Griseofulvin

An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.


protein-RNA complex assembly

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.


perinuclear region of cytoplasm

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.


Sirolimus

A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.


Irbesartan

A  biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.


autonomic nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.


meiotic cell cycle process

A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.


Mebendazole

A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.


endocardium

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO].


cell projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.


eye morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.


Cefuroxime

A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.


Neck tightness

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon


epidermis development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.


reproductive structure development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.


mitochondrial membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.


blood vessel development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


response to biotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.


lysosomal transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.


positive regulation of ATP metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.


trachea

The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph].


Acenocoumarol

A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.


Menorrhagia

Prolonged and excessive menses at regular intervals in excess of 80 mL or lasting longer than 7 days.


regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


regulation of muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.


cell-cell contact zone

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.


neurotic disorder

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A form of functional mental illness that manifests in distressed emotional reactions such as anxiety, obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors, or irrational fears.


regulation of vasculature development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.


myeloid leukocyte activation

A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.


vasculogenesis

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.


anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.


transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a nucleic acid region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.


UDP-glucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


positive regulation of endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.


stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation.


Vemurafenib

A pyrrolopyridine that is 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 5 by a p-chlorophenyl group and at positions 3 by a 3-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, the amino group of which has undergone formal condensation with propane-1-sulfonic acid to give the corresponding sulfonamide. An inhibitor of BRAF and other kinases.


GTPase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.


oxysterol binding

Binding to oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.


Adenosine

A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


negative regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.


urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.


apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


Raloxifene

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.


nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


embryonic forelimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.


Hydromorphone

A  morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.


positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of proteolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


regulation of G0 to G1 transition

A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.


response to alcohol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


aminoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


positive regulation of calcium ion import

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


Vinorelbine

A vinca alkaloid with a norvinblastine skeleton.


A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.


Chest Wall Pain

Painful sensation in the chest wall region.


regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.


negative regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


Telaprevir

An oligopeptide consisting of N-(pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl)cyclohexylalanyl, 3-methylvalyl, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxy, and 3-amino-N-cyclopropyl-2-oxohexanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.


schizophrenia

A major psychotic disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. It affects the cognitive and psychomotor functions. Common clinical signs and symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and retreat from reality.


fatty acid derivative metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acid derivative.


DNA metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.


transporter complex

A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


oviduct

A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body.


regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A chronic and progressive lung disorder characterized by the loss of elasticity of the bronchial tree and the air sacs, destruction of the air sacs wall, thickening of the bronchial wall, and mucous accumulation in the bronchial tree. The pathologic changes result in the disruption of the air flow in the bronchial airways. Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, productive cough, and chest tightness. The two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema.


seminal vesicle

Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct.


positive regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


Involuntary movements

Involuntary contractions of muscle leading to involuntary movements of extremities, neck, trunk, or face.


regulation of vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.


N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.


small GTPase mediated signal transduction

The series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays a signal.


negative regulation of vasculature development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).


regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


negative regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.


positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.


regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


Delayed speech and language development

A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.


protein glycosylation

A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


Sumatriptan

A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.


sleep-wake disorder

Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the circadian rhythm which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.


Flecainide

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).


atrioventricular block

A heart block that is initiated in the atrioventricular node.


insulin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.


Rasagiline

An indane that consists of 1-aminoindane bearing an N-propargyl substituent. A selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor.


Parosmia

Misperception of existing odor, that is, distorted or altered olfactory perception in the presence of known stimuli.


neuron projection

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


negative regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


sodium-independent organic anion transport

The directed, sodium-independent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of nervous system development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.


activation of innate immune response

Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.


roof of mouth development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.


autism

Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior.


Pravastatin

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.


response to fibroblast growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.


positive regulation of proteolysis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


membrane microdomain

A membrane region with a lipid composition that is distinct from that of the membrane regions that surround it.


nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.


structural constituent of cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.


Quinacrine

A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.


Amodiaquine

A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.


Nafarelin

An oligopeptide comprising of 5-oxo-L-proline, L-histidine, L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-tyrosine, 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine, L-leucine, L-arginine and L-prolylglycinamide residues joined sequence by peptide linkages. It is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist that is used to treat central precocious puberty in children and endometriosis in women.


gynecomastia disorder

Development of breast tissue in males.


monoatomic anion transmembrane transport

The process in which a monoatomic anion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are negatively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.


Eyelid erythema

Redness of the skin of the eyelids, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.


breast cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.


leak channel activity

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.


hair follicle

A tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO].


protein polymerization

The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.


protein localization to mitochondrion

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.


monoatomic cation transmembrane transport

The process in which a monoatomic cation is transported across a membrane. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


supramolecular fiber

A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.


kidney

A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function.


Pramipexole

A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.


Melanocytic nevus

A oval and round, colored (usually medium-to dark brown, reddish brown, or flesh colored) lesion. Typically, a melanocytic nevus is less than 6 mm in diameter, but may be much smaller or larger.


Bupivacaine

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.


brainstem

Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized].


Delavirdine

The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.


regulation of cellular catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.


regulation of transporter activity

Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.


Dexamethasone

A fluorinated steroid that is 9-fluoropregna-1,4-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21, a methyl group at position 16 and oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a synthetic member of the class of  glucocorticoids.


blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelids near the eyelashes.


positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.


Cilazapril

A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


somatic diversification of immune receptors

The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.


positive regulation of cytoplasmic transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.


negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


peptide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.


membrane raft

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.


Oxcarbazepine

A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.


toxic epidermal necrolysis

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is an acute and severe skin disease with clinical and histological features characterized by the destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes.


Ganciclovir

An oxopurine that is  guanine substituted by a [(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy]methyl group at position 9. Ganciclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat or prevent AIDS-related cytomegalovirus infections.


Limitation of neck motion

Limited mobility of the neck, usually accompanied by pain.


positive regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


Atenolol

An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.


intrahepatic cholestasis

A cholestasis characterized by impairment of the bile flow caused by obstruction located in the liver.


regulation of T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


Aripiprazole

An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.


Medroxyprogesterone acetate

An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 17alpha-hydroxy group of medroxyprogesterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A widely used progestin in menopausal hormone therapy and in progestogen-only birth control.


Bradycardia

A slower than normal heart rate (in adults, slower than 60 beats per minute).


anatomical structure homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


positive regulation of intracellular protein transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.


mitochondrial inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.


Diphenidol

A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.


TROSPIUM

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hydroxy(diphenyl)acetic acid with the hydroxy group of (1S,3R,5R)-3-hydroxy-8lambda(5)-azaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8,1'-pyrrolidin]-8-ylium. Its chloride salt is used to treat overactive bladder.


mouth

The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks).


Diminished ability to concentrate

Being unable to focus one's attention or mental effort on a particular object or activity.


neuron projection development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


Hydrocortisone

A 17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21. Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, which is a part of the adrenal gland. It is usually referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in response to stress and anxiety, controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). It increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and reduces immune responses.


diarrheal disease

The condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.


response to ammonium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.


Epirubicin

An anthracycline that is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.


Exertional dyspnea

Perceived difficulty to breathe that occurs with exercise or exertion and improves with rest.


regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


Fluvoxamine

An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.


Aggressive behavior

Behavior or an act aimed at harming a person, animal, or physical property (e.g., acts of physical violence; shouting, swearing, and using harsh language; slashing someone's tires).


Fentanyl

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.


response to iron ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.


regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.


Ceftibuten

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.


psychotic disorder

An abnormal condition of the mind that involves a loss of contact with reality. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.


secretion by cell

The controlled release of a substance by a cell.


secretory vesicle

A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.


kinetochore

A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


regulation of cell-substrate junction assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell-substrate junction assembly. Cell-substrate junction assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.


kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.


humoral immune response

An immune response mediated through a body fluid.


oral candidiasis

Infection of the mucosal lining of the mouth with the fungus Candida albicans.


regulation of protein stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.


plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade

A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.


cellular response to acid chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.


pattern recognition receptor activity

Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response.


Vorinostat

A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and  hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism.


cellular response to organic cyclic compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.


Arformoterol

An N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide in which both of the stereocentres have R configuration. The active enantiomer of formoterol, it is administered by inhalation (generally as the tartrate salt) as a direct-acting sympathomimetic and  bronchodilator for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (any progressive respiratory disease that makes it harder to breathe over time, such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema).


skin disorder

Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the skin or subcutaneous tissue that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.


nuclear division

The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.


Metolazone

A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.


Anorexia

Anorexia, or the loss of appetite for food, is a medical condition.


cell activation

A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell.


antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.


hexose transmembrane transport

The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


Isotretinoin

A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.


negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.


allergic disease

An immune response that occurs following re-exposure to an innocuous antigen, and that requires the presence of existing antibodies against that antigen. This response involves the binding of IgE to mast cells, and may worsen with repeated exposures.


protein import

The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.


Topiramate

A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.


ruffle

Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.


amide transport

The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


xenobiotic metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.


Piperacillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.


positive regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


Cefazolin

A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.


prostate cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.


secondary alcohol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving secondary alcohol.


alcohol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.


regulation of axonogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.


response to insulin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


chromosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.


Dorzolamide

5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.


amide binding

Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


regulation of cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


Formoterol

A racemate consisting of equal amounts of arformoterol (the active enantiomer) and (S,S)-formoterol (the inactive enantiomer). Its fumaric acid salt is used as a direct-acting sympathomimetic and bronchodilator for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (any progressive respiratory disease that makes it harder to breathe over time, such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema).


Premature Cardiac Complex

A cardiac beat originating from an abnormal site.


nervous system disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.


regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.


regulation of secretion by cell

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.


Drowsiness

Abnormal feeling of sleepiness or difficulty staying awake.


skeletal joint

Anatomical structure that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO].


positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.


internal protein amino acid acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.


organophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.


response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.


Parkinson disease

A progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Signs and symptoms include tremor which is most pronounced during rest, muscle rigidity, slowing of the voluntary movements, a tendency to fall back, and a mask-like facial expression.


inner ear receptor cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound.


Clotrimazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to a nitrogen is replaced by a monochlorotrityl group.


Bifonazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.


developmental process involved in reproduction

A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.


organ induction

The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand the binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.


extrinsic component of membrane

The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


positive regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


molting cycle process

A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.


negative regulation of cell development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


activation of protein kinase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.


organic hydroxy compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.


ensheathment of neurons

The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.


salivary gland cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


Diatrizoic acid

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.


cardiac arrest

Cessation of breathing and/or cardiac function.


regulation of neuron projection development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


positive regulation of mitochondrion organization

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.


protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+.


secretory granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.


transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups

A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized inner cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell.


T-tubule

Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.


Alzheimer disease

A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language.


receptor complex

Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


neural tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.


protein localization to organelle

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.


larynx

A continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.


Paclitaxel

A tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. It is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. Note that the use of the former generic name 'taxol' is now limited, as Taxol is a registered trade mark.


Groin pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the groin region.


nuclear body

Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.


ERBB signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


adherens junction

A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.


isomerase activity

Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.


positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


homotypic cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.


phobic disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation. The individual seeks to avoid the object, activity, or situation. In adults, the individual recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.


positive regulation of vasculature development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


regulation of response to biotic stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.


Menadione

A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.


synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).


photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.


positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.


polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


morphogenesis of an epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.


negative regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


PROLINE

Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.


regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.


phospholipid dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.


mitochondrial intermembrane space

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope.


protein localization to cell periphery

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery.


Clofarabine

A purine nucleoside analogue consisting of a 6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl group attached to the 1beta position of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-D-arabinofuranose. It is metabolized intracellularly to the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, which inhibits DNA synthesisis and so stops the growth of cancer cells. Clofarabine is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.


Hyperbilirubinemia

An increased amount of bilirubin in the blood.


IgA glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of a specific segment of glomeruli within the kidney.


Vardenafil

The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.


cellular response to nutrient

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.


cell motility

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.


cyclosporin A

A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle.


Clonazepam

1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.


Low back pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the lower back.


Fulvestrant

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.


Venlafaxine

A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.


gingivitis

A disorder involving inflammation of the gums; may affect surrounding and supporting structures of the teeth.


AV node cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.


Colchicine

A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.


Fatigue

A subjective feeling of tiredness characterized by a lack of energy and motivation.


regulation of proteolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


germ cell tumor

A benign or malignant, gonadal or extragonadal neoplasm that originates from germ cells. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.


Flank pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the flank.


Ethacrynic acid

An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.


anxiety

Apprehension of danger and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea unattached to a clearly identifiable stimulus.


cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.


exanthem

Any change in the skin which affects its appearance or texture. A rash may be localized to one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful.


cell junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule.


positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.


response to acid chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.


autoimmune bullous skin disease

An autoimmune disease characterized by blisters on the skin.


cornified envelope

A type of plasma membrane that has been modified through addition of distinct intracellular and extracellular components, including ceramide, found in cornifying epithelial cells (corneocytes).


cellular response to metal ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.


T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


skeletal system morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.


cellular response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.


inorganic ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell.


negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.


blood vessel

A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.


protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine

The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.


phosphatidylinositol binding

Binding to an inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.


Captopril

A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.


epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.


brown adipose tissue

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified].


protein localization to centrosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centrosome.


negative regulation of hemostasis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.


regulation of protein binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.


peripheral neuropathy

A disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. It manifests with pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cancer, and drugs.


tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.


chemical homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.


icosanoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


positive regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.


positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


perikaryon

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.


manganese ion binding

Binding to a manganese ion (Mn).


mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during mitosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.


cellular lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


negative regulation of transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


basal transcription machinery binding

Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.


atherosclerosis

Build-up of fatty material and calcium deposition in the arterial wall resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the arterial lumen.


response to amphetamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.


apoptotic mitochondrial changes

The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.


peripheral nervous system

A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


Chlorpromazine

A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.


Hyperpyrexia

An extreme elevation of core body temperature above normal defined as a rectal temperature of 41.1 degrees Celsius (106 degrees Fahrenheit).


Sulindac

A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.


transepithelial chloride transport

The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.


ribonucleoprotein complex

A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.


positive regulation of T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.


collagen fibril organization

Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.


presynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.


regulation of NMDA receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.


activation of immune response

Any process that initiates an immune response.


RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.


neural crest cell migration

The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.


blood plasma

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.


Misoprostol

A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.


rectal disorder

A disease that involves the rectum.


regulation of T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


response to organic cyclic compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.


positive regulation of anoikis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.


response to axon injury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.


positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.


Sensory Disorders

An interruption or alteration in the sensory activity or functions of the nervous system.


liver cancer

An epithelial or non-epithelial malignant neoplasm that arises from the liver. Representative examples include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


positive regulation of catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


ligase activity, forming carbon-nitrogen bonds

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


positive regulation of immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.


pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


positive regulation of transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.


negative regulation of cellular component organization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


regulation of response to wounding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.


axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


Apixaban

A pyrazolopyridine that is 7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted at position 1 by a 4-methoxyphenyl group and at position 6 by a 4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl group. It is used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases.


Hemorrhage of urethra

Bleeding originating from the urethra.


Reserpine

An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.


head and neck cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the head and neck. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.


frontal sinus

The frontal sinus occupies the dorsal part of the skull medial to the orbit. It overlaps cranial and nasal cavities and is often referred to as the conchofrontal sinus.


nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.


membrane fusion involved in viral entry into host cell

Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.


regulation of cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.


Tremor

An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.


regulation of protein transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


monoatomic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.


central nervous system neuron axonogenesis

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


innate immune response-activating signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response.


regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.


Chlormerodrin

Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.


Hypervolemia

An increase in the amount of intravascular fluid, particularly in the volume of the circulating blood.


Omacetaxine mepesuccinate

A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.


regulation of translational initiation in response to stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.


Trifluoperazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is  phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.


photosensitivity disease

Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.


dermatitis

An inflammatory process affecting the skin. Signs include red rash, itching, and blister formation. Representative examples are contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.


Cabazitaxel

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.


gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach.


migraine disorder

A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.


regulation of blood circulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.


posterior vena cava

A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.


CCR4-NOT complex

The Ccr4-Not complex is an eukaryotically conserved deadenylase that can initiate cytoplasmic mRNA decay, and reduce translation by releasing poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1/PABPC1). Ccr4-Not contains seven core subunits, including two poly(A)-specific exonucleases, Ccr4/CNOT6/CNOT6L and Caf1/Pop2/CNOT7/CNOT8.


animal organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


Rectal hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from the rectal wall and discharged from the anus.


cell population proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


sensory perception of smell

The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.


hemostasis

The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.


nuclear chromosome

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.


antiporter activity

Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out).


response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


organelle localization

Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


tissue homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


regulation of cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.


spliceosomal snRNP complex

A small ribonucleoprotein complex involved in formation of the spliceosome.


Thalidomide

A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.


platelet degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.


Pindolol

A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.


mitotic recombination

The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.


protein methylation

The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


respiratory chain complex

Any protein complex that is part of a respiratory chain.


Acetohydroxamic acid

A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.


membrane depolarization during action potential

The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


Docetaxel

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.


glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue.


protein folding

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.


lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


negative regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


regulation of cyclase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity.


regulation of steroid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.


positive regulation of behavior

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.


Ethinyl estradiol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a  xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.


bronchitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the bronchi.


vacuolar membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.


acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


negative regulation of immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.


negative regulation of fat cell proliferation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.


regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.


negative regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


positive regulation of transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


cellular modified amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


positive regulation of stem cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.


mitochondrial envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.


negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate.


DNA repair

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.


cytosolic transport

The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.


rheumatoid arthritis

A chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation in the synovial membranes and articular surfaces. It manifests primarily as a symmetric, erosive polyarthritis that spares the axial skeleton and is typically associated with the presence in the serum of rheumatoid factor.


Pain

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.


positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


Fenoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with  disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.


alopecia

Hair loss usually from the scalp. It may result in bald spots or spread to the entire scalp or the entire epidermis. It may be androgenetic or caused by chemotherapeutic agents, compulsive hair pulling, autoimmune disorders or congenital conditions.


DNA duplex unwinding

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.


chromosome, telomeric region

The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).


positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y = Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


Betaxolol

A  propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydoxy is substituted by a 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenyl group and one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group is substituted by isopropyl. It is a selective  beta1-receptor blocker and is used in the treatment of glaucoma as well as hypertension, arrhythmias, and coronary heart disease. It is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure.


purine-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.


early endosome

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


recombinational repair

A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region.


Ursodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


wound healing

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


regulation of hemopoiesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.


vascular disorder

A general term used to describe any disease affecting blood vessels]. It includes vascular abnormalities caused by degenerative, metabolic and inflammatory conditions, embolic diseases, coagulative disorders, and functional disorders such as posteri or reversible encephalopathy syndrome.


regulation of defense response to virus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism.


homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


Esomeprazole

A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.


Hyperuricemia

An abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.


dorsal/ventral pattern formation

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


positive regulation of cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


neck

An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column.


kinase binding

Binding to a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.


detection of visible light

The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


response to interleukin-1

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.


branch elongation involved in mammary gland duct branching

The developmental growth process in which a branch of a mammary gland duct elongates.


Droxidopa

A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension