interleukin-11 production

The appearance of interleukin-11 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms and four double bonds.


pyruvate family amino acid biosynthetic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.


granulosa cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a granulosa cell.


negative regulation of viral translation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral translation.


acetate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.


pericyte cell migration

The orderly movement of a pericyte cell from one site to another.


Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine + ATP = N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + ADP + phosphate.


ABC-type putrescine transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + putrescine(out) -> ADP + phosphate + putrescine(in).


compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell.


modulation of cell migration in another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the process of cell migration in a second organism.


palmatine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of palmatine, a berberine alkaloid found in many plants.


pinosylvin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trans-cinnamoyl-CoA + 3 H+ + 3 malonyl-CoA = 4 CO2 + 4 CoA + pinosylvin.


UAU codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UAU codon.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate = ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysine.


labrum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of labrum are generated and organized.


NADH kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NADH = ADP + 2 H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-beta-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = GDP + 1,4-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,3)]-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


pyruvate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of pyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


CUU codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUU codon.


trans-Golgi network membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a trans-Golgi network membrane.


latency-replication decision

The process by which a virus switches on its replication cycle in an infected cell.  The process is typically controlled by a genetic swtich controlled by environmental factors such as cell type, cell shape, the availability of nutrients, superinfection or exposure of infected cells to UV or various chemical stimuli.


histone H4R3 arginine deiminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone H4 L-arginyl (position 3)= histone H4 L-citrullyl (position 3) + NH4+, resulting in histone H4 citrullination at position 3.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor, dinitrogen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which reduced flavodoxin acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen.


modification of synaptic structure, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission via modification of the structure of the synapse.


galactoglucomannan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactoglucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) decorated with a mixture of D-glucose and D-galactose side-units.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-alkylaminopurine + UDP-D-glucose = 6-alkylamino-9-beta-D-glucosylpurine + H+ + UDP. This reaction is an N-glucosylation event.


peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine

The modification of protein tyrosine to peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-dihydroxyphenylalanine.


halogenated hydrocarbon catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of halogenated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.


thermosensory behavior

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.


filamentous growth MAPK cascade

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The MAPK cascade which is activated as a result of partial nutrient deprivation and which results in filamentous growth.


cellular response to bisphenol A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bisphenol A stimulus.


polyprenol reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP + a ditrans,polycis-dolichol = NADPH + H+ + a di-trans, poly-cis-polyprenol.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in (1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranans.


natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.


post-embryonic body morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic soma are generated and organized.


gibberellin A28,oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A28 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> (2betaOH)-gibberellin28 + succinate + carbon dioxide.


benzene 1,2-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzene + H+ + NADH + O2 = cis-cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol + NAD+.


gamma-aminobutyric acid:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + H+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + H+(in).


isopropanol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + propan-2-ol = acetone + H+ + NADPH.


endonucleolytic cleavage in ITS1 upstream of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage within Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) upstream of the 5.8S rRNA derived from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. In S. cerevisiae, this endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS1 initiates the maturation of the LSU and the 5.8S rRNAs.


Catalysis of the reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-methyl-5-thioadenosine + 2-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2].


negative regulation of T cell tolerance induction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.


anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(11,12-epoxy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].


regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha,26-tetraol + NAD+ = 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-al + NADH.


asparagusate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-mercapto-2-mercaptomethylpropanoate + NAD+ = asparagusate + H+ + NADH.


peptide stabilization

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide and preventing it from being degraded.


single-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The error-free repair of a single-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.


(22S)-22-hydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one C-23 hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + (22S)-22-hydroxycampest-4-en-3-one + NADPH + O2 <=> (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one + NADP + H2O.


perturbation of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts a calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


Kdo2-lipid A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving Kdo2-lipid A, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component.


RNA uridine deletion

The modification of an RNA molecule by removal of a uridine nucleotide.


lipoamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group.


racemase and epimerase activity, acting on hydroxy acids and derivatives

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a hydroxy acid molecule.


6-hydroxy pseudo-oxynicotine monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + O2 = 2 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine.


ferritin receptor activity

Combining with ferritin, and delivering ferritin into the cell via endocytosis.


UDP-glucose: 6-methylthiohexylhydroximate S-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + 6-methylthiohexylhydroximate <=> H+ + 5-methylthiopentyldesulfoglucosinolate + UDP(3-).


pachytene

The cell cycle phase which follows zygotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome.


sesquarterpene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquarterpene.


adenosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenosine = ADP + AMP.


Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphate + long-chain-polyphosphate = dolichol-phosphate + long-chain-polyphosphate.


positive regulation of plant organ morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plant organ morphogenesis.


xanthine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.


lipoate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lipoate from one side of a membrane to the other.


glycuronidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucuronosides, yielding free glucuronic acid.


GTP-dependent polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 5'-dephosphopolynucleotide = GDP + 5'-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.


regulation of histamine uptake

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter histamine into a cell.


cortisol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cortisol + NADP <=> cortisone + NADPH + H+.


catabolite repression

A process in which the presence of one nutrient source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of processes involved in the metabolism of other nutrient sources.


sensory perception of electrical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


trochlear nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the trochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.


inositol heptakisphosphate 4-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 4,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,6)tetrakisphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + D-methylmalonyl-CoA = oxaloacetic acid + propionyl-CoA.


positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.


insect visual primordium formation

Establishment of the optic lobe placode. In Drosophila, for example, the placode appears in the dorsolateral region of the head in late stage 11 embryos and is the precursor to the larval visual system.


Catalysis of the reaction: (indol-3-yl)acetate + UDP-D-glucose = 1-O-(indol-3-ylacetyl)-beta-D-glucose + UDP.


malonyl-CoA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.


negative regulation of natural killer cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.


envenomation resulting in positive regulation of signal transduction in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of signal transduction in the bitten organism.


metanephric interstitial fibroblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate.


suppression by virus of host autophagy

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.


rRNA modification guide activity

Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.


oocyte fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


3' overhang single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within 3' overhang single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD+ = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+.


positive regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP.


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteine persulfido-bis-L-glutamato-L-histidino tetrairon

The incorporation of iron into an iron-sulfur cluster by tris-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteine persulfido-bis-L-glutamato-L-histidino tetrairon.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.


Catalysis of the reaction: hydroquinone + UDP-D-glucose = H+ + hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP.


pteridine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine + O2 = 2-amino-4,7-dihydroxypteridine + unknown.


negative regulation of mast cell differentiation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


NAD(P)H nitroreductase activity

Catalysis of the conversion of a nitrate group to an amino or hydroxylamino group on toluene or a toluene derivative.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-independent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase) = AMP + diphosphate + (methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase).


The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


indole phytoalexin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.


Catalysis of the reaction: (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + cyclohexanone.


L-isoleucine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


regulation of meiotic chromosome separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.


suppression by virus of host complement activation

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. The activation of complement involves the sequential proteolysis of proteins to generate enzymes with catalytic activities. The biological functions of the complement include opsonization, inflammation, lysis of immune complexes, or enhancement of the humoral immune response. For example, the virus complement control protein (VCP) of vaccinia virus, and the complement control protein of herpesvirus inhibit C3 convertase.


leucocyanidin oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = cis- or trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O.


polymeric immunoglobulin receptor activity

Combining with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


chrysobactin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine) from one side of a membrane to the other.


dibenzothiophene dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dibenzothiophene + NADH + O2 + H+ = NAD+ + cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene.


nicotianamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotianamine, 2(S),3'2(S),3''(S)-N-(N-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.


regulation of macrophage migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.


3-chlorotoluene monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 3-chlorotoluene + NADH + O2 <=> 3-chlorobenzyl alcohol + NAD + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate + H2O + H+ = 2,5-dioxopentanoate + NH4.


gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glutamate + reduced vitamin K + CO2 + O2 = peptidyl-gamma-carboxyglutamate + vitamin K epoxide.


peptidyl-arginine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-arginine to form omega-N-phospho-L-arginine.


positive regulation of cardiac conduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.


viral translation

A process by which viral mRNA is translated into viral protein, using the host cellular machinery.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + oligosaccharide-diphosphodolichol = dolichol-phosphate + oligosaccharide phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4 H+ + 15-cis-4,4'-diapophytoene + 4 FAD = 4,4'-diapolycopene + 4 FADH2. This reaction consists of three successive dehydrogenations that lead to the introduction of three double bonds into 4,4'-diapophytoene (dehydrosqualene), with 4,4'-diapophytofluene, 4,4'-diapo-zeta-carotene and 4,4'-diapolycopene as intermediates, and 4,4'-diapolycopene as the end product.


positive regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms.


hydrogen selenide methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + hydrogen selenide => S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methaneselenol.


instrumental aggressive behavior

Aggressive behavior directed towards obtaining some goal, considered to be a learned response to a situation.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithinium(1+) = N(5)-acetyl-L-ornithine.


selenodiglutathione-disulfide reductase (NADP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + selenodiglutathione + NADPH = gluthathioselenol + glutathione + NADP+.


oxalomalate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxalomalate = glyoxylate + oxaloacetate.


rhamnose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of rhamnose from one side of a membrane to the other. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids.


positive regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.


negative regulation of haustorium mother cell formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium mother cell formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


bacterial-type EF-P lysine modification

The modification of a lysine residue in a protein to produce (2S)-2-amino-6-([(3S)-3,6-diaminohexanoyl]amino)hexanoic acid, and the subsequent hydroxylation of the modified lysine residue. This modification is observed in, and is probably unique to, the prokaryotic translation elongation factor P (EF-P).


2-oxoglutaryl-CoA thioesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutaryl-CoA + OH- = 2-oxoglutarate + CoASH.


iridophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an iridophore. Iridophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain guanidine or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. This gives them a silver, gold, or iridescent appearance.


2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminophenol + O2 = 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde.


beta-glucanase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of linkages in beta-D-glucans; beta-glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked by beta-glycosidic bonds.


carboxylate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + acceptor + H2O = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor.


coenzyme F420-dependent 2,4-dinitrophenol reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dinitrophenol + H- = 2,4-dinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex. Coenzyme F420 supplies the hydride (H-) in the reaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-methoxy-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavone.


G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity

Combining with glutamate and transmitting a signal from one side of the membrane to the other by activating an associated G-protein, initiating a change in cell activity.


protein localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the membrane adjacent to a postsynaptic specialization (e.g. post synaptic density).


Catalysis of the reaction: amidinoproclavaminate + H2O = proclavaminate + urea.


delta-tocopherol cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone = delta-tocopherol.


negative regulation of R8 cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of R8 cell differentiation.


N-succinylarginine dihydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H2O + 2 H+ = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO2 + 2 NH4.


negative regulation of larval somatic muscle development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of larval somatic muscle development.


hexokinase-dependent signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and dependent on the detection of hexokinase.


acyl deglucuronidation

The removal of glucuronic acid from an acyl-glucuronide.


p-hydroxyphenyl lignin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin.


ventricular cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to ventricular cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells of the ventricle. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.


positive regulation of seed maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of seed maturation.


kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to an kainate-selective glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


detection of increased carbon dioxide by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body.


cysteine-S-conjugate N-malonyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA(5-) + an L-cysteine-S-conjugate <=> coenzyme A + H+ + an N-malonyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate.


multicellular organismal locomotion

Locomotion in a multicellular organism, i.e. self-propelled movement of a multicellular organism from one location to another.


biofilm formation

A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


zinc chaperone activity

Binding to and delivering zinc ions to a target protein.


sequestering of TGFbeta from receptor via TGFbeta binding

Binding to a transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) protein in the extracellular region, and inhibiting TGFbeta signaling by preventing TGFbeta from binding to its cell surface receptor.


accessory nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the accessory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve.


dATP biosynthetic process from ADP

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including ADP, adenosine diphosphate.


regulation of arabinoxylan-containing compound catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of arabinoxylan-containing compound catabolic process.


negative regulation of embryonic skeletal joint development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic skeletal joint development.


glutamate catabolic process to succinate via succinate semialdehyde

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into succinate, that includes the conversion of 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde by the pyruvate-dependent gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) transaminase.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H+ + phosphate.


tRNA modification guide activity

Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in a tRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.


larval central nervous system remodeling

Reorganization of the pre-existing, functional larval central nervous system into one that can serve the novel behavioral needs of the adult. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


glycerol biosynthetic process from pyruvate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, from other compounds, including pyruvate.


vomilenine reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydrovomilenine + NADP+ = H+ + NADPH + vomilenine.


tRNA demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more positions within a tRNA molecule.


very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + NADP+ = a very-long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + H+ + NADPH.


positive regulation of maltopentaose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltopentaose transport.


mixed acid fermentation

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into ethanol, lactate, formate, succinate, and acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


pyridoxamine binding

Binding to pyridoxamine, 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, a form of vitamin B6.


mannitol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


mitochondrial valyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


beta-alanyl-CoA ammonia-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-alanyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + NH3.


tolerance induction in urogenital tract

Tolerance induction taking place in the urogenital tract.


positive regulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl + N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminonbiphenyl = N-acetoxy-4-aminobiphenyl + N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl.


cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process involved in lateral root development

Any cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process that is involved in lateral root development.


pre-replicative complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication.


beta-pyrazolylalanine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O-acetyl-L-serine + pyrazole = 3-(pyrazol-1-yl)-L-alanine + acetate + H+.


cyclic threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


cellular response to cortisol stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.


monoterpenoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.


maintenance of epithelial integrity, open tracheal system

Ensuring that tracheal tubes in an open tracheal system maintain their epithelial structure during the cell shape changes and movements that occur during the branching process.


(22S)-22-hydroxy-campesterol C-23 hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + (22S)-22-hydroxycampesterol + NADPH + O2 <=> (22R,23R)-22,23-dihydroxycampesterol + NADP + H2O.


biotin-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + biotinyl-CoA.


detection of renal blood flow

The process in which the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys receive information about the amount of blood flowing through the arterioles and converts the information to a molecular signal.


mucilage pectin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pectin component of mucilage.


intratendonous ossification

Ossification wherein bone tissue forms within tendonous tissue.


NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD+ and B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred) with respect to NADP+.


mesonephric proximal tubule development

The progression of the mesonephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule.


scyllo-inosamine 4-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol + ATP = 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


8-oxo-dGDP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-dGDP + H2O = 8-oxo-dGMP + phosphate.


ganglion formation

The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


phosphoarginine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphoarginine, a phosphorylated derivative of the amino acid arginine.


regulation of extrathymic T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrathymic T cell differentiation.


trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase (cytochrome c) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trimethylamine + 2 (ferricytochrome c)-subunit + H2O = trimethylamine-N-oxide + 2 (ferrocytochrome c)-subunit + 2 H+.


betulin dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: betulin + NADPH(4-) + H+ + O2 <=> betulinic aldehyde + NADP(3-) + 2 H2O.


negative regulation of cellular process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.


negative regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP by DIF-1

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-1. DIF-1 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell.


fusion cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a fusion cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. Fusion cells allow the interconnection of adjacent tracheal metameres during tracheal tube fusion.


Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell wall biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cell wall of the type found in Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall is the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane.


metanephric DCT cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a metanephric distal convoluted tubule cell.


cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: (indol-3-yl)acetate + L-lysine + ATP = N(6)-[(indole-3-yl)acetyl]-L-lysine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


positive regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation.


inferior endocardial cushion morphogenesis

The developmental process by which an inferior endocardial cushion is generated and organized.


mitotic interphase

The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when mitotic prophase begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs.


D-alanine-D-alanine ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


amniotic stem cell differentiation

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amniotic stem cell. An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymal stem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue types such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone.


neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a neuron in response to hydrogen peroxide.


histone H2AK15 ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin molecule to histone 2A at the lysine-15 residue.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(4-) + beta-D-galactoside + H2O <=> ADP(3-) + hydrogenphosphate + beta-D-galactoside + H+.


P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in), that contributes to regulating the membrane potential of a cardiac muscle cell.


anthranilate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate + L-glutamine = anthranilate + pyruvate + L-glutamate.


sulfoquinovosidase activity

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing alpha-sulfoquinovoside residues in alpha-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerides and alpha-sulfoquinovosyl glycerol, generating alpha-sulfoquinovose.


response to absence of light

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9-phenanthrol + glucose = 9-phenanthryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside + H2O.


FMN transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of flavine mononucleotide (FMN) from one side of a membrane to the other.


cranial ganglion structural organization

The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.


Catalysis of the transfer of the non-reducing terminal alpha-D-glucose residue from a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to the 4-position of an alpha-D-glucan, thus bringing about the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides.


cell-cell signaling involved in amphid sensory organ development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of an amphid sensory organ over time, from its formation to the mature state.


Catalysis of the reaction: daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside + H2O <=> daidzein + beta-D-glucose.


thiocyanate methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: thiocyanate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> methyl thiocyanate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the cardiac muscle tissue.


negative regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.


aldaric acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.


root regeneration

The the regeneration process by which a damaged or lost root regrows or re-differentiates. This process may occur via de-differentiation and subsequent reprogramming of somatic cells or activation of existing undifferentiated (meristematic) cells to form a new root meristem and subsequently new root.


establishment of turgor in appressorium

The process in which hydrostatic pressure is increased within the symbiont appressorium to breach the cuticle of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


lipoprotein oxidation

The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids or the lipid group.


2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-oxoaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = a 2-oxo acid + NADPH + H+.


seed dehydration

The seed development process whose outcome is the drying of a maturing seed.


long-day photoperiodism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a day length that exceeds a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species. Although the term long-day is used, most species actually respond to the duration of the night, so that the response will occur when a period of darkness falls short of the number of hours defined by 24 hours minus the critical day length.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylbenzalpyruvate + H2O = pyruvate + 4-hydroxymethylsalicylaldehyde.


respiratory burst at fertilization

The phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs at fertilization. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Capacitation, a necessary prerequisite event to successful fertilization, can be induced by reactive oxygen species in vitro; hydrogen peroxide is used as an extracellular oxidant to cross-link the protective surface envelopes.


regulation of mitotic sister chromatid arm separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid arm separation.


cell-cell signaling involved in placenta development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a beta-D-galactoside = CoA + a 6-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside.


extracellular sequestering of copper ion

The process of binding or confining copper ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


discadenine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving discadenine, (2S)-2-amino-4-{6-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)amino]-3H-purin-3-yl}butanoic acid.


interleukin-20 production

The appearance of interleukin-20 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


peroxidase-heme linkage via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester

The covalent linkage of heme to peroxidase via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester.


photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II

A photosynthetic electron transport chain in which electrons move from the primary electron acceptor (Quinone, Q) through a chain of electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane until they reach the ultimate electron acceptor of Photosystem II, which is plastocyanin (PC). The electron is then passed to the P700 chlorophyll a molecules of the reaction centre of photosystem I.


plant-type cell wall organization or biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellulose- and pectin-containing cell wall.


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by modulation of calcium ion sensitivity of myofibril

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing calcium ion binding affinity of the myofibril.


cellular response to polycyclic arene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a polycyclic arene stimulus.


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl triiron tetrasulfide.


glucose mediated signaling pathway

The process in which a change in the level of mono- and disaccharide glucose trigger the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = ubiquinol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA(4-).


protein catabolic process at synapse

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a synapse.


copper incorporation into copper-sulfur cluster via heptakis-L-histidino tetracopper mu4-sulfide hydroxide

The incorporation of copper into a 4Cu-S copper-sulfur cluster via heptakis-L-histidino tetracopper mu4-sulfide hydroxide.


Catalysis of the reaction L-phenylalanine + oxaloacetate = phenylpyruvate + aspartate.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-amino acid + H+ = R-H + CO2.


cardiac glial cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to cardiac glial cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac glial cells.


iodide channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a iodide (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


cellular response to sulfur dioxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulus.


GMP catabolic process to guanine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including guanine.


negative regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.


1-methylguanosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-methylguanosine.


regulation of response to propan-1-ol

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to propan-1-ol.


ABC-type L-arabinose transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + L-arabinose(out) -> ADP + phosphate + L-arabinose(in).


regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of outer hair cell apoptotic process.


cholate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: (1) ATP + cholate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + choloyl-CoA and (2) ATP + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA.


3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


lactosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.


peptidyl-lysine desuccinylation

The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.


oxalate oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H+ + O2 + oxalate = 2 CO2 + H2O2.


dimethylsulfoxide oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dimethyl sulfoxide + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> sulfonyldimethane + H2O + NADP.


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine stimulus.


Met1-linked polyubiquitin deubiquitinase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ubiquitin units from Met1-linked (or linear) polyubiquitin chains.


cellular response to carbendazim

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbendazim stimulus.


sensory organ precursor cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a sensory organ precursor cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


steviolbioside glucosyltransferase activity (stevioside forming)

Catalysis of the reaction: steviolbioside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = stevioside + UDP + H+.


endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin

The binding of an endothelial cell to the extracellular matrix via fibronectin.


sporocarp development involved in asexual reproduction

The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.


negative regulation of oogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


glial cell activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


methyl ethyl ketone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl ethyl ketone, a clear, colorless liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor. It is used as a solvent and in making plastics, textiles and paints.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydrostreptomycin 6-phosphate = ADP + dihydrostreptomycin 3'alpha,6-bisphosphate + 2 H+.


negative regulation of leaf senescence

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leaf senescence.


response to plumbagin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a plumbagin stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + succinyl-CoA = O-succinyl-L-homoserine + CoA.


granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

The appearance of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


iprodione amidohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: iprodione + OH- = 3,5-dichlorophenylcarboximide + N-isopropylcarbamate.


G-quadruplex DNA unwinding

The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'.


visually-mediated background adaptation

Any process in which an organism changes its pigmentation (lightening in response to a brighter environment or darkening in response to a dimmer environment) in response to a change in light intensity detected by melanopsin-expressing eye cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: syringetin(1-) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3,3',5'-trimethylmyricetin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


ergosterol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + ergosterol = CoA + ergosterol ester.


Catalysis of the reaction:a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + CoA.


luteolin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving luteolin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one.


regulation of vegetative meristem growth

Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a vegetative meristem.


gut granule assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a gut granule.


neuroblast division in pallium

The division of neuroblasts in the pallium. Neuroblasts are precursor cells that give rise to neurons.


specification of mesonephric connecting tubule identity

The process in which the connecting tubule of the mesonephric nephron acquires its identity.


chemoattraction involved in precerebellar neuron migration

The creation and reception of signals that guide a precerebellar neuron towards their signals, where this process is involved in tangential migration.


regulation of apical constriction involved in ventral furrow formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical constriction involved in ventral furrow formation.


metanephric proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S2 portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S2 portion of the metanephric proximal tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride.


NADPHX epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADPHX = (S)-NADPHX.


post-embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis

The process, occurring during the post-embryonic phase, by which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


acetoacetic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetoacetic acid, 3-oxobutanoic acid; the empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH.


hopanoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hopanoids, pentacyclic sterol-like compounds based on the hopane nucleus.


o-succinylbenzoate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.


larval visceral muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


(1->4)-beta-D-galactan binding

Binding to (1->4)-beta-D-galactan.


dihydrofolate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.


perturbation by symbiont of host cytoskeleton

The process in which an organism effects a change that impairs the structure or function of the host cytoskeleton. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


cellular response to singlet oxygen

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst.


pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 6-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole.


mono-olein transacylation activity

Catalysis of the reaction: mono-olein + mono-olein = diolein + glycerol. Mono-olein, also known as mono-oleoylglycerol, is the monoglyceride formed from oleic acid, 9-octodecenoic acid; diolein is also known as dioleoylglycerol.


positive regulation of platelet rolling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of platelet rolling.


homocysteine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homocysteine, 2-amino-4-sulfanylbutanoic acid.


amphisome-lysosome fusion

The process in which amphisomes fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the amphisome.


protein processing in phagocytic vesicle

Protein processing that takes place in the phagosome. Most protein processing in the phagosome represents protein degradation.


Catalyzes the reaction: (1'S,5'S)-hydroxyaverantin + NAD+ <=> 5'-oxoaverantin + NADH.


laminaribiose binding

Binding to laminaribiose, a disaccharide.


lithocholic acid binding

Binding to lithocholic acid.


vulval cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a nematode vulval cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed adult vulva, which is the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes.


positive regulation of response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.


negative regulation of erythrophore differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrophore differentiation.


negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.


GPCR bitter taste receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is responsible for the sense of bitter taste.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3 H+ + 15-cis-4,4'-diapophytoene + 4 FAD = 4,4'-diapolycopene + 3 FADH2. This reaction consists of three successive dehydrogenations that lead to the introduction of three double bonds into 4,4'-diapophytoene (dehydrosqualene), with 4,4'-diapophytofluene and 4,4'-diapo-zeta-carotene as intermediates, and 4,4'-diaponeurosporene (the major deep-yellow pigment in staphylococci strains) as the end product.


urokinase plasminogen activator receptor activity

Combining with the urokinase plasminogen activator to initiate a change in cell activity.


alpha-agarase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,3-alpha-L-galactosidic linkages in agarose, yielding agarotetraose as the major product.


cap-dependent translational initiation

The process where the cap structure, composed of a 7- methylguanosine (m7G) group and associated cap-binding proteins, located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule, which serves as a molecular tag that marks the spot where the 40S ribosomal subunit, is recruited and will then scan in a 5' to 3' direction until an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + H+(out) = proline(in) + H+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: uridine(out) + H+(out) = uridine(in) + H+(in).


glucosinolate biosynthetic process from homomethionine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates from other compounds including homomethionine.


cotranscriptional mitochondrial rRNA nucleotide insertion

The insertion of one or two non-coded nucleotides during the transcription of a mitochondrial rRNA. Such additions are known to occur in myxomycetes such as Physarum, Didymium, and Stemonitis.


dehydroaustinol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dehydroaustinol.


positive regulation of heart rate by circulating norepinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.


diguanylate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 GTP = cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate + 2 diphosphate + 2 H+.


epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.


positive regulation of lung blood pressure

The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the lungs.


L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate synthase

Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + ATP + bicarbonate = L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + diphosphate + H2O.


histone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a histone protein by individual cells.


orcinol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol), an aromatic compound derived from the fermentation of lichen and synthesized by some higher plants.


regulation of timing of exogen

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of timing of exogen, the shedding phase of the hair cycle.


2,5-dihydroxypyridine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,5-dihydroxypyridine.


regulation of (1->3)-alpha-glucan metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-alpha-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.


mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in lung development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung.


forward locomotion

Anterior movement of an organism, following the direction of the head of the animal.


afferent axon development in lateral line nerve

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an afferent axon in a lateral line nerve over time from its formation to the mature structure. This process includes axonogenesis and pathfinding of the afferent axons in any lateral line nerve.


'de novo' GMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) through an inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) intermediate.


metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation involved in metanephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells in the metanephros, resulting in the expansion of the population.


structural constituent of chitin-based cuticle

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a chitin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


chlorophyll cycle

A cyclic series of interconversions involving chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and several chlorophyllide intermediates.


Catalysis of the reaction: a 3beta-hydroxysteroid-4alpha-carboxylate + NAD+ = a 3-oxosteroid + CO2 + NADH.


lung basal cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature basal cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. A basal cell is an epithelial stem cell.


minus-end specific microtubule depolymerization

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from the minus end of a microtubule.


decarboxylation-driven active transmembrane transporter activity

Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane driven by decarboxylation of a cytoplasmic substrate. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.


sulfuretin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butein 4'-beta-D-glucoside + O2 + 2 H+ = sulfuretin 6-glucoside + 2 H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-4,5-dicarboxylate + H+ = phenanthrene-4-carboxylate + CO2.


aromatic amino acid:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: aromatic amino acid(out) + H+(out) = aromatic amino acid(in) + H+(in).


envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of complement activation via the alternative pathway in the bitten/stung organism.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


ATP-dependent activity

A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.


interleukin-23 production

The appearance of interleukin-23 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


pyloric antrum smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within gastric smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the widest part of the pylorus that is continuous with the body of the stomach.


regulation of establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape.


(S)-norcoclaurine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol + 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde = (S)-norcoclaurine + H2O.


saponin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) group is a terpene or steroid and the sugar group is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection.


aspyridone B metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspyridone B.


carbon-oxygen lyase activity, acting on polysaccharides

Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by the elimination of an alcohol from a polysaccharide.


provirus excision

The molecular events that lead to the excision of a viral genome from the host genome.


cellular response to butyrate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a butyrate stimulus.


specification of mesonephric proximal tubule identity

The process in which the proximal tubule of the mesonephric nephron acquires its identity.


Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-D-glucuronic acid to N-acetyllactosamine (galactosyl beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine).


regulation of oogonium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogonium development, a process that leads to the formation of a female gametangium of oomycetes, containing one or more gametes.


positive regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.


microtubule anchoring at cell cortex of cell tip

Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location at the cell tip by attachment to the cell cortex.


regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


positive regulation of blood vessel branching

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-3B = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin 4.


pyrene 1,2-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = pyrene-1,2-oxide + H2O.


sensory perception of gravity

The series of events required for an organism to receive a gravitational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


entry of viral genome into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex via importin

Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the viral genome passes through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using the cellular importin transport machinery.


positive regulation of amyloid-beta clearance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.


Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + O2 + thiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA = 5-hydroxythiophene-2-carbonyl-CoA + A + H2O + H+.


pyridoxal metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


viral DNA genome packaging, 3' extended cos packaging

The encapsulation of the viral DNA genome within the capsid, which proceeds via cleavage of the viral DNA at specific sites to produce 3' protruding ends.


detection of reduced oxygen by chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.


acid-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylate + CoA + GTP = acyl-CoA + GDP + H+ + phosphate.


early neuron differentiation in forebrain

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of neurons. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


erythritol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + erythritol = D-erythritol 4-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


biuret amidohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: biuret + H2O = urea + CO2 + NH3.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-arabinose + a flavonol = UDP + a flavonol 3-O-D-arabinoside.


cupric ion binding

Binding to a cupric ion, copper(2+).


positive regulation of endocardial cushion cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocardial cushion cell differentiation.


amine sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + an amine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a sulfamate.


S-glycoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.


response to spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.


positive regulation of octopamine or tyramine signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of octopamine or tyramine signaling pathway.


negative regulation of granulosa cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell apoptotic process.


cellular response to caloric restriction

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a of caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake.


regulation of tyrosinase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme.


glycerol-3-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase [NADP+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dicarbonate + H+ = CO2 + L-lactate.


positive regulation of conidiophore stalk development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of conidiophore stalk development, a process that leads to the formation of a conidiophore stalk. The conidiophore stalk is part of a specialized hypha that extends aerially from the growth substrate and supports structures from which conidia, or asexual spores, develop.


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-sandaracopimaradien-3-beta-ol + NADPH + H+ + O2 <=> oryzalexin E + NADP + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:1-2-16:1-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:1-2-16:2-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


negative regulation of uracil import across plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uracil import across plasma membrane.


d-4,5 unsaturated beta-glucuronyl hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond in an unsaturated saccharide between the unsaturated glucuronyl residue at the nonreducing terminus and the saccharide linked to the residue.


amphid sensory organ development

The progression of the amphid sensory organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes.


regulation of primary metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.


myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an immature myeloid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature myeloid dendritic cell as part of an immune response.


SA node cell-atrial cardiac muscle cell adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate.


adhesion of symbiont to host via host extracellular matrix

The attachment of a symbiont to its host by binding to a component of the host extracellular matrix. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of macromolecule metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


AUG codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUG codon.


thyroid-hormone transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine = 3,5,3'-triiodothyropyruvate + L-glutamate.


nitroalkane oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nitroalkane + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde or ketone + nitrite + H2O2.


metacyclogenesis

The morphological, biochemical and genetic changes that induce the differentiation of non-pathogenic parasites into pathogenic metacyclic parasites in the Trypanosomatidae species. The pathogenic parasites are known as metacyclic trypomastigotes in Trypanosoma and metacyclic promastigotes in Leishmania.


general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process

The set of behavioral processes that occur as part of the general adaptation syndrome, the response of the body to a strong, stressful stimulus.


3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid -> 2-methoxy-6-decaprenylphenol + CO2.


2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA 2-C-propanoyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA + CoASH = pivalyl-CoA + propanoyl-CoA.


cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.


hercynylselenocysteine synthase

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-selenocysteine + 2 hercynine + O2 = 2 H2O + 2 hercynylselenocysteine.


trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, mediated by transynaptic protein complexes, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


Wnt receptor recycling

The process that results in the return of a Wnt receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a Wnt signal. Internalized Wnt receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.


ursodeoxycholate 7-beta-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + ursodeoxycholate = 7-oxolithocholate + H+ + NADH.


acrylonitrile metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acrylonitrile, a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent odor. Acrylonitrile is used in the production of acrylic fibers, plastics, and synthetic rubbers.


peptidyl-cysteine deglycation

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a cysteine residue of a glycated protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-cinnamate + UDP-D-glucose = 1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose + UDP.


regulation of cell wall pectin metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall pectin metabolic process.


serotonin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


3-hydroxykynureninase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-3-hydroxykynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyldiphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol.


ascus development

The process that leads to the development of ascus, a sac-like structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed.


B cell antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a B cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the basilar pons

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the cerebral peduncle through the basilar pons in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-beta-L-galactose + alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + beta-L-galactose-1-phosphate.


polyterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units.


kynureninase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine.


procambium histogenesis

The formation of the primary meristem or meristematic tissue that gives rise to the primary vascular tissue.


Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate = alpha-D-ribose 1,2-cyclic phosphate 5-phosphate + methane.


protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-galactitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + galactitol(out) = protein histidine + galactitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


histone modifying activity

A catalytic activity that acts on a histone protein. Reversible histone modifications contribute to regulation of gene expression.


monensin A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monensin A.


regulation of vasoconstriction by epinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


tyrosine N-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tyrosine + O2 + NADPH + H+ = N-hydroxytyrosine + NADP+ + H2O.


menthol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving menthol, the monoterpene 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol.


siroheme biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

Combining with a brain-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


anti-Mullerian hormone receptor activity

Combining with anti-Mullerian hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


viral DNA genome packaging

The packing of viral DNA into a capsid.


monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

The appearance of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of cellular response to iron ion starvation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to iron ion starvation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4alpha-hydroxymethyl,4beta,14alpha-dimethyl-9beta,19-cyclo-5alpha-cholest-24-en-3beta-ol + NADH(2-) + O2 + H+ <=> 4alpha-formyl,4beta,14alpha-dimethyl-9beta,19-cyclo-5alpha-cholest-24-en-3beta-ol + NAD(1-) + 2 H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate + NAD+ + 2 H2O = 2-aminoadipate + NADH + H+. Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate is also known as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate.


positive regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport.


sperm motility

Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.


colneleate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 9(S)-HPODE <=> colneleate + H2O.


positive regulation of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second.


geranyl-diphosphate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (2S)-bornyl diphosphate.


RNA-protein covalent cross-linking

The formation of a covalent cross-link between RNA and a protein.


negative regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat.


dehydroscoulerine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-scoulerine + O2 = dehydroscoulerine + hydrogen peroxide + H+.


modulation by symbiont of host response to abiotic stimulus

Any process in which an organism modulates a change in the state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane

Fusion of a virus membrane with a host endosome membrane. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the virus contents into the cell.


pectin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.


leukocyte chemotaxis involved in immune response

The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.


glycol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


positive regulation of microglial cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.


Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine = tRNA 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine + guanine.


response to gemcitabine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gemcitabine stimulus. Gemcitabine is a 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position, and is used as a drug in the treatment of various carcinomas.


lactone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactone.


disruption of host extracellular matrix

The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an symbiont resulting in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix of its host.


NADH peroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O2 + NADH + H+ = 2 H2O + NAD+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-heptyl-4-quinolone + NADH + O2 + H+ <=> 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone + NAD + H2O.


fungal-type cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in fungal cell walls.


perturbation of host signal transduction pathway

A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts a signal transduction pathway in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. GM-CSF binds to a heterodimer receptor (CSF2R) consisting of an alpha ligand-binding subunit, and a common beta subunit that is shared with other cytokine receptors.


peptidyl-lysine propionylation

The propionylation of peptidyl-lysine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5 H+ + NADH + a menaquinone <=> 4 H+ + NAD + a menaquinol.


cellular response to anisomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.


cocaine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cocaine, an alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca. It is a cerebral stimulant and narcotic.


formation of arbuscule for nutrient acquisition

The assembly of an arbuscule, a fine, tree-like hyphal symbiont structure projected into the host cell for the purpose of obtaining nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelate = succinate semialdehyde + pyruvate.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

A canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in the frequency, or rate of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


8-oxoguanine deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine + H2O <=> 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione + ammonium.


gluconate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.


Kdo2-lipid A biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of Kdo2-lipid A, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component.


compound eye cone cell fate commitment

The process in which the cone cells of the compound eye, the lens-secreting cells in the ommatidia, adopt pathways of differentiation that lead to the establishment of their distinct cell type.


regulation of root meristem growth

Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a root meristem.


Catalysis of the reaction: 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dihydromacarpine + H+.


vasodilation in another organism

A process by which an organism causes vasodilation of blood vessels, usually causing a reduction in blood pressure, in another organism.


acetaldehyde biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.


all-trans undecaprenol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol + all-trans-undecaprenyl phosphate + ADP + H+.


arabitol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


skeletal muscle satellite cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a skeletal muscle satellite cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


inositol heptakisphosphate 6-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 5,6-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,4)tetrakisphosphate.


butanal dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butanal + CoA + NAD(P)+ = butanoyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+.


isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: A + H2O + isoquinoline = AH(2) + isoquinolin-1(2H)-one.


intracellular polyamine homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of polyamine within a cell.


rhamnose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.


proton motive force-driven motor activity

A motor activity driven by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force). PMF-driven motors are used by bacterial flagella.


sleep homeostasis

A homeostatic process in which the drive for sleep increases sleep propensity with prolonged wakefulness.


maintenance of root meristem identity

The process in which an organism retains a population of root meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.


vulval cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a nematode vulval cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed adult vulva, which is the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes.


ABC-type azole transporter activity

Enables the transfer of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + azole(in) = ADP + phosphate + azole(out).


corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the cerebral cortex

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from its cell body in layer V through the cerebral cortex in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


regulation of muscle filament sliding speed involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction.


L-amino-acid dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an L-amino acid + H2O + NAD+ = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylitol + NADP+ = D-xylose + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: N1-aminopropylagmatine + H2O = spermidine + urea.


negative regulation of autophagosome size

Any process that reduces autophagosome size.


peptide antigen stabilization

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide antigen and preventing it from being degraded.


embryo development ending in seed dormancy

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


ferric triacetylfusarinine C transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ferric triacetylfusarinine C from one side of a membrane to the other.


cell wall repair

A process of cell wall organization that results in the restoration of the cell wall following damage.


Catalysis of the reaction: (E)-nerolidol + NADPH + O2 = (3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene + NADP+ + 2 H2O. It is unknown whether this reaction proceeds by the direct release of the 4-carbon compound but-1-en-3-one, or whether the substrate is first degraded to C11-geranylacetone and then cleaved to produce (3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT) and acetone.


nuclear cortisol receptor activity

Combining with cortisol and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.