signal transduction by p53 class mediator

An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.


protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


apical junction complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.


ribonucleoprotein granule

A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions.


ciliary base

Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.


negative regulation of protein processing

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.


musculoskeletal system disorder

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A disease involving the musculoskeletal system.


circadian rhythm

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


centriole replication

The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0.


response to lithium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.


negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.


phagosome maturation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.


cellular detoxification

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.


positive regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.


cellular response to inorganic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.


modulation by symbiont of host process

The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.


positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.


midbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).


regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.


regulation of norepinephrine secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.


Yutopar

A 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol that has (1S,2R)-configuration.


protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).


lipoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


vesicle budding from membrane

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.


protein-macromolecule adaptor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.


L-fucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-fucose, 6-deoxy-L-galactose, a sugar that occurs in fucans, a class of polysaccharides in seaweeds, especially Fucus species, and in the cell wall matrix of higher plants.


negative regulation of neuron death

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.


negative regulation of wound healing

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


nuclear membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.


positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.


response to type I interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


cysteine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-cysteine + tRNA(Cys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys).


arm

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm].


profilin binding

Binding to profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.


nucleotidyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.


positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.


regulation of cellular respiration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.


intramolecular oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.


Penicillamine

An optically active form of penicillamine having D-configuration. Pharmaceutical form (L-form is toxic) of chelating agent used to treat heavy metal poisoning.


Leukocytosis

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An abnormal increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood.


negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


establishment of cell polarity

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.


meiotic cell cycle

Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.


monoatomic anion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic anions within an organism or cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.


Gatifloxacin

A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.


Reduced visual acuity

Diminished clarity of vision.


ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


termination of RNA polymerase I transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a ribosomal RNA transcript. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein to specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.


regulatory ncRNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a regulatory non-coding RNA molecule.


mammary gland alveolus development

The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland.


gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.


Arginine

An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine.


Lysine

An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.


Felypressin

A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.


negative regulation of peptidase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


Ache

A dull persistent (usually moderately intense) pain.


regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


neural tube formation

The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.


synaptic transmission, cholinergic

The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


regulation of activated T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.


regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.


electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.


positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


negative regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.


epithelial tube formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.


oxygen carrier activity

Binding to oxygen and delivering it to an acceptor molecule or a specific location.


T cell selection

The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.


regulation of double-strand break repair

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.


Modafinil

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.


carnitine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


voltage-gated chloride channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


positive regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.


detection of light stimulus

The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.


negative regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.


negative regulation of kidney development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


hormone binding

Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.


nuclear membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.


regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.


palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


regulation of protein targeting to membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


vesicle docking

The initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.


energy coupled proton transmembrane transport, against electrochemical gradient

The transport of protons across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport.


regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.


male gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of pinocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.


Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine. Hematuria may be gross hematuria (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic hematuria (detected by dipstick or microscopic examination of the urine).


translational termination

The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).


nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.


protein heterooligomerization

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


MKS complex

A protein complex that is located at the ciliary transition zone and consists of several proteins some of which are membrane bound. Acts as an organiser of transition zone inner structure, specifically the Y-shaped links, in conjunction with the NPHP complex. The MKS complex also acts as part of the selective barrier that prevents diffusion of proteins between the ciliary cytoplasm and cellular cytoplasm as well as between the ciliary membrane and plasma membrane.


myeloid cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.


RNA polymerase complex

Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits.


positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.


adaptive thermogenesis

The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.


G6PD deficiency

An X-linked genetic condition caused by alterations in the gene G6PD that result in moderately to severely decreased activity levels of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are asymptomatic. Individuals with G6PD variants that cause G6PD deficiency are at risk for acute hemolytic anemia in response to certain medication exposures, chemical exposures, infections, or consumption of fava beans.


high voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


aerobic respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.


negative regulation of organelle organization

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.


serine family amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


selenium binding

Binding to a selenium (Se) ion.


cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.


spermatid nucleus differentiation

The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.


phospholipid transport

The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.


Regurgitation

Flow in the opposite direction from normal, as the casting up of undigested food or gas from the stomach, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent.


Difenoxin

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.


Diphenoxylate

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.


regulation of neural retina development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


response to L-glutamate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus.


Hesperetin

A trihydroxyflavanone having the three hydroxy gropus located at the 3'-, 5- and 7-positions and an additional methoxy substituent at the 4'-position.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-2 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


Prolonged PR interval

Increased time for the PR interval (beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex).


Lethargy

A state of disinterestedness, listlessness, and indifference, resulting in difficulty performing simple tasks or concentrating.


Premature ventricular contraction

Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) or ventricular extrasystoles are premature contractions of the heart that arise in response to an impulse in the ventricles rather than the normal impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node.


chloride transmembrane transport

The process in which chloride is transported across a membrane.


sterol transport

The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.


secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


Nasal congestion

Reduced ability to pass air through the nasal cavity often leading to mouth breathing.


phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.


peripheral vascular disease

Any disorder affecting blood flow through the veins or arteries outside of the heart.


positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.


Biperiden

A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.


Golgi organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.


positive regulation of T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


Flu-Like Symptoms

Complaints describing a pattern similar to influenza, which may include one or more of the following symptoms: fever, chills, muscle or body aches, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, or fatigue.


Loperamide

A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.


cellular response to calcium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.


Gingival bleeding

Hemorrhage affecting the gingiva.


viral life cycle

A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.


protein acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


developmental pigmentation

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.


cytosolic ribosome

A ribosome located in the cytosol.


clathrin coat assembly

The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.


NAD-dependent histone H3K9 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


Pelvic pain

Pain perceived in the area of the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones.


positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signalling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


mismatched DNA binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.


esophagitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory disease affecting the esophageal wall.


renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume

A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.


regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.


reactive nitrogen species metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive nitrogen species.


tRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


Darunavir

An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease  enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.


Rigors

Severe chills with violent shivering. A rigor is an episode of shaking or exaggerated shivering which can occur with a high fever.


termination of RNA polymerase II transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript.


dUTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.


glycosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


synovial fluid

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells.


right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.


zonula adherens

A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.


paraplegia

Complete paralysis of the lower half of the body including both legs, often caused by damage to the spinal cord.


Valsartan

A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a  [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits  antihypertensive activity.


Skin ulcer

A discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat.


Abnormal Laboratory Test Result

A laboratory test result that falls outside of the normal, acceptable range.


protein polyglycylation

The addition of glycyl units covalently bound to the gamma carboxyl group peptidyl-glutamic acid.


hindbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).


response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


lymphocyte migration

The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.


positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.


Trandolapril

A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.


clathrin-coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle.


Lamivudine

A monothioacetal that consists of cytosine having a (2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl moiety attached at position 1. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, it is used as an antiviral in the treatment of AIDS and hepatitis B.


pure red-cell aplasia

A disease characterized by normocytic, normochromic anemia, low hematocrit, reticulocytopenia, and selective erythroid hypoplasia.


phosphoric ester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.


mating

The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.


regulation of sequestering of calcium ion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


aspiration pneumonia

A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper respiratory tract.


glandular epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.


positive regulation of response to wounding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.


vitamin binding

Binding to a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.


Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis

An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.


Diphenhydramine

An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.


pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


vestibular disorder

Pathological processes of the vestibular labyrinth which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.


vein smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds.


Cytisinicline

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is the toxic principle in Laburnum seeds and is found in many members of the Fabaceae (legume, pea or bean) family. An acetylcholine agonist, it is widely used throughout Eastern Europe as an aid to giving up smoking.


Embolism

The blockage of a blood vessel lumen by air or solid material such as blood clot or other tissues (e.g., adipose tissue, cancer cells) that have migrated from another anatomic site.


Laceration

A cut or tear in any tissue.


insulin receptor signaling pathway via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

An insulin receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.


mesoderm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.


osteoarthritis

A noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterised by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity.


sialadenitis

Sialadenitis is an infection of the salivary glands. It is usually caused by a virus or bacteria. The parotid (in front ofthe ear) and submandibular (under the chin) glands are most commonly affected. Sialadenitis may be associated with pain, tenderness, redness, and gradual, localized swelling of the affected area. Sialadenitis most commonly affects the elderly and chronically ill especially those with dry mouth or who are dehydrated, but can also affected people of any age including newborn babies. Diagnosis is usually made by clinical exam but a CT scan, MRI scan or ultrasound may be done if the doctor suspects an abscess or to look for stones. Treatment may include an antibiotic (if bacterial), warm compresses, increasing fluid intake and good oral hygiene. Most salivary gland infections go away on their own or are cured with treatment. Complications are not common.


Iloprost

A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.


ESCRT complex

An endosomal sorting complex involved in membrane fission processes related to sorting of multivesicular bodies (MVB) in the endocytic pathway, cytokinesis and viral budding among other processes.


response to monosaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.


anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.


response to ketone

A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone.


mammary gland morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.


Propafenone

An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.


Codeine

A  morphinane alkaloid found in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum var. album; has analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrhoeal properties.


segmentation

The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.


endocrine hormone secretion

The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.


Eosinophilia

Abnormal high level of eosinophils in the blood.


protein K11-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which ubiquitin monomers are attached to a protein, and then ubiquitin polymers are formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers. K11-linked polyubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. The anaphase-promoting complex promotes the degradation of mitotic regulators by assembling K11-linked polyubiquitin chains.


Diplopia

Diplopia is a condition in which a single object is perceived as two images, it is also known as double vision.


C-5 sterol desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.


acid secretion

The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.


negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


ubiquitin ligase complex

A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.


fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.


aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP.


regulation of cell projection assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.


restless legs syndrome

A condition that occurs while resting or lying in bed; it is characterized by an irresistible urgency to move the legs to obtain relief from a strange and uncomfortable sensation in the legs.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole bearing methyl and chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively.


Inflammation

A finding of a localized protective response resulting from injury or destruction of tissues. Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. In the acute phase, inflammation is characterized by the signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Histologically, inflammation involves a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins; and leukocyte migration into the site of inflammation.


leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.


Neutropenia

An abnormally low number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood.


Liothyronine

An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.


myeloid cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


ligand-activated transcription factor activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand and that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets. Examples include the lac and trp repressors in E.coli and steroid hormone receptors.


negative regulation of cell maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.


natural killer cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cardiac muscle cell contraction

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.


G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


monoatomic anion channel activity

Enables the energy-independent passage of a monoatomic anion across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.


negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.


vacuole organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.


Toothache

A painful sensation originating from a tooth.


regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.


AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex

Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).


S-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the sulfur atom of an acceptor molecule.


regulation of cellular senescence

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.


cell fate specification

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate.


phosphatidic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.


positive regulation of protein import

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein import.


pyridine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.


organelle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


Electrocardiogram signs of myocardial ischemia


T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


protein stabilization

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.


neurotrophin TRK receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRK receptor.


Amoxicillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.


cranial nerve II

Cranial nerve fiber tract which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA].


negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.


ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


inappropriate ADH syndrome

A syndrome characterized by abnormal secretion of antidiuretic hormone in conjunction with neoplastic growth occurring anywhere in the body.


deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.


cellular response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


sulfur amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.


plasma membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


amyloid-beta binding

Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein.


mitochondrial translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


nail

A horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP].


COPII-coated vesicle budding

The evagination of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in formation of a COPII-coated vesicle.


Heat sensation

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


negative regulation of kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.


ceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.


mitochondrial ribosome

A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes.


oligospermia

Decreased number of spermatozoa in the semen.


positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


breast disorder

A disease involving the breast.


hypopituitarism

A condition of diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.


Ethionamide

A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.


mRNA destabilization

Any process that decreases the stability of an mRNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. Messenger RNA is the intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. It includes UTR and coding sequences. It does not contain introns.


T cell aggregation

The adhesion of one T cell to one or more other T cells via adhesion molecules.


glycolipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).


Rigidity

Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.


regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.


fibroblast growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


metal cluster binding

Binding to a cluster of atoms including both metal ions and nonmetal atoms, usually sulfur and oxygen. Examples include iron-sulfur clusters and nickel-iron-sulfur clusters.


axon hillock

Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates.


lacrimal gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye.


regulation of the force of heart contraction

Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.


negative regulation of dendrite development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.


purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


taste receptor activity

Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste.


indole-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.


heterochromatin

A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription.


peptidyl-arginine modification

The modification of peptidyl-arginine.


peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to the sulphur (S) atom of a cysteine residue in a protein, to form peptidyl-S-nitrosyl-L-cysteine.


polyol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a polyol from one side of a membrane to the other. A polyol is any polyhydric alcohol.


negative regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.


organelle disassembly

The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.


regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.


cellular respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).


ceramide binding

Binding to a ceramide, a class of lipids composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid. Ceramides are a major component of cell membranes.


granulocyte activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.


positive regulation of cholesterol transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of blood pressure

Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.


regulation of fatty acid transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.


sarcoplasmic reticulum

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.


histone H4 acetylation

The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.


cardiac atrium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


kinase regulator activity

Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.


Uterine hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from the uterus.


myofibril

The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.


Flunitrazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.


removal of superoxide radicals

Any process, acting at the cellular level, involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


regulation of developmental growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.


Benazepril

A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


Vasospasm

Narrowing of an artery due to constriction of the blood vessels.


gastric ulcer

An ulcerated lesion in the mucosal surface of the stomach. It may progress to involve the deeper layers of the gastric wall.


endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system.


mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.


Ampicillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.


hindbrain tangential cell migration

The migration of a cell in the hindbrain in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration.


regulation of viral transcription

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome.


bone growth

The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.


regulation of glucose import

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.


cell-cell junction maintenance

The maintenance of junctions between cells.


peripheral nervous system axon ensheathment

The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.


transport along microtubule

The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.


regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.


establishment of protein localization to vacuole

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.


erythrocyte homeostasis

Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.


Neomycin

A broad-spectrum highly toxic antibiotic or mixture of antibiotics produced by a streptomyces (Streptomyces fradiae) and used medically especially to treat local infections.


Amikacin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.


tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


Transaminitis

Abnormally high levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and/or aspartate transaminase (AST) in the blood.


hair cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.


chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


Alclometasone

A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position and an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position.


Desonide

Triamcinolone acetonide with hydrogen instead of the fluorine substituent at position 9. A corticosteroid anti-inflammatory, it is used topically as a cream, ointment or lotion for the treatment of various skin disorders.


Abdominal cramps

A type of abdominal pain characterized by a feeling of contractions and typically fluctuating in intensity.


regulation of hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.


urate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + quinone = NADP+ + semiquinone.


amino sugar catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


mitochondrial tRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a mitochondrial tRNA molecule to produce a mitochondrial tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


calcium ion export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of calcium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


Eprazinone

A member of the class of piperazines in which the two amino hydrogens of piperazine are replaced by 2-benzoylpropyl and 2-ethoxy-2-phenylethyl groups.


Caffeine

A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.


axon ensheathment

Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.


Hypertonia

A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.


inorganic diphosphate transport

The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Memantine

A primary aliphatic amine that is the 3,5-dimethyl derivative of 1-aminoadamantane. A low to moderate affinity uncompetitive (open-channel); NMDA receptor antagonist which binds preferentially to the NMDA receptor-operated cation channels.


Periorbital edema

Edema affecting the region situated around the orbit of the eye.


tryptophan transport

The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Clofazimine

3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of  multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.


negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.


response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


intracellular receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a receptor located within a cell.


bipolar I disorder

A bipolar disorder that is characterized by at least one manic or mixed episode.


tRNA wobble base modification

The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


cleavage furrow

The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.


digestion

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


positive regulation of potassium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of interleukin-4 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.


Skin Discoloration

Abnormal skin coloration.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.


gestational diabetes

Carbohydrate intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy.


regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.


fungal infectious disease

An infection caused by a fungus.


hepatic coma

A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with liver failure, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and confusion (frequently progressing to coma); asterixis; nystagmus, pathologic; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; muscle spasticity; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see reflex, babinski). electroencephalography may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)


protein C-terminal carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of a carboxyl group at the C-terminal of a protein.


vertebral column

Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO].


actin filament capping

The binding of a protein or protein complex to the end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.


nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis

The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.


Succinylcholine

A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.


blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.


ATPase binding

Binding to an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.


nBAF complex

A SWI/SNF-type complex that is found in post-mitotic neurons, and in human contains actin and proteins encoded by the ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, DPF1/BAF45B, DPF3/BAF45C, ACTL6B/BAF53B genes. The nBAF complex along with CREST plays a role regulating the activity of genes essential for dendrite growth.


sterol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


box H/ACA snoRNP complex

A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the nucleolus.


Chloroxine

A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.


negative regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


central nervous system neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.


male genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Triamterene

Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.


cytoskeleton-dependent cytokinesis

A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.


cyclic purine nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue and the base is a purine.


positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


site of polarized growth

Any part of a cell where non-isotropic growth takes place.


hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones.


phosphoric diester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.


Brompheniramine

Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.


Trilostane

An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.


Triclosan

An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.


forebrain neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


lymphedema

Excess fluid collection in tissues, causing swelling. It is the result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.


retinal rod cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.


astrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


diaphragm contraction

A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the diaphragm. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The diaphragm is a striated muscle that is necessary for the process of respiratory gaseous exchange.


negative regulation of immune system process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.


regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.


sulfide oxidation, using sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase

A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase.


otitis externa

Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the outer ear and ear canal secondary to an infectious process. Bacterial etiology is most common, but fungal infection is also possible. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain.


rheumatic disorder

Inflammatory and degenerative diseases of connective tissue structures, such as arthritis.


protein trimerization

The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.


negative regulation of embryonic development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.


common carotid artery plus branches

A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm].


hematologic disorder

A disease involving the hematopoietic system.


dorsal/ventral axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.


regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


regulation of histone acetylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.


muscle cell proliferation

The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.


endochondral ossification

Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


spermatid development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H+.


kidney epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.


tissue remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.


macrophage activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


necrotizing vasculitis

A type of vasculitis that is comprised of vasculitides that present with necrosis.


regulation of aldosterone metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.


regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.


neurotransmitter biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.


pulmonary artery

An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood..


INO80-type complex

A chromatin remodeling protein complex initially purified from S. cerevisiae and containing more than 10 subunits, including the SWR1-related complexes. INO80 (inositol requiring 80)-type complexes have diverse functions, including promoting transcriptional activation and DNA repair.


perinuclear theca

A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins.


negative regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


embryonic hemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.


phagocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.


cAMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


negative regulation of defense response to bacterium

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.


biological process involved in interaction with host

An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.


Mianserin

A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.


Prochlorperazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.


innate immune response in mucosa

Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.


regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.


multi-multicellular organism process

A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.


Diflorasone

The 16beta-analogue of flumethasone. It is used as the 17,21-diacetate as a topical anti-inflammatory and antipruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders.


acneiform dermatitis

Cutaneous eruptions resembling acne, characterized by the presence of papulonodules, pustules, comedones, or cysts in the face, trunk, and extremities. Causes include infections and the use of certain medications (e.g., antibiotics and steroids).


peristalsis

A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.


negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.


multivesicular body

A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.


Nebivolol

A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a  6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.


endothelial cell development

The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


prepulse inhibition

The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.


regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


I band

A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.


skin epidermis development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


lactam metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactams, any cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


Ciclopirox

A cyclic hydroxamic acid that is 1-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6 are substituted by methyl and cyclohexyl groups, respectively. A broad spectrum antigfungal agent, it also exhibits antibacterial activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used a a topical treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.


Periungual erythema

Erythema (redness of the skin caused by hyperemia in superficial capillaries) in the region surrounding a fingernail or toe nail.


positive regulation of interleukin-4 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.


Vismodegib

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid and the anilino group of 4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)aniline. Used for the treatment metastatic basal cell carcinoma.


protein tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.


positive regulation of amine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.


Diazoxide

A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.


Tourette syndrome

A neurologic disorder caused by defective metabolism of the neurotransmitters in the brain. It is characterized by repeated involuntary movements (motor tics) and uncontrollable vocal sounds (vocal tics). The symptoms are usually manifested before the age of eighteen.


hyperreflexia

An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.


SNARE binding

Binding to a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein.


voltage-gated potassium channel complex

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.


protein targeting to membrane

The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


delirium

A disorder characterized by confusion; inattentiveness; disorientation; illusions; hallucinations; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)


protease binding

Binding to a protease or a peptidase.


dynactin binding

Binding to a dynactin complex; a large protein complex that activates dynein-based motor activity.


neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.


glycogen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


sodium ion transport

The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


postsynaptic density

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.


immunological synapse formation

The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.


regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


Ethambutol

An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.


cranial nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.


inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate.


Pivampicillin

A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.


Liver damage

Disruption of hepatocyte function due to liver injury.


placenta blood vessel development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure.