regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


Hypertension aggravated

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UMP salvage

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Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis.


proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, catalytic domain

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A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled.


Nodular hyperplasia

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determination of heart left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


carbohydrate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


positive regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


regulation of centriole elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.


cellular response to lipoteichoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


catalytic step 2 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.


sugar-phosphatase activity

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Catalysis of the reaction: sugar phosphate + H2O = sugar + phosphate.


postreplication repair

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.


enoyl-CoA hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-hydroxy-fatty acyl-CoA = a enoyl-CoA + H2O. This reaction usually occurs in the reverse direction, leading to the reduction of the double bound of enoyl-CoA in position 2 or 3. Specific reactions catalyzed include: a 4-saturated-(3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = a (3E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O and a (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = a (2E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O.


mitotic nuclear membrane reassembly

The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge.


Alverine

A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.


positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water.


Graves disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).It is caused by an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormones. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism andoccurs mostoften in women over age 20. However, the disorder may occur at any age and may affect males as well.Treatmentmayinclude radioiodine therapy, antithyroid drugs, and/or thyroid surgery.


regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.


cytosolic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


hindbrain maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


DNA catabolic process

The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


cholelithiasis

The presence of calculi in the gallbladder.


transcription factor TFIID complex

A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.


response to UV-B

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.


Nerve injury

Injury to nervous tissue.


response to osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.


membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.


positive regulation of nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.


WASH complex

A protein complex that localizes at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization. In human, the WASH complex is composed of F-actin-capping protein subunits alpha and beta, WASH1, FAM21, KIAA1033, KIAA0196 and CCDC53.


regulation of sterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


contractile ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of filamentous protein that forms beneath the membrane of many cells or organelles, in the plane of cell or organelle division. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells or organelles.


cellular response to ammonium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.


Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is characterized by severe peptic disease (ulcers/esophageal disease) caused by hypergastrinemia secondary to a gastrinoma resulting in increased gastric acid secretion.


regulation of extracellular matrix organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.


positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


sensory perception of temperature stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


complex of collagen trimers

A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.


negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.


protein heterotrimerization

The formation of a protein heterotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.


QRS Complex

An electrocardiographic finding that represents depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. Normally the ventricles are activated simultaneously.


negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.


semaphorin receptor activity

Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of cholesterol storage

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


tunica intima

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The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong].


fucose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).


ethmoid sinus

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The evaginations of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity into the ethmoidal bony labyrinth, forming multiple small paranasal sinuses.


regulation of timing of cell differentiation

The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


inositol monophosphate 4-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 4-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.


regulation of male germ cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.


pigment catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


post-embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.


urinary bladder cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the bladder.


scaffold protein binding

Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.


leukocyte degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules by a leukocyte.


positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.


homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.


pre-mRNA 3'-splice site binding

Binding to a pre-mRNA 3' splice site sequence.


mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex

A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.


sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.


mitochondrial calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.


Reduced consciousness

Abnormally diminished level of attention, responsiveness, or wakefulness.


negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


intermediate coronary syndrome

Angina pectoris (or equivalent type of ischemic discomfort) which has recently changed in frequency, duration, intensity, or occurs at rest.


protein repair

The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.


positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.


vestibular nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


membranous septum morphogenesis

The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.


CTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving CTP, cytidine triphosphate.


Weight Fluctuation

Repetitive loss and regain of body weight.


Cardiorespiratory arrest

Cessation of breathing and/or cardiac function.


microtubule bundle formation

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.


positive regulation of dendrite extension

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.


regulation of adaptive immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.


phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.


inward rectifier potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. The inward-rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a specific ligand or ligands, and as a result the macroscopic conductance depends on the difference between membrane voltage and the K+ equilibrium potential rather than on membrane voltage itself.


Glymidine

A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.


Sulfamerazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a methyl substituent at the 4-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


glutamate secretion

The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.


methionine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


positive regulation of hemopoiesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.


regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


Insulin resistance

Increased resistance towards insulin, that is, diminished effectiveness of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels.


reelin-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


antibacterial humoral response

An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor that leads to the activation of an innate immune response.


positive regulation of multicellular organism growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.


negative regulation of receptor binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.


acute leukemia

A clonal (malignant) hematopoietic disorder with an acute onset, affecting the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. The malignant cells show minimal differentiation and are called blasts, either myeloid blasts (myeloblasts) or lymphoid blasts (lymphoblasts).


Non-Infectious Cystitis

An inflammation of the bladder which is not caused by an infection of the urinary tract. Representative examples include interstitial cystitis and radiation-induced cystitis.


cartilage development disorder

Any dysfunction in the growth of cartilage.


negative regulation of exocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


spinal cord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.


type 2 galanin receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 galanin receptor.


inflammatory bowel disease

A spectrum of small and large bowel inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. It includes Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and colitis of indeterminate type.


dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.


Ivacaftor

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.


hydrocephalus

A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.


dystroglycan binding

Binding to dystroglycan, a glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).


cellular response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.


Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside phosphate.


DNA dealkylation

The removal of an alkyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.


monoatomic anion:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).


regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acid-sensing ion channel activity.


regulation of actin filament-based movement

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.


hexose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.


cellular oxidant detoxification

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.


parallel actin filament bundle assembly

Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


pyrimidine-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.


replication fork processing

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.


Ndc80 complex

An essential outer kinetochore complex involved in the attachment of microtubule ends to the chromosomes during mitosis.


nephron tubule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.


regulation of macrophage activation

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.


thyroid hormone generation

The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.


translation initiation factor activity

Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


Melena

The passage of blackish, tarry feces associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Melena occurs if the blood remains in the colon long enough for it to be broken down by colonic bacteria. One degradation product, hematin, imbues the stool with a blackish color. Thus, melena generally occurs with bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (e.g., stomach ulcers or duodenal ulcers), since the blood usually remains in the gut for a longer period of time than with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.


pantothenate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantothenate = ADP + D-4'-phosphopantothenate.


cardiac pacemaker cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.


Middle insomnia

Difficulty maintaining sleep.


fatty-acyl-CoA binding

Binding to a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group.


propionate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid.


penile cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the penis. Representative examples include penile carcinoma and penile sarcoma.


Lumefantrine

A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.


pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


snRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. The primary function of snRNAs is processing pre-messenger RNA in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.


regulation of cellular pH

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.


positive regulation of glial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.


intracellular pH reduction

Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


positive regulation of bone development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.


Hypocalcemia

An abnormally decreased calcium concentration in the blood.


snRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within snRNA, resulting in a change in the properties of the snRNA.


purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


positive regulation of leukocyte migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.


DNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template and a 3'hydroxyl group.


regulation of early endosome to recycling endosome transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.


growth plate cartilage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.


inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate binding

Binding to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate.


intermediate filament

A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.


apical junction assembly

The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.


preribosome

Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed during ribosome biogenesis.


negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.


myopia

The condition in which the individual does not see far distances clearly.


neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


filamentous actin

A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin.


oxidative phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


Saxagliptin

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-amino(3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of (1S,3S,5S)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile. Used in its monohydrate form for the treatment of Type II diabetes.


mitotic spindle checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.


leukocyte tethering or rolling

Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection).


hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


carbon catabolite activation of transcription

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.


endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.


purine-containing compound salvage

Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.


positive regulation of thymocyte aggregation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte aggregation.


Benzphetamine

Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.


ephrin receptor binding

Binding to an ephrin receptor.


optic tract

Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF].


negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


hepatic artery

An artery that supplies the liver.


epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.


microtubule motor activity

A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


Cheyne-Stokes respiration

An abnormal pattern of respiration characterized by cycles of respiration that are increasingly deeper then shallower with possible periods of apnea. Affected patients may display a 10 to 20 second episode of hypoventilation or apnea, followed by respiration of increased depth and frequency over the course of about one minute. The cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.


ovulation

The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.


other organism part

Any constituent part of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.


regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.


atrial cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


asparagine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus

A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.


Tolazamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


regulation of phospholipid transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.


regulation of secondary metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.


regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.


dendritic shaft

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.


Breast Engorgement

A painful swelling of the breasts due to accumulation of milk in blocked lactating ducts.


hepoxilin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.


common wart

A wart caused by human papillomavirus. It can appear anywhere on the skin.


third-degree atrioventricular block

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of complete failure of atrial electrical impulse conduction to the ventricles. This is manifested on the ECG by disassociation of atrial and ventricular rhythms. The atrial rate must be faster than the ventricular rate. (CDISC)


detection of mechanical stimulus

The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


ruffle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.


beta-aspartyl-peptidase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-linked aspartic residue from the N-terminus of a polypeptide.


methemoglobinemia

An inherited or acquired condition characterized by abnormally increased levels of methemoglobin in the blood.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.


Cephaloglycin

A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.


regulation of autophagosome assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.


glucuronate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.


amblyopia

Decreased vision that results from abnormal visual development.


positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


quinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinone.


calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Lipohypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the subcutaneous adipose tissue at the site of multiple subcutaneous injections of insulin.


vitamin B6 biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


regulation of histone H2B ubiquitination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2B ubiquitination.


mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


embryonic viscerocranium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.


positive regulation of DNA binding

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.


intercellular bridge

A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.


Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylserine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylserine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


spliceosomal complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.


carpal tunnel syndrome

Entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist that is characterized by numbness, tingling and painful movement.


atrial septum development

The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.


Hypoxemia

An abnormally low level of blood oxygen.


alpha-amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.


carbohydrate phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


prostate neoplasm

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the prostate gland.


positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


maintenance of cell polarity

The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


leptin-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by leptin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.


negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


negative regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.


ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


histone methyltransferase complex

A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.


nuclear pore organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.


regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.


absence epilepsy

Epilepsy characterized by very brief episodes of sudden cessation of activity, usually associated with eye blinking. There is no loss of the muscle tone.


pore complex

A protein complex providing a discrete opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids.


positive regulation of cell division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.


Choking

Interference with respiration by compression or obstruction of the larynx or trachea.


Soreness

A dull achy pain.


deltoid tuberosity development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase.


nuclear envelope lumen

The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway.


elastic fiber assembly

Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.


connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing

The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared, as part of an inflammatory response.


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle.


complex regional pain syndrome type 1

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) is a form of complex regional pain syndrome in which the pain is disproportionate to any known inciting event and is characterized by continuous pain, allodynia, or hyperalgesia as well as edema, coloration (changes in skin blood flow), or abnormal sudomotor activity in the region of pain. Onset of CRPS1 symptoms may occur within a few days to a month after an injury or trauma to the affected limb.


positive regulation of ligase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.


carbon dioxide transport

The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

A renal disorder characterized by sclerotic lesions in the glomeruli. Causes include drugs, viruses, and malignancies (lymphomas), or it may be idiopathic. It presents with asymptomatic proteinuria or nephritic syndrome and it may lead to renal failure.


forebrain dorsal/ventral pattern formation

The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain.


alcohol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.


positive regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


Barr body

A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.


Cyclizine

An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.


negative regulation of actin filament depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.


CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.


calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions released from an intracellular store to convert a signal into a response.


B cell mediated immunity

Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of protein processing

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


adenylate cyclase binding

Binding to an adenylate cyclase.


ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


proepicardium development

The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.


neural nucleus development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.


Myoclonus

Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.


positive regulation of respiratory burst

Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


reproductive behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.


respiratory paralysis

Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve diseases; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders.


musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex action

Involuntary movement caused by the application of a stimulus to an organism and a subsequent movement. The signal processing of this movement takes place in the spinal cord.


potassium ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


Levonordefrin

A catecholamine in which the 2-aminoethyl group is substituted with a hydroxy group at C-1 and a methyl group at C-2, with configurations 1R,2S. A metabolite of alpha-methyl-L-dopa, it is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist and acts as a topical nasal decongestant and vasoconstrictor, most often used in dentistry.


retrograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


regulation of dendrite extension

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.


box H/ACA scaRNP complex

A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the Cajal body of the nucleoplasm. In higher eukaryotes, box H/ACA RNP located in Cajal bodies mediate pseudouridylation of spliceosomal snRNAs.


saliva

A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions.


cellular pigmentation

The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.


positive regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.


ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding

Binding to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, any of the E2 proteins.


renal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.


metallodipeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


Nodule

A small lump, swelling or collection of tissue.


lung cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


renal vein

Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava.


protein-lipid complex binding

Binding to a protein-lipid complex, any macromolecular complex that contains both protein and lipid molecules.


Illusions

A misperception of a real external stimulus.


rRNA base methylation

The addition of a methyl group to an atom in the nucleoside base portion of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.


ribonucleoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


regulation of establishment of planar polarity involved in neural tube closure

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the establishment of planar polarity involved in neural tube closure, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the closure of the neural tube.


myofibril assembly

Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.


serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine-type endopeptidase.


potassium channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.


granulosa cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a granulosa cell, a supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals.


aspartate-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).


synaptic vesicle cytoskeletal transport

The directed movement of synaptic vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell, powered by molecular motors.


negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.


lipid oxidation

The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.


tRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylguanine.


PDZ domain binding

Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.


programmed necrotic cell death

A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


Gastrointestinal toxicity

Toxicity that impairs or damages the gastrointestinal system.


regulation of interleukin-8 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.


UTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.


regulation of microvillus assembly

A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.


sphingolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


S-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the S-shaped body is generated and organized. The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.


sterol esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid.


regulation of tolerance induction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.


regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.


regulation of protein refolding

Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein refolding. Protein refolding is the process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.


regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


axonemal dynein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.


Loose Stool

Frequent, loose, and watery stools are noted in most infants, even if they are fed formula, until they are six to eight weeks old; after that, the stools become firmer and less frequent.


macromolecule deacylation

The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a macromolecule.


toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.


small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.


diaphragm

A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control.


Tubocurarine chloride

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.


Isoconazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.


Sertaconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.


positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). IPSP is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


contractile actin filament bundle

An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.


patent ductus arteriosus

A congenital defect characterized by the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close soon after birth. As a consequence, blood from the aorta mixes with blood from the pulmonary artery. If untreated, it may lead to congestive heart failure.


regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


regulation of centrosome cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation.


negative regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.


cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.


positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.


nucleotide-excision repair, DNA damage recognition

The identification of lesions in DNA, such as pyrimidine-dimers, intrastrand cross-links, and bulky adducts. The wide range of substrate specificity suggests the repair complex recognizes distortions in the DNA helix.


porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


protein localization to cell surface

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


biotin binding

Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


mannosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


enone reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an enone + NADPH + H+ = a ketone + NADP+.


ADP binding

Binding to ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.


positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.


positive regulation of glial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.


extrinsic component of phagophore assembly site membrane

The component of the phagophore assembly site membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


vulvovaginitis

An inflammatory pathologic process that affects the vulva and the vagina.


spermatogenic failure 4

Any azoospermia in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SYCP3 gene.


mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone

The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.


anterograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


negative regulation of mitochondrion organization

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone.


zinc ion transport

The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.


U2-type spliceosomal complex

Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron that has canonical consensus sequences near the 5' and 3' ends.


response to superoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.


negative regulation of cation channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.


amino sugar metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity

Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.


actin filament-based movement

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.


ganglioside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


positive regulation of mRNA processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.


cardiolipin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.


Blood coagulation

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol

The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon.


tissue migration

The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.


regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


Cutaneous necrosis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue necrosis (tissue death). Clinically, cutaneous necrosis may present as a painful and extremely tender black eschar (dead tissue found in a full-thickness wound) surrounded by dusky grey-red coloured skin.


modulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity

The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of its symbiont organism.


positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.


Hypochloremia

An abnormally decreased chloride concentration in the blood.


myoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.


C-terminal protein amino acid modification

The alteration of the C-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


hyperacusis

A disorder in which an individual has an abnormally low noise tolerance, and increased sensitivity to sounds.


regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.


protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.


gamma-tubulin binding

Binding to the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin.


Tachypnea

Very rapid breathing.


keratan sulfate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.


odontogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


lateral sprouting from an epithelium

The process in which a branch forms along the side of an epithelium.


bile acid binding

Binding to a bile acid, a steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


developmental induction

A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).


vasodilation

An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.


COPI-coated vesicle budding

The evagination of a Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a COPI-coated vesicle.


protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.


Dilatation of the bladder

The presence of a dilated urinary bladder.


endoplasmic reticulum tubular network

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of tubules having membranes with high curvature in cross-section.


PcG protein complex

A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.


carbohydrate transport

The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


Rifaximin

A semisynthetic member of the class of rifamycins and non-systemic gastrointestinal site-specific broad spectrum antibiotic. Used in the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and irritable bowel syndrome.


positive regulation of axon extension

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.


retinitis

Inflammation of the retina.


cerebellar ataxia, intellectual disability, and dysequilibrium

A non-progressive cerebellar disorder characterized by ataxia associated with an intellectual disability, delayed ambulation and cerebellar hypoplasia.


ribonuclease P complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs.


mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


protein localization to cytoplasmic stress granule

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule.


extrinsic component of organelle membrane

The component of an organelle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.


acetyltransferase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an acetyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.


regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junctions.


tertiary granule

A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells.


Pefloxacin

A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.


polyamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


calcium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


Arterial embolism

The passage of an embolus from its site of formation in the arterial system to another location within the circulatory system.


positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.


Cysteine

An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.


cellular response to copper ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.


termination of signal transduction

The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.


actin filament polymerization

Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.


respiratory chain complex III

A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.


regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


protein deneddylation

The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.


regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.


sperm-egg recognition

The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.


execution phase of apoptosis

A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


negative regulation of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion.


neutral lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


nuclear androgen receptor binding

Binding to a nuclear androgen receptor.


Motor seizure

A motor seizure is a type of seizure that is characterized at onset by involvement of the skeletal musculature. The motor event could consist of an increase (positive) or decrease (negative) in muscle contraction to produce a movement.


Succinic Acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.


regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.


Pralatrexate

A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.


cervix development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cervix over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


inorganic ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of inorganic ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


Weibel-Palade body

A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses.


response to muramyl dipeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


Erythromycin

An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.


Clocortolone

16alpha-Methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy substituents at the 11beta and 21 positions, fluorine at position 6 and chlorine at position 9. A medium potency corticosteroid, it is used as its 21-O-pivalate or caproate ester for the relief of inflammatory and pruritic (itching) skin disorders.


Irregular respiration

Uneven rhythm of breathing.


semen

Organism substance that is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid.


dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


establishment of chromosome localization

The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location.


positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.


RNA polymerase II activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


negative regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.


negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


secondary alcohol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary alcohol.


pyramidal neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.


bile duct

Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine.


ribosomal large subunit assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.


retinal disorder

Any disease or disorder of the retina.


cerebral cortex neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia

An electrocardiographic finding of ventricular tachycardia less than 30 seconds in duration.


regulation of catecholamine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.


Fetor hepaticus

Fetor hepaticus is the characteristic breath of patients with severe parenchymal liver disease, which has been said to resemble the odor of a mixture of rotten eggs and garlic.


kidney morphogenesis

Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


positive regulation of lyase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.


regulation of response to osmotic stress

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.


glycosyl compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound.


PERK-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity.


dendritic spine head

Distal part of the dendritic spine, that carries the post-synaptic density.


lens fiber cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.


Ophthalmoplegia

Paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles that are responsible for eye movements.


membrane depolarization

The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


negative regulation of T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


Increased libido

Elevated sexual desire.


metalloexopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


9-cis-retinoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.


protein phosphatase 2A binding

Binding to protein phosphatase 2A.


autophagosome

A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the lytic vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy.


inner cell mass cell proliferation

The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.


Flubendazole

A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.


N-glycan processing

The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.


positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


pyridine-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.


cAMP binding

Binding to cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


bacterial infectious disease

An acute infectious disorder that is caused by gram positive or gram negative bacteria; representative examples include pneumococcal, streptococcal, salmonella, and meningeal infections.


positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


glycosphingolipid binding

Binding to glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


Sertoli cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.


regulation of integrin activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.


arginine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


serine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other, in a sodium independent manner.


intracranial thrombosis

Formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel within the skull. Intracranial thrombosis can lead to thrombotic occlusions and brain infarction. The majority of the thrombotic occlusions are associated with atherosclerosis.


lipoprotein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


vulva cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vulva.


negative regulation of intestinal absorption

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.