regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


carnitine transport

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


heart process

A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


paraspeckles

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei.


DNA helicase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Unwinding of a DNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


mannosyltransferase complex

A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity.


regulation of catecholamine secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines.


Decreased cardiac output

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A decreased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine; the oleate and palmitate actually represent mixtures of saturated (generally at 3') and unsaturated (generally at 2') fatty acids.


embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.


mononuclear cell proliferation

The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.


ventricular septum development

The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.


Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to a lysophospholipid.


regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.


tight junction

A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


Pentobarbital

A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.


DNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


Sapropterin

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.


positive regulation of tolerance induction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.


regulation of histone H3-K9 trimethylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.


channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.


positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.


TIOTROPIUM

A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


Acepromazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.


regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.


Bulla

A large (greater than 5-10 mm) intraepidermal/subepidermal cavity filled with clear, serosanguineous or cloudy fluid.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


Shock

The state in which profound and widespread reduction of effective tissue perfusion leads first to reversible, and then if prolonged, to irreversible cellular injury.


Schwann cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


actin filament bundle organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.


gastrointestinal stromal tumor

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, typically presenting in adults over the age of 40 (mean age 63), and only rarely in children, in various regions of the GI tract, most commonly the stomach or small intestine but also less commonly in the esophagus, appendix, rectum and colon. GISTs can be asymptomatic or present with various non-specific signs, depending on the location and size of tumor, such as loss of appetite, anemia, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal discomfort or fullness, nausea, vomiting, as well as an abdominal mass, blood in stool, and intestinal obstruction. GISTs can also be seen in familial syndromes such as Carney triad and neurofibromatosis type 1.


metanephric epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.


alanine transport

The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


response to defenses of other organism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of another organism.


negative regulation of signaling receptor activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.


peptidyl-lysine methylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.


replication fork

The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


metanephric part of ureteric bud development

The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros.


negative regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


Atelectasis

Collapse of part of a lung associated with absence of inflation (air) of that part.


mood disorder

A cognitive disorder a disturbance in which the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.


Quinidine

A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.


optic atrophy

A disorder characterized by loss of optic nerve fibers. It may be inherited or acquired. Acquired causes include ischemia, optic nerve neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, radiation, brain tumors, and multiple sclerosis. It leads to vision disturbances.


collagen trimer

A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.


smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition

The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.


Clemastine

2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.


multivesicular body sorting pathway

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which transmembrane proteins are ubiquitylated to facilitate their entry into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs); upon subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes or vacuoles, the cargo proteins are degraded.


Azatadine

A benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position.


Chest tightness

An unpleasant sensation of tightness or pressure in the chest.


morphogenesis of a branching epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.


negative regulation of T-helper cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.


peptidyl-lysine acetylation

The acetylation of peptidyl-lysine.


cornea

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure.


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased


killing by symbiont of host cells

Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


hip fracture

Traumatic or pathological injury to the hip in which the continuity of either the femoral head, femoral neck, intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric regions is broken. Symptoms include pain in the hip or groin, bruising and swelling in and around the hip area. The injured hip is turned outward and the leg appears shorter on that side.


acquired lipodystrophy

An instance of lipodystrophy (disease) that is acquired during the lifetime of the individual.


regulation of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide + protein L-asparagine = dolichyl diphosphate + a glycoprotein with the oligosaccharide chain attached by glycosylamine linkage to protein L-asparagine.


GMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


histone deacetylase binding

Binding to histone deacetylase.


Moclobemide

A member of the class of  benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.


neuron recognition

The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.


nephron epithelium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.


Etomidate

The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.


heart looping

The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.


positive regulation of presynaptic membrane organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic membrane organization.


regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.


antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.


Sertoli cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.


Golgi-associated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered.


Focal-onset seizure

A focal-onset seizure is a type of seizure originating within networks limited to one hemisphere. They may be discretely localized or more widely distributed, and may originate in subcortical structures.


manubrium of sternum

The cranial most segment of the sternum. Located ventrally with a quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly, it articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs[MP,WP].


mediator complex

A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.


inner cell mass cellular morphogenesis

The morphogenesis of cells in the inner cell mass.


endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment

A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport.


response to platelet-derived growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.


arthritic joint disease

An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain.


otolithic part of statoconial membrane

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The layer of the statoconial membrane that is composed of otoliths.


negative regulation of CREB transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB.


arterial endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.


organellar large ribosomal subunit

The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).


regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.


Urinary incontinence

Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.


nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number.


kidney disorder

A disease involving the kidney.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->2)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in an oligo-mannose oligosaccharide.


activation of phospholipase C activity

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


dystonic disorder

A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, resulting in abnormal movements and/or postures.


regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.


peptide hormone binding

Binding to a peptide with hormonal activity in animals.


autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an autoimmune disorder in which various types of auto-antibodies are directed against red blood cells causing their survival to be shortened and resulting in hemolytic anemia.


tRNA methylation

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.


Night sweats

Occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep.


establishment of epithelial cell polarity

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.


cellular response to catecholamine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.


negative regulation of transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.


cell adhesion molecule binding

Binding to a cell adhesion molecule.


trans-Golgi network membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.


urea transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of urea from one side of a membrane to the other. Urea is the water soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.


cellular response to leptin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.


positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.


type I transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor.


Cytarabine

A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to D-arabinofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. Used mainly in the treatment of leukaemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia, cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties.


regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction.


cellular response to fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.


Lower limb pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the leg.


peptide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.


negative regulation of interleukin-10 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.


nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other.


Eye Injuries

Damage to the eye.


Icosapent

An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.


arginine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


beta-catenin destruction complex

A cytoplasmic protein complex containing glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3-beta), the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), and the scaffolding protein axin, among others; phosphorylates beta-catenin, targets it for degradation by the proteasome.


intraciliary transport

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.


sweat gland

Any of the coil glands of the skin that secrete sweat.


endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition

A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


regulation of renal system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.


miliaria

A small (one mm or less) vesicular, papular or pustular monomorphous rash, which is associated with heat, fever or occlusion of sweat glands.


negative regulation of platelet activation

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.


cardiac ventricle morphogenesis

The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


regulation of sulfur metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.


cellulitis

Inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues caused by a bacterial infection. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain to the affected area.


positive regulation of female receptivity

Any process that activates or increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances.


protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization

The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.


fatty acid derivative transport

The directed movement of a fatty acid derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cutaneous lupus erythematosus

An autoimmune disorder that manifests as different lupus-specific skin disorders; it can occur with systemic lupus erythematosus, or as a singular disease.


entry into host

Entry of a symbiont into the body, tissues, or cells of a host organism as part of the symbiont life cycle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


microvillus

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.


negative regulation of lipase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


anisocoria

Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (iris diseases) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.


external acoustic meatus

A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter.


regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.


synaptic vesicle localization

Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


response to pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


oncostatin-M receptor binding

Binding to an oncostatin-M receptor.


regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.


cardiovascular disorder

A disease involving the cardiovascular system.


Nabumetone

A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


cellular response to mechanical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.


innervation

The process in which a nerve invades a tissue and makes functional synaptic connection within the tissue.


organellar small ribosomal subunit

The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome.


masseter muscle

Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by masseteric nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and attaches to mandible and zygomatic arch.


regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of generation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.


internal ear

Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation.


neutrophil migration

The movement of a neutrophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.


Breast Feeding

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.


Triflupromazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.


impulse control disorder

A category of behaviors that can be loosely defined as the failure to resist an impulsive act or behavior that may be harmful to self or others.


positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.


CoA-transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a coenzyme A (CoA) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


Dysesthesia

Painful sensations elicited by a nonpainful cutaneous stimulus such as a light touch or gentle stroking over affected areas of the body. Sometimes referred to as hyperpathia or hyperalgesia. Often perceived as an intense burning, dyesthesias may outlast the stimulus by several seconds.


side of membrane

A cellular component consisting of one leaflet of a membrane bilayer and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


dicarboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


MAP kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.


choline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


orgasm disorder

A change in the ability to obtain orgasm or in the quality of the orgasmic sensation.


uterus morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.


Hyperplasia of the endometrium

A proliferation of the endometrial cells resulting in glandular enlargement and budding. The proliferation may or may not be associated with atypia of the endometrial cells. When the hyperplastic changes are excessive, there is formation of complex epithelial structures (complex endometrial hyperplasia).


atopic conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.


thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of the veins associated with the presence of a thrombus.


lamellipodium membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a lamellipodium.


Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to an increased pulmonary ventilation rate that is faster than necessary for the exchange of gases. Hyperventilation can result from increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or both, and leads to an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.


ganglioside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.


daunorubicin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer.


Numbness

A loss of the sensation of feeling in an area of the body.


face development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.


Oxybuprocaine

A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.


endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


hyperglycemia

Abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.


hormone secretion

The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.


regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by an autophagic process.


Smc5-Smc6 complex

A conserved complex that contains a heterodimer of SMC proteins (Smc5p and Smc6p, or homologs thereof) and several other proteins, and is involved in DNA repair and maintaining cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. In S. cerevisiae, this is an octameric complex called Mms21-Smc5-Smc6 complex, with at least five of its subunits conserved in fission yeast and humans.


regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.


peroxisome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


pulmonary myocardium development

The progression of the pulmonary myocardium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein.


Methamphetamine

A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.


Amphetamine

A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.


regulation of gastric acid secretion

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


Cryptococcal meningitis

Meningeal inflammation produced by cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature headache; nausea; photophobia; focal neurologic deficits; seizures; cranial neuropathies; and hydrocephalus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)


nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside diphosphate + H2O = a nucleoside monophosphate + phosphate.


negative regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


negative regulation of telomerase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).


prostaglandin transport

The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cell body membrane

The plasma membrane of a cell that bears surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella, excluding the plasma membrane on cell projections.


retinal detachment

An eye emergency condition which may lead to blindness if left untreated. It is characterized by the separation of the inner retina layers from the underlying pigment epithelium. Causes include trauma, advanced diabetes mellitus, high myopia, and choroid tumors. Symptoms include sudden appearance of floaters, sudden light flushes, and blurred vision.


interleukin-6 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-6 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of protein secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


signal sequence binding

Binding to a signal sequence, a specific peptide sequence found on protein precursors or mature proteins that dictates where the mature protein is localized.


positive regulation of blood circulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.


micturition

The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.


thelarche

The beginning of development of the breasts in the female.


fasciculation of motor neuron axon

The collection of motor neuron axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


tube formation

Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.


Colestipol Hydrochloride

A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.


cholecystitis

An acute or chronic inflammation involving the gallbladder wall. It may be associated with the presence of gallstones.


synovitis

Inflammation of a synovial membrane.


heart morphogenesis

The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


oocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


NADP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


negative regulation of viral transcription

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.


chylomicron assembly

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the intestine to form a chylomicron.


protein import into nucleus

The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell.


neurotransmitter receptor activity

Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulated exocytosis

A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.


manual digit 1

1st (preaxial) digit of the manus[Wikipedia].


regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


calcium ion import

The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


brain disorder

A disease affecting the brain or part of the brain.


cellular response to hydrogen peroxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.


regulation of developmental pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.


metanephric nephron morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.


RNA exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.


Procarbazine

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.


Hoarse voice

Hoarseness refers to a change in the pitch or quality of the voice, with the voice sounding weak, very breathy, scratchy, or husky.


myelin sheath

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.


NATEGLINIDE

An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


regulation of oxidoreductase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.


regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.


personality disorder

A diverse category of psychiatric disorders characterized by behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture; this pattern of deviation is pervasive and inflexible and is stable over time. The behavioral pattern negatively interferes with relationships and work.


stroke disorder

A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event.


regulation of organelle assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.


Cajal body

A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA.


Hexobarbital

A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.


fluid transport

The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


flavonoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.


laryngitis

An acute or chronic, bacterial or viral inflammatory process affecting the larynx. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, cough, swallowing difficulties, and hoarseness.


negative regulation of epinephrine secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.


zinc ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of zinc(2+) ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


asymmetric synapse

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+.


phagophore assembly site membrane

A cellular membrane associated with the phagophore assembly site.


astrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


Nalidixic acid

A monocarboxylic acid comprising 1,8-naphthyridin-4-one substituted by carboxylic acid, ethyl and methyl groups at positions 3, 1, and 7, respectively. An orally administered antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of lower urinary-tract infections due to Gram-negative bacteria, including the majority of E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Proteus species.


superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.


regulation of focal adhesion assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion formation, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.


antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family.


Dyclonine

N-Ethylpiperidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the methyl group is substituted by a 4-butoxybenzoyl group.


Bradykinesia

Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement).


autophagosome assembly

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.


terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


mitotic chromosome condensation

The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.


blue light photoreceptor activity

The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 400-470nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.


Alanine

The L-enantiomer of alanine.


thrombophilia due to thrombin defect

The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the lumen of a vein.


intestinal epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


nitric oxide mediated signal transduction

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.


vitamin transport

The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


pyridoxine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.


cellular response to X-ray

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).


long-chain fatty acid transport

The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.  A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway

The series of steps necessary to target endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein ubiquitination necessary for correct substrate transfer, transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


Superficial thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a superficial vein associated with venous thrombosis (blood clot formation within the vein).


rostrocaudal neural tube patterning

The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.


toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR1:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


unconventional myosin complex

A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II.


Halothane

A haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position.


pericardium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.


Nuchal rigidity

Resistance of the extensor muscles of the neck to being bent forwards (i.e., impaired neck flexion) as a result of muscle spasm of the extensor muscles of the neck. Nuchal rigidity is not a fixed rigidity. Nuchal rigidity has been used as a bedside test for meningism, although its sensitivity for this purpose has been debated.


thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thrombin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


leukotriene B4 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.


negative regulation of peptide secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.


glycolipid binding

Binding to a glycolipid, any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic group such as an acylglycerol, a sphingoid, a ceramide (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate.


regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


Sin3-type complex

Any of a number of evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs) containing a core consisting of a paired amphipathic helix motif protein (e.g. Sin3p in S. cerevisiae, Pst1 in S. pombe or Sin3A in mammals) at least one class I histone deacetylase (e.g. Rpd3p in S. cerevisiae, Clr6 in S. pombe, or HDAC1 and HDAC2 in mammals), and at least one WD40 repeat protein (e.g. Ume1p in S. cerevisiae, Prw1 in S. pombe, or RbAp46 and RbAp48 in mammals). These complexes also contain a variable number of other proteins that direct histone binding, DNA binding, or add other functionality to the complex.


core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner.


Phenylalanine

The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.


gap junction hemi-channel activity

A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex

A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.


negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of response to extracellular stimulus

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an extracellular stimulus.


monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.


Tetany

A condition characterized by intermittent involuntary contraction of muscles (spasms) related to hypocalcemia or occasionally magnesium deficiency.


purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


Cachexia

Severe weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility related to a chronic disease.


negative regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.


response to tumor cell

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.


L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions.


negative regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


sternoclavicular joint

The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted].


Quinapril

A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.


neutrophil activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


podosome

An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.


positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.


L-lysine transport

The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cellular response to ketone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketone stimulus.


Phenprocoumon

A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.


phagocytic vesicle

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


pseudotumor cerebri

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a neurological disorder characterized by isolated increased intracranial pressure manifesting with recurrent and persistent headaches, nausea, vomiting, progressive and transient obstruction of the visual field, papilledema. Visual loss can be irreversible.


triglyceride lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.


regulation of DNA methylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.


regulation of collagen biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.


positive regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


amine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


renal absorption

A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).


purine nucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


positive regulation of lipid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Cyclopentolate

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis  of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.


hepatic veno-occlusive disease

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (hepatic VOD) is a condition resulting from toxic injury to the hepatic sinusoidal capillaries that leads to obstruction of the small hepatic veins.


proctocolitis

Inflammation of the rectum and colon.


calcium activated phosphatidylcholine scrambling

The movement of a population of phosphatidylcholine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.


Oral Pain

Painful sensation in the mouth, tongue, or lips.


Toll-like receptor 4 binding

Binding to a Toll-like 4 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


behavioral response to nicotine

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus.


neural crest cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.


COPI coating of Golgi vesicle

The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.


notochord morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.


sterol homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell.


hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


cell differentiation in spinal cord

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.


ligament

Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.


Methacholine

A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.


vaginal disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the vagina. Representative examples include vaginal infection, vaginal polyp, and vaginal squamous cell carcinoma.


dystroglycan complex

A protein complex that includes alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, which are alternative products of the same gene; the laminin-binding component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex, providing a link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton (in muscle cells) and the extracellular matrix. Alpha-dystroglycan is an extracellular protein binding to alpha-laminin and to beta-dystroglycan; beta-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein which binds alpha-dystroglycan and dystrophin.


Prolonged prothrombin time

Increased time to coagulation in the prothrombin time test, which is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The results of the prothrombin time test are often expressed in terms of the International normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated as a ratio of the patient's prothrombin time (PT) to a control PT standardized for the potency of the thromboplastin reagent developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the formula: INR is equal to Patient PT divided by Control PT.


contact dermatitis

An inflammatory skin condition caused by direct contact between the skin and either an irritating substance or an allergen.


cGMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


sterol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


desmosome

A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.


negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.


activation-induced cell death of T cells

A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.


Levobunolol

A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.


Decreased corneal sensation

Reduced ability of the cornea to respond to stimulation.


positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.


actomyosin

Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.


negative regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.


negative regulation of protein sumoylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.


negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.


regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


multicellular organismal movement

Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.


Golgi cisterna

Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.


response to vitamin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor.


positive regulation of microtubule nucleation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.


VERTEPORFIN

An equimolar mixture of the 9-methyl ester and 13-methyl ester of trans-(+-)-18-ethenyl-4,4a-dihydro-3,4-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-4a,8,14,19-tetramethyl-23H,25H-benzo[b]porphine-9,13-dipropanoic acid. It is used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration. Verteporfin accumulates in these abnormal blood vessels and, when activated by red (693 nm) laser light in the presence of oxygen, produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to the endothelium and blockage of the vessels.


establishment of protein localization to chromosome

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.


regulation of sister chromatid segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.


Hirsutism

Abnormally increased hair growth referring to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair).


epithelial structure maintenance

A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.


otic vesicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


Phytonadione

A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.


Palpebral edema

Edema in the region of the eyelids.


tRNA aminoacylation

The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules.


establishment of synaptic specificity at neuromuscular junction

The biological process in which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed.


positive regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.


Macitentan

A member of the class of sulfamides in which the two amino groups of sulfonamide are substituted by 5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-{2-[(5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]ethoxy}pyrimidin-4-yl and propyl groups. An orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.


filopodium

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.


protein targeting to peroxisome

The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.


MLL1/2 complex

A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL1 or MLL2 in human, or equivalent in other species.


BENZTROPINE

Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.


somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes

Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.


Nonaethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether

A tergitol polymer consisting of nonylbenzene with a nine-membered poly(ethylene glycol) moiety attached at position 4.


negative regulation of cellular respiration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.


T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.


formation of anatomical boundary

The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


A complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity; usually includes members of the PMT1 and PMT2 protein subfamilies.


antigen binding

Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.


peptidyl-cysteine modification

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine.


regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


myosin complex

A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.


mannose binding

Binding to mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans.


pericardial effusion

Fluid collection within the pericardial sac, usually due to inflammation.


negative regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.


positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.


toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 3.


creatine phosphokinase, elevated serum

A laboratory test result which indicates increased levels of creatine phosphokinase in a biological specimen.


Hypokinesia

Abnormally diminished motor activity. In contrast to paralysis, hypokinesia is not characterized by a lack of motor strength, but rather by a poverty of movement. The typical habitual movements (e.g., folding the arms, crossing the legs) are reduced in frequency.


craniosynostosis

Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures leading to secondary distortion of skull shape resulting in skull deformities with a variable presentation. Craniosynostosis may occur in an isolated setting or as part of a syndrome.


excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, where channel opening contributes to an increase in membrane potential.


metanephros morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.


glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


Meniere disease

A disease of the inner ear (labyrinth) that is characterized by fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss; tinnitus; episodic vertigo; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.


Quinine

A cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy.


mitotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


stress fiber

A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.


negative regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate.


regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


response to laminar fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers. As an example, laminar shear stress can be seen where blood flows against the luminal side of blood vessel walls.


lens placode formation

The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.


ribosomal subunit

Either of the two subunits of a ribosome: the ribosomal large subunit or the ribosomal small subunit.


Subcapsular cataract

A cataract that affects the region of the lens directly beneath the capsule of the lens.


Sofosbuvir

A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.


sensory perception of bitter taste

The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


circadian sleep/wake cycle process

A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.


activin binding

Binding to activin, a dimer of inhibin-beta subunits.


Crystalluria

The presence of crystals in the urine.


Heart murmur

An extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat caused vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart.


detection of molecule of bacterial origin

The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.


response to muscle activity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.


bile acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


Hypomagnesemia

An abnormally decreased magnesium concentration in the blood.


complement activation, classical pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


Reduced hematocrit

A reduction below the normal ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.


regulation of RNA splicing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.


response to X-ray

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).


somite development

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.


dopamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


estrogen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl group = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl group.


negative regulation of cell fate commitment

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.


embryonic skeletal system development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of glycogen metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.


scrotum

The external sac of skin that encloses the testes. It is an extension of the abdomen, and in placentals is located between the penis and anus.


DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair

Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.


inner ear receptor cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.


ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.


decidualization

The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.


Thioguanine

A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.


negative regulation of histone H4 acetylation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.


vesicle cargo loading

The formation of a macromolecular complex between the coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.


motile cilium

A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell.


Cyclobenzaprine

5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


glycoprotein complex

A protein complex containing at least one glycosylated protein, may be held together by both covalent and noncovalent bonds.


histone demethylation

The modification of histones by removal of methyl groups.


Atracurium besylate

The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.


negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.


melanosome localization

Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle

A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.


hepatitis C virus infection

A viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus.


polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination of the target protein.


Midodrine

An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.


cellular response to laminar fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers.


error-free translesion synthesis

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For S. cerevisiae, RAD30 encodes DNA polymerase eta, which incorporates two adenines. When incorporated across a thymine-thymine dimer, it does not increase the endogenous mutation level.


negative regulation of hexokinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.


Cisaprida

The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.


positive regulation of DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


atrial flutter

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate of 240-340 beats per minute. Multiple P waves typically appear in the inferior leads in a saw tooth-like pattern between the QRS complexes. (CDISC)


cytochrome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.


histone H3-K4 methylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.


negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.


response to sterol depletion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


mitochondrial nucleoid

The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.