Hypercalciuria

Abnormally high level of calcium in the urine.


Glutethimide

A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.


Incomplete spontaneous abortion

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Cefaclor

Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.

A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


tonsillitis

Inflammation of the tonsillar tissue.


Cefditoren pivoxil

The pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug of cefditoren.


chancroid

Chancroid is a bacterial infection that is spread through sexual contact. It is caused by a type of bacteria called Haemophilus ducreyi. Chancroid is characterized by a small bump on the genital which becomes a painful ulcer. Men may have just one ulcer, but women often develop four or more.About half of the people who are infected with a chancroid will develop enlarged inguinal lymph nodes, the nodes located in the fold between the leg and the lower abdomen. In some cases, the nodes will break through the skin and cause draining abscesses. The swollen lymph nodes and abscesses are often called buboes. Chancroid infections can be treated with antibiotics, including azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin. Large lymph node swellings need to be drained, either with a needle or local surgery.


Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial neurodegenerative disease affecting the optic nerve and often characterized by sudden vision loss in young adult carriers.


CHLORTETRACYCLINE

A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.

A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.


Perioperative Care

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Clopidogrel

A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.

A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a  methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.


Recurrent oral herpes

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Recurrent episodes of oral herpes, typically characterized by blisters or ulcers on the gums, lips and/or tongue caused by herpes virus.


cyclosporin A

A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).

A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle.


Cycloserine

Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.

A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and  D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).


skin disorder

Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the skin or subcutaneous tissue that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.


Propoxyphene

A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.

The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.


hereditary von Willebrand disease

Hereditary von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a genetic anomaly leading to quantitative, structural or functional abnormalities of the Willebrand factor (von Willebrand factor; VWF). Two major groups of VWF deficiency have been defined: quantitative and partial (type 1) or total (type 3), and qualitative (type 2) with several subtypes (2A, 2B, 2M, 2N).


Diphenhydramine

A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.

An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.


hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1

Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MYH7 gene.


placental abruption

Vaginal bleeding preceding the 20th week of gestation.


lymphogranuloma venereum

Infection with the organism Mycobacterium.


Severe major depression with psychotic features


Droperidol

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.


Dorzolamide

topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer

5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.


Docetaxel

A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.


Disulfiram

A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.

An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid.  A multi-enzyme inhibitor that is used in alcohol aversion therapy and also exhibits anticancer properties.


nephritis

Inflammation of renal tissue.


retinal detachment

An eye emergency condition which may lead to blindness if left untreated. It is characterized by the separation of the inner retina layers from the underlying pigment epithelium. Causes include trauma, advanced diabetes mellitus, high myopia, and choroid tumors. Symptoms include sudden appearance of floaters, sudden light flushes, and blurred vision.


Fanconi renotubular syndrome

A genetic or acquired disorder characterized by impairment of the function of the proximal tubules of the kidney. It results in decreased reabsorption of electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients.


Eprosartan

angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source

A member of the class of  imidazoles and  thiophenes  that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.


cutaneous anthrax

An anthrax disease that results in infection located in skin, has material basis in Bacillus anthracis, which is transmitted by contact with infected animals or animal products. The infection has symptom skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center.


Etoposide

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.


myositis disease

An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the muscle tissue.


esophagitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory disease affecting the esophageal wall.


Ethambutol

An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)

An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.


diabetic retinopathy

A chronic, pathological complication associated with diabetes mellitus, where retinal damages are incurred due to microaneurysms in the vasculature of the retina, progressively leading to abnormal blood vessel growth, and swelling and leaking of fluid from blood vessels, resulting in vision loss or blindness.


Ethaverine

tetraethyl homolog of papaverine; smooth muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


Leucovorin

The active metabolite of FOLIC ACID. Leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS.

A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.


pernicious anemia

Megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B-12 deficiency due to impaired absorption. The impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 is secondary to atrophic gastritis and loss of gastric parietal cells.


sunburn

An inflammatory reaction from ultraviolet radiation characterized by transient redness, tenderness and occasional blistering.


chronic purulent otitis media

Otitis media that persists for at least six weeks, and that is associated with otorrhea through a perforated tympanic membrane.


Tripelennamine

A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.


retinal disorder

Any disease or disorder of the retina.


Natural immunosuppression

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delirium

A disorder characterized by confusion; inattentiveness; disorientation; illusions; hallucinations; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)


Bitolterol

a short-acting beta2 adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD

The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.


Reye syndrome

An acute and potentially fatal metabolic disorder characterized by cerebral edema, fatty liver and hypoglycemia. It occurs primarily in children and has been associated with the use of aspirin for the treatment of viral infections. However, it can also occur in the absence of aspirin use.


osteomalacia

A metabolic bone disease that results from either a deficiency in vitamin D, or an abnormality in the metabolism of vitamin D, or a deficiency of calcium in the diet. The most common symptoms are bone pain and muscle weakness. When it occurs in children it is commonly referred to as rickets. (Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.) --2003


urinary bladder cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the bladder.


Danazol

A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.


Dacarbazine

An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)

A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.


Dactinomycin

A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)


nasal cavity polyp

A soft and painless polypoid mass that arises from the mucosa in the nasal cavity. It is usually the result of an inflammatory process. It may recur following surgical resection.


Vardenafil

A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.

The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.


sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemias are chronic hemolytic diseases that may induce three types of acute accidents: severe anemia, severe bacterial infections, and ischemic vasoocclusive accidents (VOA) caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells obstructing small blood vessels and capillaries. Many diverse complications can occur.


carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency disease

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency (CPS1D) is a rare and severe disorder of urea cycle metabolism most commonly characterized by either a neonatal-onset of severe hyperammonemia that occurs few days after birth and manifests with lethargy, vomiting, hypothermia, seizures, coma and death or a presentation outside the newborn period at any age with (sometimes) milder symptoms of hyperammonemia.


Butyl 4-aminobenzoate

An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.


Bumetanide

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 4-phenoxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogens ortho to the phenoxy group are substituted by butylamino and sulfamoyl groups. Bumetanide is a diuretic, and is used for treatment of oedema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic and renal disease.


Operation on nose

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duodenal obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of stomach contents through the duodenum.


Cefdinir

A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.

A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.


inflammation of heart layer

An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the heart layer.


Probenecid

The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.

A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.


progressive familial heart block, type 1A

An autosomal dominant inherited cardiac bundle branch disorder which can progress to complete heart block.


Pyridostigmine

A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.


Ropinirole

Ropinirole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist. The precise mechanism of action of ropinirole as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease is unknown, although it is thought to be related to its ability to stimulate dopamine D2 receptors within the caudate-putamen in the brain.


Dyskinesia

A movement disorder which consists of effects including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements.


macular retinal edema

Accumulation of intraretinal fluid and protein in the macula, which may result in swelling and decreased central vision.


autoimmune hepatitis

Hepatitis caused by autoantibodies. Drugs, infections, and toxins may trigger the production of the autoantibodies against the liver parenchyma.


duodenitis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the duodenum. Causes include bacterial and viral infections and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptoms include vomiting and abdominal pain.


Rizatriptan

Rizatriptan binds with high affinity to human cloned 5-HT1B/1D receptors. Rizatriptan presumably exerts its therapeutic effects in the treatment of migraine headache by binding to 5-HT1B/1D receptors located on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerves of the trigeminal system.


bipolar disorder

A disorder of the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Often these moods range and shift from periods of elation and energized behavior to those of hopelessness and depression.


Aggressive behavior

Aggressive behavior can denote verbal aggression, physical aggression against objects, physical aggression against people, and may also include aggression towards oneself.


Caesarian section

Delivery of a fetus through surgical incisions made through the abdominal wall (laparotomy) and the uterine wall (hysterotomy).


Doxapram

A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)

A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.


Chlamydia trachomatis infection of genital structure


HEMATOPORPHYRIN

Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.

A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.


hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is is an endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). Common signs and symptoms includeabdominal pain, brittle nails, cataracts, dry hair and skin,muscle cramps,tetany, pain in the face, legs, and feet, seizures, tingling sensation,and weakened tooth enamel (in children). It may be caused byinjury to the parathyroid glands (e.g., during surgery). Other causes, include low blood magnesium levels, a side effect of radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism, metabolic alkalosis, DiGeorge syndrome, and type I polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. The goal of treatment is to restore the calcium and mineral balance in the body.


Zileuton

an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


allergic asthma

A asthma with a basis in a pathological type I hypersensitivity reaction.


Vorinostat

A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.

A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and  hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).


PROLINE

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.


Androstanolone

A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.


Abdominal Abscess

An abscess within the abdomen.


Postoperative infection

Any infection documented following a surgical procedure that was not evident or suspected prior to the procedure.


Ceftibuten

A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.


Rabeprazole

A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.


multiple endocrine neoplasia

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is a group of rare inherited cancer syndromes characterized by the development of two or more endocrine gland tumors, sometimes with tumor development in other tissues or organs.


Raloxifene

A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.


Sitagliptin

A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.

A  triazolopyrazine that exhibits  hypoglycemic activity.


Selegiline

A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.


parasitic infectious disease

A successful invasion of a host by an organism that uses the host for food and shelter.


Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a polyclonal (benign) or clonal (malignant) proliferation of lymphoid cells that develops as a consequence of immunosuppression in a recipient of a solid organ or bone marrow allograft. PTLDs comprise a spectrum ranging from early, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven polyclonal lymphoid proliferations to EBV-positive or EBV- negative lymphomas of predominantly B-cell or less often T-cell type. (WHO, 2001)


motor nerve neuritis

Inflammation of the peripheral motor nerves.


Diphenoxylate

A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.


hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatorenal syndrome is a form of impaired kidney function that occurs in individuals with advanced chronic liver disease. As many as 40% of individuals with cirrhosis and ascites will develop hepatorenal syndrome. Symptoms may include fatigue, abdominal pain, and a general feeling of ill health (malaise). There are two distinct types of hepatorenal syndrome. Type I progresses quickly (within days), leading to kidney failure. Individuals with type I typically have dramatically reduced urine output, edema, and jaundice, and often suffer from hepatic encephalopathy. Type II progresses more slowly, over weeks or months, and the symptoms are less severe. The cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. A contributing factor seems to be a narrowing of the blood vessels that connect into the kidneys. This causes a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, impairing their function. In some cases, triggers or precipitating factors (infections, blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, low blood pressure) are involved. Treatment is aimed at helping the liver work better and maintaining kidney function. In many cases, a liver transplant is needed. In some cases, individuals also need a kidney transplant.


Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing. Dyspnea is a subjective feeling only the patient can rate, e.g., on a Borg scale.


Dyclonine

minor descriptor (66-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PROPIOPHENONES (66-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure

N-Ethylpiperidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the methyl group is substituted by a 4-butoxybenzoyl group.


Entecavir

Entecavir, a guanosine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV reverse transcriptase, is efficiently phosphorylated to the active triphosphate form, which has an intracellular half-life of 15 hours. By competing with the natural substrate deoxyguanosine triphosphate, entecavir triphosphate functionally inhibits all three activities of the HBV reverse transcriptase: (1) base priming, (2) reverse transcription of the negative strand from the pregenomic messenger RNA, and (3) synthesis of the positive strand of HBV DNA. Entecavir triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of cellular DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and delta and mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma with Ki values ranging from 18 to > 160 microM.

Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.


Resorcinol

an antiseptic and disinfectant used for temporary relief of itching

A  benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.


Terazosin

induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia


Prazosin

A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.

A member of the class of  piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.


Cyclacillin

A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.


pituitary tumor

A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the pituitary gland. The vast majority are adenomas arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.


CLOFAZIMINE

A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)


Dapsone resistant mycobacterium leprae disease


Clotrimazole

An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal CELL MEMBRANES. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to a nitrogen is replaced by a monochlorotrityl group.


West syndrome

West syndrome (or infantile spasms) is characterised by the association of clusters of axial spasms, psychomotor retardation and an hypsarrhythmic interictal EEG pattern. It is the most frequent type of epileptic encephalopathy. It may occur in otherwise healthy infants and in those with abnormal cognitive development.


A drug formerly used as an antipsychotic and treatment of various movement disorders. Tetrabenazine blocks neurotransmitter uptake into adrenergic storage vesicles and has been used as a high affinity label for the vesicle transport system.

A 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one in which both stereocentres have S configuration.


Torsemide

A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.

An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.


Tramadol

A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.

A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.


bone Paget disease

A disease of bone that initially results in the excessive resorption of bone (by osteoclasts) followed by the replacement of normal bone marrow with vascular and fibrous tissue.


Etravirine

HIV-1 reverse transriptase inhibitor; an anti-HIV agent

An aminopyrimidine that consists of 2,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing a bromo substituent at position 5, a 4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenoxy substituent at position 4 and having a 4-cyanophenyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. NNRTI of HIV-1, binds directly to RT and blocks RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities


optic nerve disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the optic nerve (second cranial nerve).


Testosterone propionate

An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.


Enteric campylobacteriosis

A gastrointestinal infection attributed to the bacteria campylobacter. It is usually contracted by consuming raw or undercooked poultry or consuming a food that has been in contact with raw poultry. It is characterized by abdominal pain, fever, and  diarrhea and usually resolves in two to five days.


salpingitis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the fallopian tube. It is most often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. The infections usually originate in the vagina and ascend to the fallopian tube. Symptoms include abdominal, pelvic, and lower back pain, pain during ovulation and sexual intercourse, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Complications include infertility and ectopic pregnancy.


Thioguanine

An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.

A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.


A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.


Trifluridine

An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557)

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.


Vascular Headaches

Headache caused by abnormal functioning of the vascular system.


seasonal affective disorder

A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. sad (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence.


Fludarabine phosphate

A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.


autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an autoimmune disorder in which various types of auto-antibodies are directed against red blood cells causing their survival to be shortened and resulting in hemolytic anemia.


Flunisolide

corticosteroid prescribed as treatment for allergic rhinitis


Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (lung) and bronchi, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by mycoplasma pneumoniae in humans. In sheep, it is caused by mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. In cattle, it may be caused by mycoplasma dispar.


acquired torsion dystonia

An instance of torsion dystonia that is acquired during the lifetime of the individual.


aspiration pneumonitis

Inflammation of the lungs due to the inhalation of solid or liquid material.


Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.


tertiary syphilis

A stage of syphilis that occurs fifteen to thirty years after the initial infection; it can include gumma formation and cardiovascular or central nervous system involvement (neurosyphilis).


Fluorometholone acetate

A steroid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 17-hydroxy function of fluorometholone with acetic acid. Used in the treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior segment of the eye.


Cob(II)alamin

A cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide that is cobalamin with the oxidation state of the central cobalt atom unspecified.


Benzoic Acid

A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.

A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.


corneal ulcer

Area of epithelial tissue loss from corneal surface; associated with inflammatory cells in the cornea and anterior chamber.


Gangrene

A serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies (necrosis).


Vancomycin

Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.


bacterial endocarditis

Endocarditis that is caused by an infection with a bacterial agent.


rhabdomyosarcoma

A rare aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle. It usually occurs in children and young adults. Only a small percentage of tumors arise in the skeletal muscle of the extremities. The majority arise in other anatomical sites.


kidney Wilms tumor

An embryonal pediatric tumor of the kidney which may also be seen rarely in adults. The peak incidence of Wilms tumor is between the second and fifth year of life. Microscopically, it is composed of a mixture of cellular elements (blastemal, stromal, and epithelial). The most common sites of metastasis include the regional lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.


Guanfacine

A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.


rheumatic heart disease

An autoinflammatory condition following an infection with Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS), in which the heart is attacked by antibodies formed in reaction to a recent GABHS infection. Chief anatomic changes of the valve include leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, and shortening and thickening of the tendinous cords, all of which can result in valvular dysfunction.


Laryngeal edema

An abnormal accumulation of fluid and swelling in the tissues of the larynx.


Blurred vision

Lack of sharpness of vision resulting in the inability to see fine detail.


ipratropium

A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.


Isoflurane

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.


Isoniazid

Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis.

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between pyridine-4-carboxylic acid and hydrazine.


Forteo

A polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human PARATHYROID HORMONE, the biologically active N-terminal region. The acetate form is given by intravenous infusion in the differential diagnosis of HYPOPARATHYROIDISM and PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)


Acetylcysteine

The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. N-Acetylcystene (NAC) as a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione modulates glutamatergic, neurotrophic, and inflammatory pathways. The potential applications of NAC to facilitate recovery after traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and in treatment of cerebrovascular vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

An  N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.


manic bipolar affective disorder

The manic phase of bipolar disorder.


Chronic glomerulonephritis

A chronic, persistent inflammation of the glomeruli, which is slowly progressive, leading to impaired kidney function.


Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis (HUV) is an immune complex-mediated small vessel vasculitis characterized by urticaria and hypocomplementemia (low C1q with or without low C3 and C4), and usually associated with circulating anti-C1q autoantibodies. Arthritis, pulmonary disease, ocular inflammation, and glomerulonephritis are common systemic manifestations.


Intracranial hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurring within the skull.


Zopiclone

S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007

A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.


Dimercaprol

An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.

A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.


Warfarin

An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.


ventricular fibrillation

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of a rapid grossly irregular ventricular rhythm with marked variability in QRS cycle length, morphology, and amplitude. The rate is typically greater than 300 bpm. (CDISC)


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole bearing methyl and chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively.


Iodamide

An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)

A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.


Ifosfamide

Positional isomer of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent.

The simplest member of the class of  ifosfamides that is 1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide substituted by 2-chloroethyl groups on both the nitrogen atoms respectively. It is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


Ulipristal acetate

Ulipristal acetate is a selective progesterone receptor modulator with antagonistic and partial agonistic effects (a progesterone agonist/antagonist) at the progesterone receptor. It binds the human progesterone receptor and prevents progesterone from occupying its receptor. The likely primary mechanism of action of ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception is inhibition or delay of ovulation.

A 20-oxo steroid obtained by acetylation of the 17-hydroxy group of (11beta,17alpha)-17-acetyl-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-17-ol (ulipristal). A selective progesterone receptor modulator, which is employed as an emergency  contraceptive.


Iron

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.


Letrozole

Letrozole is a nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of the aromatase enzyme system; it inhibits the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Used in treatment of hormonally responsive breast cancer (i.e., estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive or receptor unknown)


breast adenosis

A non-neoplastic disorder characterized by epithelial and/or myoepithelial tissue growth in the breast lobules. It may be associated with apocrine changes or sclerosis.


Amiodarone

An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a  cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.


hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a pulmonary disease with symptoms of dyspnea and cough resulting from the inhalation of an antigen to which the subject has been previously sensitized.


Cryptococcal meningitis

Meningeal inflammation produced by cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature headache; nausea; photophobia; focal neurologic deficits; seizures; cranial neuropathies; and hydrocephalus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)


fungal meningitis

Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as opportunistic infections or arise in immunocompetent hosts.


Inflammation of the stomach that is associated with Helicobacter Pylori.


Eptifibatide

Cyclic peptide that acts as a platelet glycoprotein IIB-IIIA antagonist, reversibly inhibiting the binding of FIBRINOGEN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; and other adhesive molecules to the GPIIB-IIIA RECEPTORS of platelets. It is used in the management of UNSTABLE ANGINA and in patients undergoing coronary ANGIOPLASTY and stenting procedures.

A synthetic homodetic cyclic peptide comprising N(alpha)-(3-sulfanylpropanoyl)homoarginyl, glycyl, aspartyl, tryptophyl, prolyl and cysteinamide residues connected in sequence and cyclised via a disulfide bond. Derived from a protein found in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarus barbouri, eptifibatide is an anti-coagulant that inhibits platelet aggregation by selectively blocking the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, so preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands. It is used in the management of unstable angina and in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and stenting procedures.


PYRITHIONE

split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


Skin fissure

A clearly-defined and roughly linear cleavage in the skin that usually extends to the dermis.


absence epilepsy

Epilepsy characterized by very brief episodes of sudden cessation of activity, usually associated with eye blinking. There is no loss of the muscle tone.


Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate

A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of phosphoric acid.


precocious puberty

Unusually early sexual maturity.


Lomefloxacin

A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity. Lomefloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase involved in the induction or relaxation of supercoiling during DNA replication. This inhibition leads to a decrease in DNA synthesis during bacterial replication, resulting in cell growth inhibition and eventually cell lysis.

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.


Wilson disease

A very rare inherited multisystemic disease presenting non-specific neurological, hepatic, psychiatric or osseo-muscular manifestations due to excessive copper deposition in the body.


Silodosin

an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source


C-cell hyperplasia

Neoplastic or reactive proliferation of the C-cells in the thyroid gland. The neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia is associated with familial medullary thyroid gland carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type II and IIB. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of clusters of intrafollicular C-cells with atypical cytologic features. The reactive C-cell hyperplasia is also known as physiological or secondary C-cell hyperplasia and it is associated with conditions that cause hypercalcemia (e.g., hyperparathyroidism).


Zinc Sulfate

A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.


Alanine

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The L-enantiomer of alanine.


escherichia coli infection

Infection with the organism Escherichia Coli.


Ascites

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.


Methamphetamine

A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.

A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.


Mitoxantrone

An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.


Nicotine

Devices or delivery systems used to aid in ending a TOBACCO habit.

A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.


brain glioblastoma

A WHO grade IV malignant astrocytic tumor that arises from the brain, usually the cerebral hemispheres. It is characterized by the presence of poorly differentiated astrocytes, cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, and increased mitotic activity. The prognosis is poor.


Histrelin

An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, 1-benzyl-D-histidyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the diacetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.


Hydroquinone

A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.


Capsaicin

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.


postherpetic neuralgia

Pain that occurs after the disappearance of herpes zoster infection lesions.


Citrulline

The L-enantiomer of citrulline.


lysinuric protein intolerance

Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a very rare inherited multisystem condition caused by distrubance in amino acid metabolism.


diabetic ketoacidosis

The metabolic condition resulted from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the shift of acid-base status of the body toward the acid side because of loss of base or retention of acids other than carbonic acid is accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies in body tissues and fluids.


Vinyl alcohol

A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.

A homopolymer macromolecule obtained by polymerisation of vinyl alcohol.


Tapentadol

An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.


ventricular tachycardia

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular origin with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC)


Superinfection

A secondary infection that occurs during an existing infection, or immediately following a previous infection, especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant or have become resistant to the antibiotics used earlier.


Nisoldipine

A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.

A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.


Triclosan

A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action.

An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.


Guanabenz

An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.


peliosis hepatis

A vascular disease of the liver characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled cysts or cavities. The cysts are lined with endothelial cells; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (anabolic agents) and certain drugs.


Isocarboxazid

An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)


vascular disorder

A general term used to describe any disease affecting blood vessels]. It includes vascular abnormalities caused by degenerative, metabolic and inflammatory conditions, embolic diseases, coagulative disorders, and functional disorders such as posteri or reversible encephalopathy syndrome.


Flumethasone

An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.


Thonzonium

a surfactant with antifungal activity; also inhibits osteoclast formation


Retinal hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurring within the retina.


Azacitidine

A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.

An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.


Amifostine

A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.

An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


PHENAZOPYRIDINE

A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.


Phenelzine

One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.


Red eye

A reddish appearance over the white part (sclera) of the eye ranging from a few enlarged blood vessels appearing as wiggly lines over the sclera to a bright red color completely covering to sclera.


actinomycosis

Actinomycosis is a chronic bacterial infection that commonly affects the face and neck. It is usually caused by an anaerobic bacteria called Actinomyces israelii. Actinomyces are normal inhabitants of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract, and do not cause an infection unless there is a break in the skin or mucosa. The infection usually occurs in the face and neck, but can sometimes occur in the chest, abdomen, pelvis, or other areas of the body. The infection is not contagious.


botulism

A serious bacterial infection caused by botulinum toxin which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. Patients are infected usually by ingestion of contaminated food or wound contamination. It leads to muscle paralysis which may result in respiratory failure.


cognitive disorder

A disease affects cognitive processes.


Aphakia

The absence of the crystalline lens of the eye.


Leflunomide

An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.


Mepenzolate

anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


Malathion

A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.

A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.


A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.

Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups. Note that the term 'aminoacridine' is the International Prorietary Name (INN) for 9-aminoacridine.


hematologic disorder

A disease involving the hematopoietic system.


ANISOTROPINE

minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer


Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired

Hemolytic anemia, the cause of which is not present at birth.


Pempidine

A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.


Penbutolol

A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.


Paromomycin

An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.


hearing loss disorder

A partial or complete loss of hearing in one or both ears. It is classified as conductive, sensory, or central.


Bismuth subcitrate

contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate


phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein.


Methsuximide

anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation


Molindone

An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)


Agitation

A state of exceeding restlessness and excessive motor activity associated with mental distress or a feeling of inner tension.


tinea pedis

Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.


Phensuximide

major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation


Pilocarpine

A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.


Piperazine

An azacycloalkane that consists of a six-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms at opposite positions.


idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia

Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia (IAEP) is an eosinophilic pneumonia of undetermined etiology that is characterized by acute febrile hypoxic respiratory failure associated with diffuse radiographic infiltrates and pulmonary eosinophilia, but without concurring allergy or infection.


Hirschsprung disease

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital intestinal motility disorder that is characterized by signs of intestinal obstruction due to the presence of an aganglionic segment of variable extent in the terminal part of the colon.


A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.


disseminated candidiasis

Systemic candidiasis occurs when Candida yeast enters the bloodstream and may spread (becoming disseminated candidiasis) to other organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, bones, muscles, joints, spleen, or eyes.


Bosentan

a specific and competitive antagonist at endothelin receptor types ETA and ETB, has a slightly higher affinity for ETA receptors than for ETB receptors, indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension


Pyrazinamide

A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.


Dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing.


Lacosamide

a functionalized amino acid, selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcitable neuronal membranes and inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, indicated for partial-onset seizures


Cyanokit

Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.


Chromium picolinate

iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206


Ammonia

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.


Lithium citrate

A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.


NATEGLINIDE

A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.

An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


choreatic disease

A neurological condition affecting the involuntary movements. It is characterized by brief, non-repetitive irregular muscle contractions. It is seen in patients with Huntington's disease.


Cabergoline

An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.

An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.


Carbidopa

An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.


Cefmetazole

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.


carotid stenosis

A narrowing of the carotid artery lumen. It is usually caused by the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. Symptoms are usually present when there is severe narrowing or obstruction of the arterial lumen and manifest as ischemic cerebrovascular accidents.


SULFASALAZINE

A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)

An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.


Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate

do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid

A hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water.


Levobupivacaine

S-enantiomer of bupivacaine, local anaesthetic

The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


xeroderma pigmentosum

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV)-induced changes in the skin and eyes, and multiple skin cancers. It is subdivided into 8 complementation groups, according to the affected gene: classical XP (XPA to XPG) and XP variant (XPV).


Echinococcus granulosus infection of liver


Norethindrone acetate

Acetate ester of norethindrone that is used as a long-term contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS).

A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.


Oxacillin

An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.

A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.


staphylococcal pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus staphylococcus, usually with staphylococcus aureus.


Oxcarbazepine

an antiepileptic drug, precise mechanism by which oxcarbazepine exerts its antiseizure effect is unknown, however, in vitro electrophysiological studies indicate that it produces blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcited neural membranes, inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, and diminution of propagation of synaptic impulses

A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.


relapsing fever

Relapsing fever is an infection caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia, excluding those responsible for Lyme disease belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi complex.


Spironolactone

A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)

A  steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.


mitral valve prolapse

A fairly common and often benign valvular heart disorder characterized by redundancy or hooding of mitral valve leaflets so that they prolapse into the left atrium, often causing mitral regurgitation. It is often a symptomless condition but may be marked by varied symptoms (e.g. chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, or palpitations) leading in some cases to endocarditis or ventricular tachycardia.


Atazanavir

An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS. There was some evidence of in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, but no clinical trial data was found to support use in the treatment of COVID-19.

A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).


pulmonary valve stenosis

The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the pulmonary valve. This lesion restricts blood outflow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. When the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete.


Lenalidomide

Lenalidomide is an analogue of thalidomide with immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, and antineoplastic properties. Lenalidomide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of certain hematopoietic tumor cells including multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, and del (5q) myelodysplastic syndromes in vitro. Lenalidomide causes a delay in tumor growth in some in vivo nonclinical hematopoietic tumor models including multiple myeloma. Immunomodulatory properties of lenalidomide include activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, increased numbers of NKT cells, and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha and IL-6) by monocytes. In multiple myeloma cells, the combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone synergizes the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.

A dicarboximide that consists of 1-oxoisoindoline bearing an amino substituent at position 4 and a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group at position 2. Inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha.


Mequinol

depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd


herpes simplex infectious disease

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)


Chronic infection

Presence of a protracted or persistent infection by a pathogen potentially related to an underlying abnormality of the immune system that is not able to clear the infection.


diabetic kidney disease

Progressive kidney disorder caused by vascular damage to the glomerular capillaries, in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is usually manifested with nephritic syndrome and glomerulosclerosis.


Lysine

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.


vulvovaginitis

An inflammatory pathologic process that affects the vulva and the vagina.


bronchiectasis

Segmental, irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree resulting in the accumulation of secretions which leads to obstruction. The most common cause is bacterial infection.


ecthyma

An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)


obstructive jaundice

A finding indicating increased bilirubin levels in the blood and urine, due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction of the biliary system.


Telaprevir

Telaprevir is an inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A serine protease, necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein into mature forms of the NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B proteins and essential for viral replication. In a biochemical assay, telaprevir inhibited the proteolytic activity of the recombinant HCV NS3 protease domain with an IC50 value of 10 nM.

An oligopeptide consisting of N-(pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl)cyclohexylalanyl, 3-methylvalyl, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxy, and 3-amino-N-cyclopropyl-2-oxohexanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.


Aluminum Hydroxide

A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.


Calcium citrate

A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.


acute liver failure

Rapid deterioration of liver function causing encephalopathy and coagulopathy. It results from damage to the liver parenchyma usually secondary to acetaminophen overdose or viral infections.


Miglitol

Miglitol is a desoxynojirimycin derivative that delays the digestion of ingested carbohydrates, thereby resulting in a smaller rise in blood glucose concentration following meals. As a consequence of plasma glucose reduction, miglitol reduce levels of glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.


Trandolapril

The effect of trandolapril in hypertension appears to result primarily from the inhibition of circulating and tissue ACE activity thereby reducing angiotensin II formation, decreasing vasoconstriction, decreasing aldosterone secretion, and increasing plasma renin. Decreased aldosterone secretion leads to diuresis, natriuresis, and a small increase of serum potassium. Trandolapril is deesterified to the diacid metabolite, trandolaprilat, which is approximately eight times more active as an inhibitor of ACE activity.

A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.


Tinidazole

A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.

1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group.  It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.


arteriovenous hemangioma/malformation

A benign vascular lesion characterized by the presence of a complex network of communicating arterial and venous vascular structures.


Ethacrynic acid

A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.

An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.


tularemia

Tularemia is an infection caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is more common in rodents and rabbits but has been found in other animals including domestic cats, sheep, birds, and hamsters. Humans can become infected in several different ways: by handling infected animals, through tick or deer fly bites, by drinking contaminated water, or by inhaling contaminated dust or aerosols. Person-to-person transmission has not been reported. The type of tularemia and the particular signs and symptoms vary depending on how the bacteria enter the body. However, fever is seen in most cases. Though tularemia can be life-threatening, most infections can be treated with antibiotics.


Adams-Stokes syndrome

An episode of sudden and transient loss of consciousness sometimes associated with seizures. It is caused by a sudden decrease of the cardiac output that results from a sudden cardiac dysrhythmia. Typically patients develop an initial pallor, followed by facial flush during recovery.


Fomepizole

A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.

A member of the class of  pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


thyroiditis

Inflammation of the thyroid gland. This category includes Hashimoto thyroiditis, Riedel thyroiditis, acute thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and radiation-induced thyroiditis.


Penicillin G benzathine

Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.


aortic valve stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a condition characterized by narrowing of the heart's aortic valve opening. This narrowing prevents the valve from opening fully, which obstructs blood flow from the heart into the aorta, and onward to the rest of the body. AVS can range from mild to severe. Signs and symptoms typically develop when the narrowing of the opening is severe and may include chest pain (angina) or tightness; shortness of breath or fatigue (especially during exertion); feeling faint or fainting; heart palpitations; and heart murmur. Individuals with less severe congenital AVS (present at birth) may not develop symptoms until adulthood. Individuals with severe cases may faint without warning. AVS can have several causes including abnormal development before birth (such as having 1 or 2 valve leaflets instead of 3); calcium build-up on the valve in adulthood; and rheumatic fever.


familial or sporadic hemiplegic migraine

Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare variety of migraine with aura characterized by the presence of a motor weakness during the aura. Hemiplegic migraine has two main forms depending on the familial history: patients with at least one first- or second-degree relative who has aura including motor weakness have familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM); patients without such familial history have sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM).


restrictive cardiomyopathy

A type of heart disorder referring to the inability of the ventricles to fill with blood because the myocardium (heart muscle) stiffens and looses its flexibility. Causes include replacement of the myocardium with scar tissue, abnormal cellular infiltration of the myocardium, or deposition of a substance (e.g., amyloid) in the myocardium.


miliary tuberculosis

I would say the hematogenous widespread dissemination of tuberculosis in the body. The term derives from the chest X-ray image of the tiny (1-5 mm) tuberculosis lesions which are seen through out the lung parenchyma.


fibromyalgia

A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation.


Nocturia

Abnormally increased production of urine during the night leading to an unusually frequent need to urinate.


GRANISETRON

A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.


hereditary antithrombin deficiency

A rare, genetic, hematological disease characterized by decreased levels of antithrombin activity in plasma resulting in impaired inactivation of thrombin and factor Xa. Patients have an increased risk for venous thromboembolism, usually in the deep veins of the arms, legs and pulmonary system and, on occasion, in other venous territories (e.g. cerebral veins or sinus, mesenteric, portal, hepatic, renal and/or retinal veins).


ophthalmic herpes zoster

Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.


Perindopril

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.

An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline


Bladder pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the urinary bladder. Bladder pain may be more pronounced with a full bladder and relieved upon urination, but this is not always the case.


Pentoxifylline

A METHYLXANTHINE derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production.


Triptorelin

A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.

An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-tryptophyl, leucyl, arginyl, prolyl and glycinamide residues joined in sequence. It is an agonist analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.


Lubiprostone

Member of a bicyclic fatty acid class of compounds derived from PROSTAGLANDIN E1 involved in chloride channel gating.


Guanethidine

An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

A member of the class of  guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.


essential thrombocythemia

A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm that involves primarily the megakaryocytic lineage. It is characterized by sustained thrombocytosis in the blood, increased numbers of large, mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and episodes of thrombosis and/or hemorrhage. (WHO, 2008)


Abnormal macular morphology

A structural abnormality of the macula lutea, which is an oval-shaped highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina.


proctitis

An inflammatory process affecting the anus. It is usually caused by sexually transmitted infectious agents and/or inflammatory bowel disease.


Isosorbide mononitrate

for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug


hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A condition in which the myocardium is hypertrophied without an obvious cause. The hypertrophy is generally asymmetric and may be associated with obstruction of the ventricular outflow tract.


Alosetron

A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.


Escherichia coli meningitis

A form of gram-negative meningitis that tends to occur in neonates, in association with anatomical abnormalities (which feature communication between the meninges and cutaneous structures) or as opportunistic infections in association with immunologic deficiency syndromes. In premature neonates the clinical presentation may be limited to anorexia; vomiting; lethargy; or respiratory distress. Full-term infants may have as additional features fever; seizures; and bulging of the anterior fontanelle. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp398-400)


Ivermectine 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile

A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form. In vitro data suggest evidence of activity against SARS-CoV-2, but to date available data are insufficient to recommend either for or against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19. FDA issued a warning concerning possi-ble inappropriate use of ivermectin products intended for animals as an attempt to self-medicate for the treat-ment of COVID-19.

A mixture consisting of >= 90% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (R = Me) and <= 10% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b (R = H). A semi-synthetic derivative of abamectin, it is used as a broad-spectrum antiparasite medication, particularly against worms (except tapeworms), although it is also effective against most mites and some lice.


Naphazoline

An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.


Rapacuronium

a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid onset of action acts by competing for cholinergic receptors at the motor end plate


Isoxepac

Non-steroidal arylacetic acid derivative anti-inflammatory with analgesic and antipyretic activity


Tetrahydrozoline

used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


vulvar neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the vulva. Representative examples include Bartholin gland adenoma, vulvar nodular hidradenoma, vulvar carcinoma, and vulvar melanoma.


endometritis

An acute or chronic, usually bacterial infectious process affecting the endometrium. It may extend to the myometrium and parametrial tissues. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding.


Iloprost

An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.

A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.


Ketoprofen

An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.


Lamivudine

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

A monothioacetal that consists of cytosine having a (2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl moiety attached at position 1. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, it is used as an antiviral in the treatment of AIDS and hepatitis B.


Metaproterenol

A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.


Bimatoprost

A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.


Bivalirudin

designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition

A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.


hyperargininemia

Arginase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive amino acid metabolism disorder characterized clinically by variable degrees of hyperammonemia, developing from about 3 years of age, and leading to progressive loss of developmental milestones and spasticity in the absence of treatment.


Pantoprazole

Pantoprazole sodium is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that suppresses the final step in gastric acid production by covalently binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This effect leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, irrespective of the stimulus. The binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase results in a duration of antisecretory effect that persists longer than 24 hours.

A member of the class of  benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.


Hashimoto thyroiditis

An autoimmune disorder caused by the production of autoantibodies against thyroid tissue. There is progressive destruction of the thyroid follicles leading to hypothyroidism.


Phenoxybenzamine

An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.


agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of venturing out into open places or situations in which help (or escape) might not be available should excessive anxiety or panic symptoms develop.


Lymphadenopathy

Enlargment (swelling) of a lymph node.


Linagliptin

Linagliptin is an inhibitor of DPP-4, an enzyme that degrades the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Thus, linagliptin increases the concentrations of active incretin hormones, stimulating the release of insulin in a glucose-dependent manner and decreasing the levels of glucagon in the circulation. Both incretin hormones are involved in the physiological regulation of glucose homeostasis. Incretin hormones are secreted at a low basal level throughout the day and levels rise immediately after meal intake. GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin biosynthesis and secretion from pancreatic beta cells in the presence of normal and elevated blood glucose levels. Furthermore, GLP-1 also reduces glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, resulting in a reduction in hepatic glucose output.

A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.


pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas.


Loss of consciousness

An inability to purposefully respond to stimuli.


Mafenide

A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.


Lincomycin

An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.

A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.


Carteolol

A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.


Cefadroxil

Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.

A cephalosporin bearing methyl and  (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.