Valpromide

A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.


Creatine

An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.


compartment syndrome

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Elevated pressure in a confined space enclosed by fascia or eschar, which may lead to vascular compromise and subsequent ischemic injury to the tissue within the space.


Brain Concussion

A violent jar or shock, or the condition which results from such an injury.


Complications of bone marrow transplant

A sequela of bone marrow transplantation.


Complications of transplanted heart

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted heart.


Disorder of transplanted kidney

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted kidney.


Complication of transplanted liver

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted liver.


Complication of transplanted lung

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted lung.


Compression fracture

Compression-induced traumatic break, and resulting collapse, of a short bone.


Computed tomography result abnormal

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon


Confusion

Lack of clarity and coherence of thought, perception, understanding, or action.


Fetal anomaly

Structural or functional abnormalities of the fetus. Note that this section comprises terms that describe abnormalities that are specific to the fetus or differ from the corresponding general terms. A term from anywhere in the Human Phenotype Ontology can be applied to a fetus if appropriate.


Congenital anomaly of central nervous system


polycystic kidney disease

A usually autosomal dominant and less frequently autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the presence of numerous cysts in the kidneys leading to end-stage renal failure. The autosomal dominant trait is associated with abnormalities on the short arm of chromosome 16. Symptoms in patients with the autosomal dominant trait usually appear at middle age and include abdominal pain, hematuria, and high blood pressure. Patients may develop brain aneurysms and liver cysts. Patients with the autosomal recessive trait present with progressive renal failure early in life and symptoms resulting from hepatic fibrosis. The autosomal recessive trait is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 6. Polycystic kidney disease may also result as a side effect in patients on renal dialysis.


congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A posterolateral defect of the diaphragm that allows passage of abdominal viscera into the thorax, leading to respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality.


congenital hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus that is present at birth.


congenital nystagmus

Nystagmus present at birth or caused by lesions sustained in utero or at the time of birth. It is usually pendular, and is associated with albinism and conditions characterized by early loss of central vision. Inheritance patterns may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p275)


Umbilical hernia

Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.


Conjunctival hemorrhage

A hemorrhage occurring in the conjunctiva of the eye.


Potassium bitartrate

An organic potassium salt of L-tartaric acid. It is a by-product of winemaking and occurs naturally in grapes, the major fruit used to produce wine.


Medical Contraindication

A symptom or medical condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable because a person is likely to have a bad reaction.


conversion disorder

Conversion disorder is a disorder in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis, or other symptoms affecting the nervous system that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury. Symptoms usually begin suddenly after a period of emotional or physical distress or psychological conflict. Conversion disorder is thought to be caused by the bodys reaction to a stressful physical or emotional event. Some research has identified potential neurological changes that may be related to symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosis of conversion disorder is based on identifying particular signs that are common among people with the disorder, as well as performing tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment may include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and stress management training to help reduce symptoms. Treatment of any underlying psychological disorder is also recommended. The affected body part may require physical or occupational therapy until symptoms resolve.


Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia

A type of hemolytic anemia in which the Coombs test is positive.


acute cor pulmonale

A form of acute right heart failure produced by a sudden increase in resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circulation.


Infiltrate of cornea

Discrete, small lesions present in the cornea as a result of corneal inflammation and, in some cases, after soft contact lens wear especially extended-wear lenses.


corneal edema

Hazy, swollen cornea.


Flavin mononucleotide

A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.

A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester.


coronary aneurysm

Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of coronary vessels. Most coronary aneurysms are due to coronary atherosclerosis, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as kawasaki disease.


coronary stenosis

Narrowing of the coronary artery lumen diameter.


coronary thrombosis

Coagulation of blood in any of the coronary vessels. The presence of a blood clot (thrombus) often leads to myocardial infarction.


Tietze syndrome

Idiopathic painful nonsuppurative swellings of one or more costal cartilages, especially of the second rib. The anterior chest pain may mimic that of coronary artery disease.


craniopharyngioma

A benign, partly cystic, epithelial tumor of the sellar region, presumably derived from Rathke pouch epithelium. It affects mainly children and young adults. There are two clinicopathological forms: adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The most significant factor associated with recurrence is the extent of surgical resection, with lesions greater than 5 cm in diameter carrying a markedly worse prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)


Decreased Creatinine Clearance

A laboratory test finding that indicates decreased creatinine clearance.


Crackles

Crackles are discontinuous, explosive, and nonmusical adventitious lung sounds normally heard in inspiration and sometimes during expiration. Crackles are usually classified as fine and coarse crackles based on their duration, loudness, pitch, timing in the respiratory cycle, and relationship to coughing and changing body position.


Increased CSF protein concentration

Increased concentration of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Cushing syndrome

Cushing's syndrome (CS) encompasses a group of hormonal disorders caused by prolonged and high exposure levels to glucocorticoids that can be of either endogenous (adrenal cortex production) or exogenous (iatrogenic) origin.


skin sarcoidosis

Formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in the skin. It may be a manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis or may also arise in isolation.


Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood.


cutis laxa

Cutis laxa (CL) is an inherited or acquired connective tissue disorder characterized by wrinkled, redundant and sagging inelastic skin associated with skeletal and developmental anomalies and, in some cases, with severe systemic involvement. Several different forms of inherited CL have been described, differentiated on the basis of the mode of inheritance and differences in the extent of internal organ involvement, associated anomalies and disease severity.


Cyst

A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material.


hemorrhagic cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder resulting in bloody urine.


Oxybenzone

A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.


Avobenzone

causes allergic or photoallergic contact dermatitis; structure given in first source


Sodium Carbonate

used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure


Neonatal death

Death within the first 28 days of life.


Hypokinesia

Abnormally diminished motor activity. In contrast to paralysis, hypokinesia is not characterized by a lack of motor strength, but rather by a poverty of movement. The typical habitual movements (e.g., folding the arms, crossing the legs) are reduced in frequency.


decubitus ulcer

Death of tissue due to external pressure.


Bowel urgency

A sudden, irresistible need to have a bowel movement.


Delusion

A delusion is a fixed false belief held despite evidence to the contrary. The term delusion broadly encompasses all false judgments that possess the following external characteristics to a significant, albeit unspecified, extent: (1) they are held with an exceptional level of conviction, accompanied by an unparalleled subjective certainty; (2) there is an inability to consider alternative experiences or compelling counter-arguments; (3) the content of the belief is impossible.


Delusional disorder, unspecified type

A subtype of delusional disorder applied when the dominant delusional theme cannot be clearly determined.


dengue disease

Dengue fever (DF), caused by dengue virus, is an arboviral disease characterized by an initial non-specific febrile illness that can sometimes progress to more severe forms manifesting capillary leakage and hemorrhage (dengue hemorrhagic fever, or DHF) and shock (dengue shock syndrome, or DSS).


dental caries

The decay of a tooth, in which it becomes softened, discolored, and/or porous.


dental pulp necrosis

Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.


substance dependence

The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.


Depressed Level Of Consciousness

A neurologic state characterized by decreased ability to perceive and respond.


Derealization

A feeling of altered reality characterized by a feeling of unreality, or being unreal.


Cutaneous cyst

A hollow mass located in the skin that is surrounded by an epithelium-lined wall and is well demarcated from the adjacent tissue. Cysts are often said to be sac-like and may contain serous liquid or semisolid material.


acneiform dermatitis

Cutaneous eruptions resembling acne, characterized by the presence of papulonodules, pustules, comedones, or cysts in the face, trunk, and extremities. Causes include infections and the use of certain medications (e.g., antibiotics and steroids).


autoimmune bullous skin disease

An autoimmune disease characterized by blisters on the skin.


dermoid cyst

A mature teratoma characterized by the presence of a cyst which is lined by mature tissue resembling the epidermis and the epidermal appendages. It occurs in the ovary, testis, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system and skin.


developmental coordination disorder

A disorder characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's motor coordination skills; this impairment in motor development is not due to a medical condition.


Developmental delay

Failure to meet, or late achievement of developmental milestones.


Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma


Diabetic ketoacidotic hyperglycemic coma


respiratory paralysis

Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve diseases; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders.


Silver Nitrate

A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.


Differential white blood cell count abnormal


Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma recurrent

The reemergence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


Stage IV Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage IV: Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional lymph node involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant site(s); or any involvement of the liver or bone marrow, lungs (other than by direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid.


Diplegia

Paralysis affecting corresponding parts on both sides of the body.


Discomfort

A feeling of mental or physical uneasiness, pain, or distress.


Disinhibition

Reduced ability to control, or a failure to resist a temptation, urge, or impulse. Examples include disregard for social conventions, general impulsivity, and poor risk assessment.


diverticulitis

An infection that develops in the diverticula of the intestinal tract. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis.


dissociative disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and/or perception of the environment.


Diverticulum

A pouch formed at a weakened area of wall in a hollow organ structure.


Phencyclidine

A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.

A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group.  Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.


Lysergide

Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.

An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.


Methandrostenolone

A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)


Drug Eruptions

An eruption in the skin due to exposure to a pharmacologic substance.


drug allergy

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.


Thimerosal

An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.

An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.


Titanium Dioxide

used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure

A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.  A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.


Tetrofosmin

Tetrofosmin is a diagnostic agent used to assess areas of reversible myocardial ischemia in the presence or absence of infracted myocardium and is also used to assess ventricular function.


Flunarizine

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.


Copper(II) oxide

see also Copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide, Cu2O)


Citicoline

Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.

A member of the class of  phosphocholines that is the chloine ester of CDP. It is an intermediate obtained in the biosynthetic pathway of structural phospholipids in cell membranes.


Levosulpiride

An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).


Rulide

Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections.

A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.


Brivudine

anti-herpes agent; (Z)-isomer much less active against herpes simplex virus type 1 & somewhat less active against herpes simplex virus type 2 than is the (E)-isomer; both isomers show similar activity against vaccinia virus; RN given refers to (E)-trans-isomer; structure


Prothipendyl

a neuroleptic azaphenothiazine; RN given refers to parent cpd


Decreased Drug Level

A reduction in the expected therapeutic effect of a drug due to increased clearance.


Increased Drug Level

A laboratory test result demonstrating an increased concentration of a specific drug.


Hydrocortisone butyrate

Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.


Duodenal perforation

A rupture in the duodenal wall due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


Duodenal ulcer with hemorrhage

Bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in a duodenal ulcer.


Dysesthesia

Painful sensations elicited by a nonpainful cutaneous stimulus such as a light touch or gentle stroking over affected areas of the body. Sometimes referred to as hyperpathia or hyperalgesia. Often perceived as an intense burning, dyesthesias may outlast the stimulus by several seconds.


Dysarthria

Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.


Dyschromatopsia

A form of colorblindness in which only two of the three fundamental colors can be distinguished due to a lack of one of the retinal cone pigments.


dyshidrosis

A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)


reading disorder

A learning disability involving difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors which affect any part of the reading process.


Dysmetria

A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.


Dysphonia

Difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords. Associated with a known physical or neurological cause.


Dysphoria

A state of feeling very unhappy, uneasy, or dissatisfied.


Eucalyptol

A monoterpene and cyclohexanol derivative that is the major component of EUCALYPTUS OIL. It is used in mouthwash, insect repellent, and as a cough suppressant, and also is widely used as a flavoring agent and solvent. It has antimicrobial properties.


Rest dyspnea

A perception of shortness of breath that occurs independently of exertion.


Exertional dyspnea

Perceived difficulty to breathe that occurs with exercise or exertion and improves with rest.


Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Sudden onset of shortness of breath that causes one to awaken coughing or wheezing; it may be associated with congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


dystonic disorder

A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, resulting in abnormal movements and/or postures.


disorder of ear

A disease that involves the ear.


ear malformation

An abnormality of the ear.


eating disorder

A broad group of psychological disorders with abnormal eating behaviors leading to physiological effects from overeating or insufficient food intake.


Bruising susceptibility

An ecchymosis (bruise) refers to the skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels. This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to bruising. The corresponding phenotypic abnormality is generally elicited on medical history as a report of frequent ecchymoses or bruising without adequate trauma.


echolalia

A symptom of neurologic or psychiatric dysfunction in which the individual involuntarily and meaninglessly repeats a recently heard word, series of words, or a song.


Disorder of ejaculation

A disorder referring to problems related to ejaculation. This category includes premature, delayed, retrograde, and painful ejaculation.


Anejaculation

Inability to ejaculate.


Shock from electric current

A brief, unintentional exposure to an electric current, which may result in local tissue damage due to thermal injury or in a cardiac dysrhythmia.


Abnormal EKG

Abnormal rhythm of the heart.


Prolonged QRS complex

Increased time for the complex comprised of the Q wave, R wave, and S wave as measured by the electrocardiogram (EKG).. In adults, normal values are 0.06 - 0.10 sec.


ST segment depression

An electrocardiographic anomaly in which the ST segment is observed to be located inferior to the isoelectric line.


ST segment elevation

An electrocardiographic anomaly in which the ST segment is observed to be located superior to the isoelectric line.


T-wave inversion

An inversion of the T-wave (which is normally positive).


EEG abnormality

Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.


Electrolyte imbalance

Higher or lower than normal values for the serum electrolytes; usually affecting NA, K, CHL, CO2, glucose, bun.


Arterial embolism

The passage of an embolus from its site of formation in the arterial system to another location within the circulatory system.


Venous embolism

The passage of an embolus from its site of formation to another location within the venous system.


empyema

An accumulation of pus in a body cavity, usually the pleural space.


Enanthema

A sudden eruption (rash) of the surface of a mucous membrane of the mouth or pharynx.


viral encephalitis

Encephalitis resulting from viral infection.


cephalocele

A congenital neural tube closure defect resulting in the protrusion of the brain through a skull opening. When the protrusion includes the meninges, the term encephalomeningocele is used.


endocarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium.


endocrine system disorder

A disease involving the endocrine system.


endometrium adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the uterine body cavity. This is the most frequent malignant tumor affecting the uterine body, and is linked to estrogen therapy. Most patients present with uterine bleeding and are over age 40 at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of the uterine wall invasion, and the histologic subtype. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.


Clitoral hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the clitoris.


enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine.


enterovirus infectious disease

An disease caused by infection with Enterovirus.


enthesopathy

A disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone


enuresis

An elimination disorder characterized by urinary incontinence, whether involuntary or intentional, which is not due to a medical condition and which occurs at or beyond an age at which continence is expected (usually 5 years).


Decreased eosinophil count

Abnormal reduction in the count of eosinophils in the blood per volume.


hypereosinophilic syndrome

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) constitutes a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders, defined as persistent and marked blood eosinophilia and/or tissue eosinophilia associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations reflecting eosinophil-induced tissue/organ damage.


Iomeprol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.


Iobitridol

a nonionic monomeric low-osmolality contrast medium; structure given in second source

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanimido at position 5.


eosinophilic fasciitis

Eosinophilic fasciitis is a rare connective tissue disease that is characterized by inflammation and thickening of the fascia, usually associated with peripheral eosinophilia. It presents during adulthood with symmetrical and painful swelling of mainly the extremities that progressively become indurated. Fatigue, disabling cutaneous fibrosis, myositis and arthritis may also be observed.


spermatocele

A benign testicular cyst that is located in the epididymis, and which contains serous fluid, lymphocytes, spermatozoa, and debris.


epididymitis

Inflammation of the epididymis. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen scrotum; pain; pyuria; and fever. It is usually related to infections in the urinary tract, which likely spread to the epididymis through either the vas deferens or the lymphatics of the spermatic cord.


Epiphyses, Slipped

Abnormal separation of an epiphysis from the shaft of a bone.


Episcleritis

Inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the white part (sclera) of the eye.


Epstein-Barr virus infection

An infection that is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.


Eructation

To belch, the casting of upwind from the stomach.


Erythema

Redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.


Betamethasone phosphate

phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975

A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of betamethasone.


erythema infectiosum

A self-limited viral infectious disorder caused by the human parvovirus B19. It affects predominantly children and is characterized by the development of a bright red skin eruption in the cheeks. It is followed by a maculopapular skin eruption in the extremities which eventually fades into a lacey pattern.


erythema nodosum

A panniculitis that is characterized by sudden onset of painful, erythematous, subcutaneous nodules mainly localized to the pretibial areas. Lesions are usually bilateral and symmetrical, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter.


Eyelid erythema

Redness of the skin of the eyelids, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.


essential tremor

A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)


eustachian tube disorder

A disease involving the pharyngotympanic tube.


exophthalmos

The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, giving a bulging appearance.


exostosis

Non-neoplastic overgrowth of bone.


Babinski sign

Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.


Epidural hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the skull.


Premature Cardiac Complex

A cardiac beat originating from an abnormal site.


Eye Discharge

Liquid exudate from the eye.


Hemorrhage of the eye

Bleeding from vessels of the various tissues of the eye.


ocular toxoplasmosis

Ocular toxoplasmosis is an infection in the eye caused by the parasite, Toxoplasm a gondii. Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of eye inflammation in the world. Toxoplamosis can beacquired or present at birth (congenital), having crossed the placenta from a newly infected mother to her fetus. Most humans acquire toxoplasmosis by eating raw or undercooked meat, vegetables or milk products, or by coming into contact with infected cat litterbox or sandboxes.In humans,the infectionusually causes no symptoms, and resolves without treatment in a few months. In individuals with compromised immune systems, Toxoplasm a gondii can reactivate to cause disease. Reactivation of a congenital infection was traditionally thought to be the most common cause ofocular toxoplasmosis, but an acquired infection is now considered to be more common. A toxoplasmosis infection that affects the eye usually attacks the retina andinitially resolves without symptoms. However,the inactive parasite maylaterreactivate causing eyepain, blurred vision, and possibly permanent damage, including blindness. Although most cases of toxoplasmosis resolve on their own,for some,inflammation can be treated with antibiotics and steroids.


Eye Irritation

A generic term used to describe sensations that bother the eyes like dryness, itchiness, burning and grittiness.


Palpebral edema

Edema in the region of the eyelids.


ptosis

The drooping of the upper eyelid.


Facial edema

Swelling due to an excessive accumulation of fluid in facial tissues.


Fractured facial bone

A partial or complete breakage of the facial bone.


Facial Pain

Painful sensation in the face.


facial paralysis

Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.


Failure to anastomose

Failure of a surgically-induced connection between tubular structures in the body.


Failure to Thrive

A clinical finding indicating less than normal growth in an infant or child, or a state of global decline in an adult.


Propiverine

anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome


Increased adipose tissue

An increase in adipose tissue mass by hyperplastic growth (increase in the number of adipocytes) or by hypertrophic growth (increase in the size of adipocytes occurring primarily by lipid accumulation within the cell).


Febrile seizure (within the age range of 3 months to 6 years)

A febrile seizure is any type of seizure (most often a generalized tonic-clonic seizure) occurring with fever (at least 38 degrees Celsius) but in the absence of central nervous system infection, severe metabolic disturbance or other alternative precipitant in children between the ages of 3 months and 6 years.


Febrile Neutropenia

Neutropenia associated with fever, the latter indicating the presence of an infection.


hip fracture

Traumatic or pathological injury to the hip in which the continuity of either the femoral head, femoral neck, intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric regions is broken. Symptoms include pain in the hip or groin, bruising and swelling in and around the hip area. The injured hip is turned outward and the leg appears shorter on that side.


fibroma

A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


Fibrosis

The formation of fibrous tissue.


Fractured fibula

A partial or complete breakage of the fibula.


pathologic fistula

Abnormal epithelial-lined communication between two anatomical structures.


Flank pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the flank.


Flat Affect

The absence of emotional expressiveness.


Absent anterior chamber of the eye

Absence of the anterior chamber of the eye owing to a developmental defect.


Flight of Ideas

Rapid succession of thoughts pertaining to different subjects that are still connected.


food allergy

Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.


Food Poisoning

Any disorder that results from the consumption of food contaminated with an infectious agent or toxin.


Metatarsal fracture

A partial or complete breakage of a metatarsal bone.


Decreased Forced Expiratory Volume

A decrease in the fraction of the forced vital capacity that is exhaled in a specific number of seconds.


Fractured forearm bones

Bone fracture in the radius, ulna, or wrist.


Delayed fracture healing

A delay in healing of a fracture past the expected duration.


Full blood count outside reference range


Fungemia

A laboratory test result indicating the presence of fungi or yeasts in the blood.


Furuncle

An infection of a hair follicle that extends subcutaneously, forming an abscess.


Spastic gait

Spasticity is manifested by increased stretch reflex which is intensified with movement velocity. This results in excessive and inappropriate muscle activation which can contribute to muscle hypertonia. Spastic gait is characterized by manifestations such as muscle hypertonia, stiff knee, and circumduction of the leg.


galactorrhea

Excessive or inappropriate lactation in females or males, and not necessarily related to pregnancy. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is hyperprolactinemia.


gallbladder cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the gall bladder


cholesterolosis of gallbladder

A disorder characterized by a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol.


Injury of gallbladder

Trauma to the gallbladder.


Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Increased

Increase in the level of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase in the blood, which catalyzes the transfer of a gamma glutamyl group from a gamma glutamyl peptide to another peptide, aminoacids, or water.


Malignant neoplasm of stomach stage I

Stage I includes: IA (T1, N0, M0); IB (T2, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0).  T1: Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Malignant neoplasm of stomach stage II

Stage II includes: IIA (T3, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); IIB (T4a, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T1, N3, M0).  T1: Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor penetrates subserosal connective tissue without invasion of visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.  T4a: Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in 3-6 regional lymph nodes.  N3: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Malignant neoplasm of stomach stage III

Stage III includes: IIIA (T4a, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T2, N3, M0); IIIB (T4b, N0, M0); (T4b, N1, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); (T3, N3, M0); IIIC (T4b, N2, M0); (T4b, N3, M0); (T4a, N3, M0).  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor penetrates subserosal connective tissue without invasion of visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.  T4a: Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum).  T4b: Tumor invades adjacent structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in 3-6 regional lymph nodes.  N3: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Gastric hemorrhage

Bleeding from the gastric wall.


Perforation of stomach

A rupture in the gastric wall caused by traumatic or pathologic processes.


gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach

A rare hereditary gastric cancer characterized by proximal gastric polyposis and increased risk of early-onset, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the gastric body, with no duodenal or colorectal polyposis. This is an n-of-1 use case where only one patient or family has been described with this disorder.


Hemorrhagic gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach resulting in bleeding.


Digestive System Fistula

An abnormal communication between any part of the digestive system and another organ or cavity.


eosinophilic gastroenteritis

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare benign gastrointestinal disease characterized by the presence of abnormal and nonspecific gastro-intestinal (GI) manifestations, associated with an eosinophilic infiltration of the GI tract, which can affect several segments and involve several layers within the GI wall.


Viral gastroenteritis due to Rotavirus

Enteritis attributed to the rotavirus.


Salmonella gastroenteritis

Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of salmonella. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.


Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia

Dysplasia affecting the vasculature of the gastrointestinal tract.


An anomalous configuration of blood vessels that shunts arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the capillaries and that is located in the gastrointestinal tract.


digestive system carcinoma

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of any part of the digestive system. Representative examples include colorectal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma.


digestive system infectious disorder

A viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectious process that affects the digestive system.


gastrointestinal lymphoma

A non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from any part of the digestive system, with the bulk of the disease localized to that site.


Gastrointestinal stenosis

A narrowing or stricture within the digestive system.


gastroschisis

Gastroschisis is marked by viscera protruding, without a covering sac, from the fetal abdomen on the right lateral base of the umbilicus. It is due to defective embryo growth and other malformations are only exceptionally associated.


Generalized edema

Generalized abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body.


Gingival Pain

Painful sensation in the gingival region.


disorder of sexual differentiation

A congenital disorder characterized by abnormalities in the development of the sexual characteristics.


Gingival bleeding

Hemorrhage affecting the gingiva.


gingival disorder

A disease involving the gingiva.


gingival hypertrophy

Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.


gingival recession

A loss of gum tissue resulting in an exposure of the roots of the teeth.


glioma

A benign or malignant brain and spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells). Tumors that arise from astrocytes are called astrocytic tumors or astrocytomas. Tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes are called oligodendroglial tumors. Tumors that arise from ependymal cells are called ependymomas.


Gliosis

Gliosis is the focal proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system.


Abnormal glomerular filtration rate

An abnormally increased or reduced amount of fluid filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.


Decreased glomerular filtration rate

An abnormal reduction in the volume of fluid filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.


glossodynia

Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.


Increased glomerular filtration rate

An abnormal rise in the volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.


Glomerular vascular disorder

A disorder that is caused by pathologic changes in the glomerular vasculature.


Inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by deposits at the intraglomerular mesangium, resulting in thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, activation of complement, and impaired kidney function secondary to damaged glomeruli.


membranous glomerulonephritis

A slowly progressive inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by immune complex deposits at the glomerular basement membrane, resulting in a thickened membrane, and nephrotic syndrome.


lipoid nephrosis

A glomerular disorder characterized by the electron microscopic finding of loss of podocyte foot processes. Light microscopic examination does not show glomerular changes. Patients present with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome.


proliferative glomerulonephritis

A constellation of renal disorders characterized by an increase number of cells in the glomerulus; these disorders generally present with nephrotic syndrome, and generally progress to end stage renal failure over a matter of weeks to years, depending on the etiology. Examples include IgA nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.


rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli that is characterized by a rapid loss in renal function with glomerular crescent formation observed on biopsy; it is often seen in patients with concomitant autoimmune disease, like Goodpasture's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus.


glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue.


Elevated hemoglobin A1c

An increased concentration of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which is the product of nonenzymatic attachment of a hexose molecule to the N-terminal amino acid of the hemoglobin molecule. This reaction is dependent on blood glucose concentration, and therefore reflects the mean glucose concentration over the previous 8 to 12 weeks. The HbA1c level provides a better indication of long-term glycemic control than one-time blood or urinary glucose measurements.


Urate tophus

Intradermal urate crystal deposits appeared as small, superficial, pustule-like, whitish lesions. The lesions may be the focus of inflammatory episodes with increasing pain, swelling, and erythema of the intradermal tophi.


Granulocytosis

An increased count of granulocytes in the peripheral blood circulation.


Granuloma

A compact, organized collection of mature mononuclear phagocytes, which may be but is not necessarily accompanied by accessory features such as necrosis.


Skin Granuloma

A granuloma located in the skin.


Pedal edema

An abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in the lower extremity resulting in swelling of the feet and extending upward to the lower leg.


Groin pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the groin region.


Guillain-Barre syndrome

A spectrum of rare post-infectious neuropathies that usually occur in otherwise healthy patients. GBS is clinically heterogeneous and encompasses acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) and some other regional variants.


congenital hemangioma

A hemangioma present and fully formed at birth. The different types are Rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas (RICH), Partially involuting congenital hemangioma (PICH) and Non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICH).


liver hemangioma

A hemangioma arising from the liver.


skin hemangioma

A hemangioma arising from the skin.


hemarthrosis

Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.


Hematemesis

The vomiting of blood.


Hematochezia

The passage of fresh (red) blood per anus, usually in or with stools. Most rectal bleeding comes from the colon, rectum, or anus.


Reduced hematocrit

A reduction below the normal ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.


Increased hematocrit

An elevation above the normal ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.


Hematoma

A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel.


Hematospermia

A finding indicating the presence of blood in the semen.


Abnormal hemoglobin

Anomaly in the level or the function of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein of erythrocytes.


Increased hemoglobin

A laboratory test result which indicates increased levels of hemoglobin in a biological specimen.


hemoglobinuria

A laboratory test result which indicates free hemoglobin in the urine.


Hemoperitoneum

Accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity owing to internal hemorrhage.


Hemorrhagic complication of pregnancy

Bleeding occurring during pregnancy.


Subcutaneous hemorrhage

This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to bruising (purpura, petechiae, or ecchymoses).


hemorrhagic disease

Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (blood coagulation disorders) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (hemostatic disorders).


Hemothorax

The presence of blood in the pleural space.


disorder of pilosebaceous unit

A disease that involves the pilosebaceous unit.


pilomatrixoma

Pilomatrixoma is a rare and benign hair cell-derived tumor occurring mostly in young adults (usually under the age of 20) and characterized as a 3-30 mm solitary, painless, firm, mobile, deep dermal or subcutaneous tumor, most commonly found in the head, neck or upper extremities. When superficial, the tumors tint the skin blue-red. Multiple pilomatrixomas are seen in myotonic dystrophy, Gardner syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, and Turner syndrome.


Auditory hallucination

Perception of sounds without auditory stimulus.


Tactile hallucination

Perception of touch without a tactile stimulus.


Visual hallucination

Visual perception in the absence of a visual stimulus.


Fractured hand bones

A traumatic break in one or more of the bones in the hand.


Hangover from any Alcohol or Other Drugs substance


Haptoglobin Decreased

A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of haptoglobin in a biological specimen.


Headache

Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.


Tachycardia

A rapid heartrate that exceeds the range of the normal resting heartrate for age.


Irregular Heart Beat

A clinical finding in which the rhythm of the heart is noted to be abnormal. (ACC/AHA)


Abnormal heart sound

Any abnormal noise generated by the beating heart.


Hemianopia

Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes.


Hemiparesis

Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength.


hemiplegia

Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by brain diseases that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, brain stem lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.


Hemivertebrae

Absence of one half of the vertebral body.


immunoglobulin A vasculitis

A systemic IgA vasculitis that affects small vessels. It is characterized by skin purpura, arthritis, and abdominal and/or renal involvement.


Hepatic cysts

A cystic lesion located in the liver.


Hepatic fibrosis

The presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in the liver. Fibrosis is a reparative or reactive process.


Pyridoxal

The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.

A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is converted into pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.


Pantethine

An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.


Hepatic Pain

A painful sensation in the liver.


hepatitis A virus infection

Acute inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is highly contagious and usually contracted through close contact with an infected individual or their feces, contaminated food or water.


Hepatitis C Virus RNA Positive

An indication that hepatitis C RNA has been detected in a sample.


hepatitis E virus infection

Acute inflammation of the liver in humans; caused by hepatitis E virus, a non-enveloped single-stranded rna virus. Similar to hepatitis A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.


Fulminant hepatitis

Acute hepatitis complicated by acute liver failure with hepatic encephalopathy occurring less than 8 weeks after the onset of jaundice.


drug-induced liver injury

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.


viral hepatitis

An acute or chronic inflammation of the liver parenchyma caused by viruses. Representative examples include hepatitis A, B, and C, cytomegalovirus hepatitis, and herpes simplex hepatitis.


Liver damage

Disruption of hepatocyte function due to liver injury.


Hepatosplenomegaly

Simultaneous enlargement of the liver and spleen.


Hepatotoxicity

Toxicity that impairs or damages the liver.


Hernia

The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening.


Herpesviridae infectious disease

Virus diseases caused by the herpesviridae.


Recurrent singultus

A contraction of the diaphragm that repeats several times per minute. In humans, the abrupt rush of air into the lungs causes the epiglottis to close, creating a hic sound. Also known as synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF), or singultus, from the Latin singult, the act of catching one's breath while sobbing. The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc.


hidradenitis

An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the apocrine sweat gland.


High palate

Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).


Hilar lymph node enlargement

Hilar lymphadenopathy is swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes localised in hila, wedge-shaped anatomical structures containing pulmonary vessels, major bronchi, nerves and lymph nodes. Hilar lymph nodes are not visible on chest X-ray if they are not enlarged. Hilar lymph node enlargement can be caused by benign and malignant conditions and can be symmetrical (bilateral) or asymmetrical (unilateral).


Hirsutism

Abnormally increased hair growth referring to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair).


Disseminated histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis infection involving multiple sites of the body. Disseminated histoplasmosis can involve various organs, including reticuloendothelial organs, gastrointestinal tract, adrenal glands, central nervous system, endovascular structures, kidney, and skin. It typically presents with systemic symptoms like fever, generalized fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and the symptoms related to the specific organ involved. Severe disseminated disease can manifest as septic shock, multi organ failure, and ARDS.


Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive

A laboratory test result indicating the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a sample.


Infection by human herpesvirus 6

An infection that is caused by human herpesvirus-6.


Fractured humerus

A partial or complete breakage of the humerus.


B cell deficiency

A broad classification of disorders where circulating numbers of B lymphocytes are decreased or ineffective. Complement components and the production of antibodies may also be deficient.


Hydrocele testis

Accumulation of clear fluid in the between the layers of membrane (tunica vaginalis) surrounding the testis.


hydrocephalus

A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.


hydronephrosis

Collection of urine in the renal pelvis that results in dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. It is caused by obstruction of urine flow, nephrolithiasis, or vesicoureteral reflux. Signs and symptoms include flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dysuria.


hydrops fetalis

Hydrops fetalis is a severe and challenging fetal condition usually defined as the excessive accumulation of fetal fluid within the fetal extravascular compartments and body cavities that manifests as edema, pleural and pericardial effusion and ascites. It is the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. The cause may be immunologic (immune hydrops fetalis, IHF) or non immunologic (non-immune hydrops fetalis, NIHF), depending on the presence or absence of maternal antibodies against fetal red cell antigens (ABO incompatibility or rhesus (Rh) incompatibility).


hyperacusis

A disorder in which an individual has an abnormally low noise tolerance, and increased sensitivity to sounds.


Hyperemia

The presence of an increased amount of blood in a part or organ; engorgement.


Hyperesthesia

Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses, which may refer to various modes of cutaneous sensibility including touch and thermal sensation without pain, as well as to pain.


Increased circulating antibody level

An increased level of gamma globulin (immunoglobulin) in the blood.


monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance

A condition characterized by the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy (MG) in which the clonal mass has not reached a predefined state in which the condition is considered malignant. Up to 25% of cases of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progress to a B-cell malignancy or myeloma. MGUS may occur in conjunction with various carcinomas, chronic inflammatory and infectious conditions, and other diseases.


hyperopia

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)


primary hyperparathyroidism

Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones.


Polyphagia

A neurological anomaly with gross overeating associated with an abnormally strong desire or need to eat.


hyperplasia

An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement.


Hyperpyrexia

An extreme elevation of core body temperature above normal defined as a rectal temperature of 41.1 degrees Celsius (106 degrees Fahrenheit).


Hyperreflexia

Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.


allergic disease

An immune response that occurs following re-exposure to an innocuous antigen, and that requires the presence of existing antibodies against that antigen. This response involves the binding of IgE to mast cells, and may worsen with repeated exposures.


Hypertensive crisis

A severe, acute increase in blood pressure that may result in stroke or myocardial ischemia.


hypertensive encephalopathy

Encephalopathy resulting from hypertension.


hypertensive heart disease

Abnormal enlargement of the heart resulting from long-standing hypertension.


Hyperthermia

A condition characterized by an abnormally high body temperature. In a hyperthermic state, the hypothalamic set-point is normal but body temperature increases and overrides the ability to lose heat, resulting from exogenous heat exposure or endogenous heat production.


Hypertonia

A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.


hypertrichosis

Excessive hair growth anywhere on the body.


Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to an increased pulmonary ventilation rate that is faster than necessary for the exchange of gases. Hyperventilation can result from increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or both, and leads to an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.


Hypervolemia

An increase in the amount of intravascular fluid, particularly in the volume of the circulating blood.


Hyphema

Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.


Hypnagogic hallucination

Hypnagogic hallucinations are brief hallucinations that occur as you are falling asleep.


Somatic sensory dysfunction

An abnormality of the primary sensation that is mediated by peripheral nerves (pain, temperature, touch, vibration, joint position). The word hypoesthesia (or hypesthesia) refers to a reduction in cutaneous sensation to a specific type of testing.


hypoaldosteronism disease

Abnormally low levels of aldosterone in the blood.


Hypocapnia

Abnormally reduced blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level.


hypochromic anemia

Anemia caused by the reduction of hemoglobin in relation to the red cell volume. As a result, the red cells have an area of central pallor which is increased in size. The leading cause is iron deficiency.


syndromic agammaglobulinemia

A agammaglobulinemia that is part of a larger syndrome.


Hypogeusia

A decreased ability to perceive flavor.


Neonatal hypoglycemia

Blood glucose concentration below the lower limit of established reference ranges in a newborn.


Loss of hypoglycemic warning due to diabetes mellitus


Hypoglycemic coma

Coma induced by low blood sugar.


Hypoglycemic encephalopathy

Brain damage related to a lowering of blood glucose below a critical level (around 30 mg/dl), which may lead to confusion, lethargy and delirium followed by seizures and coma. Prolonged hypoglycemia may lead to irreversible brain damage.


Hypomenorrhea

Decreased menstrual blood flow.


Estriol

A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer).


hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) refers to the abnormal development of the left-sided cardiac structures, resulting in obstruction to blood flow from the left ventricular outflow tract. In addition, the syndrome includes underdevelopment of the left ventricle, aorta, and aortic arch, as well as mitral atresia or stenosis.


hypopyon

An accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye.


Hypopnea

Hypopnea is referring to breathing that is abnormally shallow.


Hypoproteinemia

A decreased concentration of protein in the blood.


hypospadias

Hypospadias is the displacement of the urethral meatus on the ventrum of the penis. This abnormality is associated with a varyingly bent, twisted penis and opened dorsal prepuce.


Hypotonia

Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.


Neonatal hypotonia

Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) manifesting in the neonatal period.


ocular hypotension

Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).


Hypouricemia

An abnormally low level of uric acid in the blood.


IgA glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of a specific segment of glomeruli within the kidney.


oculomotor nerve paralysis

Paralysis of the oculomotor nerve.


Perforation of ileum

A rupture in the ileal wall due to traumatic or a pathologic processes.


Ileal Stenosis

Narrowing of the lumen of ileum.


Ileal ulcer

An erosion of the mucous membrane in a portion of the ileum.


Illusions

A misperception of a real external stimulus.


common variable immunodeficiency

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by a significant hypogammaglobulinemia of unknown cause, failure to produce specific antibodies after immunizations and susceptibility to bacterial infections, predominantly caused by encapsulated bacteria.


Impulsivity

Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; having difficulty establishing or following plans; experiencing a sense of urgency and engaging in self-harming behavior when under emotional distress.


Incisional hernia

An abdominal hernia that occurs at a site of weakness in the abdominal wall resulting from an incompletely-healed surgical wound.


Incoherent

Unintelligibility of verbal or written communication due to a lack of clarity or connectedness.


Incontinence

Involuntary passage of stool or urine from the body.


Infection

The invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents and their multiplication, as well as the reaction by the host to these organisms and/or toxins that the organisms produce.


infertility disorder

Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.


Ingrown nail

Excessive growth of a nail laterally into the nail fold.


Inguinal hernia

Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.


insulin autoimmune syndrome

Insulin autoimmune syndrome is a rare condition that causes low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). This occurs because the body begins to make a specific kind of protein called antibodies to attack insulin. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone that is responsible for keeping blood sugar at a normal level. When blood sugar levels get too high, insulin helps to store the sugar for future use. People affected by insulin autoimmune syndrome have antibodies that attack insulin, causing it to work too hard and the level of blood sugar to become too low. Insulin autoimmune syndrome most often begins during adulthood.


Insulin resistance

Increased resistance towards insulin, that is, diminished effectiveness of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels.


intertrigo

A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.


INR - international normal ratio abnormal


Decreased prothrombin time

Abnormally short time to coagulation in the prothrombin time test, which is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The results of the prothrombin time test are often expressed in terms of the International normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated as a ratio of the patient's prothrombin time (PT) to a control PT standardized for the potency of the thromboplastin reagent developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the formula: INR is equal to Patient PT divided by Control PT.


Prolonged prothrombin time

Increased time to coagulation in the prothrombin time test, which is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The results of the prothrombin time test are often expressed in terms of the International normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated as a ratio of the patient's prothrombin time (PT) to a control PT standardized for the potency of the thromboplastin reagent developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the formula: INR is equal to Patient PT divided by Control PT.


Intestinal fistula

An abnormal connection between the gut and another hollow organ, such as the bladder, urethra, vagina, or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract.


intestinal obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of the intestinal contents within the bowel.


congenital short bowel syndrome, autosomal recessive


Ocular hypertension

Intraocular pressure that is 2 standard deviations above the population mean.


Intraventricular hemorrhage

Bleeding into the ventricles of the brain.


Perinatal intraventricular hemorrhage

Bleeding within the cerebral ventricles occurring around the time of birth.


intussusception

Telescoping or invagination of a part of the intestine into an adjacent segment.


Iris atrophy

Loss of iris tissue (atrophy)


Iron deficiency

Subnormal concentrations of iron resulting from low iron intake, inefficient iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, or increased iron loss.


Dequalinium

A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.

A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.


Prolonged neonatal jaundice

Neonatal jaundice refers to a yellowing of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant as a result of increased concentrations of bilirubin in the blood. Neonatal jaundice affects over half of all newborns to some extent in the first week of life. Prolonged neonatal jaundice is said to be present if the jaundice persists for longer than 14 days in term infants and 21 days in preterm infants.


Fractured bone of jaw

A partial or complete breakage of the bone of jaw.


JC virus infection

An infection that is caused by JC virus.


ankylosis

Fixation and immobility of a joint.


Flexion contracture

A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.


Joint dislocation

Displacement or malalignment of joints.


hydrarthrosis

Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Joint stiffness

Joint stiffness is a perceived sensation of tightness in a joint or joints when attempting to move them after a period of inactivity. Joint stiffness typically subsides over time.


Joint swelling

The presence of swelling in a joint.


Impaired judgement

Reduced ability to plan, poor decision making.


keratoacanthoma

A dome-shaped, rapidly growing skin lesion composed of well differentiated squamous cells. It represents a proliferation of the infundibular epithelium of the hair follicle and its morphologic distinction from a well differentiated carcinoma may be difficult or impossible. Keratoacanthomas affect males more frequently than females and the majority tend to regress spontaneously. It has been suggested that keratoacanthoma represents a distinct subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.


keratopathy

Any disorder of the cornea.


Ketonuria

High levels of ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone) in the urine. Ketone bodies are insignificant in the blood and urine of normal individuals in the postprandial or overnight-fasted state.


Ketosis

Presence of elevated levels of ketone bodies in the body.


Double kidney (disorder)

A congenital abnormality of the kidney characterized by the presence of two separate pelvicocaliceal systems with a single or duplex ureter.


Abnormality of the kidney

An abnormality of the kidney.


Kyphoscoliosis

An abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal (lateral) and sagittal (back-to-front) plane.


Kyphosis

Exaggerated anterior convexity of the thoracic vertebral column.


Abnormal Laboratory Test Result

A laboratory test result that falls outside of the normal, acceptable range.


labyrinthitis

Inflammation of the inner ear. The cause is often not clear. It may be due to a virus, but it can also arise from bacterial infection, head injury, extreme stress, an allergy, or as a reaction to medication.


lacrimal apparatus disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the lacrimal apparatus.


lagophthalmos

A condition in which the eyelids do not close to cover the eye completely.


Large for gestational age

The term large for gestational age applies to babies whose birth weight lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age.


T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-cell LGL leukemia) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy that arises from the mature T-cell (CD3+) lineage.


larynx cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the larynx. The majority are carcinomas.


laryngostenosis

Narrowing of the laryngeal airway.


laryngitis

An acute or chronic, bacterial or viral inflammatory process affecting the larynx. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, cough, swallowing difficulties, and hoarseness.


Laryngeal stridor

An abnormal high-pitched noisy sound, occurring during inhalation or exhalation caused by the incomplete obstruction in the throat.


learning disability

A group of disorders that affect a person's ability to learn or process specific types of information which is in contrast to his/her apparent level of intellect.


lentigo

A flat, benign, pigmented spot on the skin caused by excessive deposition of melanin from an increased number of melanocytes in the cell layer directly above the basement membrane of the epidermis. Formation is usually related to sun exposure during youth, and the lesions do not typically progress to malignancy.


Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle

An atypical proliferation of atypical melanocytes in the dermal-epidermal junction, without infiltration of the papillary or reticular dermis. The melanocytic proliferation is associated with actinic damage and epidermal atrophy.  It usually occurs in the sun-exposed skin of elderly people.  It is a form of melanoma in situ.


Lethargy

A state of disinterest, listlessness, and indifference, resulting in difficulty performing simple tasks or concentrating.


Leukoderma

Localized loss of skin pigmentation, often in patches.


Leukoencephalopathy

This term describes abnormality of the white matter of the cerebrum resulting from damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve cells.


Decreased libido

Decreased sexual desire.


Increased libido

Elevated sexual desire.


lichen sclerosus et atrophicus

A chronic inflammatory process affecting the skin. It is characterized by the presence of white, indurated plaques, epidermal atrophy, and fibrosis of the upper dermis. It usually appears in the vulva and penis.


Joint laxity

Lack of stability of a joint.


linear IgA Dermatosis

Autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blisters and linear deposition of autoantibodies at the dermoepidermal junction. The accumulated autoantibodies are of immunoglobulin A and occasionally immunoglobulin G classes against epidermal basement membrane proteins. The dermatosis is sometimes associated with malignancies and use of certain drugs (e.g., vancomycin).


Chapped lip

Cracking, fissuring, and peeling of the skin of the lips.


Swollen lip

Enlargement of the lip typically due to fluid buildup or inflammation.


Lipoatrophy

Localized loss of fat tissue.


lipoma

A benign, usually painless, well-circumscribed lipomatous tumor composed of adipose tissue.


livedo reticularis

A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.


locked-in syndrome

Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of sustained eye opening, quadriplegia or quadriparesis, anarthria, preserved cognitive functioning and a primary code of communication that uses vertical eye movements or blinking.


long QT syndrome

A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (syncope) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are Romano-Ward syndrome (also known as long QT syndrome 1) and Jervell-Lange Nielsen syndrome.


swayback

Congenital locomotor ataxia of lambs, thought to be associated with copper deficiency. It is characterized clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system. It is caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy. (Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)


hypobetalipoproteinemia

A group of lipoprotein metabolism disorders that are characterized by permanently low levels (below the 5th percentile) of apolipoprotein B and LDL cholesterol.


hypercholesterolemia, familial, 1

An autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by very high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol in the blood. It is usually caused by mutations in the LDLR gene which is located on the short arm of chromosome 19.


Low-set ears

Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.


lumbar spinal stenosis

A spinal stenosis that involves the lumbar region of vertebral column.


lung adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells. There is a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Usually lung adenocarcinoma is asymptomatic and is identified through screening studies or as an incidental radiologic finding. If clinical symptoms are present they include shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and fever. Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor.


Lung carcinoma cell type unspecified stage I


Lung carcinoma cell type unspecified stage II


Stage III Lung Carcinoma Cell Type Unspecified


Stage IV Lung Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: (Any T, Any N, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b).  M1a: Lung cancer with separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural nodules or malignant pleural (or pericardial) effusion.  M1b: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Lung consolidation

A chest X-ray finding indicating the presence of a radio-opaque area in the lung. The opacification is caused by fluid or solid material within the airways or lung parenchyma.


Pulmonary infiltrates

A finding indicating the presence of an inflammatory or neoplastic cellular infiltrate in the lung parenchyma.


Lymph Node Pain

A painful sensation in a lymph node.


lymph node tuberculosis

Tuberculosis of the lymph node.


lymphadenitis

Acute or chronic inflammation of one or more lymph nodes. It is usually caused by an infectious process.


Mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Swelling of lymph nodes within the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavities that contains the heart and the great vessels, the esophagus, and trachea and other structures including lymph nodes.


Abnormal lymphocyte count

Any abnormality in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood.


Lymphopenia

An abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.


Lymphocytosis

A laboratory test result indicating an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, effusions, or bone marrow.


Increase in the number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood.


macular degeneration

Loss of vision in the central portion of the retina (macula), secondary to retinal degeneration.


Macule

A flat, distinct, discolored area of skin less than 1 cm wide that does not involve any change in the thickness or texture of the skin.


malabsorption syndrome

A syndrome resulting from the inadequate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.


Malaise

A feeling of general discomfort, weakness, or lack of health.


male orgasm disorder

Persistent delay or absence in orgasm not accounted for by a medical reason.


Malignant ascites

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity resulting from the growth of primary or metastatic malignant neoplasms in the peritoneum.


Pleural Effusion, Malignant

A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain free-floating malignant cells.


Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A disorder characterized by upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding caused by longitudinal mucosal tears in the gastroesophageal junction. The tears result from retching or forceful coughing. It was initially described in alcoholics.


Mantle cell lymphoma recurrent

The reemergence of a mantle cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


marasmus

The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.


Bone marrow hyperplasia

Increase in the number of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. It may involve all or individual hematopoietic cell lines.


Mass

A benign or malignant pathologic structure in any part of the body, resulting from a neoplastic accumulation of cells, inflammatory cells, or cystic changes.


mastitis

Inflammation of breast tissue during lactation or postpartum due to an obstructed duct or infection. Mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, and rarely in men.


mastocytosis

A clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in one or multiple organs or organ systems. It is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, ranging from cutaneous proliferations which may regress spontaneously, to aggressive neoplasms associated with organ failure and short survival.


Mean cell hemoglobin concentration decreased


Mean cell hemoglobin concentration increased


Decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

A reduction from the normal range of the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell (27 to 31 picograms/cell). A reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) may indicate a hypochromic anemia, but the MCH may be normal if both the total hemoglobin and the red blood cell count are reduced.


Decreased mean corpuscular volume

A reduction from normal of the mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV) of red blood cells (usually defined as an MCV below 80 femtoliters).


Increased mean corpuscular volume

Larger than normal size of erythrocytes.


mediastinitis

An inflammatory process affecting the mediastinum.


Melena

The passage of blackish, tarry feces associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Melena occurs if the blood remains in the colon long enough for it to be broken down by colonic bacteria. One degradation product, hematin, imbues the stool with a blackish color. Thus, melena generally occurs with bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (e.g., stomach ulcers or duodenal ulcers), since the blood usually remains in the gut for a longer period of time than with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.


Melanocytic nevus

A oval and round, colored (usually medium-to dark brown, reddish brown, or flesh colored) lesion. Typically, a melanocytic nevus is less than 6 mm in diameter, but may be much smaller or larger.


Meningioma

The presence of a meningioma, i.e., a benign tumor originating from the dura mater or arachnoid mater.


Cyproterone acetate

An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

A steroid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the 17-hydroxy group of cyproterone. It is an antiandrogenic drug which has recently been recognized to promote the occurrence and growth of intracranial meningiomas.


benign meningioma

A grade I, slowly growing meningioma. Only a minority of tumors recur following complete resection.


aseptic meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord without a bacterial pathogen.


viral meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord due to a viral infection.


myelomeningocele

Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. It happens when parts of the spinal cord and nerves come through the open part of the spine. It causes nerve damage and other disabilities. Seventy to ninety percent of children with this condition also have too much fluid on their brains (hydrocephalus). This happens because fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord is unable to drain like it should. The fluid builds up, causing pressure and swelling. Without treatment, a persons head grows too big, and theymay have brain damage. Other disorders of the spinal cord may be seen, including syringomyelia and hip dislocation. The cause of myelomeningocele is unknown. However, low levels of folic acid in a woman's body before and during early pregnancy is thought to play a part in this type of birth defect.


Menometrorrhagia

Prolonged/excessive menses and bleeding at irregular intervals.


Menopausal Symptom

Any of the mental or physical manifestations that accompany perimenopause and menopause.


Polymenorrhea

Frequent menses; menstrual cycles lasting less than 21 days.


irregular menstruation (diagnosis)

Deviations from the normal process; e.g. delayed, difficult, profuse, scanty, unusual bleeding, etc.


Mesenteric venous thrombosis

A clot that obstructs blood flow in a mesenteric vein (the superior and the inferior mesenteric vein drain blood from the small and large intestine).


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to adrenal gland

A malignant tumor that has spread to the adrenal gland from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.  The majority of cases are metastatic carcinomas, and less frequently lymphomas.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to bone

The spread of a malignant neoplasm from a primary site to the skeletal system.  The majority of metastatic neoplasms to the bone are carcinomas.


Secondary malignant neoplasm of breast

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the breast. This may be from a primary breast malignant neoplasm on the opposite side, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to liver

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the liver from another (primary) anatomic site.  Such malignant neoplasms may be carcinomas, lymphomas, melanomas, or sarcomas.


Secondary malignant neoplasm of lung

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the lung. This may be from a primary lung malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


metastatic malignant neoplasm in the lymph nodes

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the lymph nodes.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to pleura

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the pleura from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.


Secondary malignant neoplasm of skin

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the skin.  This may be from a primary skin malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Middle insomnia

Difficulty maintaining sleep.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to vertebral column

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the spine.  This may be from a primary spinal malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to mediastinum

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the mediastinum from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.


Moderate albuminuria

The presence of moderately increased concentrations of albumin in the urine, defined as and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) of 30 to 299 mg/gm (3.4 to 34 mg/mmol).


microcephaly

A congenital or acquired developmental disorder in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal for the person's age and sex.


microcytic anemia

Anemia in which the red blood cell volume is decreased.


Micrognathia

Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.


microphthalmia

Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.


microtia

A congenital malformation of the external ear, seen more frequently in males, that occurs sporadically or is inherited, that is characterized by unilateral (79-93% of cases, 60% of which involve the right ear) or bilateral small and abnormally shaped auricles and that is often associated with atresia or stenosis of the ear canal, attention deficit disorders and delayed language development. The variation in auricle size ranges from grade I, where the auricle is simply smaller than normal, to grade IV, also known as anotia, where there is a complete absence of the external ear and of the auditory canal.


migraine with aura

A migraine disorder characterized by episodes that are preceded by focal neurological symptoms.


miliaria

A small (one mm or less) vesicular, papular or pustular monomorphous rash, which is associated with heat, fever or occlusion of sweat glands.


Miosis

Abnormal (non-physiological) constriction of the pupil.


inborn mitochondrial myopathy

Myopathy caused by mitochondrial abnormalities.


congenital mitral valve insufficiency

Dysfunction of the mitral valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


Mobius syndrome

Moebius syndrome is a very rare congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder characterized by complete or incomplete facial paralysis in association with bilateral palsy of the abducens nerve causing impairment of ocular abduction. The syndrome also includes various other congenital anomalies.


molluscum contagiosum

A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus). (Dorland, 27th ed)


Monocytosis

An increased number of circulating monocytes.


Monoplegia

Paralysis that affects one limb.


Oral bleeding

Bleeding originating from the mouth.


Oral ulcer

Erosion of the mucous mebrane of the mouth with local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.


movement disorder

Neurological conditions resulting in abnormal voluntary or involuntary movement, which may impact the speed, fluency, quality and ease of movement.


Mucosal ulcer

A circumscribed loss of integrity of the mucous membrane.


Multiple congenital anomalies

The presence of multiple congenital malformations in a patient.


Recurrent fractures

The repeated occurrence of bone fractures (implying an abnormally increased tendency for fracture).


Muscle hemorrhage

Bleeding occuring within a muscle


Rigidity

Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.


Muscle fibrillation

Fine, rapid twitching of individual muscle fibers with little or no movement of the muscle as a whole. If a motor neuron or its axon is destroyed, the muscle fibers it innervates undergo denervation atrophy. This leads to hypersensitivity of individual muscle fibers to acetyl choline so that they may contract spontaneously. Isolated activity of individual muscle fibers is generally so fine it cannot be seen through the intact skin, although it can be recorded as a short-duration spike in the EMG.


Musculoskeletal Pain

Pain that originates in the bones, muscles, tendons or ligaments.


mutism

The inability to generate oral-verbal expression, despite normal comprehension of speech. This may be associated with brain diseases or mental disorders. Organic mutism may be associated with damage to the frontal lobe; brain stem; thalamus; and cerebellum. Selective mutism is a psychological condition that usually affects children characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. Kussmal aphasia refers to mutism in psychosis.


aquarium granuloma

A skin condition caused by Mycobacterium marinum, characterized by a skin lesion that presents roughly three weeks after exposure.


myelitis

An inflammatory process affecting the spinal cord. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune disorders, vascular disorders, and toxic agents. Symptoms include weakness, paresthesia, sensory loss, pain, and incontinence.


myelodysplastic syndrome

A clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more of the hematopoietic cell lines. The dysplasia may be accompanied by an increase in myeloblasts, but the number is less than 20%, which, according to the WHO guidelines, is the requisite threshold for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. It may occur de novo or as a result of exposure to alkylating agents and/or radiotherapy. (WHO, 2001)


myeloid leukemia

A clonal proliferation of myeloid cells and their precursors in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen. When the proliferating cells are immature myeloid cells and myeloblasts, it is called acute myeloid leukemia. When the proliferating myeloid cells are neutrophils, it is called chronic myelogenous leukemia.


spinal cord disorder

A disease involving the spinal cord.


Bone Marrow Suppression

A condition in which the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets by bone marrow stem cells is inhibited, usually as a side effect of treatment with various anti-cancer agents, radiation, or tumor development within the bone marrow.


Myocardial fibrosis

Myocardial fibrosis is characterized by dysregulated collagen turnover (increased synthesis predominates over unchanged or decreased degradation) and excessive diffuse collagen accumulation in the interstitial and perivascular spaces as well as by phenotypically transformed fibroblasts, termed myofibroblasts.


myocardial rupture

Disease-related laceration or tearing of tissues of the heart, including the free-wall MYOCARDIUM; HEART SEPTUM; PAPILLARY MUSCLES; CHORDAE TENDINEAE; and any of the HEART VALVES. Pathological rupture usually results from myocardial infarction (HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION).


hereditary myoglobinuria

The presence of myoglobin in the urine.


Myokymia

Myokymia consists of involuntary, fine, continuous, undulating contractions that spread across the affected striated muscle.


myopia

The condition in which the individual does not see far distances clearly.


Nail Discoloration

A change in the color of the nail.


nail disorder

A disease involving the nail.


nonsyndromic congenital nail disorder 9

Deformity or discoloration of a fingernail or toenail.


Nail pits

Small (typically about 1 mm or less in size) depressions on the dorsal nail surface.


Nail psoriasis

Psoriatic nail abnormality characterized by the presence of neutrophils in the nail bed epithelium, hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis, presence of exudates on the corneal epithelium, focal hypogranulosis and psoriasiform hyperplasia of the nail bed.


Nasal dryness

A lack of humidification of the nasal mucosa.


Deviated nasal septum

Positioning of the nasal septum to the right or left in contrast to the normal midline position of the nasal septum.


Nasal ulcer

An open sore of the nasal mucosa.


Nasal vestibulitis

Inflammation of the lining of the anterior portion of the nasal cavity, usually caused by a bacterial infection.


nasopharyngitis

An inflammatory process that affects the nasopharynx.


Neck pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the neck.


Ischemic Necrosis

Loss of vascularization and tissue death caused by the disruption in the arterial access. Common causes include trauma due to accidents, insect or reptile bites, severe cold exposure or pathological conditions such as infarctions or blood dyscrasias.


necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin, the tissue just beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue), and the tissue that covers internal organs (fascia). Necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by several different types of bacteria, and the infection can arise suddenly and spread quickly. Early signs include flu-like symptoms and redness and pain around the infection site. A prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential.If the infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Treatment typically includes intravenous (IV) antibiotics and surgery to remove infected and dead tissue.


Neonatal disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder which occurs during the neonatal period.


skin neoplasm

A benign or malignant tumor involving the skin. Representative examples of benign skin neoplasms include the benign melanocytic skin nevus, acanthoma, sebaceous adenoma, sweat gland adenoma, lipoma, hemangioma, fibroma, and benign fibrous histiocytoma. Representative examples of malignant skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.


nephrolithiasis

The presence of a calculus in the pelvis of the kidney; this is most often composed of mineral salts and proteins.


nephrosclerosis

Hardening of the kidney due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic hypertension. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ischemia.


neuroma

A tumor that grows from a nerve or is composed of nerve cells and nerve fibers.


nervous system disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.


neuritis

A neuropathy arising from inflammation of one or more nerves.


peripheral nervous system disorder

A disease involving the peripheral nervous system.


toxic encephalopathy

A group of neurologic disorders caused by damage to the nervous system following exposure to pharmacologic, biologic, and chemical agents. Examples of neurotoxins include chemotherapy agents, radiation treatment, heavy metals, pesticides, and food additives.


Neonatal neutropenia (disorder)

A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood below established reference ranges in a newborn.


Neutropenia

An abnormally low number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood.


Neutrophilia

Increased number of neutrophils circulating in blood.


Nightmare

A disturbing dream that occurs during rapid eye movement sleep and results in feelings of strong terror, fear, distress, or anxiety.


Nodal Arrhythmia by ECG Finding

An electrocardiographic finding of an arrhythmia originating from within the atrioventricular node.


Atrioventricular junctional rhythm

An electrocardiographic finding of a rhythm which originates in the AV junction and results in a normal heart rate. It is characterized by retrograde P waves which may be obscured by or may follow the QRS complexes. The QRS complexes may be narrow or may demonstrate aberration. (CDISC)


Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Pulmonary edema that is not a result of cardiac dysfunction.


normocytic anemia

Anemia in which the red blood cell volume is normal.


nosocomial infection

An infection acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting.


pathologic nystagmus

Involuntary movements of the eyeballs. The presence or absence of nystagmus is often used in the diagnosis of a variety of neurological and visual disorders.


bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome

A lung disorder that is mainly associated with chronic allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation and that is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of bronchiolar walls that reduce the diameter of the bronchioles and result in progressive and irreversible airflow obstruction.


Obsessive thoughts

A series of thoughts that are difficult to suppress and may be a consequence or cause of anxiety.