endocytosis and release outside the cell via exocytosis) and further penetrating the basal lamina into neuronal cells in the brain parenchyma. In addition, after binding of pabinafusp alfa to M6PR on the cell membrane and cellular uptake via endocytosis, newly formed endosomes are thought to fuse with lysosomes and move into them. In patients with MPS, the type of accumulating GAG differs depending on the MPS phenotype, and CNS symptoms develops in patients with MPS phenotypes that are associated with the accumulation of HS. HS concentrations in CSF are high in patients with MPS-II who have intellectual disability, compared with those who do not have intellectual disability. These findings and other factors have suggested that HS plays a vital role in the development of CNS symptoms. The hIDS of pabinafusp alfa is considered to promote the degradation of HS in the brain parenchyma, thereby suppressing the development or progression of CNS symptoms. It has been demonstrated that pabinafusp alfa has binding affinity for M6PR and hTfR, and is taken up by human fibroblasts via the receptors.


DICLOFENAC ETALHYALURONATE SODIUM

Diclofenac etalhyaluronate is a 130,000 kDa compound in which the diclofenac molecule is attached via a 2-aminoethanol linker to the glucuronic acid moiety of the hyaluronic acid. Diclofenac is released through hydrolytic cleavage of the ester linkage and it inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin E2.


osteoarthritis susceptibility 5

Any osteoarthritis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GDF5 gene.


Esaxerenone

Esaxerenone is an oral, selective  nonsteroidal  mineralocorticoid  receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension and diabetic nephropathies.


Mirogabalin besylate

Mirogabalin, a novel ligand for the alpha2delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, has been approved for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain including painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPNP) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in Japan. Mirogabalin showed potent and selective binding affinities for the alpha2delta subunits, and slower dissociation rates for the alpha2delta-1 subunit than for the alpha2delta-2 subunit. It also showed potent and long-lasting analgesic effects in rat models of neuropathic pain, and wider safety margins for the central nervous system side effects. A pharmacological study using mutant mice demonstrated that the analgesic effects of mirogabalin were mediated by binding of the drug to the alpha2delta-1 subunit, not the alpha2delta-2 subunit.


POEMS syndrome

POEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by polyradiculoneuropathy (P), organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), clonal plasma cell disorder (M), and skin changes (S). Other features include papilledema, extravascular volume overload, sclerotic bone lesions, thrombocytosis/erythrocytosis, and elevated VEGF levels.


secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

A multiple sclerosis with a clinical course characterized by a progressive accumulation of neurological disability, independent of relapses, following an initial relapsing-remitting (RR) phase.


Anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion oncogene positive non-small cell lung cancer


hordeolum

An acute, localized swelling of the eyelid that may be external or internal and usually is a pyogenic (typically staphylococcal) infection or abscess.


blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelids near the eyelashes.


MELAS syndrome

MELAS (Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke) syndrome is a rare progressive multisystemic disorder characterized by encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. Other features include endocrinopathy, heart disease, diabetes, hearing loss, and neurological and psychiatric manifestations.


Sodium Selenite

The disodium salt of selenious acid. It is used therapeutically to supply the trace element selenium and is prepared by the reaction of SELENIUM DIOXIDE with SODIUM HYDROXIDE.

An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


non-small cell squamous lung carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells. It includes the clear cell and papillary variants of squamous cell carcinoma.


familial amyloid neuropathy

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) or transthyretin (TTR) amyloid polyneuropathy is a progressive sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy of adulthood onset. Weight loss and cardiac involvement are frequent; ocular or renal complications may also occur.


atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome

A rare, genetic thrombotic microangiopathy due to dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway and characterized by the triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal dysfunction.


acute laryngopharyngitis

An upper respiratory tract disease which involves inflammation of both larynx and pharynx.


microscopic polyangiitis

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is an inflammatory, necrotizing, systemic vasculitis that affects predominantly small vessels (i.e. small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules) in multiple organs.


Still's disease with juvenile onset and/or adult onset


cytokine release syndrome

A syndrome that occurs after therapeutic infusion of antibodies into the blood and is characterized by nausea, headache, tachycardia, hypotension, rash, and shortness of breath. It is caused by the release of cytokines from the cells that are targeted by the antibodies. Most patients experience a mild to moderate reaction; however, the reaction may be severe and life-threatening.


Pollakisuria

Increased frequency of urination.


Acute pyelonephritis caused by bacterium


Upacicalcet

Upacicalcet acts directly on parathyroid cell membrane calcium-sensing receptors and it suppresses excessive parathyroid hormone secretion.


Spiramycin A

A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii.

A macrolide antibiotic produced by various Streptomyces species that is used to treat toxoplasmosis and various other infections of soft tissues.


eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome, is a systemic vasculitis of small-to medium vessels, characterized by asthma, transient pulmonary infiltrates, and hypereosinophilia.


pustulosis palmaris et plantaris

A chronic inflammatory disorder that generally occurs in adulthood and is characterized by sterile pustules intermingled with scaly erythemas, vesicles and hyperkeratosis occurring at distinct sites on the palms and soles. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder precipitated by several factors, including local infection, and smoking.


Stress echocardiography using dobutamine


small intestine cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the small intestine.


Maralixibat

Maralixibat is a reversible inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT). It decreases the reabsorption of bile acids (primarily the salt forms) from the terminal ileum. Pruritus is a common symptom in patients with ALGS and the pathophysiology of pruritus in patients with ALGS is not completely understood. Although the complete mechanism by which maralixibat improves pruritus in ALGS patients is unknown, it may involve inhibition of the IBAT, which results in decreased reuptake of bile salts, as observed by a decrease in serum bile acids.


Alagille syndrome

Alagille (AGS) syndrome is variably characterized by chronic cholestasis due to paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts, peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis, vertebrae segmentation anomalies, characteristic facies, posterior embryotoxon/anterior segment abnormalities, pigmentary retinopathy, and dysplastic kidneys.


acute respiratory failure

Life-threatening respiratory failure that develops rapidly. Causes include injury, sepsis, drug overdose, and pancreatitis. It manifests with dyspnea and cyanosis and may lead to cardiovascular shock.


Epiphysis closure

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a recombinant IL-2 product having a methionine added at the N-terminal.

An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.


IDURSULFASE BETA

Enzyme replacement therapy product for the treatment of Hunter syndrome


rectal cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the rectum. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


indocyanine green acid form

A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.


Recurrent Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia

The reemergence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia after a period of remission.


Nemorexant

The mechanism of action of daridorexant in the treatment of insomnia is presumed to be through antagonism of orexin receptors. The orexin neuropeptide signaling system plays a role in wakefulness. Blocking the binding of wake-promoting neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B to receptors OX1R and OX2R is thought to suppress wake drive.


Avacopan

Avacopan is a complement 5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist that inhibits the interaction between C5aR and the anaphylatoxin C5a. Avacopan blocks C5a-mediated neutrophil activation and migration. The precise mechanism by which avacopan exerts a therapeutic effect in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis has not been definitively established.


Asciminib

Asciminib is an ABL/BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Asciminib inhibits the ABL1 kinase activity of the BCRABL1 fusion protein, by binding to the ABL myristoyl pocket. In studies conducted in vitro or in animal models of CML, asciminib showed activity against wild-type BCR-ABL1 and several mutant forms of the kinase, including the T315I mutation.


Maribavir

Livtencity is an antiviral drug against human cytomegalovirus. The antiviral activity of maribavir is mediated by competitive inhibition of the protein kinase activity of human CMV enzyme pUL97, which results in inhibition of the phosphorylation of proteins. Maribavir inhibited wildtype pUL97 protein kinase in a biochemical assay with an IC50 value of 0.003 microM.


Pafolacianine

Cytalux is a fluorescent drug that targets folate receptor (FR) which may be overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Pafolacianine binds to FR-expressing cancer cells with affinity of approximately 1 nM, internalizes via receptor mediated endocytosis, and concentrates in FR-positive cancer tissues.


Inclisiran

Inclisiran is a double-stranded small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), conjugated on the sense strand with triantennary N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to facilitate uptake by hepatocytes. In hepatocytes, inclisiran utilizes the RNA interference mechanism and directs catalytic breakdown of mRNA for PCSK9. This increases LDL-C receptor recycling and expression on the hepatocyte cell surface, which increases LDL-C uptake and lowers LDL-C levels in the circulation.

Inclisiran is a long-acting, synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against PCSK9. It is indicated for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia (familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidemia in adults.


EFGARTIGIMOD ALFA

Efgartigimod alfa-fcab is a human IgG1 antibody fragment that binds to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), resulting in the reduction of circulating IgG.


TEZEPELUMAB

Tezepelumab-ekko is a thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) blocker, human monoclonal antibody IgG2lambda that binds to human TSLP with a dissociation constant of 15.8 pM and blocks its interaction with the heterodimeric TSLP receptor. TSLP is a cytokine mainly derived from epithelial cells and occupies an upstream position in the asthma inflammatory cascade. Airway inflammation is an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, ILC2 cells) and mediators (e.g., histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines) are involved in airway inflammation. Blocking TSLP with tezepelumab-ekko reduces biomarkers and cytokines associated with inflammation including blood eosinophils, airway submucosal eosinophils, IgE, FeNO, IL-5, and IL-13; however, the mechanism of tezepelumab-ekko action in asthma has not been definitively established.


Immunosuppressive therapy for transplant


Monomethyl fumarate

The mechanism by which diroximel fumarate exerts therapeutic effects in MS is not fully understood. Diroximel fumarate acts via the major active metabolite, monomethyl fumarate. Preclinical studies indicate that the pharmacodynamic responses of monomethyl fumarate appears to be mediated, at least in part, through activation of the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcriptional pathway. Dimethyl fumarate has been shown to up regulate Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes in patients.

A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of fumaric acid with methanol. Is is a metabolite of dimethyl fumarate and used for the the treatment of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). It also induces the NFE2L2 (Nrf2) transcription factor by  binding to KEAP1.


Difamilast

Difamilast is a novel atopic dermatitis drug that has phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitory activity. PDE4 inhibitors are believed to improve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis through suppression of the production of chemical mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and through other anti-inflammatory effects.


lymphangioma

A benign lesion composed of dilated lymphatic channels. Painless swelling is the usual clinical manifestation.


Lymphangiomatosis

A lymphangioma affecting several anatomic sites.


Gorham-Stout disease

Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a rare disease of massive osteolysis associated with proliferation and dilation of lymphatic vessels. GSD may affect any bone in the body and can be monostotic or polyostotic. Symptoms at presentation are dependent upon the location(s) of the disease; the most common symptom is localized pain. The disease may be discovered after a pathological fracture.


lymphangiectasis

Dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.


ABROCITINIB

Abrocitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK)1 inhibitor. JAKs phosphorylate and activate Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) which modulate intracellular activity including gene expression. Inhibition of JAK1 modulates the signalling pathways by preventing the phosphorylation and activation of STATs. It is used for  treating adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (also known as eczema, when the skin is itchy, red and dry).


systemic sclerosis

A chronic disorder, possibly autoimmune, marked by excessive production of collagen which results in hardening and thickening of body tissues. The two types of systemic scleroderma, limited cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous are classified with focus on the extent of affected skin. A relationship exists between the extent of skin area affected and degree of internal organ/system involvement. Systemic scleroderma can manifest itself in pulmonary fibrosis, Raynaud's syndrome, digestive system telangiectasias, renal hypertension and/or pulmonary hypertension.


Iobenguane (131I)

AZEDRA is an I 131 labeled iobenguane. Iobenguane is similar in structure to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and is subject to the same uptake and accumulation pathways as NE. Iobenguane is taken up by the NE transporter in adrenergic nerve terminals and accumulates in adrenergically innervated tissues, such as the heart, lungs, adrenal medulla, salivary glands, liver, and spleen as well as tumors of neural crest origin. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are tumors of neural crest origin that express high levels of the NE transporter on their cell surfaces. Following intravenous administration, AZEDRA is taken up and accumulates within pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma cells, and radiation resulting from radioactive decay of I 131 causes cell death and tumor necrosis.


paraganglioma

A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from paraganglia located along the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves. Infrequently, it may arise outside the usual distribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. Tumors arising from the adrenal gland medulla are called pheochromocytomas. Morphologically, paragangliomas usually display a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. There are no reliable morphologic criteria to distinguish between benign and malignant paragangliomas. The only definitive indicator of malignancy is the presence of regional or distant metastases.


SOTROVIMAB

Sotrovimab is a human IgG1 mAb that binds to a highly conserved epitope on the spike protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2.


REGDANVIMAB

Regdanvimab is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike(s) protein of SARS-CoV-2 consequently blocking cellular entry and SARS-CoV-2 infection.


Oteseconazole

Oteseconazole is an azole metalloenzyme inhibitor targeting the fungal sterol, 14alpha demethylase(CYP51), an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol, a sterol required for fungal cell membrane formation and integrity. Inhibition of CYP51 results in the accumulation of 14-methylated sterols, some of which are toxic to fungi. Through the inclusion of a tetrazole metal-binding group, oteseconazole has a lower affinity for human CYP enzymes.


SUTIMLIMAB

Sutimlimab-jome is an immunoglobulin G (IgG), subclass 4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody (mAb) that inhibits the classical complement pathway (CP) and specifically binds to complement protein component 1, s subcomponent (C1s), a serine protease which cleaves C4. Sutimlimab-jome does not inhibit the lectin and alternative pathways. Inhibition of the classical complement pathway at the level of C1s prevents deposition of complement opsonins on the surface of RBCs, resulting in inhibition of hemolysis in patients with CAD.


TEBENTAFUSP

Tebentafusp-tebn is a bispecific gp100 peptide-HLA-A02:01 directed T cell receptor CD3 T cell engager. The TCR arm binds to a gp100 peptide presented by human leukocyte antigen-A*02:01 (HLA¬ A02:01) on the cell surface of uveal melanoma tumor cells. In vitro, tebentafusp-tebn bound to HLA-A02:01-positive uveal melanoma cells and activated polyclonal T cells to release inflammatory cytokines and cytolytic proteins, which results in direct lysis of uveal melanoma tumor cells.


Unresectable Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Metastatic Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma that has spread from its primary site to another anatomic site.


RELATLIMAB

Relatlimab is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the LAG-3 receptor, blocks interaction with its ligands, including MHC II, and reduces LAG-3 pathway-mediated inhibition of the immune response. Antagonism of this pathway promotes T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. Binding of the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, to the PD-1 receptor found on T cells, inhibits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Upregulation of PD-1 ligands occurs in some tumors, and signaling through this pathway can contribute to inhibition of active T-cell immune surveillance of tumors. Nivolumab is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor, blocks interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, and reduces PD-1 pathwaymediated inhibition of the immune response, including the anti-tumor immune response. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, blocking PD-1 activity resulted in decreased tumor growth. The combination of nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and relatlimab (anti-LAG-3) results in increased T-cell activation compared to the activity of either antibody alone. In murine syngeneic tumor models, LAG-3 blockade potentiates the anti-tumor activity of PD-1 blockage, inhibiting tumor growth and promoting tumor regression.


FARICIMAB

Faricimab is a humanized bispecific antibody that acts through inhibition of two pathways by binding to VEGF-A and Ang-2. By inhibiting VEGF-A, faricimab suppresses endothelial cell proliferation, neovascularization and vascular permeability. By inhibiting Ang-2, faricimab is thought to promote vascular stability and desensitize blood vessels to the effects of VEGF-A. Ang-2 levels are increased in some patients with nAMD and DME. The contribution of Ang-2 inhibition to the treatment effect and clinical response for nAMD and DME has yet to be established.


Infection of skin of eyelid and periocular region


TIRZEPATIDE

Tirzepatide is a GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor agonist. It is a 39-amino-acid modified peptide with a C20 fatty diacid moiety that enables albumin binding and prolongs the half-life. Tirzepatide selectively binds to and activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, the targets for native GIP and GLP-1. Tirzepatide enhances first- and second-phase insulin secretion, and reduces glucagon levels, both in a glucosedependent manner.


SOMATROGON

Somatrogon is a glycoprotein comprised of the amino acid sequence of hGH with one copy of the of C-terminal peptide (CTP) from the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at the N-terminus and two copies of CTP (in tandem) at the C-terminus. The glycosylation and CTP domains account for the half-life of somatrogon, which allows for weekly dosing. Somatrogon binds to the GH receptor and initiates a signal transduction cascade culminating in changes in growth and metabolism. Consistent with GH signalling, somatrogon binding leads to activation of the STAT5b signalling pathway and increases the serum concentration of IGF-1. IGF-1 was found to increase in a dose-dependent manner during treatment with somatrogon partially mediating the clinical effect. As a result, GH and IGF-1 stimulate metabolic changes, linear growth and enhance growth velocity in paediatric patients with GHD.


Clazosentan

Clazosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist indicated for the prevention of cerebrovascular spasm after surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by cerebral aneurysm, and cerebral infarctions and cerebral ischemic symptoms accompanying the cerebrovascular spasm.


Gefapixant

Gefapixant is a selective, non-narcotic P2X3 receptor antagonist being approved for the treatment of refractory chronic cough or unexplained chronic cough.


Nirmatrelvir

Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) is an antiviral therapeutic developed by Pfizer for the treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It received conditional approval  by EMA, FDA and PMDA. Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332) is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), also referred to as 3C-like protease (3CLpro) or nsp5 protease. Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro renders the protein incapable of processing polyprotein precursors which leads to the prevention of viral replication. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of PF-07321332, thereby providing increased plasma concentrations of PF-07321332.

An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by {(1S)-1-cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl}aminoacyl, 3-methyl-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-valinamide, methyl and methyl groups at positions 2S, 3, 6 and 6, respectively. It is the first orally administered inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease developed by Pfizer and used in combination with ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19.


Tapinarof is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. The specific mechanisms by which VTAMA cream exerts its therapeutic action in psoriasis patients are unknown.


monkeypox

An infection that is caused by an Orthopoxvirus, which is transmitted by primates or rodents, and which is characterized by a prodromal syndrome of fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and lymphedema; initial symptoms are followed by a generalized papular rash that typically progresses from vesiculation through crusting over the course of two weeks.


cowpox

A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal.


Mitapivat is a pyruvate kinase activator that acts by allosterically binding to the pyruvate kinase tetramer and increasing pyruvate kinase (PK) activity. The red blood cell (RBC) form of pyruvate kinase (PK-R) is mutated in PK deficiency, which leads to reduced adenosine triphosphate(ATP), shortened RBC lifespan, and chronic hemolysis.


pyruvate kinase deficiency of red cells

Hemolytic anemia due to red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a metabolic disorder characterized by a variable degree of chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia.


Pacritinib

Pacritinib is a kinase inhibitor with activity against Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) and Fms-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). Pacritinib inhibits both wild-type JAK2 and the JAK2V617F mutant form that is common in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Pacritinib also exhibits inhibitory activity against additional cellular kinases (such as colony-stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1), the clinical relevance of which is unknown.


Ganaxolone

The precise mechanism by which ganaxolone exerts its therapeutic effects in the treatment of seizures associated with CDD is unknown, but its anticonvulsant effects are thought to result from positive allosteric modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor in the CNS.


developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 2

Any early infantile epileptic encephalopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the CDKL5 gene.


PSMA-617 Lu-177

Lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan is a radioligand therapeutic agent. The active moiety of lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan is the radionuclide lutetium-177 which is linked to a moiety that binds to PSMA, a transmembrane protein that is expressed in prostate cancer, including mCRPC. Upon binding of lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan to PSMA- expressing cells, the beta-minus emission from lutetium-177 delivers radiation to PSMA-expressing cells, as well as to surrounding cells, and induces DNA damage which can lead to cell death.


Mavacamten

Mavacamten is an allosteric and reversible inhibitor selective for cardiac myosin. Mavacamten modulates the number of myosin heads that can enter “on actin” (power-generating) states, thus reducing the probability of force-producing (systolic) and residual (diastolic) cross-bridge formation. Excess myosin actin cross-bridge formation and dysregulation of the super-relaxed state are mechanistic hallmarks of HCM. Mavacamten shifts the overall myosin population towards an energy-sparing, recruitable, super-relaxed state. In HCM patients, myosin inhibition with mavacamten reduces dynamic LVOT obstruction and improves cardiac filling pressures.


eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergic disease of the esophagus characterized clinically by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction (including vomiting, dysphagia, feeding disorders, food impaction and abdominal pain) which persist after treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).


salivary gland cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


pemphigus foliaceus

Pemphigus foliaceous is a rare superficial pemphigus disease characterized by multiple, pruritic, scaly, crusted cutaneous erosions, with flaky circumscribed patches, localized mostly on the face, scalp, trunk and extremities, often presenting an erythematous base. Mucosal involvement is rarely observed.


Molnupiravir

EIDD-1931 has broad spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and related zoonotic group 2b or 2c Bat-CoVs, as well as increased potency against a coronavirus bearing resistance mutations to the nucleoside analog inhibitor remdesivir

A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.


Phthalylsulfathiazole

minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd

A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.


Abdominal distention

Distention of the abdomen.


Sodium Chloride

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.


Metamizole

A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.

A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.


ICODEXTRIN

A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.


Manganese Sulfate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.


Oxygen

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.


CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA

Choriogonadotropin alfa, is an analogue of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and binds to the LH/hCG receptor of the granulosa and theca cells of the ovary to effect these changes in the absence of an endogenous LH surge. In pregnancy, hCG, secreted by the placenta, maintains the viability of the corpus luteum to provide the continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone necessary to support the first trimester of pregnancy.


Abdominal mass

An abnormal enlargement or swelling in the abdomen.


ATROPINE

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

A  racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine . It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae.


Abdominal adhesions

Fibrous bands (i.e., bands of scar-like tissue) that span two or more intra-abdominal organs and/or the inner abdominal wall (i.e. peritoneal membrane).


Sodium Bicarbonate

A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.


Dexamethasone phosphate

A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.


Nimesulide

An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.


Abdominal rigidity

Involuntary tightening of the abdominal musculature that occurs in response to touching the abdomen to avoid pain. Rigidity can occur in the presence of abdominal inflammation and usually involves only the inflamed area.


Unspecified abortion incomplete

The uterus is not entirely emptied of products of conception following spontaneous, medical or operative pregnancy termination.


Missed abortion

Retention in uterus of an abortus.


Spontaneous abortion

Fetal loss at less than 20 weeks of gestation.


abscess

An inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of pus within a newly formed tissue cavity which is the result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection or the presence of a foreign body.


Sterile abscess

An abscess not caused by infection with pyogenic bacteria. Operationally, a sterile abscess is inferred if investigations of an abscess fail to reveal evidence of pathogenic organisms.


Epidermal acanthosis

Diffuse hypertrophy or thickening of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis (prickle cell layer of the skin).


Accident while engaged in work-related activity


Nordazepam

An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.


eye accommodation disease

Disease that disrupts the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies.


Fracture of acetabulum

A traumatic break in the portion of the pelvic bone that forms the hip socket.


Flucloxacillin

A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.


Cystic acne

A severe type of acne characterized by the formation of cysts enclosing a mixture of keratin and sebum.


AIDS

A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. Symptoms include generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. Patients with AIDS are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis), and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood.


skin tag

A small, benign growth that arises from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular tissue lined by epidermis. It may be sessile or pendulous and usually occurs in sites where there is friction.


Activated partial thromboplastin time abnormal


Prolonged partial thromboplastin time

Increased time to coagulation in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, a measure of the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. Phospholipid, and activator, and calcium are mixed into an anticoagulated plasma sample, and the time is measured until a thrombus forms.


Activated partial thromboplastin time shortened


Acute abdomen

A sudden onset of abdominal pain with associated nausea or vomiting. The acute abdomen may be caused by an infection, inflammation, vascular occlusion, or obstruction.


sweet syndrome

Sweet's syndrome (the eponym for acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms, physical features, and pathologic findings which include fever, neutrophilia, tender erythematous skin lesions (papules, nodules, and plaques), and a diffuse infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are typically located in the upper dermis.


Bromazepam

One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.


adenocarcinoma

A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.


Fenoterol

A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.

A member of the class  resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.


Acute sinusitis

An acute form of sinusitis.


colon adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the colon


adenoid hypertrophy

An upper respiratory tract disease characterized by the unusual growth of the adenoid tonsil; has symptom snoring, has symptom hyponasality, has symptom otitis media with effusion, has symptom mouth breathing.


adrenal cortex adenoma

A benign neoplasm that can arise from any of the adrenal cortical layers. It can be associated with the overproduction of glucocorticoids (Cushing's syndrome), androgenic or estrogenic steroids (adrenogenital syndrome), or mineralocorticoids (Conn's syndrome). (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


adrenal gland disorder

A disease involving the adrenal gland.


Adrenal hemorrhage

Hemorrhage and necrosis of the adrenal gland tissue. Bilateral and extensive hemorrhage may lead to acute adrenal insufficiency, shock, and death.


mood disorder

A cognitive disorder a disturbance in which the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.


Parageusia

A distortion of the sense of taste, often characterized by the sensation of a metallic taste.


Tiapride

A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.


Nefopam

Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The  hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.


Air Embolism

The presence of bubbles of air in the vascular system; occurrence is related to the entry of air into the venous circulation following trauma or surgery.


Carbon Dioxide

A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant.

A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.


Akinesia

Inability to initiate changes in activity or movement and to perform ordinary volitional movements rapidly and easily.


alcohol abuse

The use of alcoholic beverages to excess, either on individual occasions ("binge drinking") or as a regular practice.


Elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase concentration

An abnormally high concentration in the circulation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).


Mosapride

Mosapride is a 5-HT4 receptor agonist which increases the release of acetylcholine and stimulates GI motility.

A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.


Glutathione

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.


Albuminuria

Increased concentration of albumin in the urine.


Animal protein allergy

Hypersensitivity in form of an adverse immune reaction against animal proteins.


Elevated circulating alpha-fetoprotein concentration

Concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood circulation above the upper limit of normal.


Flunitrazepam

A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.


Lormetazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.


Pipamperone

A member of the class of  bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.


pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

A rare lung disorder characterized by the filling of the pulmonary alveoli with proteinaceous material which stains positive with periodic acid-Schiff stain. It may be idiopathic or secondary due to hematologic malignancies or the inhalation of mineral dusts. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, cough and low grade fever.


amaurosis fugax

Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)


renal aminoaciduria

A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of amino acids in urine. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the proximal renal tubules. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.


; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers

A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


Digitoxin

A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)

A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.


Canrenoic acid

A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.


Dimethindene

A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.


Etamsylate

Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.


TERIZIDONE

minor descriptor (1975-1984); on-line & Index Medicus search OXAZOLES (1975-1984); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation


macrocytic anemia

Anemia that is characterized by increased red blood cell volume.


neonatal anemia

The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.


anemia due to chronic disorder

Anemia due to a disorder that is persistent or long-standing in nature.


Megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B>12< deficiency


Nitrous Oxide

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.


anal fistula

A pathologic tract that connects an opening in the anal canal to the perianal skin. In the vast majority of cases there is a history of perianal abscess.


fibroepithelial polyp of the anus

A non-neoplastic polypoid lesion that arises from the anal canal or perianal skin. It is composed of dense fibrous stroma and it is covered by squamous epithelium.


Anal stenosis

Abnormal narrowing of the anal opening.


Iohexol

An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


Iodixanol

dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source

A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.


Iopamidol

A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.


Gadoteridol

nonionic magnetic resonance contrast agent; structure given in first source

A non-ionic gadolinium chelate having a macrocyclic tetraamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


Sulfur Hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.

A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).


Magnevist

A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)


Iopromide

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.


Dexketoprofen

a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.


Isosulfan blue

2,5-disulfobenzylidene-isomer of sulfan blue; RN given refers to Na salt


Marginal ulcer

An ulcer that develops in the jejunal mucosa close to the anastomosis site following a gastroenterostomy procedure.


anencephaly 1

Anencephaly is a neural tube defect. This malformation is characterized by the total or partial absence of the cranial vault and the covering skin, the brain being missing or reduced to a small mass. Most cases are stillborn, although some infants have been reported to survive for a few hours or even a few days.


Iron(III) hydroxide

additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9


extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma

Extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a rare, malignant neoplasm mainly affecting men in the fifth decade of life, that usually arises in the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbits or upper airway, and that can present with a nasal mass, nasal bleeding, nasal obstruction, palate perforation (i.e. midline perforation of the hard palate), and mid-facial and/or upper airway destructive lesions. In advanced disease stages, which are associated with a poor prognosis, NKTCL may disseminate to other organs. A few cases of NKTCL presenting primarily in the lymph nodes have also been described.


Etoricoxib

A sulfone and pyridine derivative that acts as a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. It is used as a NSAID for the treatment of pain associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS. It is also used for the short-term treatment of moderate postoperative dental pain.

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridine which is substituted at the 3, 5, and 6' positions by 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, chlorine, and methyl groups, respectively.


angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

A mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by systemic disease and a polymorphous infiltrate involving lymph nodes and extranodal sites. The clinical course is typically aggressive.


angiosarcoma

A malignant tumor arising from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. Microscopically, it is characterized by frequently open vascular anastomosing and branching channels. The malignant cells that line the vascular channels are spindle or epithelioid and often display hyperchromatic nuclei. Angiosarcomas most frequently occur in the skin and breast. Patients with long-standing lymphedema are at increased risk of developing angiosarcoma.


Anhedonia

Inability to experience pleasurable activities usually found enjoyable.


anhidrosis

Lack of sweating or the ability to sweat when provoked by the appropriate stimulus.


Fractured ankle

A fracture or multiple fractures of one or more of three bones in the ankle joint: the tibia (shinbone), the fibula (outer ankle bone), and the talus (which is the bone that connects your leg to your foot).


Anorgasmia

Inability of individual to reach orgasm.


anosmia

Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by olfactory nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions.


Antimicrobial susceptibility test resistant


antiphospholipid syndrome

A disorder caused by the presence of autoantibodies directed against phospholipids, causing a hypercoaguable state, which may result in blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and in women, significant pregnancy-related complications, including miscarriage and still birth. The syndrome is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, most commonly lupus erythematosus, and infections, including syphilis and Lyme disease.


aortic aneurysm

A ruptured aneurysm located in the wall of the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta.


Aortic dissection

Aortic dissection refers to a tear in the intimal layer of the aorta causing a separation between the intima and the medial layers of the aorta.


aortic valve insufficiency

Dysfunction of the aortic valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


aortitis

Inflammation of the aorta. Causes include trauma, infectious disorders, and connective tissue disorders.


Low APGAR score

An Apgar score less than seven.


aphasia

A language disorder that involves an acquired impairment of any laguage modality such as producting or comprehending spoken or written language.


Loss of voice

A term referring to the inability to speak. It may result from injuries to the vocal cords or may be functional (psychogenic).


pure red-cell aplasia

A disease characterized by normocytic, normochromic anemia, low hematocrit, reticulocytopenia, and selective erythroid hypoplasia.


agnosia

A rare disorder characterized by the lack of ability to recognize individuals, objects, shapes, sounds, or smells. There is no loss of memory. It is caused by neurological damage in the brain, specifically in the occipital or parietal lobes.


arachnoiditis

Arachnoiditis (ARC) is a chronic inflammation of the arachnoid layer of the meninges, of which adhesive arachnoiditis is the most severe form, characterized by debilitating, intractable neurogenic back and limb pain and a range of other neurological problems.


Areflexia

Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.


Diacerein

chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase


Chiari malformation

A rare genetic brain malformation characterized by displacement of the brain stem and cerebellum through the foramen magnum. It may result in hydrocephalus.


Arterial Injury

Damage to an artery from traumatic or pathologic processes.


Arterial rupture

Sudden breakage of an artery leading to leakage of blood from the circulation.


Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis

Partial or complete occlusion of the lumen within an arteriovenous fistula by a thrombus.


congenital arteriovenous fistula

An abnormal, epithelial-lined connection between an artery and vein that is present at the time of birth.


Enteropathic arthritis

A form of chronic arthritis that is found in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease.


Elevated circulating aspartate aminotransferase concentration

An abnormally high concentration in the circulation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST).


Asphyxia

A state of general hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body.


Protionamide

Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.


Aspiration

Inspiration of a foreign object into the airway.


Barium Sulfate

A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.

A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.


Asterixis

A clinical sign indicating a lapse of posture and is usually manifest by a bilateral flapping tremor at the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and hip joints.


asthenopia

Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.


Exercise-induced asthma

Asthma attacks following exercise.


astigmatism

Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Atelectasis

Collapse of part of a lung associated with absence of inflation (air) of that part.


atrial septal defect

Interauricular communication is a congenital malformation characterized by a communication between the atrial chambers of the heart.


atrial tachycardia

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate between 101 and 240 beats per minute. The P wave morphology must be distinct from the sinus P wave morphology. (CDISC)


first-degree atrioventricular block

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of prolonged PR interval for a specific population. For adults one common threshold is a PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds.


Focal sensory seizure

A focal sensory seizure is a type seizure beginning with a subjective sensation.


Atypical pneumonia

Historical term that references a form of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, or Legionella species.


axonal neuropathy

Any nerve disorder affecting the axon of a nerve.


azoospermia

A male infertility disease characterized by the absence of any measurable level of sperm in semen.


B-cell lymphoma recurrent

The reemergence of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.


B-cell lymphoma refractory

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.


B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage, typically composed of small to medium-sized blast cells. When the neoplasm involves predominantly the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, it is called B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. When it involves nodal or extranodal sites, it is called B lymphoblastic lymphoma. (WHO, 2001)


bacillary angiomatosis

A condition that is caused by infection with Bartonella, and which is characterized by vascular proliferation, usually in immunocompromised individuals.


Back Injuries

Trauma to the posterior trunk.


bacteriuria

The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the urinary tract and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.


Barrett esophagus

Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)


Increased basophil count

An abnormally increased count of basophils per volume in the blood circulation.


Atypical behavior

Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions, which can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will.


breast benign neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the breast parenchyma.


aortic valve disease 1

Any aortic valve disease in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NOTCH1 gene.


bile duct carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the bile duct


Biliary Colic

Painful sensation in the gallbladder region.


bite injury

A wound inflicted by the teeth or fangs of an individual or animal.


Stage II Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage II includes: (T2a, N0, M0); (T2b, N0, M0).  T2a: Tumor invades superficial muscle (inner half).  T2b: Tumor invades deep muscle (outer half).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage III Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage III includes: (T3a, N0, M0); (T3b, N0, M0); (T4a, N0, M0).  T3a: Tumor microscopically invades perivesical tissue.  T3b: Tumor macroscopically invades perivesical tissue (extravesical mass).  T4a: Tumor invades prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Bladder cancer stage IV

A carcinoma that arises from the bladder and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Dilatation of the bladder

The presence of a dilated urinary bladder.


urinary bladder neoplasm

A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the bladder. - 2003


bladder neck obstruction

Blockage of the opening between the bladder and the urethra resulting in the reduction or prevention of the urine flow from the bladder into the urethra.


bladder transitional cell carcinoma

The most common morphologic subtype of urinary bladder carcinoma (over 90% of cases). It arises from the transitional epithelium. It most often affects males in their sixth and seventh decades of life. Hematuria is the most common symptom at presentation. Pathologic stage is the strongest predictor of survival.


Prolonged bleeding time

Prolongation of the time taken for a standardized skin cut of fixed depth and length to stop bleeding.


blepharospasm

Involuntary twitching of the eyelid.


hyperpigmentation of eyelid

Over-production of pigment in the eyelid.


blindness (disorder)

The lack of vision. It is caused by neurological or physiological factors.


cortical blindness

Visual impairment due to visual cortex dysfunction.


Bulla

A large (greater than 5-10 mm) intraepidermal/subepidermal cavity filled with clear, serosanguineous or cloudy fluid.


Blood bicarbonate level decreased below normal


Blood Bicarbonate Increased

Higher than normal levels of bicarbonate in the blood.


Hyperbilirubinemia

An increased amount of bilirubin in the blood.


Blood Corticotrophin Decreased

A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of corticotrophin in the blood.


creatine phosphokinase, elevated serum

A laboratory test result which indicates increased levels of creatine phosphokinase in a biological specimen.


bone cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the bone or articular cartilage.


Blood creatine phosphokinase MB increased


Positive Blood Culture

A laboratory test result demonstrating the presence of a specific organism in a blood sample after culture.


Blood follicle stimulating hormone increased


Abnormal blood gas level

An abnormality of the partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the arterial blood.


Decreased circulating IgE

An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in blood.


Hyperinsulinemia

Abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood.


solitary bone cyst

A solitary bone cyst is a benign non-epithelial bone cavity that is asymptomatic and that is found most commonly in the second decade of life by chance. The long bones are most often affected, but cases involving the jaw bone have been reported.


Decreased diastolic blood pressure

Abnormal decrease in diastolic blood pressure.


Decreased systolic blood pressure

Abnormal decrease in systolic blood pressure.


Abnormal Blood Prolactin

A laboratory test result which indicates abnormal levels of prolactin hormone in the blood.


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone abnormal


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone decreased


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone normal


Abnormal blood urea nitrogen concentration

Any deviation from the normal concentration of urea nitrogen in the blood.


Increased blood urea nitrogen

An increased amount of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood.


Emotional blunting

Inability to feel positive or negative emotions, feelings of detachment, or reduced emotional responsiveness.


Increased body mass index

Abnormally increased weight-to-height squared ratio, calculated by dividing the individual's weight in kilograms by the square of the individual's height in meters and used as an indicator of overweight compared to averages.


bone giant cell tumor

A benign but locally aggressive tumor that arises from the bone and is composed of mononuclear cells admixed with macrophages and osteoclast-like giant cells. It usually arises from the ends of long bones or the vertebrae. Clinical presentation includes pain, edema, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


Bowen disease of the skin

A form of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a distinct clinicopathological entity and arises from the skin or the mucocutaneous junction. It affects predominantly white males in their 6-8th decades of life. Exposed and non-exposed skin sites are equally affected. UV damage and ingestion of inorganic arsenic may play a role in the development of the disease. On the skin surface, it presents as a single or multiple erythematous, scaly, keratotic patches or plaques. The clinical entity of erythroplasia of Queyrat is regarded as Bowen disease of the penis and it presents as an asymptomatic, red, circumscribed plaque. Morphologically, Bowen disease is characterized by the presence of hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, and acanthosis. The keratotic squamous cells are atypical and display hyperchromatism and abnormal mitotic figures. The dermoepidermal basement membrane is intact. Complete surgical removal of the lesion may be curative.


Nitrendipine

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

A  dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.


Trimebutine

Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.


Canrenone

A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.


Fetal bradycardia

A fetal heart rate below 110 bpm that is sustained for longer than 10 minutes.


Bradykinesia

Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement).


Bradypnea

Bradypnea is referring to breathing that is abnormally slow.


brain stem glioma

A neuroglial tumor that arises from the brain stem.


brain stem infarction

Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain; pons; and medulla oblongata. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.


breast abscess

A breast disease characterized by a collection of pus in the breast.


breast carcinoma in situ

A in situ carcinoma that involves the breast.


Carcinoma breast stage I

Stage 1 includes T1, NO, MO.  T1: Tumor 2.0 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1mic: Microinvasion 0.1 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th Ed.)-2003


Breast cancer recurrent

The reemergence of carcinoma in the breast after a period of remission


breast cyst

A cystic lesion located in breast tissue.


Nipple Discharge

The flow of fluid from the nipple of the breast.


hypertrophy of breast

Excessive enlargement of one or both breasts. Causes include pregnancy, obesity, and penicillamine therapy. It may result in neck, back, and shoulder pain.


breast neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm of the breast parenchyma. It can originate from the ducts, lobules or the breast adipose tissue. Breast neoplasms are much more common in females than males.


Breast Swelling

Enlargement of the breast due to  increased fluid volume.


Halitosis

Noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing.


Breech presentation

A position of the fetus at delivery in which the fetus enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first.


bronchogenic carcinoma

A lung carcinoma arising from the bronchial epithelium.


Bronchial Fistula

An abnormal communication between the bronchus and another organ or anatomic site.


Bronchial Obstruction

Blockage of a bronchus passage most often by bronchial secretions and exudates.


pulmonary aspergilloma

A aspergillosis that involves the lung.


bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic respiratory disease that results from complications related to lung injury during the treatment of infant acute respiratory distress syndrome in low-birth-weight premature infants or from abnormal lung development in older infants. Clinical signs are tachypnea, tachycardia and signs of respiratory distress such as intercostal recession, grunting and nasal flaring.


Right bundle branch block

A conduction block of the right branch of the bundle of His. This manifests as a prolongation of the QRS complex (greater than 0.12 s) with delayed activation of the right ventricle and terminal delay on the EKG.


Burning Sensation

A sensation of stinging or heat, not necessarily accompanied by redness or physical signs of irritation.


Partial thickness burn

An injury that includes the entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis due to a chemical, friction, radiation or thermal exposure. The affected area appears as moist red or white skin that does not blanch. Often it is painful with the presence of blisters.


Elevated circulating C-reactive protein concentration

An abnormal elevation of the C-reactive protein level in the blood circulation.


An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.

A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.


Cachexia

Severe weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility related to a chronic disease.


calcinosis

Deposition of calcium in the tissues. It may be the result of a metabolic disorder or long-standing infection, or it may be associated with the presence of cancer.


carcinoid tumor

A slow growing neuroendocrine tumor, composed of uniform, round, or polygonal cells having monotonous, centrally located nuclei and small nucleoli, infrequent mitoses, and no necrosis. The tumor may show a variety of patterns, such as solid, trabecular, and acinar. Electron microscopy shows small secretory granules. Immunohistochemical studies reveal NSE, as well as chromogranin immunoreactivity. Malignant histology (cellular pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, necrosis, and mitoses) can occasionally be seen. Such cases may have an aggressive clinical course. Gastrointestinal tract and lung are common sites of involvement.


skin carcinoma in situ

A in situ carcinoma that involves the zone of skin.


heart aneurysm

A localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (myocardium), usually in the left ventricle. Blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. True aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. False aneurysms are hematoma caused by myocardial rupture.


Metildigoxin

A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).


Cilnidipine

has excitatory & inhibitory action on the Ca+ channels in the rabbit basilar artery; structure given in first source; RN given is for (+-) isomer

A diesterified 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium channel blocker, it is used as an antihypertensive.


Pimobendan

produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source


Heart murmur

An extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat caused vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart.


Decreased cardiac output

A decreased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


Cardiorespiratory arrest

Cessation of breathing and/or cardiac function.


carotid artery thrombosis

Blood clot formation in any part of the carotid arteries. This may produce carotid stenosis or occlusion of the vessel, leading to transient ischemic attack; cerebral infarction; or amaurosis fugax.


carpal tunnel syndrome

Entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist that is characterized by numbness, tingling and painful movement.


Cartilage injury

Trauma to cartilage.


cat-scratch disease

Cat scratch disease is an infectious illness caused by the bacteria bartonella (Bartonella henselae). It is believed to be transmitted by cat scratches, bites, or exposure to cat saliva. This self-limiting infectious diseaseis characterized by a bump or blister at the site of the bite or scratch and swelling and pain in the lymph nodes. Other features may include fatigue, headache, achiness, and fever. Although cat-scratch disease usually subsides without treatment, antibiotic and/or antimicrobial therapy may help speed recovery.


cataract

Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or both eyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals. (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


nuclear cataract

A cataract (disease) that involves the lens nucleus.


Subcapsular cataract

A cataract that affects the region of the lens directly beneath the capsule of the lens.


catatonia

A psychiatric disorder featuring stupor, posturing, and echophenomena.


Abnormal cardiac catheterization

Abnormal results from the diagnostic tests resulting from cardiac catheterization.


cauda equina syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that occur when some of the nerves in the cauda equina (the bundle of nerves that spread out from the bottom of the spinal cord) become compressed and/or damaged. Signs and symptoms of this condition include pain, numbness, or tingling in the lower back and/or legs; ' foot drop '; problems with bowel and/or bladder control; and sexual dysfunction. Cauda equina syndrome may be caused by a herniated disk, tumor, infection, fracture, or spinal stenosis. Treatment usually targets the underlying cause of the condition and often includes surgery to remove the material that is pressing on the nerves. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and/or other services may be required if symptoms persist following surgery.


CD4 Lymphocytes Decreased

A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of CD4 lymphocytes in a biospecimen.


Decreased CD4:CD8 ratio

An abnormal reduction of the relative proportion of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells.


orbital cellulitis

Inflammation of the eye tissues posterior to the orbital septum, and generally secondary to an infection spread from adjacent sinuses. Signs and symptoms of the affected eye include sudden loss of vision, erythema, edema, decreased eye movement, and pain. Treatment is conducted via intravenous antibiotics, observation, and surgical intervention when necessary.


cerebellar ataxia

A neurological syndrome characterized by clumsy and uncoordinated movement of the limbs, trunk, and cranial muscles. It results from pathology in the cerebellum and its connections, or in the proprioceptive sensory pathways.


cerebellar degeneration

Degeneration of the cerebellum. It may be an inherited condition, a paraneoplastic syndrome, or secondary to autoimmune disorders.


Cerebellar hemorrhage

Hemorrhage into the parenchyma of the cerebellum.


cerebellar disorder

Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia.


Cerebral atrophy

Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.


Cerebral venous thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a cerebral vein, causing the obstruction of blood flow.


cerebrospinal fluid leak

Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through a hole through the skull bone most commonly draining from the nose (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA) or the ear (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA).


Cervical cord compression

Compression of the spinal cord in the cervical region, generally manifested by paresthesias and numbness, weakness, difficulty walking, abnormalities of coordination, and neck pain or stiffness.


dysplasia of cervix

Abnormal development of immature squamous epithelial cells of the uterine cervix, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical epithelium. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial basement membrane.


cervical incompetence

A clinical diagnosis presenting with painless cervical dilatation and spontaneous mid-trimester birth in recurrent pregnancies in the absence of spontaneous membrane rupture, bleeding or clinical chorioamnionitis.


cervical polyp

A polyp that arises from the surface of the cervix.


spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal.


cervix disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the cervix. Representative examples include cervicitis, endocervical polyp, and carcinoma.


chalazion

An eyelid cyst caused by the blockage of a meibomian gland.


cheilitis

An inflammatory process affecting the lip.


Chest pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the chest.


Abnormal Chest Radiograph

A history of having had an abnormal chest radiograph.


Chills

A sudden sensation of feeling cold.


Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, DL-

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).


myeloid sarcoma

A tumor mass composed of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It occurs in extramedullary sites or the bone. (WHO, 2001)


Choking

Interference with respiration by compression or obstruction of the larynx or trachea.


acute cholangitis

Cholangitis that is both sudden in onset and of a relatively short duration.


acute cholecystitis

Acute inflammation of the gallbladder.


Pristinamycin IA

An antibiotic mixture originally isolated from Streptomyces pristinaspiralis. It is a mixture of compounds from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP A: pristinamycin IIA and IIB and from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP B: pristinamycin IA, pristinamycin IB, pristinamycin IC.

A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


Phloroglucinol

A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.

A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.


Choreoathetosis

Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).


central areolar choroidal dystrophy

A hereditary macular disorder, usually presenting between the ages of 30-60, characterized by a large area of atrophy in the center of the macula and the loss or absence of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris in this area, resulting in a progressive decrease in visual acuity.


Choroid hemorrhage

Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.


myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

A medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.


Clonus

A series of rhythmic and involuntary muscle contractions (at a frequency of about 5 to 7 Hz) that occur in response to an abruptly applied and sustained stretch.


respiratory failure

The significant impairment of gas exchange within the lungs resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, to the extent that organ tissue perfusion is severely compromised. Causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and congestive heart failure. Treatment requires intubation and mechanical ventilation until the time the lungs recover sufficient function.


alcoholic liver cirrhosis

A disorder of the liver characterized by the presence of fibrotic scar tissue instead of healthy liver tissue. This condition is attributed to excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.


Claustrophobia

An abnormal fear of being in a closed or narrow space with no escape is called claustrophobia.


Fracture of clavicle

A traumatic or pathologic injury to the clavicle in which the continuity of the clavicle is broken.


cleft lip

A congenital abnormality consisting of one or more clefts (splits) in the upper lip, which may be accompanied by a cleft palate; it is the result of the failure of the embryonic parts of the lip to fuse.


cleft lip/palate

Cleft lip and palate is a fissure type embryopathy extending across the upper lip, nasal base, alveolar ridge and the hard and soft palate.


cleft palate

Cleft palate is a fissure type embryopathy that affects the soft and hard palate to varying degrees.


Clubbing

Broadening of the soft tissues (non-edematous swelling of soft tissues) of the digital tips in all dimensions associated with an increased longitudinal and lateral curvature of the nails.


Clumsiness

Lack of physical coordination resulting in an abnormal tendency to drop items or bump into objects.


Prolonged whole-blood clotting time

An abnormal prolongation (delay) in the time required by whole blood to produce a visible clot.


Cogwheel rigidity

A type of rigidity in which a muscle responds with cogwheellike jerks to the use of constant force in bending the limb (i.e., it gives way in little, repeated jerks when the muscle is passively stretched).


coloboma

An abnormality in which a part of a structure in one or both eyes is missing.


Colonic fistula

An abnormal communication between the large intestine and another organ or cavity.


Stage II Colorectal Cancer

Stage Group II is subdivided into IIA and IIB on the basis of whether the primary tumor is T3 or T4, respectively.  T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or into non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues.  T4: Tumor directly invades other organs or structures, and/or perforates visceral peritoneum. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage IV Colorectal Cancer

Stage IV includes: Any T, any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Bromhexine

A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744)

A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).