polymyalgia rheumatica

A syndrome characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness of the proximal muscle groups including the shoulder, pelvic girdle and the neck. There is no muscle atrophy and muscle biopsies do not reveal pathologic changes. Additional signs and symptoms include low grade fever, fatigue and depression.


Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.

A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.


toxic shock syndrome

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A rare acute life-threatening systemic bacterial noncontagious illness caused by exotoxins from bacteria of either the Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus type. It is characterized by high fever, hypotension, rash, multi-organ dysfunction, and cutaneous desquamation during the early convalescent period. The toxins affect the host immune system, causing an exuberant and pathological host inflammatory response. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, elevated prothrombin time, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and pyuria.


Ethosuximide

An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.

A  dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.


Ethionamide

A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.

A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.


eunuchism

The state of being a eunuch, a male without testes or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male germ cells and testicular hormones.


Chloroprocaine

Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.


Atonic seizure

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Atonic seizure is a type of motor seizure characterized by a sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone without apparent preceding myoclonic or tonic event lasting about 1 to 2 seconds, involving head, trunk, jaw, or limb musculature.


splenic infarction

Insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply to the spleen due to emboli, thrombi, vascular torsion, or pressure that produces a macroscopic area of necrosis. (From Stedman, 25th ed)


avascular necrosis

Necrotic changes in the bone tissue due to interruption of blood supply. Most often affecting the epiphysis of the long bones, the necrotic changes result in the collapse and the destruction of the bone structure.


Urinary incontinence

Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.


Hepatomegaly

Abnormally increased size of the liver.


Adefovir dipivoxil

An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


Photorefractive Keratectomy

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


malignant otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

An malignant otitis externa caused by infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


Cubicin

A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.


Dabigatran etexilate

A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of  thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-{N'-[(hexyloxy)carbonyl]carbamimidoyl}phenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of ethyl N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alaninate. A prodrug for dabigatran, a thrombin inhibitor and anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.


autism spectrum disorder

A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes autism, and Asperger syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.


Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome

Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome is an extremely rare conduction disorder characterized by a short PR interval (less than or equal to 120 ms) with normal QRS complex on electrocardiogram associated with the occurrence of episodes of atrial tachyarrythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia).


Capillary fragility

Reduced resistance to rupture of capillary blood vessels. Capillary fragility may manifest as a bleeding diathesis with spontaneous ecchymoses (bruises).


Pralatrexate

Pralatrexate is a folate analog metabolic inhibitor that competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is also a competitive inhibitor for polyglutamylation by the enzyme folylpolyglutamyl synthetase. This inhibition results in the depletion of thymidine and other biological molecules the synthesis of which depends on single carbon transfer.

A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.


Rasagiline

Rasagiline is a selective, irreversible MAO-B inhibitor indicated for the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The results of a clinical trial designed to examine the effects of rasagiline tablets on blood pressure when it is administered with increasing doses of tyramine indicates the functional selectivity can be incomplete when healthy subjects ingest large amounts of tyramine while receiving recommended doses of rasagiline tablets. The selectivity for inhibiting MAO-B diminishes in a dose-related manner. One mechanism is believed to be related to its MAO-B inhibitory activity, which causes an increase in extracellular levels of dopamine in the striatum. The elevated dopamine level and subsequent increased dopaminergic activity are likely to mediate rasagiline’s beneficial effects seen in models of dopaminergic motor dysfunction.

An indane that consists of 1-aminoindane bearing an N-propargyl substituent. A selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor.


myocarditis

Myocarditis is a condition that is characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). Some affected people have no noticeable symptoms of the condition. When present, signs and symptoms may include chest pain, abnormal heartbeat, shortness of breath, fatigue, signs of infection (i.e. fever, headache, sore throat, diarrhea), and leg swelling. Myocarditis can be caused by a variety of factors including infections (viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal), allergic reactions to certain medications, and exposure to certain chemicals. It can also be associated with other inflammatory conditions such as lupus, Wegener's granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis. Most cases occur sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. Treatment aims to address the underlying cause of the condition. Medications and rarely, a heart transplant may be needed if the heart muscle becomes weak.


Bone pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to bone.


Right ventricular failure

Reduced ability of the right ventricle to perform its function (to receive blood from the right atrium and to eject blood into the pulmonary artery), often leading to pitting peripheral edema, ascites, and hepatomegaly.


leptospirosis

A contagious bacterial infection caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Humans are infected by contact with water and soil which have been contaminated with animal waste products. The signs and symptoms include an initial flu-like phase, followed by a second phase in which patients may develop meningitis, liver failure and renal failure.


Econazole

An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.


Mephenytoin

An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.


Epinastine

direct H1-receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of the release of histamine from the mast cell, indicated for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis

A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.


Supraventricular tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormally increased heart rate (over 100 beats per minute at rest) with origin above the level of the ventricles.


Estazolam

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.

A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.


Stannous Fluoride

Inorganic fluorides of tin. They include both stannic fluoride (tin tetrafluoride) and stannous fluoride (tin difluoride). The latter is used in the prevention of dental caries.


ELTROMBOPAG

an oral, nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist

A hydrazine in which each nitrogen atom is substituted, one by a 3'-carboxy-2-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl group and the other by a 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene group.  A small molecule agonist of the c-mpl (TpoR) receptor (the physiological target of the hormone thrombopoietin), it has been developed as a medication for conditions that lead to thrombocytopenia (abnormally low platelet counts).


acute hepatitis C virus infection

A new infection by the hepatitis C virus, which can be detected in blood. Signs and symptoms may include right upper quadrant abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, white stools and nausea. Approximately 15%-25% individuals clear the virus from their bodies without treatment. 75%-85% individuals develop chronic hepatitis C. There are possible treatments depending on individual characteristics.


Labor Pain

The discomfort that is experienced by the pregnant mother during the childbirth process as she attempts to give birth.


ornithosis

Disease caused by the Chlamydophila psittaci bacteria, usually transmitted from birds to humans.


postpartum depression

A type of clinical depression that occurs after childbirth.


Memantine

AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.

A primary aliphatic amine that is the 3,5-dimethyl derivative of 1-aminoadamantane. A low to moderate affinity uncompetitive (open-channel); NMDA receptor antagonist which binds preferentially to the NMDA receptor-operated cation channels.


pneumococcal infection

Infections with bacteria of the species streptococcus pneumoniae.


Hexylresorcinol

A substituted dihydroxybenzene used topically as an antiseptic for the treatment of minor skin infections.


streptococcal infection

Any of the several infectious disorders caused by members of streptococcus, a genus of gram positive bacteria belonging to the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococcal infections are classified into Groups A, B, C, D and G.


chlamydia infectious disease

Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.


Buspirone

An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.

An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.


Butenafine

Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.


Indinavir

A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.


Lanthanum Carbonate

a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease


Stenosis of intestine

Fibrosis of the wall of a segment of the intestine that leads to intestinal lumen narrowing.


Meclizine

A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.


Aspirin

The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.


balanitis

An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process that affects the glans penis. Symptoms include redness and pain of the glans penis and foreskin and discharge.


neonatal abstinence syndrome

A constellation of neurobehavioral features observed in a neonate following antenatal exposure to drugs including opioids, benzodiazepines, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.


Pulmonary cryptococcosis

Fungal pneumonia caused by inhalation of particles of Cryptococcus.  It usually occurs in immunocompromised patients such as persons with AIDS, transplant recipients, patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, and patients with hematologic malignancies.  It is rare in immunocompetent individuals.  Signs and symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea.


Phenolphthalein

An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.


atopic eczema

A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.


Abnormality of fluid regulation

An abnormality of the regulation of body fluids.


Fanconi anemia

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a hereditary DNA repair disorder characterized by progressive pancytopenia with bone marrow failure, variable congenital malformations and predisposition to develop hematological or solid tumors.


cluster headache syndrome

A headache disorder that is characterized by periodic severe, unilateral orbital, supraorbital, and/or temporal pain, and is associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms.


toxoplasmosis

A parasitic disease contracted by the ingestion or fetal transmission of toxoplasma gondii.


Penciclovir

The antiviral compound penciclovir has inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). In cells infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2, the viral thymidine kinase phosphorylates penciclovir to a monophosphate form that, in turn, is converted by cellular kinases to the active form penciclovir triphosphate. Biochemical studies demonstrate that penciclovir triphosphate inhibits HSV polymerase competitively with deoxyguanosine triphosphate. Consequently, herpes viral DNA synthesis and, therefore, replication are selectively inhibited.

A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.


herpes labialis

A lesion caused by type 1 or type 2 herpes simplex virus, typically involving the oralfacial region.


Fetal distress

An intrauterine state characterized by suboptimal values in the fetal heart rate, oxygenation of fetal blood, or other parameters indicative of compromise of the fetus. Signs of fetal distress include repetitive variable decelerations, fetal tachycardia or bradycardia, late decelerations, or low biophysical profile.


Suprofen

An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.

An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.


chorioretinitis

Inflammation of the distal posterior uveal tract (choroid) and its structural and vascular attachments to the retina. It is usually caused by infection and though rare, it is clinically significant due to its most serious sequela: loss of vision.


Compression of umbilical cord

A situation in utero, when there is increased pressure on the umbilical cord, which constricts blood supply to the fetus.


Triaconazole

A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl, and [4-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.


bullous pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common form of autoimmune bullous dermatosis.


Bell's palsy

Partial or complete paralysis of the facial muscles of one side of a person's face. It is caused by damage to the seventh cranial nerve. It is usually temporary but it may recur.


Drug-induced agranulocytosis

A type of agranulocytosis related to ingestion of a specific medication.


thromboangiitis obliterans

A rare inflammatory non-necrotizing vascular disease affecting the small- and medium-sized arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities characterized by endarteritis and vaso-occlusion due to occlusive thrombus development. The development and progression of the disease is consistently associated with exposure to tobacco.


Bicalutamide

Bicalutamide is a non-steroidal androgen receptor inhibitor. It competitively inhibits the action of androgens by binding to cytosol androgen receptors in the target tissue. Prostatic carcinoma is known to be androgen sensitive and responds to treatment that counteracts the effect of androgen and/or removes the source of androgen.

A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.


Bromocriptine

A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.


scleroderma

Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of the skin and, sometimes, other organs. It is classified into two main forms: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis (SSc), the latter comprising three subsets; diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and limited SSc (lSSc).


Hostility

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Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes

A rupture of the fetal membranes that is not concurrent with or immediately following a digital exam or other transvaginal intervention involving the amniotic membrane.


Diethylpropion

A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290)

An  aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.


hypervitaminosis A

A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin A.


Ciclesonide

nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis


Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleed, refers to a hemorrhage localized in the nose.


Tioconazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.


Acute pericarditis

Acute inflammation of the pericardium.


familial Mediterranean fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent short episodes of fever and serositis resulting in pain in the abdomen, chest, joints and muscles.


Exemestane

A 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514)

A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.


Vitamin A palmitate

An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.


Fesoterodine

a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder


Gabapentin enacarbil

Gabapentin enacarbil is a prodrug of gabapentin and, accordingly, its therapeutic effects in restless legs syndrome and postherpetic neuralgia are attributable to gabapentin. In animal models of analgesia, gabapentin prevents allodynia (pain-related behavior in response to a normally innocuous stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated response to painful stimuli).

A carbamate ester that is the N-[1-(isobutyryloxy)ethoxy]carbonyl derivative of [1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]acetic acid. The prodrug for gabapentin, used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.


Dezocine

potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure

(7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.


Histidine

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.


bacterial infectious disease with sepsis

An infectious disease caused by bacteria causing sepsis.


hepatitis

An active inflammatory process affecting the liver for more than six months. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune disorders, drugs, and metabolic disorders.


Propylene Glycol

A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.

The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.


malignant essential hypertension

Essential hypertension with rapid progression to severe high blood pressure, papilledema, and renal failure.


ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

A complication of ovulation induction in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include ovary enlargement, multiple ovarian follicles; ovarian cysts; ascites; and generalized edema. The full-blown syndrome may lead to renal failure, respiratory distress, and even death. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factors, secreted by the overly-stimulated ovaries.


Nasal septum perforation

A full-thickness defect of the nasal septum.


Skin erosion

A discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis, a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed.


Olsalazine

cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond

An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.


tetanus

A serious infectious disorder that follows wound contamination by the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacteria produce a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin, which causes muscle spasm in the jaw and other anatomic sites.


endometrium neoplasm

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the endometrium.


heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a drug-induced, immune-mediated prothrombotic disorder associated with thrombocytopenia and venous and/or arterial thrombosis.


sclerosing cholangitis

A chronic, autoimmune inflammatory liver disorder characterized by narrowing and scarring of the lumen of the bile ducts. It is often seen in patients with ulcerative colitis. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, and malabsorption. It may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.


Oesophageal atresia (OA) encompasses a group of congenital anomalies with an interruption in the continuity of the esophagus, with or without persistent communication with the trachea.


Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Episodes of atrial fibrillation that typically last for several hours up to one day and terminate spontaneously.


restless legs syndrome

A condition that occurs while resting or lying in bed; it is characterized by an irresistible urgency to move the legs to obtain relief from a strange and uncomfortable sensation in the legs.


Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

An episodic form of supraventricular tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


L-ornithine

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

An optically active form of ornithine having L-configuration.


Apnea

Lack of breathing with no movement of the respiratory muscles and no exchange of air in the lungs. This term refers to a disposition to have recurrent episodes of apnea rather than to a single event.


Posterior synechiae of the anterior chamber

Adhesions between the iris and the lens.


Polyuria

An increased rate of urine production.


impetigo

A contagious bacterial cutaneous infection that affects children and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It usually presents in the face with honey colored scabs.


Stavudine

A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.

A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase


toxocariasis

A parasitic infection caused by worms found in domestic animals. In humans nematode larvae enter the portal system from the small intestine and disseminate in visceral organs causing inflammatory reactions. Signs and symptoms include eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lung infections.


ischemic bowel disorder

Disease of the large or small intestine that is caused by inadequate blood supply.


Chlorphenesin carbamate

A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203)

The carbamate ester of the primary hydroxy group of chlorphenesin. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


Cianidanol

An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.

The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.


Nicotinic acid

A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.


Chloroethane

A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.


cryoglobulinemia

Cryoglobulinemia is a type of vasculitis that is caused by abnormal proteins (antibodies) in the blood called 'cryoglobulins.' At cold temperatures, these proteins become solid or gel-like, which can block blood vessels and cause a variety of health problems. Many people affected by this condition will not experience any unusual signs or symptoms. When present, symptoms vary but may include breathing problems; fatigue; glomerulonephritis ; joint or muscle pain; purpura ; Raynaud's phenomenon ; skin death; and/or skin ulcers. In some cases, the exact underlying cause is unknown; however, cryoglobulinemia can be associated with a variety of conditions including certain types of infection; chronic inflammatory diseases (such as autoimmune disease); and/or cancers of the blood or immune system. Treatment varies based on the severity of the condition, the symptoms present in each person and the underlying cause.


graft versus host disease

An immune system disorder that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and is a reaction of donor immune cells against host tissues. Activated donor T cells damage host epithelial cells after an inflammatory cascade that begins with the preparative regimen.


Iopanoic acid

Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.


congenital heart disease

A heart disease that is present at birth. Representative examples include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and patent foramen ovale.


Dronabinol

A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.

A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.


Alvimopan

mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain


Pulmonary hemorrhage

Pulmonary hemorrhage is a bleeding within the lungs. Older children and adults may spit blood or bloody sputum. Neonates, infants and young children usually do not spit up blood. Anemia, pulmonary infiltrates, increasingling bloody return on BAL and the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or lung biopsy can diagnose lung bleeding. Alveolar macrophages contain phagocytosed red blood cells and stain positive for hemosiderin, a product of hemoglobin degradation, after about 48-72 hours following pulmonary hemorraghe. Previous or recurrent bleeding can thus be distinguished from fresh events. A differentiation into local or diffuse is of importance. Also differentiate if pulmonary hemorrhage is due to a primary lung disorder or a manifestation of a systemic disease.


portal hypertension

Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system. It is most commonly caused by cirrhosis. Other causes include portal vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and right heart failure. Complications include ascites, esophageal varices, encephalopathy, and splenomegaly.


rickets

Bone softening and weakening usually caused by deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D. Deficiency of calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus may also cause rickets. It predominantly affects children who suffer from severe malnutrition. It manifests with bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness, and skeletal deformities.


Decreased circulating vitamin E concentration

A reduced concentration of vitamin E in the blood circulation. Vitamin E is a lipophilic vitamin that is also known as alpha-tocopherol.


Alitretinoin

A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.

A retinoic acid in which the exocyclic double bonds have 7E,9Z,11E,13E geometry.


Pthirus pubis infestation

Infestation of the pubic hair by the pthirus pubis parasite which results in mild to intense itching and macular lesions. The parasite, also known as crab lice, is transmitted through skin to skin contact with an infected person or through direct contact with infested objects.


Medetomidine

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.


Riluzole

The etiology and pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are not known, although a number of hypotheses have been advanced. One hypothesis is that motor neurons, made vulnerable through either genetic predisposition or environmental factors, are injured by glutamate. In some cases of familial ALS the enzyme superoxide dismutase has been found to be defective. The mode of action of riluzole is unknown. Its pharmacological properties include the following, some of which may be related to its effect: 1) an inhibitory effect on glutamate release, 2) inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, and 3) ability to interfere with intracellular events that follow transmitter binding at excitatory amino acid receptors. Riluzole has also been shown, in a single study, to delay median time to death in a transgenic mouse model of ALS. These mice express human superoxide dismutase bearing one of the mutations found in one of the familial forms of human ALS. It is also neuroprotective in various in vivo experimental models of neuronal injury involving excitotoxic mechanisms. In in vitro tests, riluzole protected cultured rat motor neurons from the excitotoxic effects of glutamic acid and prevented the death of cortical neurons induced by anoxia. Due to its blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission, riluzole also exhibits myorelaxant, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties.


Rimantadine

An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.


Enalapril

Enalapril, after hydrolysis to enalaprilat, inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in human subjects and animals. ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Inhibition of ACE results in decreased plasma angiotensin II, which leads to decreased vasopressor activity and to decreased aldosterone secretion.

A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).


Tesamorelin

Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (GRF), also known as growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), is a hypothalamic peptide that acts on the pituitary somatotroph cells to stimulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of endogenous growth hormone (GH), which is both anabolic and lipolytic. GH exerts its effects by interacting with specific receptors on a variety of target cells, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes, hepatocytes, and adipocytes, resulting in a host of pharmacodynamic effects. Some, but not all these effects, are primarily mediated by IGF-1 produced in the liver and in peripheral tissues. In vitro, tesamorelin binds and stimulates human GRF receptors with similar potency as the endogenous GRF.

A polypeptide that is a synthetic analogue of human GRF (Growth Releasing Factor) comprised of the 44 amino-acid sequence of human GRF with a hex-3-enoyl moiety attached to the tyrosine residue at the N-terminal part of the molecule. It is used to stimulate human GRF receptors.


Lipodystrophy due to Human immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral therapy


Fenoldopam

A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.


Fatigue

A subjective feeling of tiredness characterized by a lack of energy and motivation.


Hypohidrosis

Abnormally diminished capacity to sweat.


Corneal opacity

A reduction of corneal clarity.


tinea manuum

A dermatophytosis that involves the hands.


Fosaprepitant

A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.


abetalipoproteinemia

Abetalipoproteinemia/ homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (ABL/HoFHBL) is a severe form of familial hypobetalipoproteinemia characterized by permanently low levels (below the 5th percentile) of apolipoprotein B and LDL cholesterol, and by growth delay, malabsorption, hepatomegaly, and neurological and neuromuscular manifestations.


Sincalide

An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.


Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infectious disease

A disease caused by infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.


herpes simplex dermatitis

Localized rash characterized by grouped vesicles or pustules on an erythematous base that is caused by herpes simplex virus infection.


endomyometritis

An inflammation of the endometrium and the myometrium.


Tryptophan

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The L-enantiomer of tryptophan.


Aprobarbital

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a  prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.


Loperamide

One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.

A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.


Masoprocol

A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.

The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.


Quinacrine

An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.

A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.


necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

A bacterial infectious process affecting the gums. It is characterized by the development of necrotic, ulcerated, and painful lesions with creation of pseudomembranes extending along the gingival margins.


acute leukemia

A clonal (malignant) hematopoietic disorder with an acute onset, affecting the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. The malignant cells show minimal differentiation and are called blasts, either myeloid blasts (myeloblasts) or lymphoid blasts (lymphoblasts).


folliculitis

Inflammation of the hair follicles. Causes include excessive perspiration, skin infections, and skin wounds.


ear infection

A viral or bacterial infection that affects the external, middle, or inner ear. It may follow an upper respiratory infection. Signs and symptoms include pain, ear discharge, ear fullness, hearing loss, vertigo, nausea, and vomiting.


Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease

Infections with bacteria of the species yersinia pseudotuberculosis.


Meningitis caused by Klebsiella aerogenes


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to bone marrow

The spread of a malignant neoplasm from its original site of growth to the bone marrow.


thalassemia

An inherited blood disorder characterized by a decreased synthesis of one of the polypeptide chains that form hemoglobin. Anemia results from this abnormal hemoglobin formation.


Methylnaltrexone

a selective antagonist of opioid binding at the mu-opioid receptor with restricted ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, function as a peripherally-acting mu‑opioid receptor antagonist in tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract, thereby decreasing the constipating effects of opioids without impacting opioid-mediated analgesic effects on the central nervous system


dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a type of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by evocative skin lesions and symmetrical proximal muscle weakness.


Milrinone

A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase type 3 activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the inotropic potency of amrinone.

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2-pyridone which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 6 by cyano, pyrid-4-yl, and methyl groups, respectively. It is used (particularly intravenously, as the lactate) for the short-term management of severe heart failure.


Post-partum hemorrhage

Significant maternal haemorrhage/blood loss following deilvery of a child.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a neurological disorder that damages the myelin that covers and protects nerves in the white matter of the brain. It is caused by the JC virus (JCV). By age 10, most people have been infected with this virus, but itrarelycauses symptoms unless the immune system becomes severely weakened.The disease occurs, rarely, in organ transplant patients; people undergoing chronic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy; and individuals with cancer, such as Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, and sarcoidosis. PML is most common among individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).


Adapalene

A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.

A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.


Thioctic acid

An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.


Chronic pain

Persistent pain, usually defined as pain that has lasted longer than 3 to 6 months.


anterior uveitis

Inflammation of the iris and anterior chamber of the eye.


Morphea

Isolated patches of hardened skin (scleroderma).


mycobacterial infectious disease

Infection due to organisms from the genus Mycobacteria.


Praziquantel

An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.


Cephalo-Pelvic Disproportion

After complete dilatation, failure of the fetal presenting part to descend through the pelvis.


Respiratory tract hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from any part of the respiratory tract.


periodontitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the tissues that surround and support the teeth.


intracranial thrombosis

Formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel within the skull. Intracranial thrombosis can lead to thrombotic occlusions and brain infarction. The majority of the thrombotic occlusions are associated with atherosclerosis.


Potassium Nitrate

The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.


intestinal perforation

A rupture in the wall of the small or large intestine due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


Oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron

A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.


Polydipsia

Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake.


Dehydrocholic acid

A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.

An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.


Triethanolamine

A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.


Troleandomycin

A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.

A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.


Argipressin

The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.


Probucol

A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).

A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.


Left ventricular hypertrophy

Enlargement or increased size of the heart left ventricle.


disseminated intravascular coagulation

A pathological process where the blood starts to coagulate throughout the whole body. This depletes the body of its platelets and coagulation factors, and there is an increased risk of hemorrhage.


A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA.

A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells.


conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.


pneumococcal meningitis

An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with otitis media; mastoiditis; sinusitis; respiratory tract infections; sickle cell disease (anemia, sickle cell); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include fever; headache; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by seizures; focal neurologic deficits (notably deafness); and coma. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)


lymphopenia

Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.


capillariasis

A infectious disease involving the Capillaria.


Permethrin

A pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in the treatment of LICE INFESTATIONS and SCABIES.

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.


social phobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the individual believes that he or she will be scrutinized by others. Exposure to social situations immediately provokes an anxiety response. In adults, the social phobia is recognized as excessive or unreasonable.


scarlet fever

A streptococcal infection, mainly occurring among children, that is characterized by a red skin rash, sore throat, and fever.


cardiac tamponade

Acute compression of the heart caused by increased intrapericardial pressure due to the collection of blood or fluid in the pericardium from rupture of the heart, penetrating trauma, or progressive effusion.


Nalidixic acid

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

A monocarboxylic acid comprising 1,8-naphthyridin-4-one substituted by carboxylic acid, ethyl and methyl groups at positions 3, 1, and 7, respectively. An orally administered antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of lower urinary-tract infections due to Gram-negative bacteria, including the majority of E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Proteus species.


Valacyclovir

A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.


chronic eosinophilic leukemia

A rare myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by a clonal proliferation of eosinophilic precursors resulting in persistently increased numbers of eosinophils in the blood, marrow and peripheral tissues.  Since acute eosinophilic leukemia is at best exceedingly rare, the term eosinophilic leukemia is normally used as a synonym for chronic eosinophilic leukemia.  In cases in which it is impossible to prove clonality and there is no increase in blast cells, the diagnosis of "idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome" is preferred.  (WHO, 2001)


oral mucosa leukoplakia

A white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; other conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, etc., must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made. Leukoplakia may be a premalignant condition.


Respiratory acidosis

Acidosis because of respiratory retention of carbon dioxide.


Rectal Pain

Pain in the rectal area.


attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type

A mental disorder characterized by inattention, easy distraction, careless mistakes and avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental focus. These behaviors can lead to maladaptive consequences in the affected individual's life.


intracranial hypertension

A finding characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure within the skull.


late latent syphilis

Latent syphilis when infection was acquired more than twelve months previously.


von Willebrand disease type 2B

A subtype of type 2 VWD characterized by a bleeding disorder associated with an increase in the affinity of the Willebrand factor (von Willebrand factor; VWF) for platelets. This anomaly results in spontaneous binding of high molecular weight VWF multimers to platelets leading to rapid clearance of both the platelets (increasing the risk of thrombocytopenia) and the high molecular weight VWF multimers from the plasma.


Skin Discoloration

Abnormal skin coloration.


Gonadorelin hydrochloride

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, glycyl, leucyl, arginyl, prolyl and glycinamide residues joined in sequence.


Plasmodium ovale malaria

An malaria caused by infection with Plasmodium ovale.


varicose disease

A vascular disease characterized by the presence of enlarged and tortuous veins.


Sulfabenzamide

A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.


purpura

A small blood vessel hemorrhage into the skin and/or mucous membranes. Newer lesions appear reddish in color. Older lesions are usually a darker purple color and eventually become a brownish-yellow color.


Mepivacaine

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.


Reduced blood folate concentration

A reduced circulating concentration of folic acid, which is also known as vitamin B9.


Ewing sarcoma

A small round cell tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It affects mostly males under age 20, and it can occur in soft tissue or bone. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.


cutaneous candidiasis

Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Tiagabine

The precise mechanism by which tiagabine exerts its antiseizure effect is unknown, although it is believed to be related to its ability to block GABA uptake into presynaptic neurons, permitting more GABA to be available for receptor binding on the surfaces of post-synaptic cells.

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.


superficial multifocal basal cell carcinoma

A superficial basal cell carcinoma of the skin characterized by the presence of lobules of basaloid cells which are separated by large distances and represent multifocal discrete tumors.


albinism

A congenital disorder characterized by partial or complete absence of melanin pigment in the eyes, hair, or skin.


Hypertyrosinemia

An increased concentration of tyrosine in the blood.


Pyrantel

Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.

A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.


ascariasis

An infection that is caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, many cases of which remain asymptomatic. During the transient larval migratory phase, shortness of breath, fever, and eosinophilia can occur. Depending on the intestinal worm burden, a spectrum of gastrointestinal tract symptoms can occur.


Aprepitant

Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. Aprepitant has little or no affinity for serotonin (5-HT3), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors, the targets of existing therapies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Aprepitant has been shown in animal models to inhibit emesis induced by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, via central actions.

A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.


BALSALAZIDE

a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine

A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.


Icatibant

a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer

A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.


Lewy body dementia

A progressive form of dementia characterized by the presence of protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the midbrain and cerebral cortex, and loss of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. The signs and symptoms overlap with Alzheimer and Parkinson disease.


balantidiasis

Infection by parasites of the genus balantidium. The presence of Balantidium in the large intestine leads to diarrhea; dysentery; and occasionally ulcer.


endophthalmitis

An infectious process affecting the internal structures of the eye.


hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Acute kidney injury associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.


paracoccidioidomycosis

A systemic fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis that is most often seen in immunocompromised patients. It affects the mucous membranes, lymph nodes, lungs and bones.


Right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis


Nutritional deficiency with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)


nocardiosis

Nocardiosis is a local (skin, lung, brain) or disseminated (whole body) acute, subacute, or chronic bacterial infection.


Betaine

A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.


homocystinuria

An autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the CBS, MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR genes. It is characterized by abnormalities in the methionine metabolism and is associated with deficiency of cystathionine synthase. It results in the accumulation of homocysteine in the serum. It may affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and the central nervous systems.


Pramlintide

Pramlintide is an analog of human amylin. Amylin is colocated with insulin in secretory granules and cosecreted with insulin by pancreatic beta cells in response to food intake. Amylin and insulin show similar fasting and postprandial patterns in healthy individuals. In patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there is reduced secretion from pancreatic beta cells of both insulin and amylin in response to food. Amylin affects the rate of postprandial glucose appearance through a variety of mechanisms, as determined by nonclinical studies. Amylin slows gastric emptying (i.e., the rate at which food is released from the stomach to the small intestine) without altering the overall absorption of nutrients. In addition, amylin suppresses glucagon secretion (not normalized by insulin alone), which leads to suppression of endogenous glucose output from the liver. Amylin also regulates food intake due to centrally-mediated modulation of appetite. In human studies, pramlintide, acting as an amylin analog, slows gastric emptying, reduces the postprandial rise in plasma glucagon, and modulates satiety leading to decreased caloric intake.


scalp dermatosis

Dermotosis of scalp


renal osteodystrophy

Abnormalities of bone mineral metabolism associated with chronic kidney disease.


Sleep onset insomnia

Difficulty initiating sleep, that is, increased sleep onset latency, refers to the condition where it takes 30 minutes or more to fall asleep.


toxic epidermal necrolysis

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is an acute and severe skin disease with clinical and histological features characterized by the destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes.


Paranoia

An inappropriate feeling of being persecuted or being the subject of hostility from others.


diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in adults characterized by a median age of presentation in the sixth decade of life (but also rarely occurring in adolescents and children) with the initial presentation being single or multiple rapidly growing masses (that may or may not be painful) in nodal or extranodal sites (such as thyroid, skin, breast, gastrointestinal tract, testes, bone, or brain) and that can be accompanied by symptoms of fever, night sweats and weight loss. DLBCL has an aggressive disease course, with the elderly having a poorer prognosis than younger patients, and with relapses being common.


bacterial arthritis

The inflammation of one or more joints caused by a bacterial infection within the joint space. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


cryptorchidism

The failure of one or both testes of a male fetus to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during the late part of pregnancy. If not surgically corrected in early childhood, males may be at increased risk for testicular cancer later in life.


Thrombosis of renal artery

The formation of a thrombus in the renal artery.


Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a brain disorder, due to thiamine deficiency that has been associated with both Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome. The term refers to two different syndromes, each representing a different stage of the disease. Wernicke's encephalopathy represents the 'acute' phase and Korsakoff's syndrome represents the 'chronic' phase. However, they are used interchangeable in many sites. Wernicke's encephalopathy is characterized by confusion, abnormal stance and gait (ataxia), and abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). Korsakoff's syndrome is observed in a small number of patients. It is a type of dementia, characterized by memory loss and confabulation (filling in of memory gaps with data the patient can readily recall) and involvement of the heart, vascular, and nervous system. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome mainly results from chronic alcohol use, but also from dietary deficiencies, prolonged vomiting, eating disorders, systemic diseases (cancer, AIDS, infections), bariatric surgery, transplants, or the effects of chemotherapy. Studies indicate that there may be some genetic predisposition for the disease.Treatment involves supplementing the diet with thiamine. Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute syndrome and requires emergency treatment to prevent death and neurologic complications. In cases where the diagnosis is not confirmed, patients should still be treated while additional evaluations are completed.


intrinsic asthma

An asthma that is triggered by factors not related to allergies such as anxiety, stress, exercise, cold air, dry air, hyperventilation, smoke, viruses, chemical irritants, autonomic imbalance, hormonal deficiencies and psychogenic influences. It is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication. The symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness.


Proflavine

Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.

An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.


Alkalosis

Depletion of acid or accumulation base in the body fluids.


hypertensive retinopathy

Retinopathy due to hypertension.


Distinctive exudative discoid AND lichenoid chronic dermatosis of Sulzberger and Garbe


Famciclovir

An aminopurine derivative and prodrug of penciclovir which is a competitive inhibitor of herpes simplex 2 DNA polymerase. It is used to treat HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION.

2-Amino-9H-purine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)but-1-yl group. A prodrug of the antiviral penciclovir, it is used for the treatment of acute herpes zoster (shingles), for the treatment or suppression of recurrent genital herpes in immunocompetent patients and for the treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in HIV infected patients.


Pyrithione-ZINC

dimer of two pyrithione molecules bound by zinc; ingredient of commercial anti-dandruff shampoos; Do not confuse zinc pyrithione with Raman spectrum probe dye known as zincon; antifungal and antibacterial


Addictive benzodiazepine use

Addiction to a benzodiazepine.


Injury of ear

Trauma to the ear.


pyuria

The presence of excessive white blood cells in the urine as determined by urinalysis.


penicilliosis

A disease caused by infection with Talaromyces marneffei.


urolithiasis

Stone(s) within the urinary tract.


Dipivefrin

used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer

The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.


Mucocutaneous candidiasis

A fungal infection of the skin, nails, oral and vaginal mucosal sites caused by species of the genus Candida. It manifests with white discoloration of the tongue and swelling, redness, and tenderness of the nails.


anemia of prematurity

A blood disorder characterized by low hemoglobin levels in premature neonates that usually spontaneously resolves within 3-6 months post birth. A combination of factors including the transition from the liver to the bone marrow for erythropoiesis in a neonate, blood loss experienced during delivery, the shortened life span of fetal blood cells, and an acclimation to a relatively hyperoxic environment outside the womb can predispose a neonate to this condition.


acute T cell leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-cell origin. It comprises about 15% of childhood cases and 25% of adult cases. It is more common in males than females.


Manganese (II) chloride

A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of manganese(II) chloride.


esophageal cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the esophagus.


Acetohexamide

A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.

An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.


tetralogy of fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cardiac malformation that consists of an interventricular communication, also known as a ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, override of the ventricular septum by the aortic root, and right ventricular hypertrophy.


anti-glomerular basement membrane disease

An autoimmune disease that affects the lungs and kidneys and is characterized by pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage (bleeding in the lungs) and a kidney disease known as glomerulonephritis. Some use the term 'Goodpasture syndrome' for the findings of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage and the term 'Goodpasture disease' for those patients with glomerulonephritis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and anti-GBM antibodies. Currently, the preferred term for both conditions is “ anti-GBM antibody disease ”. Circulating antibodies are directed against the collagen of the part of the kidney known as the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), resulting in acute or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Antibodies also attack the collagen of the air sacs of the lung (alveoli) resulting in bleeding of the lung (pulmonary hemorrhage). Symptoms may include general body discomfort or pain, bleeding from the nose and/or blood in the urine, respiratory problems, anemia, chest pain, and kidney failure. Anti-GBM disease is thought to result from an environmental insult (smoking, infections, exposure to certain drugs) in a person with genetic susceptibility, such as a specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. Diagnosis is confirmed with the presence of anti-GBM antibody in the blood or in the kidney. The treatment of choice is plasmapheresis in conjunction with prednisone and cyclophosphamide.


female infertility

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.


Cardiac amyloidosis

Extracellular deposition in cardiac tissue of a proteinaceous material that, when stained with Congo red, demonstrates apple-green birefringence under polarized light and that has a distinct color when stained with sulfated Alcian blue. Viewed with electron microscopy, the amyloid deposits are seen to be composed of a beta-sheet fibrillar material. These nonbranching fibrils have a diameter of 7.5 to 10 nm and are the result of protein misfolding.


Left-to-right shunt

Pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system from the left side of the heart to the right.


Creutzfeldt Jacob disease

A rare transmittable degenerative disorder of the brain caused by prions. Morphologically it is characterized by spongiform degeneration of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Signs and symptoms include sleep disturbances, personality changes, aphasia, ataxia, muscle atrophy and weakness, visual loss, and myoclonus. It usually leads to death within a year from the onset of the disease.


posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome

An acute or subacute reversible condition characterized by headaches, mental status changes, visual disturbances, and seizures associated with imaging findings of posterior leukoencephalopathy. It has been observed in association with hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drug treatment.


latent syphilis

A stage of syphilis characterized by the serologic evidence of infection by Treponema pallidum without evidence of accompanying signs or symptoms related to the disease.


bronchiolitis

Inflammation of the bronchioles characterized by swelling of the bronchioles and mucus accumulation. It is usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus and affects children. Signs and symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.


lymphoid neoplasm

A neoplasm composed of a lymphocytic cell population which is usually malignant (clonal) by molecular genetic and/or immunophenotypic analysis. Lymphocytic neoplasms include Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and plasma cell neoplasms.


Phenprocoumon

Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.

A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.


disorder of methionine catabolism

An inherited metabolic disease that is has its basis in the disruption of methionine catabolic process.


Drooling

Habitual flow of saliva out of the mouth.


Bacterial gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis resulting from a bacterial infection.


Succimer

A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.

A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.


Darier disease

Darier disease (DD) is a keratinization disorder characterized by the development of keratotic papules in seborrheic areas and specific nail anomalies.


Retinoic acid syndrome

A syndrome observed in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid. It is characterized by weight gain, dyspnea, pleural and pericardial effusions, leukocytosis, and renal failure.


vitiligo

Generalized well circumscribed patches of leukoderma that are generally distributed over symmetric body locations and is due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes.


Abarelix

A polypeptide compound composed of ten natural and non-natural amino acid resiudes in a linear sequence.


polycythemia

Abnormally high mass or concentration of red blood cells in the blood, either due to an increase in erythropoiesis or a decrease in plasma volume.


pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura. It is usually caused by infections. Chest pain while breathing or coughing is the presenting symptom.


rat-bite fever

An infectious disease that is caused transmitted by the bite of a rat. Two species of bacteria can cause the infection: Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus.


cutaneous vasculitis

Inflammation of the blood vessel wall characterized by palpable purpura.


Trimethaphan

A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.

A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.


Myoclonus

Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.


Sapropterin

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


Oily Skin

The pores of the skin are generally large and visible with a coarse or thick texture. The skin has a tendency to look dull and greasy and feels oily to the touch.


glucagonoma

Glucagonoma is a rare, functioning type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) that hypersecretes glucagon, leading to a syndrome comprised of necrolytic migratory erythema, diabetes mellitus, anemia, weight loss, mucosal abnormalities, thromboembolism, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms.


azane;dichloroplatinum

An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary. Commonly but incorrectly described as an alkylating agent due to its mechanism of action (but it lacks alkyl groups).


ischemic colitis

Inflammation of the colon due to colonic ischemia resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.


psychogenic polydipsia

A form of primary polydipsia caused by underlying psychiatric symptoms, including those caused by psychoses and rarely by affective disorders.


primary biliary cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and slowly progressive cholestatic liver disease of autoimmune etiology characterized by injury of the intrahepatic bile ducts that may eventually lead to liver failure.


Esophageal stenosis

An abnormal narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus.


Glutamine

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.


genital herpes

Herpes simplex infection of the genitals, most commonly caused by the herpes simplex-2 virus.


Paradoxical respiration

Breathing movements in which the chest wall moves in on inspiration and out on expiration, in reverse of the normal movements. It may be seen in children with respiratory distress of any cause, which leads to indrawing of the intercostal spaces during inspiration. Patients with chronic airways obstruction also show indrawing of the lower ribs during inspiration, due to the distorted action of a depressed and flattened diaphragm. Crush injuries of the chest, with fractured ribs and sternum, can lead to a severe degree of paradoxical breathing.


schizoaffective disorder

A disorder in which the individual suffers from both symptoms that qualify as schizophrenia and symptoms that qualify as a mood disorder (e.g., depression or bipolar disorder) for a substantial portion (but not all) of the active period of the illness; for the remainder of the active period of the illness, the individual suffers from delusions or hallucinations in the absence of prominent mood symptoms.


cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder.


Sulfapyridine

Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.

A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


letterer-Siwe disease

A multifocal, multisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple organ systems including the bones, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Patients are usually infants presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone and skin lesions, and pancytopenia.


Shallow anterior chamber

Reduced depth of the anterior chamber, i.e., the anteroposterior distance between the cornea and the iris is decreased.


Vincamine

A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.


qualitative platelet defect

A group of conditions characterized by impaired platelet function, which may be suggested by clinical evidence of bleeding in the setting of a normal platelet count.


Spinosad

combination of spinosyns A and D; isolated from Saccharopolyspora spinosa

A two-component mixture comprising spinosyn A and spinosyn D in a ratio of approximately 5:1. Obtained from the fermentation of the naturally occurring soil dwelling bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, it is used for the topical treatment of head lice.


thrombophlebitis migrans

A thrombophlebitis that is characterized by repeated occurances of thrombophlebitis in different locations.


Sinus Node Dysfunction (disorder)

A derangement in the normal functioning of the sinoatrial node. Typically, SA node dysfunction is manifest as sinoatrial exit block or sinus arrest, but may present as an absolute or relative bradycardia in the presence of a stressor. It may be associated with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome


Gentian violet cation

A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.

An iminium ion that is malachite green cation in which the hydrogen at the para- psition of the monosubstituted phenyl group is replaced by a dimethylamino group.


T-lymphoblastic lymphoma

The most frequent type of lymphoblastic lymphoma. It comprises approximately 85-90% of cases. It is more frequently seen in adolescent males. It frequently presents with a mass lesion in the mediastinum. Pleural effusions are common. (WHO, 2001)


Butoconazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.


Acamprosate

The mechanism of action of acamprosate in maintenance of alcohol abstinence is not completely understood. Chronic alcohol exposure is hypothesized to alter the normal balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. In vitro and in vivo studies in animals have provided evidence to suggest acamprosate may interact with glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems centrally, and has led to the hypothesis that acamprosate restores this balance.

An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


Viral gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis resulting from a viral infection.


Yersinia enterocolitica infectious disease


Dry skin

Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.


Crystalluria

The presence of crystals in the urine.


biotinidase deficiency

Biotinidase deficiency is a late-onset form of multiple carboxylase deficiency, an inborn error of biotin metabolism that, if untreated, is characterized by seizures, breathing difficulties, hypotonia, skin rash, alopecia, hearing loss and delayed development.


propionic acidemia

Propionic acidemia (PA) is an organic aciduria caused by the deficient activity of the propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase and is characterized by life threatening episodes of metabolic decompensation, neurological dysfunction and that may be complicated by cardiomyopathy.


syphilis

A contagious bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted disorder, although it can also be transmitted from the mother to the fetus in utero. Typically, it is initially manifested with a single sore which heals without treatment. If the infection is left untreated, the initial stage is followed by skin rash and mucous membrane lesions. A late stage follows, which is characterized by damage of the internal organs, including the nervous system.


gingival overgrowth

Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (gingival hypertrophy) or by an increase in their number (gingival hyperplasia). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)


Paresthesia

Abnormal sensations such as tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent physical cause.


Listeria meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges caused by listeria monocytogenes infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes. Clinical manifestations include fever, altered mentation, headache, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and seizures. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)


water intoxication

A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.


central nervous system infectious disorder

An infectious process that affects the brain and/or spinal cord. Representative examples include encephalitis, poliomyelitis, arachnoiditis, and meningitis.


Zalcitabine

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.

A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.


ulcerative proctosigmoiditis

Inflammation of the rectum and the distal portion of the colon.


pulmonary venoocclusive disease

A disorder characterized by pulmonary venous constriction or occlusion, resulting in pulmonary hypertension.


Telbivudine

A thymidine derivative and antiviral agent that inhibits DNA synthesis by HEPATITIS B VIRUS and is used for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B.

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is the L-enantiomer of thymine. A synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV DNA polymerase.


cystinuria

Cystinuria is a renal tubular amino acid transport disorder characterized by recurrent formation of kidneys cystine stones.


Naftifine

allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd

A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.


(R)-Sulconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.


cysticercosis

Cysticercosis is a parasitic infectious disease characterized by cyst formation in the target tissue of Taenia solium (tapeworm) parasite larvae ingested via the feces of a human with a tapeworm (human-to-human fecal-oral transmission) leading to variable clinical manifestations in muscle, the brain, spinal cord, and eyes. Infection of muscle tissue is generally asymptomatic. Cyst development in the brain and spinal cord is known as neurocysticercosis (NCC) and may cause seizures and headache. NCC can follow a serious course and may be life-threatening. Severe cases of cysticercosis are treated with albendazole and anti-inflammatory drugs.


lymphoid leukemia

A malignant lymphocytic neoplasm of B-cell or T-cell lineage involving primarily the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. This category includes precursor or acute lymphoblastic leukemias and chronic leukemias.


renal fibrosis

A final common manifestation of a wide variety of chronic kidney diseases characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.


Phenacemide

Phenacemide (Phenurone) is an older antiepileptic agent. It is capable of relieving patients resistant to other antiepileptics, although its therapeutic effectiveness must be balanced against its toxic effects.


neoplasm of esophagus

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the esophagus.


hepatic vein thrombosis

A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (thrombus) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal fibrosis is uncommon.


Multiple Gestation

A pregnancy involving twins or higher-order multiple fetuses (e.g., triplets, quadruplets).


calcium metabolic disease

Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.


ehrlichiosis

An disease or disorder caused by infection with Ehrlichia.


glossopharyngeal neuralgia

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a condition characterized by repeated episodes of severe pain in the tongue, throat, ear, and tonsils (areas connected to the ninth cranial nerve, or glossopharyngeal nerve). It typically occurs in individuals over age 40. Episodes of pain may last from a few seconds to a few minutes, and usually occur on one side. The pain may be triggered by swallowing, speaking, laughing, chewing or coughing. The condition is thought to be due to irritation of the nerve, although the source of irritation is unclear. The goal of treatment is to control pain, but over-the-counter pain medications are not very effective; the most effective drugs are anti-seizure medications. Some antidepressants help certain people. Surgery to cut or take pressure off of the glossopharyngeal nerve may be needed in severe cases.


pneumothorax

Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity.


Whipple disease

A systemic infection caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. It affects the small intestine resulting in malabsorption. Other sites or systems affected by the infection are the joints, central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system.


Enalaprilat

The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.


alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins

A rare and fatal developmental lung disease characterized by respiratory distress in neonates due to refractory hypoxemia and severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.


congenital hypothyroidism

A thyroid hormone deficiency present from birth.


Epidermal growth factor receptor negative non-small cell lung cancer


multibacillary leprosy

A lepromatous form of leprosy that is characterized by numerous infiltrated skin lesions displaying high bacillary loads, impaired peripheral nerves, possible involvement of internal organs, and a Th2-mediated immune response.


Lactic Acid

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.


plantar wart

A wart in the plantar surface of the foot. It is caused by human papillomavirus.


Hemodynamic instability

A state of hypoperfusion that does not support normal organ perfusion or function. It can include periods of reduced, unstable, or abnormal blood pressure with near syncope, or episodes of syncope.


isovaleric acidemia

Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an autosomal recessively inherited organic aciduria characterized by a deficiency in isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, that has wide clinical variability and that can present in infancy with acute manifestations of vomiting, failure to thrive, seizures, lethargy, a characteristic ''sweaty feet'' odor, acute pancreatitis and mild to severe developmental delay or in childhood with metabolic acidosis (brought on by prolonged fasting, an increased intake of protein-rich food or infections) and that can be fatal if not treated immediately. Chronic intermittent presentations and asymptomatic patients have also been reported.


Recurrent genital herpes

Recurrent episodes of genital herpes, typically characterized by stages of erythema, papules, short-lived vesicles, painful ulcers, and crusts on the skin of the genitals and surrounding area, and that typically resolve over a period of 2 to 3 weeks.


bejel

A chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the endemicum subspecies of the spirochete Treponema pallidum.


Hypocalcemic tetany

Hyperexcitability of the neuromuscular system related to abnormally low level of calcium in the blood, resulting in carpopedal or generalized spasms.


Dysphasia

Impairment of verbal communication skills, often resulting from brain damage.


liver abscess (disease)

An abscess that involves the liver.


encephalitis

An acute inflammatory process affecting the brain parenchyma. Causes include viral infections and less frequently bacterial infections, toxins, and immune-mediated processes.


temporomandibular joint disorder

Any condition affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.


cryptococcosis

An acute or chronic, localized or disseminated infection by Cryptococcus neoformans. Sites of involvement include the lungs, central nervous system and meninges, skin, and visceral organs.--2004


dumping syndrome

A disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It is typically caused by the rapid emptying of undigested food from the stomach to the small intestine following gastroesophageal surgery but may be seen secondary to diabetes or the use of certain medications. Clinical signs may be seen 30-60 minutes after eating (early dumping): cramping, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea or they may be seen 1-3 hours later as a result of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (late dumping): sweating, dizziness, confusion and heart palpitations. Untreated, the clinical course progresses to malnutrition and weight loss.


blastomycosis

Blastomycosis is a rare infection that may develop when people inhale a fungus called Blastomyces dermatitidis, a fungus that is found in moist soil, particularly where there is rotting vegetation. The fungus enters the body through the lungs, infecting them. The fungus then spreads to other areas of the body.The infection may affect the skin, bones and joints, and other areas. The disease usually affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who have had an organ transplant.


neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid, extracranial childhood tumor. It is an aggressive pediatric cancer that originates from neural crest tissues of the sympathetic nervous system.


Carcinomatosis

Carcinoma that has spread diffusely to an anatomic site or throughout the body.


Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by CCHF virus and characterized by initial fever, headache, and malaise followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and, in severe cases, bleeding, shock, and multi-organ system failure.


female reproductive system neoplasm

A benign, precancerous, or malignant neoplasm that affects the female reproductive system. Representative examples include uterine corpus leiomyoma, endocervical polyp, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma.


steatorrhea

A finding of an excessive amount of fat in the stool.


cryptosporidiosis

Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe diarrhea.


pinta disease

An endemic bacterial infection caused by Treponema carateum. It is manifested with chronic cutaneous lesions. The early lesions consist of papules and erythematous plaques. The late lesions consist of hypochromic, achromic, hyperpigmented and atrophic lesions. The late skin lesions may cause destruction of bones and cartilage and produce disfiguring changes.


Pipecuronium

A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.


atrial flutter

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate of 240-340 beats per minute. Multiple P waves typically appear in the inferior leads in a saw tooth-like pattern between the QRS complexes. (CDISC)


Actinomycetoma

A chronic granulomatous inflammation involving the deep dermis and the subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by Actinomycetes bacteria.