granzyme-mediated programmed cell death signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the cell death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of cell death is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce cell death in target cells.


macrophage proliferation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The expansion of a macrophage population by cell division.


cholangiocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a cholangiocyte.


vomifoliol 4'-dehydrogenase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: (6S,9R)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-alpha-ionol + NAD+ = (6S)-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-alpha-ionone + H+ + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + oxidized flavodoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced flavodoxin.


furaldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving furaldehyde, a furan ring-containing aldehyde compound which can be formed from the thermal decomposition of biomass.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> 4-chloro-2-methylphenol + 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion + succinate + carbon dioxide.


trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


alternansucrase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue from sucrose to alternately the 6-position and the 3-position of the non-reducing terminal residue of an alpha-D-glucan, thus producing a glucan having alternating alpha-1,6- and alpha-1,3-linkages.


negative regulation of biological process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.


cyanate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of cell budding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and growth of cell buds.


extracellular polysaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.


dicarboxylate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an omega-dicarboxylic acid + CoASH= AMP + diphosphate + an omega-carboxyacyl-CoA.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.


response to toluene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toluene stimulus.


negative regulation of maltose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltose transport.


(R)-mandelate catabolic process to catechol

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (R)-mandelate into other compounds, including catechol.


ubiquitin ligase-substrate adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a ubiquitin ligase and its substrate. Usually mediated by F-box BTB/POZ domain proteins.


beta-caryophyllene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-caryophyllene.


positive regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction via a phosphorelay signal transduction system.


cyanidin 3-O-glucoside 7-O-glucosyltransferase (vanilloyl-glucose dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside betaine + 1-O-vanilloyl-beta-D-glucose <=> H+ + cyanidin 3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucoside betaine + vanillate.


juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


regulation of L-lysine import across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-lysine import into cell.


IgM binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of the IgM isotype.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4'''-demalonylsalvianin + malonyl-CoA = salvianin + coenzyme A.


Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroxyfumarate + H+ = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO2.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate.


response to external stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.


spheroidene biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spheroidene.


valine dehydrogenase (NAD) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + H2O + NAD+ = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + NH3 + NADH.


skotomorphogenesis

The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation in response to growth in darkness.


ATP-dependent DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity

Catalytic activity that acts to transfer a methyl group to a DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: magnesium protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2 = divinylprotochlorophyllide + 3 NADP+ + 5 H2O.


7-methylguanosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 7-methylguanosine, a modified nucleoside that forms a cap at the 5'-terminus of eukaryotic mRNA.


UDP-sugar diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.


plasmid recombination

A process of DNA recombination occurring within a plasmid or between plasmids and other plasmids or DNA molecules.


secologanin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: loganin + NADPH + H+ + O2 = secologanin + NADP+ + 2 H2O.


aerobic phenol-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the presence of oxygen.


interleukin-17F production

The appearance of interleukin-17F due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


mesothelial-mesenchymal cell signaling involved in early lung development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesothelial cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung.


W-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


snRNA pseudouridylation guide activity

Activity that provides specificity to a pseudouridine synthetase by using base complementarity to guide site-specific pseudouridylations to a small nuclear RNA molecule.


aculeacin-A deacylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the amide bond in aculeacin A and related neutral lipopeptide antibiotics, releasing the long-chain fatty acid side-chain.


(R)-mandelate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + acceptor = phenylglyoxylate + reduced acceptor.


9-fluorenone dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 9-fluorenone + 2 NADPH + O2 = 2 NADP+ + 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-9-fluorenone.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-1,2-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + 1,2-dihydroxyphenanthrene.


(E)-caffeate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (E)-caffeate + ATP + CoA = (E)-caffeoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.


lipid A-core heptosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: galactosyl-glucosyl3-heptosyl3-KDO2-lipid A-bisphosphate + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = lipid A-core + ADP + H+.


alpha,alpha-phosphotrehalase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate.


arachidonate 8(S)-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8S,9E,11Z,14Z)-8-hydroperoxyicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoate.


positive regulation of membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol + NADH + H+ + O2 = 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol + NAD+ + H2O.


stellate cell precursor proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to stellate cells. A cerebellar stellate cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


alkylamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylhexanamide + H2O = hexanoate + methylammonium.


3-phenylpropionate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-phenylpropionate, the anion of phenylpropanoic acid. It is produced from putrefaction of proteins in soil or breakdown of several constituents of plants, such as lignin, various oils and resins.


Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-jasmonate + L-isoleucine + ATP(4-) <=> H+ + (-)-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine + AMP(2-) + diphosphoric acid.


fungal-type cell wall assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a fungal-type cell wall.


sepiapterin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydrobiopterin + NADP+ = sepiapterin + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine + H2O = N-isopropylammelide + ethylamine.


female germline ring canal stabilization

Maintenance of the structural integrity of the ring canals connecting the female germline cyst.


response to sulfur dioxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 mono-beta-D-galactosyldiacylglycerol = alpha-D-galactosyl-beta-D-galactosyldiacylglycerol + 1,2-diacylglycerol.


intracellular nickel ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nickel ions within a cell.


regulation of plus-end directed microtubule sliding

Any process that mediates the frequency, rate, or extent of plus-end directed microtubule sliding.


unsubstituted mannan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the mannan backbone, the unsubstituted polymer of D-mannose units.


DDT 2,3-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT. 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane is also known as DDT.


XCL1 production

The appearance of XCL1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


suppression by virus of host catalytic activity

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity.


cyanidin 3-O-glucoside 3'',6''-O-dimalonyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) + malonyl-CoA(5-) <=> cyanidin 3-O-(3''', 6''-O-dimalonyl-beta-glucopyranoside) + coenzyme A.


myelination of posterior lateral line nerve axons

The formation of compact myelin sheaths around the axons of the posterior lateral line nerve.


pimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + pimelyl-CoA = 2,3-didehydropimeloyl-CoA + H+ + NADH.


post-embryonic pectoral fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion.


galactose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of galactose from one side of a membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.


induction of conjugation upon nitrogen starvation

The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion upon nitrogen starvation.


quinate 3-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: quinate + NADP+ = 3-dehydroquinate + NADPH + H+.


positive regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


convergent extension involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis

The morphogenetic process in which the renal epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros.


vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem

The process involved in transforming a meristem that produces vegetative structures, such as leaves, into a meristem that produces reproductive structures, such as a flower or an inflorescence.


1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-beta-muramic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid, the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of N-acetyl-beta-muramic acid.


enterobactin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.


messenger ribonucleoprotein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to form a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex.


fucoidanase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,2-alpha-L-fucoside linkages in fucoidan without release of sulfate.


methyl fluoride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl fluoride, fluorine-substituted methane, a gaseous halogenated hydrocarbon that has been investigated as an inhibitor of methanotrophy and nitrification in soils.


N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (N1-acetylspermidine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N1-acetylspermine + oxygen + H2O = N1-acetylspermidine + 3-aminopropanal + hydrogen peroxide.


sperm storage

The retention of sperm by a female following mating.


protein localization to eisosome filament

A process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location in a eisosome filament (also called linear eisosome), a filamentous cortical structure formed, in S. pombe, by the eisosome component Pil1.


Catalysis of the reaction:1-(1,2-saturated alkyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = 1-O-(1Z-alkenyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O.


detection of oxidative stress

The series of events in which a stimulus indicating oxidative stress is received and converted into a molecular signal.


metanephric interstitial fibroblast fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a metanephric interstitial fibroblast.


Catalysis of the reaction: raffinose + 1-alpha-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol = stachyose + myo-inositol.


forked DNA-dependent helicase activity

Unwinding a DNA helix containing forked DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


Catalysis of the reaction: galactogen + UDP-galactose = 1,6-beta-D-galctosylgalactogen + UDP.


dihydroneopterin aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine = 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine + glycolaldehyde.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + H+ + trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinate = H2O + NADP+ + trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinate.


neuronal pentraxin receptor activity

Combining with a neuronal pentraxin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of collecting lymphatic vessel constriction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collecting lymphatic vessel constriction.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)-beta-D-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP + 2 H+ + lipid IV(a).


diamine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a diamine + H2O + O2 = a monoamine + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


galactose to glucose-1-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways in which galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose, is converted to glucose-1-phosphate.


pore formation in host plasma membrane

The disruption of host plasma membrane integrity by formation of a pore, resulting in deregulated ion homeostasis, and cellular dysfunction that can result in cell death.


olfactory nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the olfactory nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.


pre-mRNA branch point binding

Binding to a pre-mRNA branch point sequence, located upstream of the 3' splice site.


tetrapeptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tetrapeptide from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N6-methyladenine.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


envenomation resulting in positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the positive regulation of complement activation via the classical pathway of the bitten/stung organism.


peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form tele-methylhistidine

The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine).


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphonato-5'-adenylyl sulfate + an 11-hydroxyjasmonate <=> adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate + H+ + an 11-hydroxyjasmonate sulfate.


alpha-bisabolene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (E,R)-alpha-bisabolene + diphosphate.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.


calcium ion binding involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

The directed change of free calcium ion concentration in the postsynaptic cytosol via the reversible binding of calcium ions to calcium-binding proteins in the cytosol thereby modulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of changes in postsynaptic cytosolic calcium concentrations.


cellular response to methylamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylamine stimulus.


negative regulation of cell fate determination

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate determination.


modification by symbiont of host tight cell-cell junction

The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host tight junction, a cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


4-hydroxymandelate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O2 = 4-hydroxymandelate + CO2.


regulation of mammary gland cord elongation by mammary fat precursor cell-epithelial cell signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of mammary gland cord elongation as a result of a signal being created by a mesenchymal cell that is a precursor to the mammary fat and its subsequent reception and interpretation by an mammary cord epithelial cell.


hydroxylamine oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: hydroxylamine + NH3 = hydrazine + H2O, and hydrazine + acceptor = N2 + reduced acceptor.


ventricular septum intermedium morphogenesis

The developmental process in which a ventricular septum intermedium is generated and organized.


cytoskeletal matrix organization at active zone

The assembly and arrangement of cytomatrix proteins to form complexes in the cell cortex beneath the active zone, i.e. just beneath the presynaptic plasma membrane.


reduced coenzyme F420:heterodisulfide oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + CoB-S-S-CoM = coenzyme F420 + CoM-SH + CoB-SH.


larval walking behavior

The behavior of a larval organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


glycolate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).


FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: FAD = AMP + riboflavin cyclic-4',5'-phosphate.


Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity

Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gq/11 subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gq/11 subunit subsequently activates phospholipase C and results in an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels.


cold-induced thermogenesis

The process by which heat is generated by increasing metabolism in response to cold ambient temperatures in order to maintain a stable core body temperature.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrosarcinapterin.


floral whorl development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a floral whorl over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A floral whorl is a circular arrangement of parts of a flower arising from a stem of a plant.


nicotine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nicotine + acceptor + H2O = (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + reduced acceptor.


positive regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.


pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrrolizidine alkaloid.


URM1 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of URM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-URM1 + Y = Y-URM1 + X, where both X-URM1 and Y-URM1 are covalent linkages.


optic nerve maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the optic nerve to attain its fully functional state. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.


galactomannan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-galactose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-galactose as single side units.


Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylethanolamine from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine.


autophagosome localization

Any process in which an autophagosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle

A pathway leading to the fixation of two molecules of CO2 and the production of one molecule of acetyl-CoA; essentially the oxidative TCA cycle running in reverse. Acetyl-CoA is reductively carboxylated to pyruvate, from which all other central metabolites can be formed. Most of the enzymes of reductive and oxidative TCA cycle are shared, with the exception of three key enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, and fumarate reductase the reduction of fumarate forming succinate.


alanine racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine = D-alanine.


erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.


response to cytochalasin B

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(R)-pantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + H+ = (R)-pantetheine + CO2.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-D-galactofuranose.


regulation of conidium formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of conidium formation, a process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus.


activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = heptosyl2-KDO2-lipid A + ADP + H+.


shelterin complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a shelterin complex. A shelterin complex is a nuclear telomere cap complex that is formed by the association of telomeric ssDNA- and dsDNA-binding proteins with telomeric DNA, and is involved in telomere protection and recruitment of telomerase.


negative regulation of arabinoxylan-containing compound catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arabinoxylan-containing compound catabolic process.


regulation of nematode male tail tip morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nematode male tail tip morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structure of the adult male tail tip is generated and organized.


Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate + homogentisate + H+ <=> 2-methyl-6-all-trans-nonaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone + carbon dioxide + diphosphoric acid.


'de novo' L-methionine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine, the L-enantiomer of (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid, from simpler components.


ADP-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase] hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase] = adenosine diphosphate ribose + [dinitrogen reductase].


voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Voltage-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential. This is a key step in synaptic transmission, following the arrival of an action potential at the synapse.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NADP+ = D-mannose 6-phosphate + 3 H+ + NADPH.


cellular response to arsenite(3-)

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenite(3-) stimulus.


CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + corrinoid protein = CO + methylcorrinoid protein + CoA.


taxane 13-alpha-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + O2 + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol = H2O + NADP+ + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha,13alpha-diol.


arachidonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of arachidonate from one side of a membrane to the other.


vinorine hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + O2 + vinorine = H2O + NADP+ + vomilenine.


viral genome circularization

The circularization of a viral genome following infection of a host cell. This is common amongst bacterial viruses to protect the viral genome ends from nucleases, to convert the linear genome to an integrative precursor or to give rise to the replicative form of the genome. It can be mediated by covalent closure of the DNA sticky ends, recombinaison between redundant terminal sequences or via the binding of a protein at the viral DNA extremities.


positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.


exit of virus from host cell nucleus

The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus.


chitin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous polysaccharides, to remove successive maltotriose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetate + butanoyl-CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + butanoate.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-hydroxyphenylacetate.


positive regulation of D-aspartate import across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed import of D-aspartate from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


efferent axon development in a lateral line nerve

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an efferent axon in a lateral line nerve over time from its formation to the mature structure. This process includes axonogenesis and pathfinding of the efferent axons in any lateral line nerve.


glutamine N-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + L-glutamine = CoA + N-acyl-L-glutamine.


Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + 3 H+ + a stearoyl-[acp] = nonadec-1-ene + 2 carbon dioxide + coenzyme A + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein].


hemicellulose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemicelluloses, plant cell wall polysaccharides that have a backbone of 1,4-linked beta-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation. Many different hemicelluloses usually occur intermixed with each molecular type representing different degrees of polymerization and contain many different sugar monomers, which can include glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses also contain most of the D-pentose sugars and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannuronic acid and galacturonic acid also tend to be present.


positive regulation of transport across blood-brain barrier

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transport across blood-brain barrier.


pigment accumulation in response to UV light

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus.


histone H3-K36 trimethylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.


ingression involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The migration of individual cells into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.


negative regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of late stripe melanocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-cis-6,7-dihydrodiol.


pectin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.


cytochrome metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cytochrome.


protein demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a protein.


cephalosporinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a cephalosporin + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid derivative of the cephalosporin.


histone H3 ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a histone H3 substrate.


negative regulation of odontoblast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.


histone H3K23 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 23) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 23).


protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-cellobiose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + cellobiose(out) = protein histidine + cellobiose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


leucophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a leucophore cell. Leucophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain uric acid or other purine crystals, deposited in stacks called leucosomes. This gives them a white appearance.


tRNA gene clustering

The process in which tRNA genes, which are not linearly connected on the chromosome, are transported in three dimensions to, and maintained together in, the nucleolus. This clustered positioning leads to transcriptional silencing of nearby RNA polymerase II promoters (termed tRNA gene mediated (tgm) silencing) in S. cerevisiae.


modification by symbiont of host cell nucleus

The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host cell nucleus.


Catalysis of the reaction: a 5,6-dihydrouracil20b in tRNA + NAD(P) = H+ + a uracil20b in tRNA + NAD(P)H.


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-N6-dihydrolipoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + acetyl-CoA = (R)-N6-(S8-acetyldihydrolipoyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] + CoA.


rubredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NADP+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: dithioerythritol + thiosulfate = hydrogen sulfide + dithioerythritol disulfide + sulfite.


beta-alanine biosynthetic process via 3-hydroxypropionate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine via the intermediate 3-hydroxypropionate.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-xylose(out) + H+(out) = D-xylose(in) + H+(in).


germarium-derived oocyte fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a germarium-derived cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


vascular endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress

Any response to fluid shear stress in a vascular endothelial cell.


fumonisin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fumonisin.


regulation of cellular response to alcohol

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.


chitin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n) = UDP + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n+1).


regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the dorsal spinal cord.


L-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulonate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-L-gulonate + H+ + NADH.


suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation

Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


protein-bilin linkage

The covalent linkage of bilin and a protein.


stomium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A stomium is a fissure or pore in the anther lobe through which the pollen is released.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-galactosalaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.


pronephric glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


phthalate binding

Binding to a phthalate, any ester or salt of phthalic acid.


ABC-type iron-sulfur cluster transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + iron-sulfur cluster(in) = ADP + phosphate + iron-sulfur cluster(out).


rhombomere 1 structural organization

The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 1. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


perillic acid-CoA ligase (AMP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: perillic acid + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + AMP + diphosphate + perillyl-CoA.


2-propylphenol monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-propylphenol + O2 + NADH + H+ = 3-propylcatechol + H2O + NAD.


dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + A = AH(2) + orotate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + H+ = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + H2O.


(S)-scoulerine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving (S)-scoulerine.


thymus epithelium morphogenesis

The process in which the thymus epithelium is generated and organized.


forebrain neuroblast differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of basal progenitor cells, neuroblasts that lose their contacts with the ventricular surface. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


ATP-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion from intracellular stores by a channel that opens when a ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-citramalate + succinyl-CoA = citramalyl-CoA + succinate.


cardioblast cell midline fusion

The attachment of cardiac progenitor cells to one another that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.


acrosome matrix dispersal

The proteolytic digestion of components in the acrosomal matrix that occurs as part of the acrosome reaction. The process can occur either in the cumulus oophorous facilitating the penetration of it by the sperm, or at the zona pellucida allowing the sperm to reach the plasma membrane of the egg where the inner acrosomal membrane of the sperm can interact with the egg plasma membrane.


molybdenum incorporation into molybdenum-molybdopterin complex

The incorporation of molybdenum into a molybdenum-molybdopterin complex.


regulation of glycerol transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of glycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of heart rate in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the negative regulation of the heart rate of the bitten/stung organism.


rhombomere 7 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 7. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:2-2-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:3-2-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


cell motility in response to potassium ion

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.


glutathione thiolesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-acylglutathione + H2O = a carboxylate + glutathione + H+.


stamen formation

The process that contributes to the act of giving rise to the stamen. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


rhombomere 4 morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 4 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-polyphosphate + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate = long-chain-polyphosphate + 3-phosphoglycerate.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-9 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-9.


protein-FAD linkage via O4'-(8alpha-FAD)-L-tyrosine

The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via O4'-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-tyrosine.


pentadec-1-ene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentadec-1-ene.


asparagine biosynthetic process from oxaloacetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine from other compounds, including oxaloacetate.


homoaconitate hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-homoisocitrate = cis-homoaconitate + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetamidofluorene + NAD(P)+ + H2O = N-hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene + NAD(P)H + H+.


phosphoketolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylulose 5-phosphate + phosphate = acetyl phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H2O.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to changes in intracellular ion homeostasis, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activity

Combining with an enkephalin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. A enkephalin is a pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met or Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) involved in regulating nociception in the body.


pons structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the pons. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.


RNA glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-glycosidic bonds in an RNA molecule.


apigenin 7-O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + apigenin-7-olate <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + genkwanin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phospho-alpha-D-glucuronate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.


Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-beta-L-rhamnose + L-arginyl-[protein] = dTDP + H+ + N(omega)-(L-rhamnosyl)-L-arginyl-[protein].


Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A).


negative regulation of L-arginine import across plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-arginine import across plasma membrane.


thiaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + thiamine = 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n+1).


glial cell-neuron signaling

Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signalling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum.


starch metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. It is a glucan consisting of two components, amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose homopolymers. Starch is synthesized as a temporary storage form of carbon and can be catabolized to produce sucrose.


evasion by virus of DNA end degradation

A process by which a virus evades and ends degradation of its DNA when free viral-DNA ends are exposed as part of its life-cycle. For example, some bacteriophages encode proteins that bind to free viral DNA ends, protecting them from degradation by host exonucleases.


tRNA 5-carboxymethoxyuridine methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to a 5-carboxymethoxy-modified uridine residue in a tRNA molecule.


ATPase coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any ATPase coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.


positive regulation of ascospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation, a process in which a sexual spore, named ascospore, from Ascomycete fungi was produced inside an ascus.


cholesterol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NAD = cholest-5-en-3-one + NADH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O.


salicylic acid glucosyltransferase (ester-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid glucose ester + UDP.


L-xylulokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-xylulose = ADP + L-xylulose 5-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dCMP + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylate.


modulation by symbiont of host induced systemic resistance

Any process in which a symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methylthio-2-oxopentanoate + a standard alpha amino acid <=> L-homomethionine + a 2-oxo carboxylate.


Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate = halima-5(6),13-dien-15-yl diphosphate.


multicellular organismal-level chemical homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


cholesterol sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + cholesterol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + cholesterol sulfate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NAD(P)+ = S-formylglutathione + NAD(P)H + H+.


maintenance of imaginal histoblast diploidy

The negative regulation of the differentiation of polytenized larval hypodermal cells from abdominal histoblasts. The abdominal histoblasts remain a small cluster of diploid cells among the polytenized larval hypodermal cells.


sulfiredoxin activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) + ATP + 2 R-SH = peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) + ADP + phosphate + R-S-S-R.


negative regulation of memory T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of memory T cell differentiation.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sodium(out)+ galactoside(out) = sodium(in) + galactoside(in).


pectoral fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion.


xylan acetylation

The addition of one or more acetyl groups to a xylan molecule.


epidermal growth factor receptor ligand maturation

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a ligand for an epidermal growth factor receptor. The ligand is functional when it can bind to and activate an epidermal growth factor receptor.


dihydromethanopterin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydromethanopterin + NADPH = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + NADP.


maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA,5S)

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


cyanidin 3-O-[2''-O-(2''-O-(sinapoyl) xylosyl) 6''-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside] 5-O-[6''-O-(malonyl) glucoside] sinapoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-[2''-O-(xylosyl)-6''-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside] 5-O-malonylglucoside + 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose <=> cyanidin 3-O-[2''-O-(2''-O-(sinapoyl) xylosyl) 6'-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside] 5-O-[6''-O-(malonyl) glucoside + beta-D-glucose.


fruit development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit is a reproductive body of a seed plant.


leg disc anterior/posterior pattern formation

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the leg imaginal disc.


regulation of artery smooth muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery smooth muscle contraction.


K antigen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.


The multiplication or reproduction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Oligodendrocyte progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.


negative regulation of retina development in camera-type eye

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.


lipoate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine + 2 sulfur + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosyl.


Catalysis of the reaction: reactive black 5 + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized reactive black 5 + 2 H2O.


positive regulation of cornification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cornification.


nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,8-cineole + NADPH + H+ + O2 <=> 2-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole + NADP + H2O.


3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA.


peptidyl-lysine deglutarylation

The removal of a glutaryl group (CO-CH2-CH2--CH2-CO) from a glutarylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway.


regulation of mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate determination.


RNA nucleotide deletion

The modification of an RNA molecule by removal of a single nucleotide.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol = GDP + beta-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol.


branching involved in open tracheal system development

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in the open tracheal system are generated and organized.


endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control

The response to endoplasimic reticulum stress in which nascent proteins are degraded by attenuation of their translocation into the ER followed by rerouting to the cytosol without cleavage of the signal peptide, and subsequent degradation by the proteasome.


gibberellin A44,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H+ + gibberellin A44 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = gibberellin A98 + succinate + carbon dioxide.


threonine efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of threonine from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabitol + NADP+ = L-arabinose + NADPH + H+.


3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, an aromatic compound which is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of patulin, a toxin and antiviral agent produced by some moulds such as Penicillium patulinum.


2-phenylethyl 6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside glucosidase (Yabukita) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phenylethyl 6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside + H2O = 2-phenylethanol + 6-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranose.


Catalysis of the reaction: dehydroabietadienal + NADPH + O2 <=> dehydroabietic acid + NADP + H2O.


A protein modification process in which a polypeptide is added to a nascent polypeptide cotranslationally by trans-translation.


ocellus pigmentation

The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates.


negative gravitropism

The orientation of plant parts away from gravity.


Hsp90 deacetylation

The modification of an Hsp90 protein by removal of acetyl groups.


co-transcriptional mRNA 3'-end processing, cleavage and polyadenylation pathway

Any process involved in transcription termination-coupled 3' processing of RNA polymerase II mRNA transcripts by the 3' end cleavage  and addition of a poly(A) tail. This pathway is required for the maturation of primary protein-encoding transcripts into functional mRNAs that can be exported from the nucleus and translated in the cytoplasm, but is also required for polyadenylation-dependent decay.


naphthalene disulfonate 1,2-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (1/2)-unsubstituted naphthalenoid-(2/1)-sulfonate + 2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 = 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene derivative + HSO3(-). Substrates include naphthalene-1,6-disulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate), naphthalene-1-sulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene), naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate) and naphthalene-2-sulfonate (forms 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene).


negative regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.


maintenance of chromosome location

Any process in which a chromosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


glycolytic process through glucose-1-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways through a glucose-1-phosphate intermediate that result in the catabolism of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


adenohypophysis formation

The process that gives rise to adenohypophysis. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid)n + H2O = (2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid)n-1 + 2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a 2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid residue from a poly-2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid chain.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol + NADP+ = 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: eriodictyol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> H+ + hesperetin(1-) + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


response to DNA replication checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of DNA replication checkpoint signaling.


tubulin-tyrosine carboxypeptidase

Catalysis of the reaction: C-terminal L-alpha-aminoacyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-[tubulin] + H2O = C-terminal L-alpha-aminoacyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-[tubulin] + L-tyrosine.


aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. The aspartyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an aspartic acid accetping tRNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-amino-L-alanine + oxalyl-CoA = N(3)-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoate + CoA.


negative regulation of white fat cell proliferation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.


arachidonate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + ATP + CoA = AMP + arachidonoyl-CoA + diphosphate + H+.


positive regulation of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway.


The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


neuromuscular junction development, skeletal muscle fiber

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction that targets a skeletal muscle fiber.


interferon-kappa production

The appearance of interferon-kappa due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->6) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.


mitotic prophase

The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.


corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the medullary pyramid

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the basilar pons through the medullary pyramid in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


red or far-red light signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.


nitrite reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = product(s) of nitrate reduction + reduced acceptor.


actin phosphorylation

The transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule.


modulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The receptor is defined as a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand) such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


choline monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: choline + 2 reduced ferredoxin + O2 + 2 H+ = betaine aldehyde hydrate + 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2O.


lincomycin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lincomycin.


regulation of natural killer cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.


response to cholecystokinin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholecystokinin stimulus.


mitochondrial respirasome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of respiratory enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane (including, for example, complex II, complex III, complex IV) to form a large supercomplex.


galactose catabolic process via D-galactonate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate D-galactonate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxy-4'-sulfoazobenzene + 4 H+ + 4 e- = 4-aminobenzoate + 4-aminobenzenesulfonate.


putamen development

The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.


cellular response to chemical stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.


N-terminal peptidyl-alanine acetylation

The acetylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins; catalyzed by peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase or other enzymes of this class, such as ribosomal-protein-alanine N-acetyltransferase.


positive regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP by DIF-1

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-1. DIF-1 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.


negative regulation of cardiac ventricle development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.


posterior lateral line ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior lateral line ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The posterior lateral line ganglion develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear.


cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal transition

A transition where a cardiac endothelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. Endocardial cells (specialized endothelial cells that line the heart) undergo EndMT, and give rise to mesenchymal cells necessary for proper heart development. EndMT, specifically generates valve progenitor cells that give rise to the mitral and tricuspid valves. EndMT also contributes to endocardial cushion formation, as well as to generation of cardiac fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, but not cardiac myocytes.


envenomation resulting in modulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in the bitten organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.


COPI coating of Golgi vesicle, inter-Golgi cisterna

The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of inter-Golgi cisterna transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.


pantothenate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.


aspartate-ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + ATP + NH4 = L-asparagine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


artery vasodilation involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure

An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N7-methylguanine.


response to interleukin-32

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-32 stimulus.


p-xylene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving p-xylene, (1,4-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + dihydrogeranylgeranyl-PP + NADPH = tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl-PP + NADP.


positive regulation of establishment of blood-brain barrier

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of the blood-brain barrier, a selectively permeable structural and functional barrier that exists between the capillaries and the brain.


regulation of estrone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of estrone secretion.


asexual spore wall assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an asexual spore wall, the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in Bacterial and Fungal species.


Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H+ + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.


cellular component assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.


negative regulation of epithelium regeneration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelium regeneration.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + 3 H+ + a heptodecanoyl-[acp] = octadec-1-ene + 2 carbon dioxide + coenzyme A + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein].


positive regulation of cuticle pigmentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the cuticle of an organism.


sulochrin oxidase [(+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + 2 sulochrin = 2 (2S)-bisdechlorogeodin + 2 H2O.


paranodal junction maintenance

The maintenance of a paranodal junction, a highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. A paranodal junction flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve, electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments, and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


lipopolysaccharide localization to cell outer membrane

A process in which a lipopolysaccharide is transported to the cell outer membrane.


regulation of border follicle cell delamination

Any process that regulates the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination.


negative regulation of mesonephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesonephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.


regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.


negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.


phosphorylation-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to phosphorylation of one of its constituent parts.


Catalysis of the reaction: neoagarohexaose + H2O <=> 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose + agaropentaose.


histone H3K9 monomethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 9 of histone H3, producing histone H3K9me.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(R)-4-phosphonatopantothenoyl]-L-cysteinate + H+ = CO2 + pantetheine 4'-phosphate.


myocardial epithelial involution involved in heart jogging

The morphogenetic process in which the myocardium bends along a linear axis and contributes to the process of heart jogging.


roof plate formation

The formation of a single row of glia at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube. This region provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types and of the specification of neural crest cells. The cells comprising the roof plate are the precursors to radial glial cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + (3S)-(+)-asterisca-2(9),6-diene.


dendrite development by retrograde extension

The progression of a dendrite over time by the attachment of a part of the neuron to an anchor and the subsequent migration of the cell body away from the anchor point.


tubulin N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (alpha-tubulin) L-lysine = CoA + (alpha-tubulin) N6-acetyl-L-lysine.


response to continuous far red light stimulus by the high-irradiance response system

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a continuous far red light stimulus by the high-irradiance response system. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. The activity of the high-irradiance response system is characterized by stronger effects of continuous than pulsed light at equal total fluence.


protein-containing complex organization

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.


gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase (glyoxylate dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid + 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion = 4-oxobutanoate + glycine.


negative regulation of mannan catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mannan catabolic process.


miltiradiene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miltiradiene.


histone H4K20 trimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl(20)-[histone H4] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N(6),N(6),N(6)-trimethyl-L-lysyl(20)-[histone H4] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein, producing histone H4K20me3.


Catalysis of the reaction:(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.


negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell extravasation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell extravasation.


tyrosine decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine = tyramine + CO2.


opine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-2-[(R)-1-carboxyethylamino]pentanoate + H2O + NAD+ = L-2-aminopentanoate + H+ + NADH + pyruvate.


glycosinolate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosinolates, substituted thioglycosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.


cellular detoxification of aldehyde

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of an aldehyde. These may include transport of aldehydes away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.


male germline ring canal formation

Formation of the intercellular bridges that connect the germ-line cells of a male cyst.


peptidylamidoglycolate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidylamidoglycolate = peptidyl amide + glyoxylate.


lithocholic acid receptor activity

Combining with lithocholic acid and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


uracil:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: uracil(out) + cation(out) = uracil(in) + cation(in).


negative regulation of terminal cell fate specification, open tracheal system

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a terminal cell fate in an open tracheal system. Once the terminal and fusion fates have been correctly induced, inhibitory feedback loops prevent the remaining branch cells from assuming similar fates.


regulation of cytokinin dehydrogenase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokinin dehydrogenase activity.


C-C motif chemokine 5 receptor activity

Combining with the C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


cspyrone B1 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cspyrone B1.


Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,10E,12R,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoate.


positive regulation of short-term synaptic potentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of short-term synaptic potentiation.


establishment of plastid localization

The directed movement of a plastid to a specific location in the cell.


allatostatin receptor activity

Combining with allatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity.


peptidyl-phenylalanine modification

The modification of peptidyl-phenylalanine.


alpha-glucan catabolic process involved in ascospore release from ascus

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alpha-glucans in the ascus wall that contributes to the release of ascospores from the ascus.


positive regulation of cleistothecium development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cleistothecium development, a process that leads to the formation of a cleistothecium. The cleistothecium is a closed sexual fruiting body that contains ascospores in linear asci, characteristic of some filamentous Ascomycete fungi such as members of the genera Aspergillus and Emericella.


cis-zeatin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cis-zeatin, (2Z)-2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.


Catalysis of the reaction: orotidine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.


ATPase-coupled polar amino acid-transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + polar amino acid(out) = ADP + phosphate + polar amino acid(in).


Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanal + H2O = 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate + 3 H+ + 2 e-.


zeaxanthin epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-zeaxanthin + 4 H+ + 2 O2 + 4 reduced [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] = all-trans-violaxanthin + 2 H2O + 4 oxidized [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin].


negative regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway, G-alpha-dependent

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid and dependent on the coupling of the alpha subunit of G proteins to the hormone receptors.


Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H+.


dCTP deaminase (dUMP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + 2 H2O = diphosphate + dUMP + H+ + NH4.


IP-10 production

The appearance of IP-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


90S preribosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a 90S preribosome. The 90S preribosome represents the complex that forms on the primary rRNA transcript before it splits into the small subunit and large subunit portions.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-9 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway.


regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.


pyruvate, phosphate dikinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + phosphate + pyruvate = AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate.


induction by symbiont of host systemic acquired resistance

Any process in which a symbiont activates systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


electron transporter, transferring electrons within cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II activity

Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + pyruvate = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-alanine.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a vascular smooth muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.


positive regulation of glycerol transport

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of glycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


peptide cross-linking via L-cysteinyl-L-selenocysteine

The formation of a selenide-sulfide bond to form the cystine-like L-cysteinyl-L-selenocysteine, as in vertebrate selenopeptide P.


Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + L-glutamate + ATP <=> H+ + N-benzoyl-L-glutamate + AMP + diphosphoric acid.


regulation of invasive growth in response to glucose limitation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of invasive growth in response to glucose limitation.


sphingolipid floppase activity

Catalysis of the movement of a sphingolipid from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


emericellamide A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving emericellamide A.


Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + farnesyl diphosphate = 2-methyl-6-farnesylplastoquinol.


interleukin-30 production

The appearance of interleukin-30 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + kaempferol 3-O-glucoside <=> kaempferol 3,7-O-diglucoside + UDP.


sedoheptulokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sedoheptulose = ADP + 2 H+ + sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + chlorophyllide b + (E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl diphosphate <=> chlorophyll b + diphosphoric acid.


protein palmitoleylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoleyl group to a protein.


coenzyme B metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


histone H2AR3 arginine deiminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 2A L-arginyl (position 3)= histone 2A L-citrullyl (position 3) + NH4+, resulting in histone H2A citrullination at position 3.


positive regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.


negative regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.


negative regulation of dipeptide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O2 = CO2 + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H2O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.


5.8S rRNA binding

Binding to 5.8S ribosomal RNA, a eukaryotic ribosomal RNA which forms a complex with 28S RNA.


RNA polymerase III preinitiation complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-galactose = alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP.


modification by symbiont of host mitochondrion

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of host cell mitochondria. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


zinc efflux active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane: Zn2+(out) = Zn2+(in). The activity is driven by proton motive force.


anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamine + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + N-(8,9-epoxy-5Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatrienoyl)-ethanolamine + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].


Catalysis of the reaction: N(6)-hydroxy-L-lysine + acetyl-CoA = N(6)-acetyl-N(6)-hydroxy-L-lysine + CoA.


branch fusion, open tracheal system

Fusing of specific tracheal branches in an open tracheal system to branches from neighboring hemisegments to form a continuous tracheal network. Branch fusion is mediated by individual cells at the tip of each branch, which contact a similar cell and undergo a coordinated series of morphogenetic events that create a bicellular fusion joint.


soladodine glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + solasodine <=> UDP + solasodine 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside + H+.


negative regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


prenol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenols, isoprenoids of general formula (H-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-)n-OH, any primary monohydroxy alcohol whose carbon skeleton consists of two or more isoprenoid residues linked head to tail.


citramalate CoA-transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + citramalate = acetate + (3S)-citramalyl-CoA.


Catalysis of the transfer of glucuronate to the xylan backbone of glucuronoxylan molecule.


synaptic vesicle budding from presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

Evagination of the presynaptic membrane, resulting in the formation of a new synaptic vesicle.


cell morphogenesis

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.


kievitone hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: kievitone hydrate = H2O + H+ + kievitone.


negative regulation of maltotetraose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltotetraose transport.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxypyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-hydroxypyrene-7,8-oxide + H2O.


alpha-amyrin 28-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-amyrin + NADPH(4-) + O2 + H+ <=> uvaol + NADP(3-) + H2O.


m-xylene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving m-xylene, (1,3-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


regulation of calcitonin secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcitonin secretion.


GMP synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + NH4(+) = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + 2H+.


protein deglycation

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from a glycated protein.


benzoin aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzoin = 2 benzaldehyde.


pronephros maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pronephros to attain its fully functional state. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.


cellular response to cortisone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisone stimulus. Cortisone is a natural glucocorticoid steroid hormone that is metabolically convertible to cortisol. Cortisone is synthesized from cholesterol in the cortex of the adrenal gland under the stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). The main physiological effect of cortisone is on carbohydrate metabolism; it can stimulate increased glucose release from the liver, increased liver glycogen synthesis, and decreased utilization of glucose by the tissues.


UGC codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UGC codon.


Catalysis of the reaction: didemethylisoproturon + H2O = carbamic acid + 4-isopropylaniline.


positive regulation of mast cell differentiation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


wing disc proximal/distal pattern formation

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.


macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma production

The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

Any epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway that is involved in heart process.


positive regulation of Hulle cell development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Hulle cell development, a process that leads to the formation of Hulle cells. Hulle cells are specialized multinucleate cells that originate from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development and serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium, or fruiting body.


negative regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP.


induction by virus of host apoptotic process

Any viral process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.


aromatic amino acid family catabolic process to carboxylic acid via Ehrlich pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanoate, 4-hydroxyphenylethanoate, or 2-(Indol-3-yl)-ethanoate, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + orotidine 5'-phosphate = CO2 + UMP.


negative regulation of chitin-based cuticle tanning

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chitin-based cuticular tanning.


IMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.


campestanol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + campestanol + O2 + NADPH <=> 6-deoxycathasterone + H2O + NADP.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + acetate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an acetyl group from N-acetylglucosaminylinositol.


enterobactin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of the siderochrome enterochelin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine from one side of a membrane to the other.


4-nitrobenzyl alcohol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + O2 <=> 4-nitrobenzaldehyde + hydrogen peroxide.


beta-amyrin 11-oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-amyrin + 2 O2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ <=> 11-oxo-beta-amyrin + 3 H2O + 2 NADP.


ditrans, polycis-undecaprenyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose = D-mannosyl undecaprenyl phosphate+ GDP.


trigeminal ganglion structural organization

The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of the trigeminal ganglion This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.


lipid-linked peptidoglycan transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of lipid-linked peptidoglycans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,7-dimethylxanthine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> H+ + caffeine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


protein localization to cleavage furrow rim

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cleavage furrow rim.


ascopyrone tautomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose = 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-en-3-ulose.


UUA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UUA codon.


negative regulation of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic process.


oocyte nucleus localization involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification

The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell during the establishment and maintenance of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte.