decidua capsularis

The layer of uterine endometrium overlying the implanted chorionic vesicle and facing the uterine cavity.


Left Main Coronary Artery Bifurcation

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The portion of the distal end of the left main coronary artery that branches into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery.


Structure of diaphragmatic lymph node

Lymph node located adjacent to the diaphragm.


male urethra

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system.


Metacarpal 1 Base

The proximal end of the first metacarpal bone.


Respiratory System Part

Any component of the organs involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen including the trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, lungs, and alveoli.


Extra-Abdominal Lymph Node

A lymph node outside the abdominal cavity.


urinary bladder muscularis mucosa

A thin layer of smooth muscle within the bladder lamina propria.


Cardiophrenic angle lymph node

A lymph node located in the angle between the heart and diaphragm.


Calf Muscular Vein

Any of the superficial veins located within the muscles of the posterior lower leg, including the gastrocnemial and soleal veins.


Retrocrural lymph node

A lymph node located within the most inferior portion of the posterior mediastinum. (NCI)


Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1

A condyloid synovial joint within the first digit of the hand connecting the metacarpal to the proximal phalanx.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Levels II-IV

A grouping of lymph nodes comprising neck lymph node boundary levels II-IV.


Capitate-Hamate Joint

The articulation of the capitate and hamate bones in the wrist.


epiglottic cartilage

The most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing.


regional part of brain

Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.


organ

Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].


Cells

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The smallest units of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.


Nerve Tissue and Nerve Sheaths

Tissues that contain neurons and supporting cells that form the covers encircling nerves, nerve fibers, and axons.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Levels I-IV

A grouping of lymph nodes comprising neck lymph node boundary levels I-IV.


Sinus - general anatomical term

A recess, cavity, or channel.


Draining Lymph Node

The lymph node or group of lymph nodes that drain a particular anatomic site or organ.


Organ of Special Sense Part

Any component associated with the anatomic structures in the head responsible for special sensations rather than general sensations, including the eyes, ears, nose, and tongue.


decidua parietalis

The part of the decidua in the pregnant human female lining the uterus.


Level I axillary lymph node

Axillary lymph nodes located inferolateral to the pectoralis minor.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 3 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the third digit of the foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


blood vessel internal elastic membrane

A layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Sublevel IA

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for sublevel IA: Superior: symphysis of the mandible; inferior: body of the hyoid; anterior (medial): anterior belly of the contralateral digastric muscle; posterior (lateral): anterior belly of the ipsilateral digastric muscle. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Scaphoid-Trapezium Joint

A condyloid synovial joint within the wrist connecting the scaphoid bone to the trapezium bone.


uterine ligament

Any of the eight ligaments pertaining to the uterus including the anterior, posterior, lateral, sacro-uterine and round ligaments.


Central nervous system part

Any component of the nervous system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.


Ileum Lymph Node

Any lymph node within the ileum.


cerebral hemisphere white matter

White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere.


Superficial Vein of the Hand

Any of the veins carrying deoxygenated blood in the subcutaneous tissue layers of the hand.


Structure of epigastric lymph node

A parietal lymph node located along the inferior epigastric vessels.


nerve fasciculus

A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]; A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed).


Thioctic acid

A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.


(S)-Ethosuximide

The (S)-enantiomer of ethosuximide.


Thiophene

Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.


(R)-carbinoxamine

The (R)- (inactive) enantiomer of carbinoxamine.


ribonucleoside

Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.


tetrahydrofuranone

Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.


methylpyridines

Any member of the class of pyridines that carries at least one methyl substituent.


A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione.


Thiamin acetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is thiamine(1+) which carries an oxo group at position 2.


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate that has R configuration alpha to the carbonyl group and S configuration at the stereocentre bearing the nitrogen.


Tetrahydropyridine

Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.


(R)-paliperidone

A 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one that is the (R)-enantiomer of paliperidone.


(-)-Thalidomide

A 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.


(S)-eperisone

A 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one that has S configuration.


monohydroxypyridine

A hydroxypyridine carrying a single hydroxy substituent.


A pyridinium ion obtained by protonation of both nitrogens of pyridoxamine.


oxanes

Any organic heteromonocyclic compoundthat is oxane or its substituted derivatives.


oxolanes

Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.


Rotoxamine

The (S)- (active) enantiomer of carbinoxamine.


(S)-ranolazine

An N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of ranolazine (the racemate is a drug used for treatment of chronic angina).


(S)-Cycrimine

The (S)-enantiomer of cycrimine.


aminopyridine

Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.


(S)-paliperidone

A 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one that is the (S)-enantiomer of paliperidone.


Monophosphothiamine

An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.


piperidinemonocarboxylic acid

Any member of the class of piperidines in which one of the carbons of the piperidine ring is substituted by a carboxy group.


nucleoside

An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.


(R)-Eperisone

A 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one that has R configuration.


Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


adenosines

Any purine ribonucleoside that is a derivative of adenosine.


The (R)-(+)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside

A deoxyribonucleoside containing a pyrimidine base.


(S)-doxapram

The (S)-enantiomer of doxapram.


The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.


diazoline

A five-membered organic heteromonocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and a double bond.


purine ribonucleoside

A ribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).


(r)-Omeprazole

A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has R configuration at the sulfur atom.


aminopyrimidine

A member of the class of  pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.


Streptonigrin

Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.


pyrimidone

A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.


pyrimidines

Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.


Thiazole

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.


Imidazoline

An imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position.


purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).


Any pyridone that is pyridin-4-one or its derivatives by substitution of one of more of the hydrogens.


nitrofuran antibiotic

A member of the class of furans in which the furan ring is substituted by a nitro group and which also has significant antibiotic properties.


pyrimidine antifungal agent

A member of the class of pyrimidines that has significant antifungal properties.


hydroxypyridone antifungal drug

Any pyridone which is substituted on the nitrogen by a hydroxy group and which has been used as an antifungal drug.


Pyridoxamine hydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. It is the inactive enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.


Fominoben

Any compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.


1,2,5-Thiadiazole substituted at the 3 position by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group and at the 4 position by a morpholin-4-yl group. The (S)-(-) enantiomer, also known as timolol, is a beta-adrenergic antagonist and is used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.


(R)-chlormezanone

The (R)-enantiomer of chlormezanone.


chloropyridine

Compounds containing a pyridine nucleus substituted with one or more chlorine atoms.


pyridinemonocarboxylic acid

A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring.


furans

Compounds containing at least one furan ring.


Pyridoxal hydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxal with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.


Thiamine(1+) aldehyde

A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is thiamine(1+) in which the 2-hydroxyethyl group has been replaced by a 2-oxoethyl group.


(R)-doxapram

The (R)-enantiomer of doxapram.


hydroxymethylpyridine

Any member of the class of  pyridines carrying a hydroxymethyl substituent at unspecified position.


(R)-Ethosuximide

The (R)-enantiomer of ethosuximide.


purine deoxyribonucleoside

A deoxyribonucleoside containing a purine base.


Thiamine hydrochloride dihydrate

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of thiamine hydrochloride.


hydroxypyridine

Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.


Thiamine Hydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.


(+)-Mefloquine

An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.


dihydrofuran

Compounds containing a mono-unsaturated furan ring skeleton.


A pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.


(R)-Zopiclone

The (5R)-enantiomer of zopiclone.


(R)-ranolazine

An N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide that is the (R)-enantiomer of ranolazine (the racemate is a drug used for treatment of chronic angina).


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate that has S configuration alpha to the carbonyl group and R configuration at the stereocentre bearing the nitrogen.


Proline

An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.


purines D-ribonucleoside

A purine ribonucleoside that is a purine derivative attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.


4-Pyridoxic acid

A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.


pyrimidine antifungal drug

Any pyrimidine antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


A member of the class of oxazolidines that is isoxazoldin-3-one which is substituted at position 4 by an amino group.


diazines

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).


prolinols

The class of all compounds which contain a prolinol skeleton.


(R)-Cycrimine

The (R)-enantiomer of cycrimine.


barbiturates

Members of the class of pyrimidones consisting of pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (barbituric acid) and its derivatives. Largest group of the synthetic sedative/hypnotics, sharing a characteristic six-membered ring structure.


Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.


(R)-Amlodipine

The (4R)-enantiomer of amlodipine.


monochloropyridine

A chloropyridine in which only one chlorine is attached to the pyridine ring.


long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester

A fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a long-chain fatty acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


sexual spore wall

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.


spore wall

The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.


asexual spore wall

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in bacterial and fungal species.


ascospore wall

The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.


endospore external encapsulating structure

The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.


nerve of head region

A nerve that is part of a head.


ramus nasalis internus

Distal part of the opthalmicus profundus gives rise to 2 ramules: palatinus and cutaneous.


nerve of tympanic cavity

A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition].


ramulus suprabranchialis anterior

Ramulus that innervates the suprabranchial line of neuromasts.


ramus ventral

This ramus leaves the postotic ganglionic complex together with the third branchial ramus of X. This ramule innervates the ventral line of neuromasts.


anteroventral lateral line nerve (AVLLN)

Sensory nerve of the anterior lateral line component. It develops from preotic anteroventral placode. AVLLN innervates lower jaw lines of neuromasts.


deep temporal nerve

The deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the temporalis.


digastric branch of facial nerve

The digastric branch of facial nerve arises close to the stylomastoid foramen, and divides into several filaments, which supply the posterior belly of the Digastricus; one of these filaments joins the glossopharyngeal nerve.


superior laryngeal nerve

The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. It descends, by the side of the pharynx, behind the internal carotid artery, and divides into two branches: external laryngeal nerve internal laryngeal nerve A superior laryngeal nerve palsy changes the pitch of the voice and causes an inability to make explosive sounds. If no recovery is evident three months after the palsy initially presents, the damage is most likely to be permanent. A bilateral palsy presents as a tiring and hoarse voice.


nerve innervating pinna

Any nerve that innervates the pinna.


infra-orbital nerve

A branch of the maxillary nerve that enters the infraorbital canal and innervates the lower eyelid, upper lip, the nasal vestibule, the upper incisors, canines, premolars, upper gums, lower eyelid and conjunctiva, and part of the nose.


zygomaticotemporal nerve

The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit.


vomeronasal nerve

Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ epithelium to the accessory olfactory bulb.


jugal ramule

This ramule innervates the jugal line of neuromasts and is the dorsal branch of the ramus mandibularis externus.


meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

The meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (recurrent branch, nervus spinosus) is a branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies the dura mater.


chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve) that serves the taste buds in the front of the tongue, runs through the middle ear, and carries taste messages to the brain. The chorda tympani is part of one of three cranial nerves that are involved in taste. The taste system involves a complicated feedback loop, with each nerve acting to inhibit the signals of other nerves. The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibers in the tongue. When the chorda tympani is damaged, its inhibitory function is disrupted, leading to less inhibited activity in the other nerves.


ramus superficial ophthalmic

Dorsal branch of ADLLN that innervates supraorbital line of neuromasts.


pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve.


palpebral branch of infra-orbital nerve

A nerve that innervates an eyelid and is a branch of the infra-orbital branch of the maxillary nerve.


ramules cutaneous

Many branches of the maxillary ramus that terminate in the integument of the maxillary region.


ramus muscularis of vagus nerve

Motor nervous branch of the vagus innervating m. subarcualis rectus I.


middle lateral line nerve (MLLN)

Sensory nerve of the posterior lateral line component. It develops from the postotic middle placode. MLLN innervates neuromasts located over the otic capsule and the suprabranchial line of neuromasts.


oral ramule

Medial branch of the ramus mandibularis externus. This ramule innervates the oral and angular lines of neuromasts.


nerve to stylopharyngeus from glossopharyngeal nerve

The stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve is distributed to the Stylopharyngeus.


laryngeus ventralis

A branch of the vagus nerve innervating heart, stomach, and lung muscle.


carotid sinus nerve

A sensory branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) carrying signals from the baroceptors (blood pressure receptors) in the bifurcation of the carotid artery to the nucleus of the solitary tract (nucleus solitarius).


ramus nasalis lateralis

Ramule of ophthalmic nerve (see also ramus nasalis medialis). The first branch of ophthalmic nerve gives rise to two ramules that border the naris and innervate the surrounding tissue.


nerve to stylohyoid from facial nerve

The stylohyoid branch of facial nerve frequently arises in conjunction with the digastric branch; it is long and slender, and enters the Stylohyoideus about its middle.


ramus buccal

Ventral ramus of the ADLLN that innervates the infraorbital line of neuromasts.


lateral pterygoid nerve

A nerve that innervates the lateral pterygoid muscle.


ramule palatinus

Ramules that descends towards the buccal roof and give rise to several short branches that anastomose with palatine ramus of the facial nerve.


great auricular nerve

A nerve arising from the second and third cervical nerves from the cervical plexus and innervating the skin over the parotid gland, the skin of part of the ear, the adjacent portion of the scalp, cheek, and angle of the jaw.


inferior branch of oculomotor nerve

The inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve or the inferior division, the larger, divides into three branches. One passes beneath the optic nerve to the medial rectus. Another, to the inferior rectus. The third and longest runs forward between the inferior recti and lateralis to the inferior oblique. From the last a short thick branch is given off to the lower part of the ciliary ganglion, and forms its short root. All these branches enter the muscles on their ocular surfaces, with the exception of the nerve to the inferior oblique, which enters the muscle at its posterior border.


anterodorsal lateral line nerve (ADLLN)

Sensory nerve of the anterior lateral line component. It develops from the preotic anterodorsal placode. ADLLN branches into two rami innervating orbital lines of neuromasts.


anterior superior alveolar nerve

The anterior superior alveolar branch (anterior superior dental branch), of considerable size, is given off from the maxillary nerve just before its exit from the infraorbital foramen; it descends in a canal in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus, and divides into branches which supply the incisor and canine teeth. It communicates with the middle superior alveolar branch, and gives off a nasal branch, which passes through a minute canal in the lateral wall of the inferior meatus, and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the inferior meatus and the floor of the nasal cavity, communicating with the nasal branches from the sphenopalatine ganglion.


ramus supraotic

Small ramus of the MLLN that innervates neuromasts located at the posterior margin of the otic capsule.


vidian nerve

A nerve that is formed by the junction of the great petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve and continues on to innervate the palate, nose and lacrimal gland.


ramus mandibularis externus

Runs together with motor fibers of the hyomandibular trunk of VII. The mandibularis externus of AVLLN branches into three ramules .


trunk maxillary-mandibularis

Portion of the trigeminal nerve where the maxillary and mandibular rami run together prior to bifurcating.


superior branch of oculomotor nerve

The superior branch of the oculomotor nerve or the superior division, the smaller, passes medialward over the optic nerve. It supplies the Superior rectus and Levator palpebrae superioris.


ramulus suprabranchialis posterior

Ramulus innervating the suprabranchial line of neuromasts.


nasopalatine nerve

A branch of that maxillary nerve that innervates the mucous membrane of the hard palate.


recurrent laryngeal nerve

A branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). It travels within the endoneurium. It is the nerve of the 6th Branchial Arch.


posterior lateral line nerve (PLLN)

Sensory nerve of the posterior lateral line component. It develops from de postotic posterior placode. PLLN innervates the trunk lines of neuromasts.


preopercular ramule

Ventral branch of the ramus mandibularis externus. This ramule have a superior and an inferior division, both innervating the preopercular line of neuromasts.


pterygopalatine nerve

The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube.


mental nerve

Mental nerve is a general somatic afferent (sensory) nerve which provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the premolars. It is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve, which is itself a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The nerve emerges at the mental foramen in the mandibula, and divides beneath the Depressor anguli oris muscle into three branches: one descends to the skin of the chin. two ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. These branches communicate freely with the facial nerve.


ramus auricularis of the vagus nerve

An afferent branch of the vagus nerve.


masseteric nerve

A muscular branch of the mandibular nerve passing to the medial surface of the masseter muscle, which it innervates.


ramus lateral

Ventral division of the trunk of the PLLN, this prominent ramus extends over the lateral trunk and caudal musculature innervating the lateral line of neuromasts.


ramus palatinus

Sensory branch of facial nerve from palatal region.


buccal nerve

The buccal nerve (also called the long buccal nerve) is a nerve in the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (which is itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve) and transmits sensory information from skin over the buccal membrane (in general, the cheek) and from the second and third molar teeth.


maxillary nerve

The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses.


inferior palpebral branch of infra-orbital nerve

A nerve that innervates a lower eyelid and is a branch of the infra-orbital branch of the maxillary nerve.


tympanic nerve

The tympanic nerve (nerve of Jacobson) is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear.


posterior superior alveolar nerve

The posterior superior alveolar branches (posterior superior dental branches) arise from the trunk of the maxillary nerve just before it enters the infraorbital groove; they are generally two in number, but sometimes arise by a single trunk. They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek. They then enter the posterior alveolar canals on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, and, passing from behind forward in the substance of the bone, communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve, and give off branches to the lining membrane of the maxillary sinus and gingival and dental branches to each molar tooth from a superior dental plexus; these branches enter the apical foramina at the roots of the teeth. The posterior superior alveolar nerve innervates the second and third maxillary molars, and two of the three roots of the maxillary first molar (all but the mesiobuccal root). When giving a Posterior Superior Alveolar nerve block, it will anesthetize the mesialbuccal root of the maxillary first molar approximately 72% of the time.


sensory circumventricular organ

A circumventricular organ that is capable of monitoring the levels of substances to the cerebrospinal fluid.


organic oxo compound

Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.


beta-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position beta to the carboxy group.


(R)-Acenocoumarol

The (R)-enantiomer of acenocoumarol.


(-)-trans-Permethrin

trans-Permethrin with configuration 1S,3R.


Elvitegravir

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 7-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substited at position 1 by a 1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl group and at position 6 by a 3-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.


branched-chain fatty acid

Any fatty acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents; a common component in animal and bacterial lipids. The fatty acyl chain is usually saturated and the substituent a methyl group; however, unsaturated BCFAs are found in marine animals, and branches other than methyl are found in microbial lipids.


oxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.


macrolide

A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.


aromatic ketone

A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.


N-acylglycine

An N-acyl-amino acid in which amino acid specified is glycine.


pyruvate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from pyruvate (i.e. alanine, valine, and leucine). A closed class.


4-Aminobenzoic acid

An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.


2-methoxyethyl ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between a carboxylic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-methoxyethanol. In contrast to many other water-solubilising esters, the 2-methoxyethyl esters of many amino acids are crystalline, allowing them to be easily purified.


long-chain fatty acid

A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.


A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at position 3 by a formyl group.


hydroxy-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid bearing one or more hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


Mesotrione

An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.


proteinogenic amino acid

Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.


(S)-prasugrel

An 5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate that is the (S)-enantiomer of prasugrel (the racemate is a cardiovascular drug).


enone

An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


polyunsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.


heterocyclic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of atoms including at least one heteroatom.


DL-Methionine

A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.


DL-Glutamine

An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.


Epanova

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


nitrogen-containing fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing nitrogen as either a substituent or a replacement for a methylene carbon.


(R)-bambuterol

The (R)-enantiomer of bambuterol.


oxo carboxylic acid

Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.


succinate ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the esterification of one or both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. (Succinate ester in which only one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid has been esterified are known as hemisuccinates.)


pivalate ester

A carboxylic ester of pivalic acid.


DL-Threonine

An alpha-amino acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.


aromatic carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.


ketone

A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).


N-acyl-L-amino acid

Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.


(S)-bambuterol

The (S)-enantiomer of bambuterol.


heteroarenecarbaldehyde

An aldehyde in which a formyl group is located on a heteroarene.


glutamine family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.


(R)-Bopindolol

A 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate that has R-configuration.


sulfur-containing carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.


polyunsaturated fatty ester

Any fatty acid ester resulting from the formal esterification of the carboxy group of a polyunsaturated fatty acid.


aldehyde

A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.


unsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.


D-Isoleucine

The D-enantiomer of isoleucine.


4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid which has a hydroxy group located gamma to the carboxy group.


naphthoic acid

An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.


DL-Citrulline

The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.


DL-Histidine

An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.


(S)-esmolol

A methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate that has S configuration. The drug esmolol is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both the R and the S enantiomer contribute to lowering blood pressure.


L-valyl ester

Any alpha-amino acid ester that has L-valine as the amino acid component.


20-oxo steroid

An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20.


lactone

Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy and carboxy groups respectively.


DL-Dopa

A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.


non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid

Any  alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.


2-oxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid having a 2-oxo substituent.


diamino acid

Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.


carbamate fungicide

Compounds that contain a carbamate ester moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.


dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives

A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.


N-acyl-D-phenylalanine

Any N-acyl-D-amino acid obtained by the formal N-acylation of D-phenylalanine.


macrocyclic lactone

Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.


delta-lactone

A lactone having a six-membered lactone ring.


secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing one hydrogen and one organyl group. Secondary alpha-hydroxy ketones are also known as acyloins, and are formally derived from reductive coupling of two carboxylic acid groups.


beta-diketone

A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom.


alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester

A carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)OR(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


benzoate ester

Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.


(R)-Methocarbamol

A 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate that has R configuration. Both (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol have muscle relaxant properties, with the (R)-enantiomer being more active than the (S)-enantiomer.


Dilacor XR

A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.


chlorocarboxylic acid

A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group.


tetracarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups.


erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class.


acetate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.


methyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.


aromatic amino acid

An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.


DL-Leucine

A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.


alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone

A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.


nystatins

A class of polyene antifungal antibiotics produced by Streptomyces noursei, and other Streptomyces species.


L-alanyl ester

Any alpha-amino acid ester that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-alanine with an alcohol.


trans-permethrin

Permithrin in which the 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and the carboxylate ester group are in a trans-configuration.


Rulide

A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.


methyl ketone

A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).


DL-Isoleucine

A branched chain amino acid that consists of 3-methylpentanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.


thia fatty acid

Any fatty acid having at least one of the chain methylene groups replaced by sulfur. Members of this group are believed to have important pharmacological (antioxidant and antiatherosclerosis) properties.


polar amino acid

Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds.


monocarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.


trienoic fatty acid

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid that contains three double bonds.


A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, amino, fluorine, and cyclohexylamino groups, respectively. It can directly bind to and block the transcription activity of the active forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. It induces cell death and growth arrest in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines at low concentrations.


dicarboxylic acid monoester

A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid.


DL-Ornithine

An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.


aspartate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-aspartic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine). A closed class.


Fluvastatin sodium anti-isomer free acid

A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have R configuration.


diketone

A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.


epsilon-amino acid

An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position epsilon to the carboxy group.


N-acyl-L-glutamic acid

Any optically active N-acylglutamic acid having L-configuration.


amino acid

A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.


haloamino acid

Any non-proteinogenic amino acid carrying at least one halo group.


non-proteinogenic amino acid

Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.


C4-dicarboxylic acid

Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.


quinolinemonocarboxylic acid

Any aromatic carboxylic acid that contains a quinoline moiety that is substituted by one carboxy substituent.


glycinyl ester

An alpha-amino acid ester in which the amnio acid component is glycine.


A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.


beta-amino acid ester

An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a beta-amino acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.


A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.


phenyl acetates

An acetate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the hydroxy group of any phenol.


ethyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid with ethanol.


oxyketone

A compound with the general formula R2C=O (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group.


Fluvastatin

A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which the stereocentres beta- and delta- to the carboxy group have R and S configuration, respectively. The drug fluvastatin is an equimolar mixture of this compound and its enantiomer.


11-oxo steroid

Any oxo steroid that has an oxo substituent at position 11.


(R)-esmolol

A methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate that has R configuration. The drug esmolol is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both the R and the S enantiomer contribute to lowering blood pressure.


sterol ester

A steroid ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of a sterol.


L-alpha-amino acid

Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.


DL-Tyrosine

An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.


A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.


alpha-oxyketone

An oxyketone with the general formula R2C(=O) (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group and the oxy and carbonyl groups are bonded to the same carbon atom.


dicarboxylic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing two carboxy groups.


3-hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy group located beta- to the carboxylic acid group.


thioester

A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.


branched-chain amino acid

Any  amino acid  in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents


fatty acid ethyl ester

A fatty acid ester that is the carboxylic ester obtained by the formal condensation of a fatty acid with ethanol.


isopropyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of propan-2-ol.


hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.


benzophenones

Any aromatic ketone in which the carbonyl group is bonded to 2 phenyl groups.


(R)-carisoprodol

The (R)-enantiomer of carisoprodol.


N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid

Any L-alpha-amino acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.


butyrate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is butyric acid.


tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups.


alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-oxyketone that has a hydroxy group as the alpha-oxy moiety.


DL-Arginine

An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.


N-acetyl-L-amino acid

An L-amino acid having an N-acetyl substituent.


amino acid ester

Any  carboxylic ester derivative of an amino acid.


non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid

Any L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.


DL-Penicillamine

An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.


DL-Serine

An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.


triketone

A compound that contains three ketone functionalities.


cyclopropanecarboxylate ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol with the carboxy group of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid or its substituted derivatives.


alpha-amino acid ester

The amino acid ester derivative obtained the formal condensation of an alpha-amino acid with an alcohol.


(R)-Warfarin

A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (R)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).


cardiac glycoside

Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.


carboxylic ester

An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.


Phosphonoacetic acid

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.


propanoate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is  propionic acid.


olefinic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C double bond.


essential fatty acid

Any member of the sub-set of polyunsaturated fatty acid for which there is an absolute dietary requirement.


4-hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy substituent gamma to a carboxy group.


dicarboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.


(S)-Acenocoumarol

The (R)-enantiomer of acenocoumarol.


beta-triketone

A triketone in which the each ketone functionality is located beta- to the other two.


N-acetyl-amino acid

An N-acyl-amino acid that has acetyl as the acyl group.


delta-amino acid ester

Any ester of a delta-amino acid.


macrolide lactam

A macrolide in which the macrocyclic lactone ring includes an amide group.


N-acyl-amino acid

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.


DL-Valine

A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.


indole-3-acetic acids

An  indol-3-yl carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid specified is acetic acid.


DL-Aspartic acid

An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent


gamma-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.


(Z)-roxithromycin

A minor geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.


alpha-amino acid

An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.


(S)-methocarbamol

A 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate that has S configuration.  Both (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol have muscle relaxant properties, with the (R)-enantiomer being more active than the (S)-enantiomer.


hydroxybenzophenone

Any benzophenone into which is substituted one or more hydroxy groups.


macrolide antibiotic

A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity.


(S)-carisoprodol

The (S)-enantiomer of carisoprodol.


A deuterated compound that is is an isotopologue of glycine in which all five hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium.


A member of the class of quinoline N-oxides that is 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxo-1lambda(5)-quinolin-4-one carrying an additional (2E,6E)-farnesyl group at position 3.


cyclic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing anywhere in its structure a ring of atoms.


carboxybiphenyl

Any member of the class of biphenyls that has one or more carboxy groups attached to the biphenyl skeleton.


hydroxytryptophan

A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.


N-acyl-D-amino acid

Any N-acyl-amino acid in which the amino acid moiety has D configuration.


chlorobenzoic acid

Any member of the class of benzoic acids in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.


A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which the stereocentres beta- and delta- to the carboxy group have S and R configuration, respectively. The drug fluvastatin is an equimolar mixture of this compound and its enantiomer.


Finafloxacin

A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 by cyclopropyl, fluoro, hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl and cyano groups respectively; an antibiotic used for treatment of acute otitis externa (swimmer's ear) caused by the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.


erythromycin

Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).


enoate ester

An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


fatty acid 20:5

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.


beta-hydroxy ketone

A ketone containing a hydroxy group on the beta-carbon relative to the C=O group.


primary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a -CH2 (methylene) group.


carbonyl compound

Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.


A quinolone that is 4,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-5(1H)-one substituted by methyl, (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl, 2-fluorophenyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4 and 7, respectively (the 4S,7S-stereoisomer). It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3) and a ferroptosis inducer.


delta-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position delta to the carboxy group.


fatty acid 18:3

Any trienoic fatty acid containing 18 carbons.


DL-Asparagine

An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.


fatty acid ester

A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid.


carboxylic acid

A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.


benzoic acids

Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.


(S)-Warfarin

A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).


pivaloyloxymethyl ester

A acetal obtained from a carboxylic acid by replacement of the hydrogen attached to the carboxy group by a pivaloyloxymethyl group.


ketoaldonic acid

Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group.


benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide

Any carbamate fungicide that contains a benzimidazolyl group attached to the nitrogen of the carbamate moiety.


serine family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.


indol-3-yl carboxylic acid

Any indolyl carboxylic acid carrying an indol-3-yl or substituted indol-3-yl group.


(R)-prasugrel

An 5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate that is the (R)-enantiomer of prasugrel (the racemate is a cardiovascular drug).


dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid

Any  hydroxy monocarboxylic acid carrying at least two hydroxy groups.


chloroplast thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plasma membrane-derived thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of a plasma membrane-derived thylakoid.


organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane

The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within an organellar chromatophore.


chlorine molecular entity

A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.


The (R)-enantiomer of chlorphenesin.


trichlorobenzene

Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.


chlorohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.


monochlorobenzenes

Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.


organochlorine pesticide

Any organochlorine compound that has been used as a pesticide.


Chloride ion

A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.


chlorinated steroid

A steroid which is substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.


organochlorine compound

An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.


(S)-Azelastine

The (S)-enantiomer of azelastine.


The (S)-enantiomer of chlorphenesin.


cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide

A sub-category of organochlorine insecticides, the members of which are all derived from hexachlorocyclopentadiene. They possess a structure based on two 3-dimensional carbon ring units, one of which is heavily chlorinated.


Tipifarnib

A quinolone that is 1-methylquinolin-2-one which carries a 3-chlorophenyl and an amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-imidazol-5-yl)methyl groups at the 4 and 6 positions, respectively (the R-isomer).


Asenapine

A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.


ifosfamides

Compounds containing an ifosfamide skeleton.


(R)-Azelastine

The (R)-enantiomer of azelastine.


organochlorine insecticide

Any organochlorine pesticide that has been used as an insecticide.


chlorobenzenes

Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.


infected host cell surface knob

Protrusion that develops in the plasma membrane of a parasitized erythrocyte. An example of this component is found in Plasmodium species.


microvillar actin bundle

A parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.


parallel actin filament bundle

An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


formin-nucleated actin cable

An actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins. In fungal cells, myosin motors transport cargo along actin cables toward sites of polarized cell growth; actin cables may play a similar role in pollen tube growth.


actin filament bundle of filopodium

A parallel bundle of actin filaments that is part of filopodium. Filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex.


actin filament bundle of stereocilium

A bundle of hundreds of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), that is the supporting structure of a stereocilium. Filaments are oriented such that the the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion and are capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma membrane.


actin filament bundle of actin-based cell projection

A bundle of cross-linked actin filaments that is part of an actin-based cell protrusion, in which filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which stabilizes the filaments.


ficolin-1-rich granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a ficolin-1-rich granule.


clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle.


inter-Golgi transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances within the Golgi.


specific granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.


postsynaptic early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic early endosome.


organellar chromatophore inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


postsynaptic endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic endosome.


phagolysosome vesicle membrane

The lipid bylayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


macropinosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a macropinosome.


organellar chromatophore membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround an organellar chromatophore.


presynaptic endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a presynaptic endosome.


postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic recycling endosome.


dense core granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.


peribacteroid membrane

A membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).


early phagosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early phagosome.


aleurone grain membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an aleurone grain.


epidermal lamellar body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an epidermal lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.


gut granule membrane

The membrane of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.


merozoite dense granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense granule of the type found in apicomplexan parasites.


multivesicular body, internal vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body internal vesicle.


organellar chromatophore outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


Golgi to ER transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.


phagolysosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


rod photoreceptor disc membrane

Stack of disc membranes located inside a rod photoreceptor outer segment, and containing densely packed molecules of rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins that traverse the lipid bilayer. It is thought that rod disc membranes arise as evaginations of the ciliary membrane near the base of the outer segment, which then become completely separated from the ciliary membrane, during the development of the rod outer segment.


contractile vacuolar membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the contractile vacuole.


Cvt vesicle membrane

Either of the two lipid bilayers surrounding a Cvt vesicle, a vesicle that functions in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.


chitosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a chitosome.


autopod region

Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot.


CNS (MMHCC)

The organ system of the mouse consisting of the brain and spinal cord.


levator nasolabialis muscle

Is a principal muscle of the lips which arises over the dorsum of the nose. It runs cranioventrally to insert partly on the wing of the nostril and partly into the lateral part of the upper lip. This muscles function includes dilation of the nostril, elevation and retraction of the upper lip. Branches of the facial nerve supply innervation to this muscle.


nictitating membrane

A fold of the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the cornea.


monosaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.


hexose derivative

A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a hexose.


pentose derivative

A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.


ketohexose derivative

A hexose derivative that is formally obtained from a ketohexose.


cervical ganglion

The cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They consist of three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion. The inferior ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a single structure, the stellate ganglion. Nerves emerging from cervical sympathetic ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus, among other things. [WP,unvetted].


cardiac ganglion

Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery.


inferior mesenteric ganglion

A ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery branches from the abdominal aorta[WP].


sublingual ganglion

The small parasympathetic ganglion found anterior to the submandibular gland that provides postsynaptic fibers to the sublingual gland.


thoracic dorsal root ganglion

A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].


pelvic ganglion

The pelvic ganglion (TS:19-TS:28): the pelvic ganglia provide autonomic innervation to the organs of the genitourinary system and lower bowel and are comprised of both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. In the mouse they are paired, morphologically discrete, major ganglia in the pelvic region positioned on either side of the urethra where the urethra meets the bladder neck. The pelvic ganglia are derived from the sacral neural crest progenitors that migrate ventrally from the level of somites X-Y ventrally into the urogenital sinus where they form aggregates between the hind gut and the urogenital sinus during organogenesis. In the GUDMAP database, the pelvic ganglia are considered part of the genitourinary system, although some of the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons project instead to the lower bowel.


superior mesenteric ganglion

A ganglion in the upper part of the superior mesenteric plexus that is the synapsing point for one of the pre- and post-synaptic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system.


accessory ciliary ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion located on the short ciliary nerve differentiated from the main ciliary ganglion by virtue of the fact that it had no root derived directly from the inferior trunk of the oculomotor nerve and it never attaches to this nerve.


main ciliary ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit that contains preganglionic nerves and postganglionic neurons of the oculomotor nerve, connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus via the oculomotor nerve and the eye muscles via the short ciliary nerve.


prevertebral ganglion

The sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column and are associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta; these include the celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia.


vertebral ganglion

Any of a group of sympathetic ganglia which form two chains extending from the base of the skull to the coccyx along the sides of the spinal column.


pterygopalatine ganglion

The small parasympathetic ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal glands.


otic ganglion

The ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the parotid gland.


future pterygopalatine ganglion

A ganglion that has the potential to develop into a pterygopalatine ganglion.


ganglion of ciliary nerve

Any parasympathetic ganglion that extends fibers into the short ciliary nerve. Includes both the main and acccessory ciliary ganglia.


insect prothoracic leg

Leg of the prothoracic segment.


corticosteroid hormone

Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex.


mineralocorticoid

Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.


glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.


depressor muscle

A muscle that moves body parts into an inferior direction or lowered position. Antagonistic to erector muscle.


leucine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of leucine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing leucine residues.


L-leucine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-leucine by a heteroatom.


(R)-betaxolol

The (R)-enantiomer of betaxolol.


cerebellar Golgi cell to granule cell synapse

A synapse formed by a cerebellar Golgi cell synapsing on to a cerebellar granule cell.


presynaptic periactive zone

A region that surrounds the active zone of the presynaptic plasma membrane, and is specialized for the control of synaptic development.


meibum

An oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film.


sacral splanchnic nerve

A splanchnic nerve that connects the inferior hypogastric plexus to the sympathetic trunk in the pelvis.


splanchnic nerve

The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.


thoracic splanchnic nerve

Thoracic splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax and travel inferiorly to provide sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and general visceral afferent fibers.


least splanchnic nerve

A thoracic nerve that nerve travels into the abdomen, where its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia.


lumbar splanchnic nerve

The lumbar splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta. They are originated from L1 and L2. These nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and visceral afferent fibers. The site of synapse is found in the prevertebral ganglia and innervate the smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera and hindgut.


respiratory system muscle

Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].


posterior crico-arytenoid

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are extremely small, paired muscles that extend from the posterior cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages laterally, these muscles abduct the vocal cords and thereby open the rima glottidis. Their action opposes the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). Paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles may lead to asphyxiation as they are the only laryngeal muscles to open the true vocal folds, allowing inspiration and expiration.


oblique arytenoid

The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus. The aryepiglottic muscle together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough. Its innervation is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus) just like all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle.


inferior pharyngeal constrictor

The inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), specifically, by branches from the pharyngeal plexus and by neuronal branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted].


transverse arytenoid

The tranverse arytenoid crosses transversely between the two cartilages. It is an unpaired muscle running from one arytenoid to another to pull the arytenoids together.


lateral crico-arytenoid

The lateral cricoarytenoid (also anterior cricoarytenoid) muscles extend from the lateral cricoid cartilage to the ipsilateral arytenoid cartilage. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages medially, these muscles adduct the vocal cords and thereby close the rima glottidis, protecting the airway. (Their action is antagonistic to that of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. ) The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).


vocalis muscle

The vocal muscle is the upper portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle which is primarily involved in producing speech.


frontal-pterotic joint

Joint that articulates the frontal and pterotic. Frontal-pterotic joint is paired.


multiple synapse bouton, contacting single dendrite

A single axon terminal bouton making contact onto two or more dendritic spines protruding from the same dendrite.


cartilago ectochoanalis

Lateral cartilaginous border of the fenestra endochoanalis.


A compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.


(R)-citalopram

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.


(-)-Verapamil

A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.


dinitrile

A dinitrile is a compound containing two nitrile groups.


Dexverapamil

A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has R configuration. It competitively inhibits the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR-1, EC 3.6.3.44), thereby potentially increasing the effectiveness of a wide range of antineoplastic drugs which are inactivated by MDR-1 mechanisms. Dexverapamil exhibits lower calcium antagonistic activity and toxicity than racemic verapamil.


(S)-Bicalutamide

A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.


(R)-Bicalutamide

A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (R)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.


Tetrachlorosalicylanilide

A salicylanilide derivative where the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine.


(S,R)-labetolol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1S,2R-configuration.


Salicylanilide

An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.


Dilevalol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.


A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2S-configuration.


salicylanilides

The compound salicylanilide and its derivatives.


A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1S,2S-configuration.


Tribromsalan

A salicylanilide derivative with bromo- substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-4 of the anilide moiety.


ventro-caudal cluster

Early-forming neural cluster of the ventral midbrain. At 16 h, axons of the vcc grow caudally to pioneer the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), which is part of the larger ventral longitudinal tract (VLT). Later, neurons from this cluster project axons rostrally into the tract of the post-optic commissure (TPOC). Ross et al., 1992.


3-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.


3alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the alpha-position.


Sterol

Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).


Any 3beta-hydroxy-steroid that contains a double bond between positions 5 and 6.


A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17.


A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the  beta-position.


A sterol in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has beta- configuration.


alpha-glucoside

A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in an alpha configuration


anabolic androgenic steroid

A steroid hormone related to the hormone testosterone. It increases protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles. It also has androgenic and virilizing properties.


host cell nuclear envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the host nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the host cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).


macromolecule

A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


copolymer macromolecule

A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer.


polypeptide

A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.


polyamine macromolecule

A macromolecule composed of units connected by imino (-NR-) linkages.


random copolymer

A copolymer consisting of macromolecules in which the probability of finding a given monomeric unit at any given site in the chain is independent of the nature of the adjacent units.


cavum medius

Small accessory cavity located between the cavum principale and cavum inferius.


cavum inferius

Accessory cavity located ventral to the cavum principale and cavum medius.


left pupil

A pupil that is part of a left eye.


infraorbital sinus

An air-filled recess in the head of birds which lies lateral to the nasal cavity into which it opens.


right pupil

A pupil that is part of a right eye.


median eminence of neurohypophysis

Elevation on the ventral surface of the brain located at the zone of attachment between the hypothalamic floor and the hypophysis (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg. 446).


gland of diencephalon

Any gland that is part of the diencephalon. Examples: pineal gland, neurohypophysis.


thoracic cavity element

An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli.


abdominal viscera

A viscus that is part of a abdomen.


prootic-pterosphenoid joint

Joint that articulates the prootic and pterosphenoid. prootic-pterosphenoid joint is paired.


Grueneberg ganglion

An olfactory ganglion at the entrance of the nose of mammals that is involved in the detection of alarm pheromones and cold temperatures.


paraganglion (generic)

A cluster of neuroendocrine cells derived from neural crest. Paraganglia may be chromaffin or nonchromaffin.


cell cluster organ

A small cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure, largely delimited by a morphological boundary and whose components work together to make the whole structure capable of a specific function.


right clavicle

A clavicle that is in the right side of a entire appendicular skeleton.


pterygomandibular raphe

The pterygomandibular raphe (pterygomandibular ligament) is a tendinous band of the buccopharyngeal fascia, attached by one extremity to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, and by the other to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible. Its medial surface is covered by the mucous membrane of the mouth. Its lateral surface is separated from the ramus of the mandible by a quantity of adipose tissue. Its posterior border gives attachment to the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Its anterior border attaches to the posterior edge of the buccinator.


chloroplast chromosome

A circular DNA molecule containing chloroplast encoded genes.


plastid chromosome

A circular DNA molecule containing plastid encoded genes.


Cisatracurium besylate

The (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium besylate. Commercial preparations of atracurium are mixtures of 10 stereoisomers, of which cisatracurium generally constitutes about 15%. Cisatracurium besylate is about 3 times more potent than the mixture of atracurium isomers as a neuromuscular blocking agent, and is used as a muscle relaxant for endotracheal intubation, to aid controlled ventilation, and in general anaesthesia.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-allyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole.


muscle organ

Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].


skeletal muscle organ

A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles).


thoracic segment muscle

Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition].


axial muscle

One of the skeletal muscles of the head and neck, spine, and ribs.


rectus capitis lateralis muscle

A muscle that arises from the upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas and inserts into the under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone.


cranial muscle

Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region.


skeletal muscle of trunk

A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region.


mentalis muscle

A muscle of facial expression, innervated by the facial nerve, attached to the skin of the lower lip and inferior to the lower lip (in humans this region is called the chin or mental region), the orbicularis oris muscle, and the mandible in the symphyseal region. See Diogo et al., 2009; Burrows et al., 2011).


abdominal segment muscle

A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].


depressor septi nasi

The depressor septi (Depressor alE nasi) arises from the incisive fossa of the maxilla. Its fibers ascend to be inserted into the nasal septum and back part of the alar part of nasalis muscle. It lies between the mucous membrane and muscular structure of the lip.


nasalis muscle

The nasalis (compressor naris) is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilage. It consists of two parts, transverse and alar: The transverse part arises from the maxilla, above and lateral to the incisive fossa; its fibers proceed upward and medially, expanding into a thin aponeurosis which is continuous on the bridge of the nose with that of the muscle of the opposite side, and with the aponeurosis of the Procerus. The alar part is attached at one end to the greater alar cartilage, and at the other to the integument at the point of the nose. Other sources divide it into 'Compressor nasalis' and 'Dilator nasalis'.


procerus

The Procerus is a small pyramidal slip of muscle deep to the superior orbital nerve, artery and vein.


splenius capitis

A muscle that arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ and inserts the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line[WP,modified].


orbicularis oris muscle

The orbicularis oris is a superficial facial muscle with fibers that encircle the opening of the oral cavity that attaches to the maxilla, mandible, skin and modiolus, and that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, and is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).


rectus capitis posterior major

A muscle that arises by a pointed tendon from the spinous process of the axis and inserts into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface of the bone immediately below the line.


levator anguli oris

The levator anguli oris (caninus) is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen. Its fibers are inserted into the angle of the mouth, intermingling with those of the Zygomaticus, Triangularis, and Orbicularis oris.


depressor anguli oris muscle

The Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis) arises from the oblique line of the mandible, whence its fibers converge, to be inserted, by a narrow fasciculus, into the angle of the mouth.


prevertebral muscle of neck

A prevertebral muscle that is part of a neck.


muscle rectus abdominis superficialis

A component of the rectus abdominal muscle that is some taxa.


posterior digastric muscle

The posterior digastric is a pharyngeal arch II muscle that participates in oral pharyngeal behavior, is innervated by the digastric branch of facial nerve and attaches to the posterior cranial base and the hyoid apparatus. It is found superficial to the mylohyoid muscle.


jugulohyoideus muscle

Runs from the processus jugularis to the os stylohyoideum; innervated with the ramus jugulohyoideus from the nervus facialis.


rectus capitis posterior minor

A muscle that arise from the tubercle on the posterior arch of the and is inserted into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum, and also takes some attachment to the spinal dura.


levator claviculae muscle

A skeletal muscle in the posterior triangle of the neck. It originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle.


abdominal oblique muscle

Either the external or internal abdominal oblique muscles.


transversus menti muscle

The transversus menti, or transverse muscle of the chin, is a facial muscle that is often considered to be the superficial fibers of the depressor anguli oris muscle which cross to the other side of the face.


trigeminal nerve muscle

Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V).


depressor supercilii

The Depressor Supercilii is an eye muscle of the human body. The nature of this muscle is in some dispute. Few printed anatomies include it (Netter, et al. ) and many authorities consider it to be part of the orbicularis oculi muscle . On the other hand, many dermatologists, ophthalmologists and plastic surgeons hold that the depressor supercilli is a distinct muscle and has a definite, individual effect on the movement of the eybrow and skin of the glabella.


sphincter colli profundus muscle

The sphincter colli profundus lies below the platysma in the area of the parotid gland (gland regions).


scalenus anterior

The Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus), also known as anterior scalene muscle, lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the Sternocleidomastoideus. It arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrC&, and descending, almost vertically, is inserted by a narrow, flat tendon into the scalene tubercle on the inner border of the first rib, and into the ridge on the upper surface of the rib in front of the subclavian groove.


levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is, translated from Latin, the 'lifter of the upper lip and of the wing of the nose'. It has the longest name of any muscle in an animal.


rectus capitis anterior

A muscle situated immediately behind the upper part of the Longus capitis that arises from the anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas, and from the root of its transverse process that inserts into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone immediately in front of the foramen magnum.


imidazopyridazine

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of an imidazole ring ortho-fused to a pyridazine ring.


somatic spine

Spine emanating from the cell soma of a neuron.


An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


glycinergic synapse

A synapse that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.


cytoplasmic replication fork

The Y-shaped region of a cytoplasmic replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


pleural ganglion

A knot of nerves in The pallial cavity that innervates the mantle of a snail[BTO,modified].


host cell lysosomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell lysosome and separating its contents from the host cell cytoplasm.


irregular connective tissue

Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.


dental pulp of median incisor tusk

A dental pulp that is part of a narwhal tusk.


areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand.


incisor dental pulp

A dental pulp that is part of a incisor tooth.


ventral cochlear nucleus

The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted].


nucleus of medulla oblongata

A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata.


metanephric collecting duct

A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition].


cell cortex of growing cell tip

Any cell cortex that is part of a growing cell tip.


cytoplasm

The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


posterior cell cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the part of a cell that is closest to the posterior as defined by the developing, or existing, anterior/posterior axis.


dendritic spine cytoplasm

The region of the neuronal cytoplasm located in dendritic spines.


lateral cell cortex

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane of the lateral portion of the cell.


presynaptic endocytic zone cytoplasmic component

The cytoplasmic component of the presynaptic endocytic zone.


equatorial cell cortex

The region of the cell cortex in a mitotically dividing cell that flanks the central spindle and corresponds to the site of actomyosin ring formation that results in cleavage furrow formation and ingression.


cell cortex of cell tip

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane at the cell tip. The cell tip is the region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.


medial cortex

A medial cortical band overlaying the nucleus which acts as a landmark for contractile ring positioning and plays a role in cell cycle regulation.


postsynaptic endocytic zone cytoplasmic component

The cytoplasmic component of the postsynaptic endocytic zone.


cell leading edge cell cortex

The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell.


apicomedial cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the middle of the apical edge of a cell.


anterior cell cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the part of a cell that is closest to the anterior as defined by the developing, or existing, anterior/posterior axis.


neuron projection cytoplasm

All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.


cell cortex of non-growing cell tip

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane at the cell tip at which no growth takes place.


multi-limb segment region

A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions).


membrane bone

Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.


ossified ligament

Sesamoid that develops within a ligament, distal to an articulation or joint.


endochondral bone

Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.


pectoral girdle bone

A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region.


ossified tendon

Sesamoid that develops within a tendon, distal to an articulation or joint.


bone of appendage girdle complex

A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle).


girdle bone/zone

A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region.


left clavicle

A clavicle that is in the left side of a entire appendicular skeleton.


neck bone

A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].


bone of pectoral complex

A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin.


intramembranous bone

Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP].


dermal bone

Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO].


pneumatized bone

A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD].


xiphoid process bone

A bone tissue that is part of a xiphoid process.


monocarboxylic acid amide

A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.


(S)-Modafinil

A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. The racemate comprising (S)-modafinil and its enantiomer, armodafinil, is known as modafinil and is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The enantiomers have similar pharmacological actions in animals.


Armodafinil

A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-allyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole.


(R)-(+)-Atenolol

The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.


A monocarboxylic acid amide that is 1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide which is substituted at position 5 by a 3,3-dimethyltriaz-1-en-1-yl group. It is used for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma, and in combination with other drugs for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and soft-tissue sarcoma.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amine.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazole.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazole.


arenecarboxamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an arene ring system.


Esatenolol

The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.


cartilage tissue of sternum

Any portion of cartilage tissue that is part of the sternum.