Photophobia

Excessive sensitivity to light with the sensation of discomfort or pain in the eyes due to exposure to bright light.


endothelium development

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.


spinal cord patterning

The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.


anxiety disorder

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety.


fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


cysteine-type peptidase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


mismatch repair complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


single-stranded RNA binding

Binding to single-stranded RNA.


extrinsic component of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


phototoxic dermatitis

Dermatitis caused or precipitated by exposure to ultraviolet sunlight, or by mediating phototoxic or photoallergic material in response to ultraviolet sunlight.


Notch binding

Binding to a Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor.


embryonic appendage morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.


ovarian cyst

A cyst that arises from the ovary. Representative examples include simple, complex, corpus luteum, and endometrioid cysts. Symptoms include pelvic and abdominal pain and irregular periods.


Stinging Sensation

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon


glucosylceramide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


regulation of cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.


asparagine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


Hypercholesterolemia

An increased concentration of cholesterol in the blood.


cardiac conduction

Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.


positive regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.


hyperpigmentation of the skin

Darkening of the skin due to excessive melanin deposition. Causes include skin injuries, pregnancy, eczema, and Addison disease.


serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


C-fiber

The axon of a dorsal root ganglion cell that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated.


Fluconazole

A member of the class of  triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.


Female sexual dysfunction

A problem occurring during any phase of the female sexual response cycle that prevents the individual from experiencing satisfaction from the sexual activity


positive regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein targeting to ER

The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane.


trigeminal ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


in utero embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


cerebellar mossy fiber

An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons a mossy-looking appearance in Golgi stained preparations.


cellular response to interleukin-4

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.


response to hyperoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.


cellular response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


Orphenadrine

A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.


hippo signaling

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1.


Gemini of coiled bodies

Nuclear bodies frequently found near or associated with Cajal bodies (also called coiled bodies or CBs). Gemini of coiled bodies, or 'gems', are similar in size and shape to CBs, and often indistinguishable under the microscope. Unlike CBs, gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs); they contain a protein called survivor of motor neurons (SMN) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis. Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis, and to play a role in the etiology of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).


liposaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving liposaccharide.


glaucoma

Increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor.


actin nucleation

The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.


TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


Nitrogen, non-protein, increased level result


glutamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


Hypernatremia

An abnormally increased sodium concentration in the blood.


ribosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.


positive regulation of heart rate

Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


locomotory exploration behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.


virion attachment to host cell

The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface or host cell surface projection.


sulfur compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.


collagen catabolic process

The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.


retina homeostasis

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


centrosome separation

The process in which duplicated centrosome components move away from each other. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.


pigment accumulation

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.


cochlea

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The spiral-shaped bony canal in the inner ear containing the hair cells that transduce sound. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. [WP,modified].


regulation of extent of cell growth

Any process that modulates the extent of cell growth.


positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.


nitrogen compound transport

The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O = acetate + CoA + H+.


cellular response to estrogen stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.


protein transmembrane import into intracellular organelle

The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.


DNA replication-dependent chromatin assembly

The formation of nucleosomes on newly synthesized DNA, coupled to strand elongation.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in).


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


tRNA wobble uridine modification

The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


biogenic amine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


Sore Throat

Any kind of inflammatory process of the tonsils, pharynx, or/and larynx characterized by pain in swallowing.


cartilage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis

The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.


calcium-dependent phospholipid binding

Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium.


positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.


cellular response to amino acid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.


regulation of chromatin organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.


homeostasis of number of cells

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.


chondrocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


negative regulation of growth

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.


DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

A protein complex that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.


pigment granule localization

Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


Virilization

The development of normal male puberty due to testosterone effect or the abnormal development of male secondary sexual characteristics in children and females due to excessive androgens.


regulation of fibroblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.


negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.


relaxation of muscle

A process in which the extent of muscle contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation can involve a number of processes including the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases. In some muscles, calcium-independent pathways also play a role in muscle relaxation by decreasing the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain.


regulation of collagen metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.


lactation

The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.


Blood Alkaline Phosphatase Increased

A laboratory test result which indicates an increased level of alkaline phosphatase in a biological specimen.


hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.


ribonucleoprotein complex binding

Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.


monosaccharide transmembrane transport

The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.


nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).


cytoplasmic microtubule

Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.


DNA double-strand break processing involved in repair via single-strand annealing

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.


cellular response to type II interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.


cellular response to nutrient levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.


penis

An intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination.


animal organ regeneration

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ.


detection of abiotic stimulus

The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


tooth disorder

A disease involving the calcareous tooth.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.


response to interferon-alpha

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.


regulation of tube size

Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes.


trabecula morphogenesis

The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.


Hirschsprung disease

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital intestinal motility disorder that is characterized by signs of intestinal obstruction due to the presence of an aganglionic segment of variable extent in the terminal part of the colon.


GTPase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.


regulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.


vesicle coating

A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.


Almotriptan

An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.


Somatic sensory dysfunction

An abnormality of the primary sensation that is mediated by peripheral nerves (pain, temperature, touch, vibration, joint position). The word hypoesthesia (or hypesthesia) refers to a reduction in cutaneous sensation to a specific type of testing.


alpha-beta T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


transferrin transport

The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


translation release factor activity

Involved in catalyzing the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.


clathrin-coated pit

A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.


response to methotrexate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methotrexate stimulus. Methotrexate is 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, a folic acid analogue that is a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.


purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.


negative regulation of cellular catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.


neuromuscular process controlling balance

Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.


Nitisinone

A cyclohexanone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted at position 2 by a 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group. It is used in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1.


cancer

A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas (adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas), Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.


regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


Acyclovir

An oxopurine that is  guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.


limb morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping.


phospholipid binding

Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


mRNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


methylglyoxal catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.


positive regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


endocardial cushion development

The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.


regulation of mitochondrion organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.


neuron projection terminus

The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.


A-type (transient outward) potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel that produces a transient outward current upon a step change in membrane potential.


dopamine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


germ cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


cellular response to tumor necrosis factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.


basilar artery insufficiency

A syndrome which occurs as a result of the occlusion of the basilar artery. It may be caused by atherosclerosis, embolism or hemorrhage. Clinical signs include dizziness, headache, vomiting, hemiparesis or hemiplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, blurred vision and loss of consciousness. The clinical course is variable and is dependent upon the extent of the occlusion and the location of the clot along the basilar artery which determines the resultant neurologic impairment. Prognosis is dismal in cases where a complete occlusion occurs with rapid deterioration of neurological function.


Ridaura

An S-glycosyl compound consisting of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose with the sufur atom coordinated to (triethylphosphoranylidene)gold. It is administered orally for the treatment of active progressive rheumatoid arthritis.


neuropil

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cluster of neurites that is part of a nervous system and forms a network of dendrites and axons where synapses are present and in which neuronal somata do not occur.


carbon-oxygen lyase activity

Catalysis of the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond.


regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.


dTTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.


type 4 melanocortin receptor binding

Binding to a type 4 melanocortin receptor.


pallium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon.


detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell

The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


purine nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


optic nerve disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the optic nerve (second cranial nerve).


transcription elongation factor complex

Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.


Chloroprocaine

Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.


sodium ion binding

Binding to a sodium ion (Na+).


phosphatidylcholine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.


positive regulation of DNA repair

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.


inner ear morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.


Dexfenfluramine

The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.


cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.


Mezlocillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.


natural killer cell lectin-like receptor binding

Binding to a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor.


Lassitude

Physical or mental fatigue.


histone deubiquitination

The modification of histones by removal of ubiquitin groups.


regeneration

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).


actin cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.


regulation of protein localization to nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.


developmental cell growth

The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.


muscular atrophy

The loss of muscle tissue due to inactivity or disease.


branch elongation of an epithelium

The growth process in which a branch increases in length from its base to its tip.


GABA receptor binding

Binding to a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor.


Enflurane

An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.


long-term synaptic potentiation

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.


herpes simplex infectious disease

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)


purine ribonucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


interleukin-1 beta production

The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


developmental growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.


regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.


histone H4-K20 methylation

The modification of histone H4 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.


regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


negative regulation of cell cycle phase transition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.


iron-sulfur cluster assembly

The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


ribosome biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


Anger

biolink:Behavior biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


umbilical vein

The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted].


regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


Propoxyphene

The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.


metabolic acidosis

Increased acidity in the blood secondary to acid base imbalance. Causes include diabetes, kidney failure and shock.


RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.


endocrine process

The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.


regulation of ligase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6.


Terbutaline

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.


Dextroamphetamine

A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.


axonogenesis involved in innervation

The neurite development process that generates a long process of a neuron, as it invades a target tissue.


axo-dendritic transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.


lipid droplet organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle.


Vitreous floaters

Deposits of various size, shape, consistency, refractive index, and motility within the eye's vitreous humour, which is normally transparent.


cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.


response to unfolded protein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.


panophthalmitis

Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.


DNA replication checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA replication checkpoint, that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.


Lincomycin

A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.


ethanolamine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it.


negative regulation of cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.


response to carbon monoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon monoxide (CO) stimulus.


cellular response to glucose starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.


tricarboxylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing three carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.


Personality changes

An abnormal shift in patterns of thinking, acting, or feeling.


U4 snRNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U4 snRNA molecule.


Cefaclor

A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


fallopian tube

Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus.


positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition

Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.


nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


Fibrosis

The formation of fibrous tissue.


axoneme

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.


Nafcillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.


positive regulation of mammary gland involution

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland involution.


regulation of potassium ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis

The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.


steroid binding

Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.


Vilazodone

A 1-benzofuran that is 5-(piperazin-1-yl}-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide having a (5-cyanoindol-3-yl)butyl group attached at position N-4 on the piperazine ring. Used for the treatment of major depressive disorder.


glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, occurring through a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


Lurasidone

An N-arylpiperazine that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-{[(1R,2R)-2-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]methyl}hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which position N4 of the piperazine ring is substituted by a 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl group. Lurasidone is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia.


mononuclear cell migration

The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


subclavian artery

One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta.


Wound Infection

Infection of a break in the skin or other tissue.


positive regulation of lymphocyte activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.


photoreceptor inner segment

The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.


negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.


negative regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


cellular response to toxic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.


triglyceride catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


regulation of mRNA stability

Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs.


rRNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins.


RNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule.


UMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate.


purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


vacuolar acidification

Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


response to ether

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.


Methoxamine

An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .


calcium ion binding

Binding to a calcium ion (Ca2+).


regulation of pH

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.


mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.


regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via JAK-STAT.


glutathione derivative metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione derivative.


mRNA splice site recognition

Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


neurotransmitter uptake

The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


ribonuclease A activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in C-P or U-P with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.


voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


nerve growth factor binding

Binding to nerve growth factor (NGF).


regulation of calcium ion import

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


peptide hormone processing

The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.


exopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.


Albuminuria

Increased concentration of albumin in the urine.


Idoxuridine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-iodouracil as the nucleobase; used as an antiviral agent.


Joint swelling

The presence of swelling in a joint.


regulation of translational initiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


lung disorder

A disease involving the lung.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.


negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.


adrenal medulla

The inner portion of the adrenal gland that consists mainly of chromaffin cells which produce, store and secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.


negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.


Derlin-1 retrotranslocation complex

A protein complex that functions in the retrotranslocation step of ERAD (ER-associated protein degradation), and includes at its core Derlin-1 oligomers forming a retrotranslocation channel.


regulation of T cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.


negative regulation of transporter activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.


smoothened signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.


XY body

A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.


Proguanil

A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.


Chlorpropamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.


galactorrhea

Excessive or inappropriate lactation in females or males, and not necessarily related to pregnancy. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is hyperprolactinemia.


pyelonephritis

An inflammatory process affecting the kidney. The cause is most often bacterial, but may also be fungal in nature. Signs and symptoms may include fever, chills, flank pain, painful and frequent urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and confusion.


cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


Diltiazem

A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.


positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.


protein secretion

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.


locomotory behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.


muscle tissue development

The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.


fatty acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.


Lip Pain

Painful sensation in the lip.


determination of left/right symmetry

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


phenol-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.


regulation of bone development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.


Darifenacin

2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a  2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.


negative regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


mitochondrial genome maintenance

The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.


melanosome

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.


regulation of protein dephosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.


regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.


T cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


Hydroxychloroquine

An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.


glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.


Irregular menstruation

Abnormally high variation in the amount of time between periods.


Panic attack

A sudden episode of intense fear in a situation where there is no danger or apparent cause.


ribonucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


cardiac muscle contraction

Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.


SWI/SNF superfamily-type complex

A protein complex that contains an ortholog of the Saccharomyces ATPase Swi2/Snf2 as one of the catalytic subunit components (ATPase) and mediates assembly of nucleosomes, changes to the spacing or structure of nucleosomes, or some combination of those activities in a manner that requires ATP.


positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.


high-density lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


protein kinase complex

A protein complex which is capable of protein kinase activity.


regulation of adherens junction organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.


Depressed Level Of Consciousness

A neurologic state characterized by decreased ability to perceive and respond.


viral transcription

The process by which a viral genome, or part of a viral genome, is transcribed within the host cell.


negative regulation of protein polymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.


regulation of odontogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.


telencephalic ventricle

A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere.


Glycosuria

An increased concentration of glucose in the urine.


negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.


compact myelin

The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


glucan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.


keratinization

The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.


protein phosphatase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a protein phosphatase.


neuroepithelial cell differentiation

The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


voltage-gated potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


protein homotrimerization

The formation of a protein homotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical subunits.


carbohydrate transmembrane transport

The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane.


photoreceptor outer segment membrane

The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.


monoatomic ion gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.


vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


Glyburide

An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.


positive regulation of embryonic development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.


adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.


mitochondrial calcium ion transmembrane transport

The process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


response to transforming growth factor beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


Amsacrine

A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits  antineoplastic activity.


metallopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


negative regulation of axon extension

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.


negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.


Methyltestosterone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.


cytosolic large ribosomal subunit

The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.


Slurred speech

Abnormal coordination of muscles involved in speech.


TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


melanocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.


protein depolymerization

The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.


vaginitis

A non-infectious or infectious inflammatory process affecting the vagina.


chromosome separation

The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II).


Intracranial hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurring within the skull.


intramolecular transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a functional group from one position to another within a single molecule.


positive regulation of protein polymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.


retina development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


cell cycle DNA replication

The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.


Behcet disease

A chronic, relapsing, multisystemic vasculitis characterized by mucocutaneous lesions, as well as articular, vascular, ocular and central nervous system manifestations.


Neurogenic bladder

A type of bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic damage. Neurogenic bladder can be flaccid or spastic. Common manifestatios of neurogenic bladder are overflow incontinence, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and retention.


intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.


negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


macroautophagy

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.


Sulfadiazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


regulation of fatty acid oxidation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.


Splenomegaly

Abnormal increased size of the spleen.


multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


calcium ion export

The directed movement of calcium ion out of a cell or organelle.


ulcerative stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth mucosa associated with the presence of ulcers.


long-chain fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a long-chain fatty acid, a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


Triprolidine

An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


Petechiae

Petechiae are pinpoint-sized reddish/purple spots, resembling a rash, that appear just under the skin or a mucous membrane when capillaries have ruptured and some superficial bleeding into the skin has happened. This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to developing petechiae.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


blood vessel remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.


neutral lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


transition metal ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of transition metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.


multicellular organismal response to stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.


Laryngeal stridor

An abnormal high-pitched noisy sound, occurring during inhalation or exhalation caused by the incomplete obstruction in the throat.


myoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


Dysarthria

Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.


acalculous cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of gallstones.


defense response to protozoan

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.


Cyclophosphamide

A phosphorodiamide that is 1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide substituted by two 2-chloroethyl groups at the amino nitrogen atom.


toxic shock syndrome

A rare acute life-threatening systemic bacterial noncontagious illness caused by exotoxins from bacteria of either the Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus type. It is characterized by high fever, hypotension, rash, multi-organ dysfunction, and cutaneous desquamation during the early convalescent period. The toxins affect the host immune system, causing an exuberant and pathological host inflammatory response. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, elevated prothrombin time, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and pyuria.


myosin filament

A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament.


exocytic vesicle

A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.


delayed rectifier potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and inactivation is slow.


dynein complex

Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity.


negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.


viral entry into host cell

The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.


positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.


regulation of cation channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.


endoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.


Golgi lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.


Abnormal circulating lipid concentration

Any deviation from the normal concentration of a lipid in the blood circulation.


ribosomal large subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


memory

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).


positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.


filopodium tip

The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.


positive regulation of neuron projection development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


Zuclopenthixol

The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.


breast fibrocystic disease

Fibrosis associated with cyst formation in the breast parenchyma.


regulation of synapse structure or activity

Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


regulation of monoatomic ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the cytosine DNA methylation.


embryo implantation

Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.


receptor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


telencephalon cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.


regulation of protein import

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein import.


hexose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


labyrinthine layer blood vessel development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.


aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex

A multienzyme complex found in all multicellular eukaryotes composed of eight proteins with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (abbreviated as: ArgRS, AspRS, GluProRS, GlnRS, IleRS, LeuRS, LysRS, MetRS where RS is the enzyme, preceded by the amino acid it uses as a substrate) as well as three non-synthetase proteins (p43, p38, and p18) with diverse functions. Several of these subunits are known dimers, so the total polypeptide count in the multisynthetase complex is at least fifteen. All of the enzymes in this assembly catalyze the same reaction, the covalent attachment of an amino acid to either the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl of the 3'-terminal adenosine of tRNA, but using different substrates.


queuosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.


SCOPOLAMINE

A tropane alkaloid that is the (S)-tropic acid ester of 6beta,7beta-epoxy-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropan-3alpha-ol.


positive regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


inner mitochondrial membrane protein complex

Any protein complex that is part of the inner mitochondrial membrane.


Roundabout binding

Binding to Roundabout (ROBO) receptor, a transmembrane receptor.


dental caries

The decay of a tooth, in which it becomes softened, discolored, and/or porous.


benzodiazepine receptor activity

Combining with benzodiazepines, a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and myorelaxant properties, to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.


negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


regulation of hippo signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.


Eye foreign bodies

External material inside the eyeball.


nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


response to zinc ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.


obstructive jaundice

A finding indicating increased bilirubin levels in the blood and urine, due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction of the biliary system.


phosphate ion transport

The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.


regulation of nitrogen utilization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization.


Skin Pain

Painful sensation in the skin.


negative regulation of interleukin-17 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.


Sotalol

A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.


negative regulation of molecular function in another organism

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the function of proteins in a second organism.


glycogen catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


regulation of histone methylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.


azane;dichloroplatinum

A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary. Commonly but incorrectly described as an alkylating agent due to its mechanism of action (but it lacks alkyl groups).


dermatan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.


amnionitis

Inflammation of the amnion.


Meperidine

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.


Failure to thrive

Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.


N-terminal protein myristoylation

The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.


Z disc

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.


Ethosuximide

A  dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.


regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.


kidney failure

An acute or chronic condition that is characterized by the inability of the kidneys to adequately filter the blood.


negative regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


Azathioprine

A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.


inner ear development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of leukocyte degranulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation.


Arthritis NOS aggravated

Exacerbation of an arthritic condition.


apical cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.


exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.


regulation of stem cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


negative regulation of viral life cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.


regulation of monocyte chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.


nuclear steroid receptor activity

Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.


response to catecholamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.


neurotransmitter transport

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


glucosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.


serine family amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


Prazosin

A member of the class of  piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.


mitotic sister chromatid segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 4.


Ceftriaxone

A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.


regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.


protein heterotetramerization

The formation of a protein heterotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.


cardiac septum development

The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.


regulation of leukocyte migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.


regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis.


ear development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


Adapalene

A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.


purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


T cell mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.


skin atrophy

The degeneration and thinning of the epidermis and dermis. It is usually a manifestation of aging.


signal transduction by p53 class mediator

An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.


protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


apical junction complex

A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.


ribonucleoprotein granule

A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions.


ciliary base

Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.


negative regulation of protein processing

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.


musculoskeletal system disorder

A disease involving the musculoskeletal system.


circadian rhythm

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


centriole replication

The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0.