Low Phospho-AKT Immunohistochemical Expression


angiomatosis

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A benign diffuse vascular proliferation usually occurring in young adults. It is characterized by the formation of capillary-sized and cavernous vascular spaces. Patients present with diffuse persistent swelling.


Collagen Fibrosis of the Bone Marrow

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Intestinal Metaplasia of Columnar Epithelium

A morphologic finding indicating the replacement of part of the columnar epithelium by intestinal-type epithelium.


Transitional cell metaplasia

A morphologic finding that refers to the replacement of non-transitional epithelium (e.g., squamous epithelium) with transitional epithelium.


nephrogenic adenoma

So-called nephrogenic adenoma is a distinct metaplastic lesion of the urothelium characterized by aggregates of cuboidal or hobnail cells. These cells line thin papillary fronds on the surface or form tubular structures within the lamina propria.


Moderate Dysplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of moderate cellular atypia associated with moderate architectural changes in a tissue sample.


Low Grade Oral Epithelial Dysplasia

Dysplasia in the oral cavity with low grade architectural and cytological epithelial changes.


Squamous Metaplasia Without Atypia

A morphologic finding indicating the transformation of glandular or transitional epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells that lack atypical features.


Necrotic Change

A finding indicating the presence of cellular necrosis in a tissue specimen.


TP53 Loss of Nuclear Expression

An indication that expression of TP53 was not detected in the nuclei of cells in a sample.


Central Nervous System Necrotic Lesion

A necrotic process affecting the brain and/or spinal cord.


Tuboendometrioid Metaplasia

Replacement of the endocervical-type epithelium of the cervix by benign tubal or endometrioid epithelium.


MSH6 Loss of Nuclear Expression

An indication that expression of MSH6 was not detected in the nuclei of cells in a sample.


Coagulative necrosis

Ischemic tissue necrosis characterized by the preservation of the architectural pattern and a necrotic ghost appearance of the cells.


MSH2 Loss of Nuclear Expression

An indication that expression of MSH2 was not detected in the nuclei of cells in a sample.


Smooth Muscle Metaplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the transformation of non-smooth muscle cells to smooth muscle cells.


Neoplastic Cells with CD45 Dim-to-Negative Expression Present

An immunophenotypic finding indicating the presence of neoplastic cells with dim-to-negative CD45 expression.


Lymphoblasts with Surface Immunoglobulin Present

A microscopic finding indicating that immunoglobulins are bound to or expressed on the surface of the immature lymphoid cells in a sample.


Squamous Dysplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of dysplasia in the squamous epithelium of a tissue sample.


Loss or Reduction of Nuclear Histone H3 K28me3 Expression

A molecular genetic finding indicating the loss or reduction of nuclear histone H3 K28me3 (K27me3) expression in tumor cells.


Fallopian Tube Mucinous Metaplasia

Metaplastic mucinous changes in the fallopian tube epithelium. It may be seen in association with gynecological, appendiceal, or colonic mucinous tumors, or chronic inflammation.


PD-L1 Overexpression

An immunohistochemical test result that indicates overexpression of PD-L1 in a tissue sample of a primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm.


Small Cell Dysplasia

A premalignant neoplastic lesion of the liver.  It is characterized by the presence of hepatocytes with decreased cell volume, increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, basophilia, mild nuclear pleomorphism, and hyperchromasia.


Renal Dysplasia Due to Fetal Exposure to ACE Inhibitor or ARB

Tubular dysgenesis resulting from maternal exposure to a class of drugs known as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB).


Apocrine metaplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the alteration of the glandular acinar epithelial cells to apocrine sweat gland cells.


Epiphysitis

Disorganization of the physeal chondrocytes with or without increased thickness of physis.


Congenital Dysplasia

Abnormal tissue formation due to abnormal cellular organization, which may result in a morphologic defect.


Bronchial Epithelial Dysplasia

A non-invasive, precancerous lesion in the bronchial epithelium. Depending on the morphologic features it is classified as columnar cell dysplasia, basal cell dysplasia, squamous dysplasia, or bronchial epithelial dysplasia with transitional differentiation.


Lung Squamous Dysplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of dysplasia in the bronchial squamous epithelium. It is precursor of lung squamous cell carcinoma.


Dysplasia of larynx

Mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia of the squamous epithelium of the laryngeal mucosa.


Severe dysplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of severe cellular atypia associated with severe architectural changes in a tissue sample.


Focal fibrosis

Localized formation of fibrous tissue.


Keratinizing Dysplasia

Epithelial dysplasia in which the dysplastic changes, although limited to the lower basal zone, are so severe that there is a high probability of progression to invasive carcinoma.


sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy

A rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by distention of the lymph node sinuses and sinusoidal histiocytic infiltration. The histiocytes characteristically contain ingested lymphocytes. Patients present with cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, leukocytosis, and hypergammaglobulinemia. It can affect extranodal sites, including skin, bones, and the respiratory tract. It usually regresses spontaneously.


Cervical Transitional Metaplasia

Cervical metaplasia in which the cervical squamous epithelium resembles benign urothelium as a result of a lack of cellular maturation.


Vaginal Transitional Cell Metaplasia

Vaginal metaplasia in which the vaginal surface squamous epithelium resembles benign transitional urothelium.


Oral Epithelial Dysplasia

A morphologic finding of dysplastic epithelial cells in the oral cavity.


Concentric Fibrosis of Intrahepatic Duct

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of fibrosis around an intrahepatic bile duct in the liver tissue.


Morular Metaplasia of the Endometrium

A morphologic finding indicating the replacement of part of the glandular endometrial epithelium by nodular structures that contain non-keratinizing squamous cells.


Renal Cell Dysplasia

A finding of congenital malformations in the kidney characterized by the presence of cysts of various sizes, primitive ducts, islands of metaplastic cartilage and undifferentiated mesenchyme, and the absence of cortico-medullary demarcation.


Morphologic Finding

A light microscopic finding that describes the cellular characteristics and architectural patterns of cell populations in a tissue sample.


Squamous Metaplasia of Bronchial Mucosa

Replacement of the bronchial glandular epithelial cells by squamous cells.


Columnar Metaplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the transformation of non-columnar epithelial cells into columnar cells.


Dystrophic Calcification

Calcium deposits in  degenerated or necrotic tissue without abnormalities in blood calcium.


Hurthle cell metaplasia of thyroid gland

A morphologic finding indicating transformation of follicular cells to large cells with abundant eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm (Hurthle cells) in the thyroid gland.


EPCAM Loss of Nuclear Expression

An indication that expression of EPCAM was not detected in the nuclei of cells in a sample.


Loss of Immunohistochemical Expression of Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) B

An immunohistochemical test result indicating the loss of expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) B in the neoplastic cells of a tumor sample.


Apocrine metaplasia of breast

A morphologic finding indicating the transformation of the epithelial cells in a breast tissue sample to cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm.


Non-Keratinizing Dysplasia

Epithelial dysplasia in which there is continuum from mild dysplasia to moderate dysplasia to severe dysplasia before the development of invasive carcinoma.


Glandular metaplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the alteration of the squamous or transitional epithelial cells to glandular cells.


Cellular infiltrate

A morphological finding where an influx of cells is detected in locations or numbers that those cells are not normally found.


Thyroid Dysplasia

A transformation of the cells of the thyroid characterized by enlarged follicular cells, apically displaced nuclei, and large intracellular vacuole with homogeneous eosinophilic content located at the base of follicular epithelial cells. (INHAND)


Microcalcification Present in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Tissue

A finding of microcalcifications located within neoplastic tissue, and in tissues without neoplasm.


MLH1 Loss of Nuclear Expression

An indication that expression of MLH1 was not detected in the nuclei of cells in a sample.


Loss of Nuclear Expression

An indication that expression of a nuclear factor is not detected in the nuclei of cells in a sample.


Absence of Bone Marrow Dysplasia

An indication that signs of dysplasia were not detected in a bone marrow sample


Mesenchymal Metaplasia

A morphologic finding that refers to the transformation or replacement of a group of non-mesenchymal cells into osseous, cartilagenous, or lipomatous cells.


Microcalcification Present in Neoplastic Tissue

A finding of microcalcifications located within neoplastic tissue.


Intestinal Metaplasia of Esophageal Mucosa

A finding indicating the replacement of part of the esophageal mucosal epithelium by intestinal-type epithelium.


Bridging fibrosis

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of fibrous bands connecting portal tracts, portal tracts and centrilobular spaces, or centrilobular spaces in a liver tissue sample in a patient with evolving cirrhosis.


Squamous metaplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the transformation of glandular or transitional epithelial cells to, usually, mature squamous epithelial cells.  Representative examples include squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelium, cervix, urinary bladder, and prostate gland.


Peritoneal Transitional Cell Metaplasia

A morphologic finding that refers to the replacement of peritoneal mesothelium with transitional epithelium.


Generalized Dysplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of dysplasia throughout a cellular component in a tissue sample.


Intestinal metaplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the replacement of epithelial tissue outside the intestines by intestinal-type epithelium.


High Grade Oral Epithelial Dysplasia

Dysplasia in the oral cavity with high grade architectural and cytological epithelial changes.


Mild dysplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of mild cellular atypia associated with mild architectural changes in a tissue sample.


Fibrosis deep connective tissue

Fibrotic degeneration of the deep connective tissues.


Microcalcification Present in Non-Neoplastic Tissue

A finding of microcalcifications located within tissues without neoplasm.


Neoplastic Cells with CD38 Dim-to-Negative Expression Present

An immunophenotypic finding indicating the presence of neoplastic cells with dim-to-negative CD38 expression.


Extraskeletal calcification

Deposition of calcium in tissues outside of bone.


Spindle Cell Metaplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the transformation of non-spindle cells to spindle-shaped cells.


Low Grade Dysplasia

A subjective characterization of the phenomenon of dysplasia, based on microscopic examination of the architectural and/or cytological changes in a tissue sample, that is determined to be low.


Breast Microcalcification

Tiny deposits of calcium in tissue.  In the breast they can be seen using mammography, and if found in clusters may be indicative of breast cancer.


High Phospho-AKT Immunohistochemical Expression


Squamous metaplasia of cervix

The process in which the cervical glandular epithelium is replaced with squamous epithelium.


Minimal Reticulin Fibrosis of the Bone Marrow


Superficial Soft Tissue Fibrosis

Fibrotic degeneration of the superficial soft tissues.


Dysplasia Negative

An indication that signs of dysplasia were not found in a sample.


Indefinite Dysplasia

An indication that there is an ambiguous morphological pattern in a tissue sample such that the presence or absence of dysplasia cannot be determined.


MSH3 Loss of Nuclear Expression

An indication that expression of MSH3 was not detected in the nuclei of cells in a sample.


Fatty degeneration

Acumulation of adipose tissue in intracytoplasmic or extracellular spaces.


Refractory Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor that is resistant to treatment.


Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma

A soft tissue sarcoma that does not respond to treatment.


Refractory Epithelioid Sarcoma

An epithelioid sarcoma that does not respond to treatment.


Refractory Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma that does not respond to treatment.


Refractory Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that does not respond to treatment.


Refractory Kaposi Sarcoma

Kaposi sarcoma that is resistant to treatment.


Refractory Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Childhood soft tissue sarcoma that is resistant to treatment.


Refractory Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor that is resistant to treatment.


epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 3

Any multiple epiphyseal dysplasia in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the COL9A3 gene.


Grade 1 Phrenic Nerve Dysfunction, CTCAE


Stage 0 Lip Basal Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7


Atypical cartilaginous tumor

A locally aggressive, low grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone or within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma in the appendicular skeleton.


Central Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor

A locally aggressive, low-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone in the appendicular skeleton.


Secondary Peripheral Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor

A locally aggressive, low-grade chondrosarcoma arising within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma in the appendicular skeleton.


Stage IIIa Penile Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIa includes: T1-3, N1, M0.  T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue without lymph vascular invasion and is not poorly differentiated (i.e., grade 3-4) or tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue with lymph vascular invasion or is poorly differentiated.  T2: Tumor invades corpus spongiosum or cavernosum.  T3: Tumor invades urethra.  cN1: Palpable mobile unilateral inguinal lymph node.  pN1: Metastasis in a single inguinal lymph node.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Penile Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of penile carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Stage IIIb Penile Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIb includes: T1-3, N2, M0.  T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue without lymph vascular invasion and is not poorly differentiated (i.e., grade 3-4) or tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue with lymph vascular invasion or is poorly differentiated.  T2: Tumor invades corpus spongiosum or cavernosum.  T3: Tumor invades urethra.  cN2: Palpable mobile multiple or bilateral inguinal lymph nodes. pN2: Metastasis in multiple or bilateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IV Penile Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: (T4, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4: Tumor invades other adjacent structures.  cN3: Palpable fixed inguinal nodal mass or pelvic lymphadenopathy unilateral or bilateral.  pN3: Extranodal extension of lymph node metastasis or pelvic lymph node(s) unilateral or bilateral.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis (lymph node metastasis outside of the true pelvis in addition to visceral or bone sites).  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Carcinoma of Penis

Stage II includes: (T1b, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0).  T1b: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue with lymph vascular invasion or is poorly differentiated.  T2: Tumor invades corpus spongiosum or cavernosum.  T3: Tumor invades urethra.  cN0: No palpable or visibly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes.  pN0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage I Carcinoma of Penis

Stage I includes: T1a, N0, M0.  T1a: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue without lymph vascular invasion and is not poorly differentiated (i.e., grade 3-4).  cN0: No palpable or visibly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes.  pN0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Penile Cancer AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIa (T1-3, N1, M0); IIIb (T1-3, N2, M0).  T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue without lymph vascular invasion and is not poorly differentiated (i.e., grade 3-4) or tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue with lymph vascular invasion or is poorly differentiated.  T2: Tumor invades corpus spongiosum or cavernosum.  T3: Tumor invades urethra.  cN1: Palpable mobile unilateral inguinal lymph node.  pN1: Metastasis in a single inguinal lymph node.  cN2: Palpable mobile multiple or bilateral inguinal lymph nodes. pN2: Metastasis in multiple or bilateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage 0 Penile Cancer AJCC v7

Stage 0 includes: (Tis, N0, M0); (Ta, N0, M0).  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  Ta: Non-invasive verrucous carcinoma.  cN0: No palpable or visibly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes.  pN0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


myelofibrosis

A partial or complete replacement of the bone marrow stroma by fibrous tissue. It can be a primary bone marrow lesion as part of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders (chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis), a manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia (acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis), or a secondary phenomenon due to bone marrow involvement by a metastatic tumor (e.g., metastatic breast carcinoma). --2003


macular coloboma-cleft palate-hallux valgus syndrome

Macular coloboma-cleft palate-hallux valgus syndrome is characterised by the association of bilateral macular coloboma, cleft palate, and hallux valgus. It has been described in a brother and sister. Pelvic, limb and digital anomalies were also reported. Transmission is autosomal recessive.


yellow fever

Yellow fever (YF), caused by YF virus, is a zoonotic disease characterized by fever and constitutional symptoms, with the potential to progress to severe and fatal viral hemorrhagic fever with shock and multi-organ system failure.


Neuroma of amputation stump

A neuroma that occurs at the site of an amputation.


Traumatic neuroma

A non-neoplastic proliferation of a nerve caused by injury to the nerve due to trauma or surgery. It presents as a firm nodule that may be associated with pain or tenderness. It most often occurs in the lower extremity following amputation, or in the head and neck region.


Morton neuroma

Compressive neuropathy of the forefoot interdigital nerve chiefly due to compression and irritation at the plantar aspect of the transverse intermetatarsal ligament. It is not a true neuroma as the condition is degenerative rather than neoplastic. The most common location for Morton neuroma is between the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals.


Appendix Neuroma

A neuroma that arises from the appendix.  It is characterized by a neural spindle cell proliferation that replaces the appendiceal mucosa and lymphoid tissue.  It usually results in the obliteration of the appendiceal lumen.


TGF-beta receptor type-2 sequence variant N435S (human)

A TGF-beta receptor type-2 (human) that has a Ser residue at the position equivalent to Asn-435 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P37173-1. Example: UniProtKB:P37173-1, Asn-435, CHEBI:29999.


sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 isoform 1 (human)

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hereditary spherocytosis type 3

Any hereditary spherocytosis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SPTA1 gene.


Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Papilloma

A benign exophytic neoplasm that arises from the nasopharynx.  It is characterized by the presence of a connective tissue core covered by stratified squamous epithelium.


Locally Advanced Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Secondary Peripheral Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor/Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

A locally aggressive, low-grade chondrosarcoma arising within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma. Tumors in the appendicular skeleton are called peripheral atypical cartilaginous tumors and tumors in the axial skeleton are called peripheral chondrosarcomas, grade 1.


A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


pediatric mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring in children.


synovial chondrosarcoma of joint

An extremely rare chondrosarcoma arising from the synovium either as a de novo neoplasm or secondary to synovial chondromatosis.


Central Chondrosarcoma, Grade 2

An intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone.


Maxillofacial Chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


Central Nervous System Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma that arises from the central nervous system.


Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

A locally aggressive, low grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone or within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma in the axial skeleton.


Chondrosarcoma, grade 2

An intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone or within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma. It is characterized by the presence of increased cellularity and a greater degree of nuclear atypia and hyperchromasia as compared to grade 1 chondrosarcoma. Mitotic activity is present.


Secondary Peripheral Chondrosarcoma, Grade 3

A high-grade chondrosarcoma arising within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma.


Central Chondrosarcoma, Grade 3

A high-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone.


mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

A morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma arising from bone and soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small round cells, biphasic growth pattern, and well differentiated hyaline cartilage. Clinical presentation includes pain and swelling. The clinical course is aggressive, with local recurrences and distant metastases.


Unresectable Primary Central Chondrosarcoma

Primary central chondrosarcoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Locally Advanced Unresectable Primary Central Chondrosarcoma

A primary central chondrosarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues and is not amenable to surgical resection.


localized chondrosarcoma

A non-disseminated skeletal or extraskeletal chondrosarcoma.


dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma

An aggressive morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma. It is composed of a low grade chondrosarcoma and a high grade non-cartilagenous sarcomatous component. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, its prognosis is poor.


Chondrosarcoma recurrent

The reemergence of chondrosarcoma after a period of remission.


Chondrosarcoma, grade 3

A high-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone or within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma. It is characterized by the presence of increased cellularity and a greater degree of nuclear atypia, hyperchromasia, and mitotic activity as compared to grade 2 chondrosarcoma.


Secondary Peripheral Chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma arising within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma.


periosteal chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma arising from the surface of bone. It is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, high mitotic activity, myxoid stroma formation, and necrotic changes. It occurs in adults. Clinical presentation includes pain, and sometimes swelling.


Secondary Central Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor/Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

Central atypical cartilaginous tumor/chondrosarcoma, grade 1 arising in the medulla of bone in association with a pre-existing enchondroma.


Laryngeal chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma that arises from hyaline cartilage of the larynx.


Secondary Chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma that arises either in a pre-existing enchondroma or within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma.


Central Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor/Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

A locally aggressive, low-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone. Tumors in the appendicular skeleton are called central atypical cartilaginous tumors and tumors in the axial skeleton are called central chondrosarcomas, grade 1. Tumors arising in the medulla of the bone without a benign precursor are called primary central atypical cartilaginous tumors/chondrosarcomas, grade 1. Tumors arising in the medulla of the bone in association with a pre-existing enchondroma are called secondary central atypical cartilaginous tumors/chondrosarcomas, grade 1.


clear cell chondrosarcoma

A rare, usually low grade chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of tumor cells with clear cytoplasm. It usually arises in the epiphyseal ends of long bones.


Secondary Central Chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma that arises in a pre-existing enchondroma.


Metastatic Primary Central Chondrosarcoma

Primary central chondrosarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


Secondary Peripheral Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

A locally aggressive, low-grade chondrosarcoma arising within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma in the axial skeleton.


Secondary Peripheral Chondrosarcoma, Grade 2

An intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma arising within the cartilaginous cap of a pre-existing osteochondroma.


Chondrosarcoma metastatic

A chondrosarcoma that has spread to a secondary anatomical site.


Central Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

A locally aggressive, low-grade chondrosarcoma arising in the medulla of bone in the axial skeleton.


Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor/Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

A low-grade chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of moderate cellularity, hyperchromatic and plump nuclei of uniform size, and occasional binucleated cells.  Mitotic figures are absent.


Primary Central Atypical Cartilaginous Tumor/Chondrosarcoma, Grade 1

Central atypical cartilaginous tumor/chondrosarcoma, grade 1 arising in the medulla of bone without a benign precursor.


mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of bone

A morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma arising from the bone.  It is characterized by the presence of malignant small round cells, biphasic growth pattern, and well differentiated hyaline cartilage. Clinical presentation includes pain and swelling.  The clinical course is aggressive, with local recurrences and distant metastases.


adult mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma occurring in adults.


cathepsin S isoform h1 (human)

A cathepsin S (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P25774-1.


proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src phosphorylated 1 (human)

A proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (human) that has been phosphorylated on the residue at the position equivalent to Ser-75 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P12931-1. Example: UniProtKB:P12931-1, Ser-75, MOD:00046.


protein-lysine 6-oxidase N-glycosylated 1 (human)

A protein-lysine 6-oxidase (human) that has been N-glycosylated at the residue equivalent to Asn-144 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P28300-1, in which the glycan composition is represented by GlyTouCan:G92050GC. Example: UniProtKB:P28300-1, Asn-144, MOD:00160~GNO:G92050GC.


Grade 2 Pituitary Intra-Operative Injury, CTCAE


Grade 2 Lymphatic Infection with Unknown Absolute Neutrophil Count, CTCAE


Nipple Deformity

A congenital or acquired deformity of the nipple.


alpha-2C adrenergic receptor isoform 1 (mouse)

An alpha-2C adrenergic receptor isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Stage IIA Lung Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IIA includes: (T2b, N0, M0); (T1a, N1, M0); (T1b, N1, M0); (T2a, N1, M0).  T2b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


neoplasm of thorax

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the thoracic segment of trunk.


Unresectable Thymic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

A thymic neuroendocrine neoplasm that is not amenable to surgical resection.


An epithelioid hemangioendothelioma that arises from the mediastinum.


Stage IVB Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IVB includes: Any T, Any N, M1c. M1c: Tumor with multiple extrathoracic metastases in a single organ or in multiple organs. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Advanced Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Bronchogenic carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Secondary Heart Lymphoma

A lymphoma that has spread to the heart from another primary anatomic site.


Thymic Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified

A primary thymic carcinoma that cannot be defined as one of the thymic carcinomas with specific morphologic characteristics.


Lung squamous cell carcinoma stage I

Stage I includes: IA: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0) and IB: (T2a, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less n greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IIA Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7


Lung Adenocarcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of lung adenocarcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


Lung Secretory Carcinoma

A rare carcinoma that arises from the lung and has histopathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic features identical to those described in breast and salivary gland secretory carcinomas.


Stage IA Lung Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IA includes: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


benign neoplasm of thymus

A benign neoplasm that involves the thymus.


Small cell lung cancer limited stage

Small cell lung carcinoma which is confined to one hemi-thorax and the regional lymph nodes.


Locally Advanced Thymic Carcinoma

A thymic carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Advanced Malignant Thoracic Neoplasm

A malignant thoracic neoplasm that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


benign neoplasm of epicardium

A benign neoplasm that involves the epicardium.


Bronchial Squamous Cell Papilloma

A papillary neoplasm that arises endobronchially.  It is characterized by the presence of a delicate fibrovascular core lined by stratified squamous epithelium.  Squamous cell papillomas can be solitary or multiple.  Patients usually present with signs and symptoms of bronchial obstruction.  Because of the possibility of recurrence and reported cases of squamous cell carcinomas arising at the excision site of squamous cell papillomas, complete excision is indicated.


Advanced Malignant Thymoma

A malignant thymoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung

A high grade malignant neoplasm that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant neuroendocrine cells.  This category includes small cell lung carcinoma, large cell lung neuroendocrine carcinoma, and combined lung carcinoma.


endobronchial lipoma

A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm located within the lumen of a bronchus. It is predominantly found in males and usually originates within the fatty tissue between bronchial cartilage. May cause irreversible pulmonary damage distally. Two-thirds of the tumors occur on the right side and most are located on the first three subdivisions of the tracheobronchial tree.


Mediastinal Chondroma

A benign neoplasm composed of hyaline cartilage arising from the mediastinum.  It is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes, a lobulated growth pattern, and calcification.


Refractory Mediastinal Lymphoma

Mediastinal lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage I Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: IA: (T1, N0, M0); IB: (T2 or T3, N0, M0). T1: Tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal with or without involvement of visceral pleura, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura. T2: Tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle and/or extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. T3: Tumor is locally advanced but potentially resectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of the endothoracic fascia, extension into the mediastinal fat, solitary, completely resectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall, and/or nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Pericardial Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A localized neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation, that arises from the pericardium. It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle-shaped cells, hylanized stroma formation, thin-walled branching blood vessels, and thin bands of collagen.


heart lymphoma

An extranodal lymphoma that arises from the heart and/or the pericardium. The majority of the cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Patients may present with chest pain, heart failure, pericardial effusion, arrhythmia, or syncope.


Non-small cell lung cancer stage IIIB

Stage IIIB includes: (T1a, N3, M0); (T1b, N3, M0); (T2a, N3, M0); (T2b, N3, M0); (T3, N3, M0); (T4, N2, M0); (T4, N3, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  N3: Lung cancer with metastasis to contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IIIA Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIA includes: (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Thymic Carcinoma

Thymic carcinoma that has recurred after a period of remission.


benign neoplasm of pleura

A benign neoplasm that involves the pleura.


mediastinal soft tissue cancer

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the soft tissues of the mediastinum.


Stage I Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage I includes: IA1: (T1mi, N0, M0); (T1a, N0, M0); IA2: (T1b, N0, M0); IA3: (T1c, N0, M0); IB: (T2a, N0, M0). T1mi: Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma: adenocarcinoma (3 cm or less in greatest dimension) with a predominantly lepidic pattern and 5 mm or less invasion in greatest dimension. T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Advanced Lung Adenosquamous Carcinoma

Lung adenosquamous carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage IVA Thymoma AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N0,1, M1a). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in anterior (perithymic) lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1a: Separate pleural or pericardial nodule(s). (AJCC 8th ed.)


Mediastinal Lymphangioma

A lymphangioma arising from the mediastinum.


Lung Micropapillary Adenocarcinoma

An aggressive variant of lung adenocarcinoma that exhibits a micropapillary architectural pattern. The prognosis is usually poor.


Pericardial Adenomatoid Tumor

A very rare benign neoplasm of mesothelial origin that arises from the pericardium.


Mediastinal Paraganglioma

An extra-adrenal parasympathetic paraganglioma that arises from paraganglia in the mediastinum.  Clinical signs and symptoms include chest pain, cough, hoarseness, and dysphagia.


Invasive Lung Mucinous Adenocarcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of tall columnar cells and mucin production. This category refers to cases formerly classified as mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, excluding cases that meet the criteria for adenocarcinoma in situ or mucinous minimally invasive adenocarcinoma.


Stage II Thymoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor with direct invasion of the pericardium (either partial or full thickness). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


benign axillary neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the structures of the axilla.


neoplasm of mediastinum

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the mediastinum.


Widely Invasive Thymoma

A thymoma that spreads by direct extension into adjacent tissues (lung, pericardium, or large vessels).  This type of thymoma usually appears invasive at the time of excision.


Lung Spindle Cell Carcinoma

A morphologic variant of sarcomatoid carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant spindle cells and focal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates.  Adenocarcinoma cells, malignant squamous cells, and giant cells are not present.


Locally Advanced Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma

A non-small cell carcinoma of the lung that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage 0 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Occult Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Occult lung cancer includes: TX, N0, M0. TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of pleural malignant mesothelioma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma only. Localized pleural malignant mesotheliomas and other primary tumors of the pleura are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Mediastinal T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia that involves the mediastinum.  It usually affects adolescent and young adult males.  It is treated with aggressive chemotherapy and radiation.


Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Thoracic Cavity

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the thoracic cavity from another anatomic site.


thoracic benign neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from any of the organs of the thoracic cavity. Representative examples include pleural adenomatoid tumor, chest wall lipoma, mediastinal schwannoma, and lung hamartoma.


mediastinal mesenchymal tumor

A benign or malignant soft tissue neoplasm of the mediastinum. Representative examples of benign mediastinal soft tissue neoplasms include chondroma, leiomyoma, lipoma, and rhabdomyoma. Representative examples of malignant mediastinal soft tissue neoplasms include angiosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.


Masaoka-Koga Stage III

The tumor shows invasion into the neighboring tissues and organs of the lower neck or upper chest.


Stage IIIB Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: (T1-3, N2, M0); (T4, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal with or without involvement of visceral pleura, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura. T2: Tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle and/or extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. T3: Tumor is locally advanced but potentially resectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of the endothoracic fascia, extension into the mediastinal fat, solitary, completely resectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall, and/or nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. T4: Tumor is locally advanced and technically unresectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: diffuse extension or multifocal masses of tumor in the chest wall, with or without associated rib destruction, direct transdiaphragmatic extension of tumor to the peritoneum, direct extension of tumor to the contralateral pleura, direct extension of tumor to mediastinal organs, direct extension of tumor into the spine, and/or tumor extending through to the internal surface of the pericardium with or without a pericardial effusion; or tumor involving the myocardium. N2: Metastases in the contralateral mediastinal, ipsilateral, or contralateral supraclavicular lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


mediastinal neural neoplasm

A neurogenic tumor that arises from the mediastinum. Neural tumors are the most common tumors that arise from the posterior mediastinum. Representative examples include Schwannoma, neurofibroma, and neuroblastoma.


Refractory Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Lung squamous cell carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


axillary lipoma

A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the axilla.


Stage I Thymoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1a, b, N0, M0. T1a: Tumor with no mediastinal pleura involvement. T1b: Tumor with direct invasion of mediastinal pleura. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor with Somatic-Type Malignancy

A rare extragonadal germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum and is associated with the presence of a somatic-type malignant component.  The somatic malignancy is usually a sarcoma (e.g., embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, or leiomyosarcoma), adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or primitive neuroectodermal tumor.  The prognosis is poor.


Mediastinal Mixed Germ Cell Tumor

A malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum. It is characterized by the presence of at least two different germ cell tumor components. The different germ cell tumor components include choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, and seminoma.


Invasive Lung Non-Mucinous Adenocarcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the absence of tall columnar cells and mucin production. This category includes lepidic adenocarcinoma, acinar adenocarcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, micropapillary adenocarcinoma, and solid adenocarcinoma.


mediastinal lipomatosis

A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the mediastinum.


Childhood Lung Small Cell Carcinoma

A rare small cell carcinoma of the lung that occurs during childhood.


mediastinal cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the mediastinum


neoplasm of chest wall

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the chest wall.


Endobronchial Hamartoma

A benign neoplasm that arises endobronchially.  It is characterized by the presence of mesenchymal tissues admixed with entrapped respiratory epithelium.  It presents with signs and symptoms of bronchial obstruction.  Bronchoplastic resection is usually curative.  Recurrence is very rare.


Refractory Lung Non-Small Cell Squamous Carcinoma

Lung non-small cell squamous carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Pleural mesothelioma malignant recurrent

The reemergence of pleural malignant mesothelioma after a period of remission.


Lung Carcinoma Metastatic in the Brain

A carcinoma that has spread to the brain from its original site in the lung, through the hematogenous route.


Stage IIIC Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIC includes: (T3, N3, M0); (T4, N3, M0). T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension or directly invading any of the following: parietal pleura (PL3), chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium; or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary. T4: Tumor measuring more than 7 cm or tumor of any size invading one or more of the following: diaphragm, mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, or carina; separate tumor nodule(s) in an ipsilateral lobe different from that of the primary. N3: Metastasis in contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Advanced Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

A lung neuroendocrine neoplasm that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Benign Lung PEComa

A benign lung tumor that arises from perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs).


Metastatic Lung Small Cell Carcinoma

A small cell carcinoma that arises from the lung and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Pleural Lymphoma

A rare extranodal lymphoma that arises from the pleura with no evidence of involvement of other sites at the time of diagnosis. This category includes primary effusion lymphoma and pyothorax-associated lymphoma.


Refractory Extensive Stage Lung Small Cell Carcinoma

Extensive stage small cell lung carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Stage IIIB Thymic Epithelial Neoplasm AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: T4, N0, M0. T4: Tumor with invasion into any of the following: aorta (ascending, arch, or descending), arch vessels, intrapericardial pulmonary artery, myocardium, trachea, esophagus. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Lung Mucinous Cystadenoma

A very rare, well circumscribed, benign cystic neoplasm that arises from the lung.  It is characterized by the presence of cysts which are lined by tall mucinous epithelium and filled with mucin.


benign neoplasm of chest wall

A benign neoplasm that involves the chest wall.


teratocarcinoma of mediastinum

An extragonadal non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum and contains teratoma and embryonal carcinoma components.


Chest Wall Hodgkin Lymphoma

A Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the structures of the chest wall.


Cardiac Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

An intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the heart.  It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.


Metastatic Cardiac Paraganglioma

A paraganglioma of the heart that metastasizes to regional or distant anatomic sites.


Mediastinal Thymoma

An invasive or non-invasive thymoma that arises from the mediastinum.  Thymomas are the most common anterior mediastinal tumors.


Stage III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N1, M0); IIIB: (T1-3, N2, M0); (T4, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal with or without involvement of visceral pleura, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura. T2: Tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle and/or extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. T3: Tumor is locally advanced but potentially resectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of the endothoracic fascia, extension into the mediastinal fat, solitary, completely resectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall, and/or nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. T4: Tumor is locally advanced and technically unresectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: diffuse extension or multifocal masses of tumor in the chest wall, with or without associated rib destruction, direct transdiaphragmatic extension of tumor to the peritoneum, direct extension of tumor to the contralateral pleura, direct extension of tumor to mediastinal organs, direct extension of tumor into the spine, and/or tumor extending through to the internal surface of the pericardium with or without a pericardial effusion; or tumor involving the myocardium. N1: Metastases in the ipsilateral bronchopulmonary, hilar, or mediastinal (including the internal mammary, peridiaphragmatic, pericardial fat pad, or intercostal) lymph nodes. N2: Metastases in the contralateral mediastinal, ipsilateral, or contralateral supraclavicular lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage 0 Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm, arising from the heart.  IIt is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.  The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.


Unresectable Lung Non-Small Cell Squamous Carcinoma

Lung non-small cell squamous carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Thymic carcinoma with adenoid cystic carcinoma-like features

A very rare primary thymic carcinoma that resembles adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland.


heart neoplasm

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the heart.


Non-small cell lung cancer stage III

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0) and IIIB (T1a, N3, M0); (T1b, N3, M0); (T2a, N3, M0); (T2b, N3, M0); (T3, N3, M0); (T4, N2, M0); (T4, N3, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  N3: Lung cancer with metastasis to contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Occult Lung Carcinoma

A lung carcinoma detectable by sputum cytology or bronchial washings only.  The primary tumor is undetectable radiographically or during bronchoscopy; therefore, it can not be assessed.


neoplasm of myocardium

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the myocardium.


Platinum-Resistant Lung Small Cell Carcinoma

Lung small cell carcinoma that is resistant to platinum therapy.


Lung Adenofibroma

A very rare benign neoplasm that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of a stromal and an epithelial component. It resembles the adenofibromas that arise from the organs of the female reproductive system.


pericardium leiomyoma

A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the pericardium. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.


Lung Pleomorphic Adenoma

A very rare, well circumscribed, benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the bronchus.  It is characterized by the presence of epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, and fibromyxoid stroma.


Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Small Cell Variant

A poorly differentiated morphologic variant of squamous cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of small tumor cells with focal squamous differentiation.


Lung squamous cell carcinoma metastatic

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the lung and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Lung Non-Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell lung carcinoma characterized by the absence of keratinization, pearl formation, and intercellular bridges.


Stage IIIB Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: (T1a, N3, M0); (T1b, N3, M0); (T1c, N3, M0); (T2a, N3, M0); (T2b, N3, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N2, M0). T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2b: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension or directly invading any of the following: parietal pleura (PL3), chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium; or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary. T4: Tumor measuring more than 7 cm or tumor of any size invading one or more of the following: diaphragm, mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, or carina; separate tumor nodule(s) in an ipsilateral lobe different from that of the primary. N2: Metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s). N3: Metastasis in contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


sternal neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the sternum.


Stage IA Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IA includes: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Solid Lung Adenocarcinoma

A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of polygonal malignant cells forming sheets. Acinar, papillary, micropapillary, or lepidic growth patterns are absent.  If the tumor is 100 percent solid, intracellular mucin should be present in at least five tumor cells in each of two high-power fields and confirmed with mucin immunohistochemical stains. Tumors formerly classified as large cell carcinomas expressing pneumocyte immunohistochemical markers, even if intracellular mucin is absent, are now included in this category.


Pleural Well Differentiated Papillary Mesothelial Tumor

A rare, non-invasive, localized or multifocal neoplasm that arises from the pleura.  It is characterized by the presence of papillae with myxoid fibrovascular cores, lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells.  The clinical course is usually indolent.


A morphologic variant of minimally invasive lung  adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of Clara cells and/or type II cells.


chest wall lymphoma

A lymphoma that affects the structures of the chest wall. The majority of cases are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.


Stage IA Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8

Stage IA includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal with or without involvement of visceral pleura, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Metastatic thymic carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the thymus and has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Thymus Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the thymus gland.  It is characterized by the presence of spindle cell fibroblasts and collagen tissue.


Locally Advanced Lung Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Pleural Proximal-Type Epithelioid Sarcoma

A rare epithelioid sarcoma of the proximal type that arises from the pleura.


Stage IIB Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IIB includes: (T2b, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0).  T2b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T3: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 7 cm or one that directly invades any of the following: parietal pleural (PL3) chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumor in the main bronchus (less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina); or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


mediastinum leiomyosarcoma

An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the mediastinum. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.


Lung Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of lung carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Unresectable Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma

Lung non-small cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage IIIA Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T1c, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0). T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2b: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension or directly invading any of the following: parietal pleura (PL3), chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium; or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary. T4: Tumor measuring more than 7 cm or tumor of any size invading one or more of the following: diaphragm, mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, or carina; separate tumor nodule(s) in an ipsilateral lobe different from that of the primary. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. N1: Metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary nodes, including involvement by direct extension. N2: Metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


mature pericardial teratoma

A benign teratoma that arises from the pericardium.


Myoepithelial carcinoma of lung

A very rare malignant lung tumor with myoepithelial differentiation.


Advanced Thymic Carcinoma

Thymic carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Unresectable Lung Carcinoid Tumor

Lung carcinoid tumor that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Resectable Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma

Lung non-small cell carcinoma that is amenable to surgical resection.


lipoma of mediastinum

A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the anterior, middle or posterior mediastinum.


Cardiac Paraganglioma

An extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from paraganglia located in the heart.


Occult Lung Adenosquamous Carcinoma

An adenosquamous lung carcinoma detectable by sputum cytology only.  The primary tumor is undetectable radiographically or during bronchoscopy; therefore, it can not be assessed.


Stage IIIA Thymoma AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor with direct invasion into any of the following: lung, brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, phrenic nerve, chest wall, or extrapericardial pulmonary artery or veins. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Benign Mediastinal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the mediastinum.  Representative examples include lipoma, leiomyoma, and rhabdomyoma.


Metastatic Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

A neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the lung and has spread to another anatomic site.


Malignant Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor Stage Grouping of the Pediatric Study Group

A term that refers to the staging of mediastinal malignant germ cell tumors according to the Pediatric Study Group staging criteria. This staging system is not an official UICC TNM classification. (WHO Classification of Tumors of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart, 2015)


Stage IIIB Lung Small Cell Carcinoma without Pleural Effusion AJCC v7

Stage IIIB small cell lung carcinoma that has not spread to the pleural fluid.


Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of lung

A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm arising from the lung.  It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.  The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.


Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of lung

A rare lymphoproliferative disorder that affects the lungs.  It is characterized by the presence of an angiocentric and angiodestructive polymorphic cellular infiltrate composed of EBV-positive neoplastic B-lymphocytes and reactive T-lymphocytes.  The majority of patients present with bilateral nodular lesions in the lungs.  The prognosis depends on the histologic grade of the lesions. One third of patients with grade 1 lesions and two thirds of patients with grade 2 lesions progress to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.  Grade 3 lesions, by definition, are classified as non-Hodgkin lymphomas.


Thymic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

A carcinoid tumor or neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the thymus gland.


Stage IB Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7

Stage IB includes: T1b, N0, M0.  T1b: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor also involving the visceral pleura N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Lung Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Lung Non-Small Cell Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of non-small cell lung carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


Lung Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the lung.


chest wall bone cancer

An uncommon malignant neoplasm that arises from the chest wall bones. Representative examples include chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor.


Metaplastic thymoma

A rare type of well circumscribed or encapsulated thymoma with a biphasic architecture, consisting of epithelial cell islands and bundles of spindle cells.  The vast majority of reported cases had a benign clinical course.


Stage III Malignant Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor

Locoregional tumor, regional lymph nodes negative or positive; no distant metastasis; biopsy only or gross residual tumor after primary resection. (WHO Classification of Tumors of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart, 2015)


Mediastinal Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A localized neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation, that arises from the mediastinum.  It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle-shaped cells, hylanized stroma formation, thin-walled branching blood vessels, and thin bands of collagen.


Stage IV Thymoma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N0,1, M1a); IVB: (Any T, N2, M0, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in anterior (perithymic) lymph nodes. N2: Metastasis in deep intrathoracic or cervical lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1a: Separate pleural or pericardial nodule(s). M1b: Pulmonary intraparenchymal nodule or distant organ metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IIIA Lung Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIA includes: (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IIIA Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: T3, N1, M0. T3: Tumor is locally advanced but potentially resectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of the endothoracic fascia, extension into the mediastinal fat, solitary, completely resectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall, and/or nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. N1: Metastases in the ipsilateral bronchopulmonary, hilar, or mediastinal (including the internal mammary, peridiaphragmatic, pericardial fat pad, or intercostal) lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


sternum cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the sternum


Pleural Mesothelioma In Situ

A non-invasive mesothelial neoplasm that arises from the pleura. It is characterized by the proliferation of a single-layer of flat or cuboidal neoplastic mesothelial cells. Cytological atypia is absent or minimal. Mitoses are absent. BAP1 gene inactivation and/or CDKN2A gene homozygous deletion are present. Patients present with non-resolving pleural effusion. It may progress to invasive epithelioid mesothelioma.


mediastinum leiomyoma

A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the mediastium. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.


Lung Typical Carcinoid Tumor

A carcinoid tumor of the lung characterized by the absence of necrosis and the presence of less than 2 mitoses per 10 high power fields.


Thymic Carcinoid Tumor

A primary thymic neuroendocrine tumor, often associated with Cushing syndrome.  Two morphologic subtypes are recognized: typical and atypical carcinoid tumors.  Atypical carcinoid tumors have a more aggressive clinical course.


Unresectable Malignant Thoracic Neoplasm

A malignant thoracic neoplasm that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Mediastinal T Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma

A precursor T-cell lymphoid neoplasm composed of small to medium-sized lymphoblasts that affects the mediastinum.


Advanced Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma

Lung non-small cell carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Metastatic Lung Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the lung and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Intrapulmonary teratoma

A teratoma that arises from the lung.


Metastatic Malignant Thoracic Neoplasm

A malignant thoracic neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Metastatic Thymic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

A thymic neuroendocrine neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis

Lymphangiomatosis diffusely involving the lung parenchyma.


Advanced Lung Non-Small Cell Squamous Carcinoma

Non-small cell squamous lung carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage IIIA Lung Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7


Lung Osteosarcoma

A rare extraskeletal osteosarcoma that arises from the lung parenchyma.


Sclerosing thymoma

A rare type of thymoma, characterized by an exuberant amount of collagen-rich stroma.


Lung Myolipoma

A benign tumor of the lung composed of mature adipocytes and smooth muscle cells.


Unresectable Lung Adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to thymus

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the thymus from another anatomic site.


Mediastinal Mixed Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor

An extragonadal nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum and is composed of two or more germ cell tumor types.  It manifests with respiratory distress, thoracic pain, cough, superior vena cava syndrome, or hoarseness.


Malignant Lung and Pleural Neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the lung and pleura.


benign neoplasm of pericardium

A benign neoplasm that involves the pericardium.


Stage 0 Lung Adenocarcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Stage IB Lung Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IB includes: T2a, N0, M0.  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to sternum

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the sternum from another anatomic site.


Locally Advanced Lung Adenosquamous Carcinoma

Lung adenosquamous carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage IA1 Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IA1 includes: IA1: (T1mi, N0, M0); (T1a, N0, M0). T1mi: Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma: adenocarcinoma (3 cm or less in greatest dimension) with a predominantly lepidic pattern and 5 mm or less invasion in greatest dimension. T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IB Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7


Sternal Chondromyxoid Fibroma

An uncommon benign cartilaginous neoplasm arising from the sternum. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped or stellate chondrocytes, a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, and sometimes multinucleated giant cells.


Thymoma malignant recurrent

Reemergence of malignant thymoma after a period of remission.


Masaoka-Koga Stage IVb

The tumor shows lymphogenous or hematogenous metastasis to distant sites.


Stage IVA Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: (Any T, Any N, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b). M1a: Tumor with separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural or pericardial nodules or malignant pleural or pericardial effusion. Most pleural (pericardial) effusions with lung cancer are a result of the tumor. In a few patients, however, multiple microscopic examinations of pleural (pericardial) fluid are negative for tumor, and the fluid is nonbloody and not an exudate. If these elements and clinical judgment dictate that the effusion is not related to the tumor, the effusion should be excluded as a staging descriptor. M1b: Tumor with single extrathoracic metastasis in a single organ (including involvement of a single nonregional node). (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage I Malignant Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor

Locoregional tumor, non-metastatic, complete resection. (WHO Classification of Tumors of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart, 2015)


Advanced Lung Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Cardiac Intramuscular Hemangioma

A hemangioma arising from the myocardium.


Metastatic Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma

Pleural malignant mesothelioma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Conventional Cardiac Rhabdomyoma

A cardiac rhabdomyoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic large striated muscle cells with clear cytoplasm and spider cells.


Cardiac Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma

An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma usually arising from the left atrium of the heart.  It is characterized by the presence of fibrohistiocytic cells, giant cells, and spindle cells arrranged iin a storiform pattern.  Clinical presentation includes signs and symptoms associated with left atrial hemodynamic changes.


Stage IB Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8

Stage IB includes: T2 or T3, N0, M0. T2: Tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle and/or extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma. T3: Tumor is locally advanced but potentially resectable. The tumor involves all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following features: involvement of the endothoracic fascia, extension into the mediastinal fat, solitary, completely resectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall, and/or nontransmural involvement of the pericardium. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage II Lung Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage II includes: IIA (T2b, N0, M0); (T1a, N1, M0); (T1b, N1, M0); (T2a, N1, M0) and IIB (T2b, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0).  T2b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T3: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 7 cm or one that directly invades any of the following: parietal pleural (PL3) chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumor in the main bronchus (less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina); or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Lung Cancer AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0) and IIIB (T1a, N3, M0); (T1b, N3, M0); (T2a, N3, M0); (T2b, N3, M0); (T3, N3, M0); (T4, N2, M0); (T4, N3, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  N3: Lung cancer with metastasis to contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage I Lung Cancer AJCC v7

Stage I includes: IA: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0) and IB: (T2a, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less n greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


embryonal carcinoma of mediastinum

An extragonadal malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum and is composed of primitive large cells with clear or granular cytoplasm forming solid, glandular, or papillary patterns.  It usually affects young males.  It manifests with respiratory distress, thoracic or shoulder pain, fever, cough, superior vena cava syndrome, or hoarseness.


Lung Plasmacytoma

A plasmacytoma that arises in the lung.


Hodgkin's lymphoma of lung

A rare Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in and is confined to the lung at the time of diagnosis.


Thymoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of thymoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.


heart lipoma

A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the heart usually originating in the epicardial or pericardial fatty tissue.


mediastinum angiosarcoma

A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the mediastinum.


Adenocarcinoma of lung stage IIIA

Stage IIIA includes: (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IIB Lung Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIB includes: (T2b, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0).  T2b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T3: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 7 cm or one that directly invades any of the following: parietal pleural (PL3) chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumor in the main bronchus (less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina); or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IB Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IB includes: T2a, N0, M0.  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Mediastinal Granulocytic Sarcoma

A malignant tumor that arises from the mediastinum and is composed of myeloblasts, neutrophils and neutrophil precursors. It is the most common type of myeloid sarcoma affecting the mediastinum.


Metastatic Lung Adenosquamous Carcinoma

An adenosquamous carcinoma that arises from the lung and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


epicardium lipoma

A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the epicardium of the heart.


Stage IB Lung Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7


Masaoka-Koga Stage II

The tumor shows invasion into the capsule.


Localized Lung Carcinoma

Lung carcinoma that is confined to the site in which it initially manifested without evidence of spread to other anatomic sites.


Refractory Lung Small Cell Carcinoma

Small cell lung carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Benign neoplasm of hilus of lung

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hilar region of the lung.


Stage I Lung Cancer AJCC v6

Stage I includes: IA: (TI, N0, M0) and IB: (T2, N0, M0).  TI: Tumor 3 cm or less in greatest dimension surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus.  T2: Tumor with any of the following features of size or extent: More than 3cm in greatest dimension.  Involves main bronchus, 2cm or more distal to the carina.  Invades the visceral pleura.  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


pleural solitary fibrous tumor

A localized neoplasm of probable fibroblastic derivation, that arises from the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of round to spindle-shaped cells, hylanized stroma formation, thin-walled branching blood vessels, and thin bands of collagen.


Non-small cell lung cancer stage I

Stage I includes: IA: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0) and IB: (T2a, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less n greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Cardiac Yolk Sac Tumor

A yolk sac tumor that arises within the myocardium or cardiac chambers.


Masaoka-Koga Stage IIa

The tumor shows microscopic invasion into the capsule.


Congenital Peribronchial Myofibroblastic Tumor

A rare lung neoplasm that occurs in the intrauterine and perinatal period. It is characterized by the proliferation of spindle cells in an interstitial, peribronchial pattern. Surgical resection of the involved lung parenchyma is the treatment of choice.


Stage IA3 Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IA3 includes: T1c, N0, M0. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


benign neoplasm of heart

A benign neoplasm that involves the heart.


Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma

A rare type of thymoma characterized by the presence of multiple, well formed epithelial nodules separated by a lymphocytic stroma that usually contains germinal centers.  Reported cases have not been associated with recurrences or metastases.


benign neoplasm of myocardium

A benign neoplasm that involves the myocardium.


Stage IV Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: (T4, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4: Pleural mesothelioma with a locally advanced technically unresectable tumor.  Tumor involving all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following: diffuse extension or multifocal masses of tumor in the chest wall, with or without associated rib destruction; direct transdiaphragmatic extension of tumor to the peritoneum; direct extension of tumor to the contralateral pleura; direct extension of tumor to mediastinal organs; direct extension of tumor into the spine; tumor extending through to the internal surface of the pericardium with or without a pericardial effusion or tumor involving the myocardium.  N3: Pleural mesothelioma with metastases in the contralateral mediastinal, contralateral internal mammary, ipsilateral or contralateral supraclavicular lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage II includes: IIA: (T2b, N0, M0); IIB: (T1a, N1, M0); (T1b, N1, M0); (T1c, N1, M0); (T2a, N1, M0); (T2b, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2b: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension or directly invading any of the following: parietal pleura (PL3), chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium; or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. N1: Metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary nodes, including involvement by direct extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage I Thymic Epithelial Neoplasm AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1a, b, N0, M0. T1a: Tumor with no mediastinal pleura involvement. T1b: Tumor with direct invasion of mediastinal pleura. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Lung Mature B-Cell Neoplasm

A neoplasm that arises from mature B-lymphocytes or plasma cells in the lung.  Representative examples include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and primary pulmonary plasmacytoma.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to axilla

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the structures of the axilla from another anatomic site.


Stage IIIB Thymoma AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: T4, N0, M0. T4: Tumor with invasion into any of the following: aorta (ascending, arch, or descending), arch vessels, intrapericardial pulmonary artery, myocardium, trachea, esophagus. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Benign Pericardial Germ Cell Tumor

A non-metastasizing germ cell tumor that arises within the pericardium.


A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm arising from the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.  The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.


Unresectable Lung Carcinoma

Lung carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Lung Hyalinizing Clear Cell Carcinoma

An extremely rare, low-grade carcinoma that arises endobronchially in the central airways. It is associated with the presence of EWSR1-ATF1 fusion gene and EWSR1-ATF1 fusion protein expression. It is composed of small to medium-sized malignant epithelial cells with clear and eosinophilic cytoplasm forming nests, cords, and trabeculae in a myxohyaline and fibrous stroma.


Stage IA Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IA includes: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Benign Atrial Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing cardiac neoplasm that arises from the right or left atrium.


Stage III Lung Cancer AJCC v6

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N1,M0); (T3, N2, M0) or IIIB (Any T, N3, M0); (T4, Any N, M0).  N1: Metastasis to ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes, and intrapulmonary nodes including involvement by direct extension of the primary tumor.  N2: Metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s).  N3: Metastasis to contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s).  T1: Tumor is 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus.  T2: Tumor has any of the following features of size or extent: more than 3 cm in greatest dimension; involves the main bronchus, 2 cm or more distal to the carina; invades the visceral pleura; associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region but does not involve the entire lung.  T3: Tumor (of any size) directly invades any of the following: chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumor in the main bronchus less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina; or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung.  T4: Tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, vertebral body, carina; or separate tumor nodules in the same lobe; or tumor with a malignant pleural effusion.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


endocardium cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the endocardium.


Benign Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor

A benign, solid or cystic germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum.  Solid tumors are classified as benign teratomas.  Cystic tumors are classified as dermoid cysts.


Mediastinal Myeloid Sarcoma

A mass-forming malignant neoplasm that arises from the mediastinum and is characterized by the proliferation of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It may present in association with or precede acute myeloid leukemia, or it may be the first manifestation of relapse of acute myeloid leukemia.


Cardiac Cavernous Hemangioma

A hemangioma arising from the heart.  It is characterized by the presence of cavernous vascular spaces.


Refractory Lung Carcinoma

Lung carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Thymic Epithelial Neoplasm by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of a thymic epithelial neoplasm, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to thymomas, thymic carcinomas, thymic neuroendocrine tumors, and combined thymic carcinomas. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Metastatic Carcinoma in the Lung

The spread of a carcinoma to the lung. This may be from a primary lung carcinoma, or from a carcinoma at a distant anatomic site.


pleural cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the pleura. A representative example of primary malignant pleural neoplasm is the malignant pleural mesothelioma. A representative example of metastatic malignant neoplasm to the pleura is metastatic carcinoma that has spread to the pleura from another anatomic site.


Hodgkin's lymphoma of mediastinum

A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the mediastinum.  It usually involves mediastinal lymph nodes and/or the thymus.  Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats.


Pericardial Germ Cell Tumor

A rare benign or malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the pericardium. The reported cases have been teratomas and yolk sac tumors.


Non-small cell lung cancer stage IIIA

Stage IIIA includes: (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


chest wall lipoma

A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the chest wall.