establishment or maintenance of monopolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.


positive regulation of antifungal innate immune response

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.


chlorophyllide-a:geranyl-geranyl diphosphate geranyl-geranyl transferase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + chlorophyllide a(1-) + 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate(3-) <=> geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a + diphosphoric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 sucrose = D-glucose + 1F-beta-D-fructosylsucrose.


regulation of testosterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.


response to carbon starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of a carbon source.


23S rRNA (guanine(1835)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


positive regulation of seed dormancy process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of seed dormancy process.


neuroblast fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


anaerobic benzoate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) that occur in the absence of oxygen.


kanamycin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving kanamycin.


cell swimming

Cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell through a liquid medium.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-hexose + acyl phosphate = D-hexose phosphate + an acid.


propylene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving propylene, an alkene produced by catalytic or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons or as a by-product of petroleum refining. It is used mainly in the preparation of alkylates for gasoline and in the production of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide and a number of other industrial chemicals.


positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


regulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of paraxial mesoderm cell fate specification.


Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-5-epi-aristolochene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2 <=> capsidiol + 2 NADP + 2 H2O.


mating projection actin fusion focus assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an actin fusion focus.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD+ + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-al = NADH + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate.


ecdysone-mediated induction of salivary gland cell autophagic cell death

Any process induced by ecdysone that directly activates salivary gland programmed cell death during salivary gland histolysis.


aeciospore formation

The process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + fumarate = alpha-iminosuccinate + succinate.


homoserine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of homoserine from one side of a membrane to the other. Homoserine is alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.


cellular response to bismuth

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bismuth (Bi) stimulus.


male pronuclear envelope synthesis

Assembly of a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores and a lamina around the male pronucleus, the final step in sperm pronuclear formation.


response to amyloid-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.


quorum sensing

The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms carry out coordinated responses by monitoring their own population density, and often also that of other microbes, by producing small, diffusible, signal molecules, detecting the concentration of these molecules, and triggering a signal transduction pathway when a certain threshold is reached. Quorum sensing can occur amongst microbial communities in the environment or within host organisms.


palmitoyl-CoA 9-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 = palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9) + A + 2 H2O.


cytochrome c-heme linkage via heme-L-cysteine

The linkage of cytochromes and other heme proteins to heme via heme-L-cysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: dATP + depurinated DNA = ribose triphosphate + DNA.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway.


negative regulation of acinar cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.


K antigen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA = 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding

Binding to S-adenosyl-L-methionine.


avenasterol-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: avenasterol + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> 5-dehydroavenasterol + 2 H2O + NADP.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 2-methylbutyronitrile + NADPH + O2 <=> H2O + NADP + 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyronitrile.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-D-(1->2)-(4-O-methyl)glucuronosyl links in the main chain of hardwood xylans.


caprolactam metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving caprolactam, hexahydro-2h-azepin-2-one, a cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. It can cause local irritation.


membrane tubulation

A membrane organization process resulting in the formation of a tubular projection. This may face inwardly (as in tubular membrane invaginations) or outwardly (as in endosomal tubules).


adenylylselenate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenylylselenate => ADP + 3'-phosphoadenylylselenate.


The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate, a hydroxylated derivative of phenylpropionate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + betanidin <=> H+ + betanin + UDP.


tricyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.


reuteran metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving reuteran, a soluble glucan polymer with mainly alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkages and significant amounts of alpha-(1->6) and alpha-(1->4,6) glucosidic linkages.


trimethylamine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trimethylamine + H2O + electron-transferring flavoprotein = dimethylamine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein.


ABC-type doxorubicin transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + doxorubicin(in) = ADP + phosphate + doxorubicin(out).


macrophomate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-pyrone + oxalacetate = macrophomate.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: sulfonatoacetaldehyde + H2O + NAD <=> sulfonatoacetate + NADH + 2 H+.


bile-salt sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + taurolithocholate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + taurolithocholate sulfate.


ecdysteroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids ubiquitous in insects and other arthropods, in which they initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.


proteasome complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a proteasome complex into its constituent components.


cellular response to type III interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type III interferon stimulus. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.


CoA-dependent peptidyl-lysine N6-palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl-[protein] + hexadecanoyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + N(6)-hexadecanoyl-L-lysyl-[protein].


positive regulation of phialide development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phialide development, a process that leads to the formation of phialides. Phialides are specialized cells that bud from the ends of metulae on the conidiophore tip.


farnesyl diphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of farnesyl diphosphate.


response to melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulus. The binding of any one of three melanocyte-stimulating hormones causes dispersal of melanosomes in melanophores of poikilothermic vertebrates.


histone glutamine methylation

The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an glutamine residue.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.


trans-synaptic signaling by soluble gas

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a soluble gas ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.


chanoclavine-I aldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chanoclavine-I aldehyde.


cellular response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.


cardiac neural crest cell delamination

The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a cardiac neural crest cell physically separates from the rest of the neural tube.


behavioral response to nutrient

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nutrient stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose + a [protein]-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline <=> a protein-O-(beta-L-arabinofuranose)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + UDP + H+.


modulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in another organism

A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation, in a different organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-beta-D-heptose-1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose.


peptide cross-linking via 2'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-histidine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-cysteine to form a 2'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-histidine protein cross-link.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an expansion of the population of cardiac muscle cells.


conjugant formation

During conjugation without cellular fusion, the process that results in pairing complementary mating types. Localized morphological, cytological, and cytoskeletal changes connect the mating types without cytoplasmic mixing.


phosphagen catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway.


Catalysis of the reaction: N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin + H2 = N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin.


plant-type cell wall modification involved in multidimensional cell growth

The series of events that occur during cell growth that result in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls of the type composed chiefly of cellulose and pectin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


glucosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


2-oxoadipate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyadipate + NAD+ = 2-oxoadipate + H+ + NADH.


medulla oblongata maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.


negative regulation of neutrophil aggregation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil aggregation.


positive regulation of flower development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


cellular response to molecule of oomycetes origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of oomycetes origin.


regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.


viral genome integration into host DNA

The insertion into a host genome of viral DNA, usually by the action of an integrase enzyme. Once integrated, the provirus persists in the host cell and serves as a template for the transcription of viral genes and replication of the viral genome, leading to the production of new viruses.


diaphragm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized.


cinnamic acid ester metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.


positive regulation of adult chitin-containing cuticle pigmentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of the adult pattern of pigmentation in the cuticle of an organism.


tyrosine catabolic process to fumarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine into other compounds, including fumarate.


fumonisin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fumonisin.


deep nuclear neuron precursor proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to deep nuclear neurons.


luteolin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of luteolin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one.


regulation of epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system.


biotin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dethiobiotin + S(2-) = 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + biotin + H+.


primary metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.


positive regulation of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier.


cellular response to chlorate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chlorate stimulus.


homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate + homogentisate + H+ <=> diphosphoric acid + 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranyl-1,4-benzoquinol + carbon dioxide.


styrene-oxide isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: styrene oxide = phenylacetaldehyde.


bacterial-type flagellum assembly

The assembly of a bacterial-type flagellum, a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope which functions in cell motility.


membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential

The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


mitochondrion inheritance

The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.


acireductone dioxygenase (Ni2+-requiring) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.


exit of virus from host cell nucleus by nuclear egress

The directed movement of an assembled viral particle out of the host cell nucleus by budding and fusion through the nuclear membranes. In this process, enveloped viral particles are formed by budding through the inner nuclear membrane. These perinuclear enveloped particles then fuse with the outer nuclear membrane to deliver a naked capsid into the host cytoplasm.


positive regulation of lactation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.


indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-2-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


positive regulation of membrane permeability

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.


insulin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.


macrophage migration

The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.


regulation of platelet formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet formation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxypyridine + O2 + H+ + NADPH = pyridine-3,4-diol + H2O + NADP+.


(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-scoulerine + [reduced NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 -> (S)-cheilanthifoline + [oxidized NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.


cytoplasmic U snRNP body assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic U snRNP body.


intermediate mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + 7-deoxyloganetate <=> H+ + 7-deoxyloganate + UDP.


pyoverdine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderochrome pyoverdine.


hydroxylamine reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NH3 + NAD+ + H2O = hydroxylamine + NADH + H+.


L-galactonolactone oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactono-1,4-lactone + O2 = L-ascorbate + H2O2 + H+.


toxin export channel activity

Enables the energy independent passage of toxins, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane towards the outside of the cell. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


single-celled organism vegetative growth phase

A phase of population growth during which single celled organisms reproduce by budding, fission, or other asexual methods.


spore-bearing structure development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore-bearing structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A spore-bearing structure is an anatomical structure that produces new spores.


positive regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to pH

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to pH.


maintenance of DNA trinucleotide repeats

Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA trinucleotide repeats. DNA trinucleotide repeats are naturally occurring runs of three base-pairs.


saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H+ + NADPH.


4-AD 9alpha-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 9alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-(1'-hydroxynaphth-2'-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate + H2O = pyruvate + 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde.


cellular response to glial cell derived neurotrophic factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glial cell derived neurotrophic factor stimulus.


intermediate mesodermal cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an intermediate mesoderm cell.


violaceol I metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving violaceol I.


squalene cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: squalene = triterpene.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol + pyruvate = 1D-1-guanidino-1-deoxy-3-dehydro-scyllo-inositol + L-alanine.


oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NADP+ = CO2 + NADPH + succinyl-CoA.


RNA binding

Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H+ + NADH + O2 = 1-acyl-2-[(S)-12-hydroxyoleoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O + NAD+.


alpha-D-xyloside xylohydrolase

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-xylose residues with release of alpha-D-xylose.


cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation cellular fusion.


viral budding from endoplasmic reticulum membrane

A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host ER membrane.


violaceol II metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving violaceol II.


protein localization to chloroplast

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a chloroplast.


translation reinitiation

A gene-specific translational control mechanism where the small ribosomal subunit remains attached to the mRNA following termination of translation, then resumes scanning on the same mRNA molecule and initiates again at a downstream start site. Reinitiation depends on de novo recruitment of the ternary complex that is required to recognize the next AUG codon.


formimidoylaspartate deiminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-formimidoyl-L-aspartate + H2O = N-formyl-L-aspartate + NH3.


dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.


mature follicle stage

The stage in oogenesis when the antrum is swollen with follicular fluid. The ovum is ready to erupt from the ovary and is arrested at metaphase of the second meiotic division.


amylopectin maltohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: n H2O + an exposed unphosphorylated, unbranched malto-oligosaccharide tail on amylopectin <=> amylopectin + maltose.


negative regulation by symbiont of host cell cycle

The process in which a symbiont organism stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of its host's progression through its cell cycle via direct interactions with the host cell macromolecular machinery.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of omega-hydroxyceramide/acylceramide.


6'-deoxychalcone synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3 malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = 4 CoA + isoliquiritigenin + 3 CO2 + NADP+ + H2O.


rRNA (pseudouridine) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a pseudouridine residue in an rRNA molecule.


positive regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.


glucose catabolic process to butyrate

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, with the production of acetic acid, butyric acid, carbon dioxide (CO2), and dihydrogen; effected by some saccharolytic species of Clostridium, e.g. C. butyricum.


Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose = 2-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + H+ + UDP.


PR-toxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of PR-toxin, a bicyclic sesquiterpene belonging to the eremophilane class and acting as a mycotoxin.


glutamate N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine + L-glutamate = N-acetyl-L-glutamate + L-ornithine.


aminobenzoate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4(or 2)-aminobenzoate = aniline + CO2.


bacteriochlorophyll c binding

Binding to bacteriochlorophyll c, a chlorophyll of photosynthetic bacteria, for example green sulfur bacteria.


homocitrate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + H+ + homocitrate.


ubiquinone-6 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone-6. Ubiquinone-6 is a ubiquinone compound having a (2E,6E,10E,14E,18E)-3,7,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaen-1-yl substituent at position 2.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose + choline = O-sinapoylcholine + D-glucose.


1-phenanthrol sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phenanthrol + X-SO3(-) = HX + 1-phenanthrylsulfate.


tryptophan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.


ammelide aminohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ammelide + H2O = cyanuric acid + NH3.


histone H2B ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a histone H2B substrate.


cellotriose binding

Binding to cellotriose.


fat cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.


Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 1-phosphate + all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate + diphosphate.


estrus

The estrous cycle phase in which a female is sexually receptive.


photosynthesis, dark reaction

A complex cycle of enzyme-mediated reactions which catalyzes the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar. As well as carbon dioxide the cycle requires reducing power in the form of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The reduced NADP (NADPH) and ATP are produced by the 'light' reactions.


indolin-2-one monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indolin-2-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


hercynylcysteine sulfoxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hercynylcysteine sulfoxide.


cell-to-cell migration in host

The directional movement of a symbiont from one host cell to another.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


thrombocyte activation

A cell activation process that occurs in thrombocytes and consists of a series of progressive, overlapping events including shape change, adhesiveness, and aggregation, which, when carried through to completion, lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. Thrombocytes are nucleated cells found in non-mammalian vertebrates and are involved in hemostasis. They are the functional equivalent of the non-nucleated platelets found in mammals.


N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine condensation with pyruvate to form N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-cysteine

The condensation of pyruvate through the 2-oxo group with the N-terminal cysteine of proteins to form the derivative N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-cysteine.


protein localization to actomyosin contractile ring

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the actomyosin contractile ring.


cuneatus tract morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion towards target cells in the medulla. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the cuneatus tract, a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the upper trunk and upper limb.


Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide.


response to trehalose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trehalose stimulus.


tricarboxylic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing three carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


cellular component organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


disruption of host cell glycocalyx during viral entry

The disruption of host cell glycocalyx by viral proteins during virus entry.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.


nylon metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nylon, a polymer where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups; these compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids and amino acids.


cis-zeatin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cis-zeatin, (2Z)-2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.


beta-glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


positive regulation of retina development in camera-type eye

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.


structural constituent of presynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a presynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


Catalysis of the reaction: phenazine-1-carboxylate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 5-methylphenazine-1-carboxylate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


centrolateral axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the centrolateral axis. In plants, this axis is duplicated and runs from the midrib to the margin of the leaf.


meiotic telophase I

The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


peptide cross-linking via glycine oxazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl glycine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation.


central B cell positive selection

Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the bone marrow. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP + NH4 = 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


fructose 5-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose + A = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + AH(2).


trimming of first mannose on A branch

The removal of the first alpha-1,2-linked mannose from the A-chain of a glycoprotein oligosaccharide in the endoplasmic reticulum.


Catalysis of the reaction: steviolmonoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = rubusoside + UDP + H+.


arsenate ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an arsenate ion from one side of a membrane to the other.


peptidyl-threonine autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own threonine amino acid residues, or a threonine residue on an identical protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: xyloglucan + H2O = xyloglucan oligosaccharides. This reaction is the exohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in xyloglucan.


lipid A biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of four to six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. Further modifications of the backbone are common.


histone H3K4 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 4) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


(+)-pulegone reductase, (-)-menthone as substrate, activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-menthone + NADP+ = (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H+.


delta24(24-1) sterol reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP+ = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H+ + NADPH.


small intestinal transit

Migration of ingested material along the length of the small intestine.


regulation of formation of radial glial scaffolds

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial scaffolds. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.


high-affinity oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of oligopeptide from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


negative regulation of iridophore differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation.


sulfonate dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sulfonate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = sulfite + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + CO2.


positive regulation of negative chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


mesonephric collecting duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-carbamoyl-L-2-amino acid + H2O = L-2-amino acid + NH3 + CO2. The N-carbamoyl-L-2-amino acid is a 2-ureido carboxylate.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in hemopoiesis

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which contributes to hemopoiesis.


negative regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.


phage shock

A response by bacterial cells to a variety of stresses including filamentous phage infection, mislocalization of envelope proteins, extremes of temperature, osmolarity or ethanol concentration, and the presence of proton ionophores such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), that involves expression of the phage shock protein operon, and acts to protect the bacterial cells from damage.


positive regulation of platelet aggregation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.


deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate N-glycosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate + H2O = deoxyribose 5-monophosphate + a purine or pyrimidine base.


imaginal disc-derived male genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


conidiophore development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the conidiophore over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conidiophore is a specialized hypha that extends aerially from the growth substrate and bears conidia, or asexual spores.


1-naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-naphthaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 1-naphthoic acid + NADH + H+.


cellular response to copper ion starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of copper ions.


positive regulation of glutamatergic neuron differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic neuron differentiation.


ITP diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ITP + H2O = IMP + H+ + diphosphate.


(deoxy)nucleoside phosphate kinase activity, dGTP as phosphate donor

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-phosphate + dGTP = a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + dGDP.


arachidonic acid 8,9-epoxygenase activity

Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.


glucuronoxylan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid side units.


2-aminoadipate transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-2-aminoadipate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate.


negative regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.


regulation of chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope.


pulmonary blood vessel remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing pulmonary blood vessels.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 3-alpha-hydroxy-5-beta-androstane-17-one = NADH + H+ + 5-beta-androstane-3,17-dione.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + H+ + isochorismate = 5-enolpyruvoyl-6-hydroxy-2-succinyl-cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate + CO2.


protein-glutathione oxidoreductase (glutathione) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glutathionylated protein (PSSG) + glutathione (GSH) = protein-thiol (PSH) + glutathione disulfide (GSSG). The reaction may proceed via a 'monothiol' or 'dithiol' mechanism.


styrene monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: styrene + NADPH + FADH + O2 = NADP+ + FAD+ + H2O + styrene oxide.


thermotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.


cytochrome P450 4A1-heme linkage

The covalent linkage of heme to cytochrome P450 4A1 via hydroxyheme-L-glutamyl ester.


licheninase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in beta-D-glucans containing (1->3) and (1->4) bonds.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxypyrene + XSO3- = 1-pyrenylsulfate + HX.


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetate + L-methionine + ATP(4-) <=> H+ + indole-3-acetyl-methionine + AMP(2-) + diphosphoric acid.


modification of synaptic structure

Any process that modifies the structure/morphology of a synapse.


anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.


positive regulation of hemicellulose catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemicellulose catabolic process.


negative regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell proliferation.


3-cyanoalanine hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine = 3-cyano-L-alanine + H2O + H+.


cystine reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-cysteine + NAD+ = L-cystine + H+ + NADH.


negative regulation of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.


iron chaperone activity

Directly binding to and delivering iron ions to a target protein.


jasmonic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative with the formula (1R-(1 alpha, 2 beta(Z)))-3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid.


4-hydroxyproline epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline = cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-naphthaldehyde + O2 + H2O = H+ + 1-naphthoate + hydrogen peroxide.


linear primary-alkylsulfatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a primary linear alkyl sulfate ester + H2O =>a primary alcohol + H(+) + sulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate + H+ = CO2 + 2,6-dibromophenol.


Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol + diphosphate = glycerol 1-phosphate + H+ + phosphate.


response to astaxanthin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an astaxanthin stimulus.


cellular response to lipid hydroperoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.


3-monobromobisphenol A reductive dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-monobromobisphenol A + 2 H+ + 2 e- = bisphenol A + HBr.


suppression by virus of G2/M transition of host mitotic cell cycle

Any viral process that decreases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the host mitotic cell cycle.


RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with guanosine as nucleophile

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile.


D-arabinitol dehydrogenase, D-ribulose forming (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NADP+ = D-ribulose + NADPH + H+.


chenodeoxycholic acid binding

Binding to chenodeoxycholic acid.


NADP-malic enzyme C4 photosynthesis

The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NADP-malic enzyme.


pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, a basic anthocyanin responsible for red to magenta coloration of flowers and fruits.


p-hydroxyphenyl lignin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving p-hydroxyphenyl lignin.


foraging behavior by probing substrate

Foraging behavior in which an anatomical part of the organism is inserted into the substrate to locate food.


negative regulation of anterior head development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anterior head development.


CDP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP, cytidine (5'-)diphosphate.


wobble position guanine ribose methylation

The process in which the ribose of guanosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.


peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 3-hydroxy-L-proline

The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 3-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase.


(1->4)-alpha-glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->4)-alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.


modulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a G protein-coupled receptor in a second organism.


detection of osmotic stimulus

The series of events in which a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.


neuroblast fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


fetal process involved in parturition

A reproductive process occurring in the embryo that results in birth.


negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate.


cytochrome-c3 hydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2 + ferricytochrome c3 = 4 H+ + ferrocytochrome c3.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: galactose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).


organelle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


phagosome reneutralization

Any process that increases the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion, as part of the process of phagosome maturation.


nucleotide-excision repair, DNA duplex unwinding

The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage.


3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid + coenzyme A = AMP + diphosphate + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoyl-CoA + H+. 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid is also known as OPC-8:0.


viral release via disruption of host outer membrane

The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell via the destabilization of the cell outer membrane.


conversion of methionyl-tRNA to N-formyl-methionyl-tRNA

The modification process that results in the conversion of methionine charged on a tRNA(fMet) to N-formyl-methionine-tRNA(fMet).


peptidyl-cysteine S-acetylation

The acetylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-acetyl-L-cysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + [dinitrogen reductase] = nicotinamide + ADP-D-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase].


induction by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux

The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


DNA ADP-ribosylation

The covalent attachment of an ADP-ribosyl group to a residue in double-stranded DNA.


specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry

The establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.


avascular cornea development in camera-type eye

The progression of an avascular cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Corneal avascularity (the absence of blood vessels in the cornea) is required for optical clarity and optimal vision. Avascular corneas are present in most animals, except Manatees.


slug development involved in sorocarp development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the slug over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Slug development begins when the aggregate rises upwards to form a finger-shaped structure and ends when culmination begins. Slug development begins after aggregation and ends before culmination in sorocarp development.


positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis, division site positioning

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis, division site positioning.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate.


transforming growth factor beta2 activation

The release of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta2) from its latent state.


N-acylhexosamine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + H2O + O2 = N-acetyl-D-glucosaminate + H2O2 + H+.


glycolytic process via Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

A glycolytic process in which the glucose is catabolized to pyruvate by first entering the Entner-Doudoroff pathway to yield pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is subsequently converted to pyruvate by the core glycolytic enzymes.


asymmetric neuroblast division resulting in ganglion mother cell formation

Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into a neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell.


regulation of carbohydrate utilization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate utilization.


modification by symbiont of host chloroplast thylakoid

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cell chloroplast thylakoid. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: zinc(out) + HCO3-(out) + HO3Se-(out) = zinc(in) + HCO3-(in) + HO3Se-(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N,N-dimethylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


engulfment of target by autophagosome

The membrane invagination process by which an autophagosomal membrane surrounds an object that will be degraded by macroautophagy.


cellular response to sodium dodecyl sulfate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by local renal renin-angiotensin

The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the kidney modulate the force with which blood passes through the renal circulatory system. The process begins when renin cleaves angiotensinogen.


meiotic prophase I

The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis I and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.


phosphoarginine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphoarginine, a phosphorylated derivative of the amino acid arginine.


regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.


orcinol 2-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADH + O2 + orcinol = 2,3,5-trihydroxytoluene + H2O + NAD+.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alpha-ketoglutarate(out) + H+(out) = alpha-ketoglutarate(in) + H+(in).


1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase activity

Catatlysis of the reaction: calcitriol + 2 H+ + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = 1alpha,23S,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol + H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].


terpene synthase activity

Catalysis of the formation of cyclic terpenes through the cyclization of linear terpenes (e.g. isopentenyl-PP, geranyl-PP, farnesyl-PP and geranylgeranyl-PP) containing varying numbers of isoprene units.


positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.


UDP-glucosamine 4-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucosamine = UDP-galactosamine.


renal phosphate excretion

The elimination of phosphate ions from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine.


interleukin-19 production

The appearance of interleukin-19 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


metanephric interstitial fibroblast differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the interstitial fibroblasts of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-xylose + zeatin = O-beta-D-xylosylzeatin + H+ + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethionine + 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine-tRNA = adenine + methionine + epoxyqueuosine-tRNA. 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine-tRNA is also known as preQ1-tRNA, and epoxyqueuosine-tRNA as oQ-tRNA.


beta-alanyl amine synthase activity

Catalysis of the synthesis of beta-alanyl amine conjugate from a precursor biogenic amine, such as dopamine or histamine.


regulation of cellulose catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellulose catabolic process.


regulation of granuloma formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol, a substance composed of mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


peptidyl-tyrosine dehydrogenation to form (Z)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine

The oxidation of the C alpha-C beta bond of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-(Z)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine coupled with cyclization of neighboring residues.


ribose isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ribofuranose = D-ribulose.


imaginal disc eversion

The eversion (turning inside out) of imaginal discs from their peripodial sacs, resulting in movement of the epithelium to the outside of the larval epidermis.


regulation of alpha-glucan metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-glucans.


cap1 mRNA methylation

Methylation of the ribose of the first nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA.


cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


hydroxymethylbilane synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 4 porphobilinogen = hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH4.


sterol 5-alpha reductase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a C-5 double bond in the B ring of a sterol.


axial mesodermal cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


uridine-rich cytoplasmic polyadenylylation element binding

Binding to a U-rich sequence in the 3'-end of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs; required for cytoplasmic polyadenylylation.


hepatic duct development

The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct.


1,4-dichlorobenzene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene or paramoth), a derivative of benzene with two chlorine atoms attached at opposite positions on the ring.


protein localization to lateral cortical node

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lateral cortical node.


Catalysis of the reaction: bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetate + H+ = CO2 + bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane. Bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetate is also known as DDA; bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane is also known as DDM.


protein uridylylation

The addition of phospho-uridine to a protein amino acid.


ADP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.


RNA-protein covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-serine

The formation of a covalent cross-link between RNA and a peptidyl-serine residue by the formation of O-(phospho-5'-5NA)-L-serine.


protein insertion into membrane from inner side

The process in which a protein is incorporated into a lipid bilayer, e.g., the prokaryotic, mitochondrial, or chloroplast inner membrane, from the inner side.


response to low light intensity stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.


sno(s)RNA 3'-end cleavage

The endonucleolytic cleavage of snoRNA 3' ends, which is required for mature snoRNAs to be functional.


Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol + NAD+ = naphthalene-1,2-diol + NADH + H+.


negative regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hypersensitive response in a plant.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal norepinephrine

The process in which the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.


leaf phyllotactic patterning

The radial pattern formation process that results in the formation of leaf primordia around the center of a shoot apical meristem.


regulation of purine nucleoside transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a purine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mesonephric cell migration involved in male gonad development

The orderly movement of a cell from the mesonephros to the male gonad, contributing to its development.


branched-chain amino acid:sodium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: branched-chain amino acid(out) + cation(out) = branched-chain amino acid(in) + cation(in).


L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, via the intermediate cystine.


ethanol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


phenylacetaldehyde reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phenylethanol + NADP = phenylacetaldehyde + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dihydroxy-hept-trans-2-ene-1,7-dioate = pyruvate + succinic semialdehyde.


detection of unfolded protein

The series of events in which an unfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


(22S)-22-hydroxy-5alpha-campestan-3-one C-23 hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (5alpha,22S,24R)-22-hydroxyergostan-3-one + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone + NADP + H2O.


cordyol C catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cordyol C.


positive regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.


icosanoid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of icosanoids from one side of a membrane to the other.


urethanase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + H+ + urethane = CO2 + ethanol + NH4.


motor learning

Any process in which an organism acquires a novel neuromuscular action or movement as the result of experience.


ubiquinone-6 biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone-6.


response to G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint signaling.


Catalysis of the reaction: curcumin 4'-O-beta-D-gentiotrioside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> curcumin 4'-O-beta-D-gentiotetraside + UDP + H+.


regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to vascular endothelial growth factor

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to vascular endothelial growth factor.


murein tripeptide carboxypeptidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-meso-Dap (murein tripeptide) + H2O = L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu + meso-diaminopimelate.


type IIa hypersensitivity

An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell.


detection of humidity

The series of events in which a humidity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dioxopentanoate + NAD+ + H2O = 2-oxoglutarate + NADH + H+.


apocarotenoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of apocarotenoids, a class of compounds derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, many of which are biologically important e.g. retinal and abscisic acid.


amino acid activation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process

Activation of an amino acid for incorporation into a peptide by a nonribosomal process.


regulation of neuroinflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.


protein decrotonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[protein].


6-oxohexanoate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-oxohexanoate + NADP+ + H2O = adipate + NADPH + H+.


positive regulation of intestinal absorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.


glycolytic process from galactose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT + NADP+ = NADPH + 2,3-dihydroxy DDT.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.


lactoylglutathione lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal.


metanephric proximal tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric proximal tubule are generated and organized. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.


positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.


mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum membrane tethering

The attachment of a mitochondrion and an endoplasmic reticulum via molecular tethers that physically bridge their respective membranes and attach them to each other. The tethering may facilitate exchange of metabolites between the organelles.


proboscis extension reflex

The extension, through direct muscle actions, of the proboscis (the trunk-like extension of the mouthparts on the adult external head) in response to a nutritional stimulus.


positive regulation of plant-type cell wall cellulose catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plant-type cell wall cellulose catabolic process.


inferior olivary nucleus structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the inferior olivary nucleus structure. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.


Catalysis of the reaction: lithocholate + NAD+ = 3-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H+ + NADH.


negative regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of early stripe melanocyte differentiation.


cellulase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.


granzyme A production

The appearance of granzyme A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate + D-lysinium(1+) + ATP <=> UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-D-lysine + ADP + hydrogenphosphate + H+.


response to catechin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catechin stimulus.


cellular response to hydroxyisoflavone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.


negative regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.


3-oxo-myristate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxo-myristate + H+ <=> 2-tridecanone + carbon dioxide.


peptidyl-lactic acid biosynthetic process from peptidyl-serine

The modification of N-terminal peptidyl-serine to lactic acid.


response to molecule of oomycetes origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of oomycetes origin.


riboflavin phosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + riboflavin = D-glucose + FMN.


Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, galactomannans, glucomannans, and galactoglucomannans.


negative regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.


methyl tert-butyl ether metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl tert-butyl ether, 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane. Methyl tert-butyl ether is a synthetic chemical which is mixed with gasoline for use in reformulated gasoline. It was first introduced as an additive for unleaded gasoline in the 1980s. It is also used as a laboratory reagent and a pharmaceutical agent.


protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-fructose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + fructose(out) = protein histidine + fructose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


metanephric short nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a short nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb.


positive regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.


pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.


DNA ligase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + deoxyribonucleotide(n) + deoxyribonucleotide(m) = AMP + nicotinamide nucleotide + deoxyribonucleotide(n+m).


phenylacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 1,4-benzoquinone + H2O + phenylacetyl-CoA = 2 hydroquinone + phenylglyoxylyl-CoA.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration.


positive regulation of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway.


8-oxocoformycin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: coformycin + NADP+ = 8-oxocoformycin + 2 H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol + acyl-CoA = 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerol + CoA.


retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission

Modulation of synaptic transmittion by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide.


cellular response to hydrogen sulfide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen sulfide stimulus.


intronic box H/ACA snoRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript that resides within, and is processed from, the intron of a pre-mRNA into a mature box H/ACA snoRNA.


negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity regulating cell shape.


Catalysis of the reaction: tetrahydroxypteridine = H+ + xanthine-8-carboxylate.


maintenance of seed dormancy

Any process that maintains a seed in a dormant state.


histone crotonyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: crotonyl-CoA + histone = CoA + crotonyl-histone.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-reticulinium(1+) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> H+ + laudanine(1+) + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


fluorene oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: fluorene + 2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 = H2O + 9-fluorenol.


positive regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.


chlorophyll synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + 2 H+ + phytyl diphosphate = chlorophyll a + diphosphate.


L-idonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-idonate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-idonate is an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


endothelial microparticle formation

The cellular component organization process in which microparticles bud off from an endothelial cell.


envenomation resulting in plasminogen activation in another organism

The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the activation of plasminogen into plasmin in the bitten organism. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.


ABC-type fatty-acyl-CoA transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction ATP + H2O + fatty acyl CoA(Side 1) <=> ADP + phosphate + fatty acyl CoA(Side 2). A fatty acyl CoA group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid with a coenzyme A group attached to it.


crotonyl-CoA reductase activity

Catalysis of the reduction of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA.


negative regulation of lateral mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lateral mesoderm cell fate determination.


regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.


peptidyl-tryptophan hydroxylation

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-tryptophan, to form peptidyl-L-3-hydroxytryptophan.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamate + L-propargylglycine = ADP + H+ + L-gamma-glutamyl-L-propargylglycine + phosphate.


dendrite self-avoidance

The process in which dendrites recognize and avoid contact with sister dendrites from the same cell.


dimethylarsinate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylarsinate + 3 H+ + 2 e- = dimethylarsinous acid + H2O.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in positive regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Positive regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the directed movement of calcium ions across the plasma-membrane into the cytosol via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels. This is the first step in synaptic transmission.


cellular response to erythromycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythromycin stimulus.


positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.


Catalysis of the reaction: (1E,2Z)-3-hydroxy-5,9,17-trioxo-4,5:9,10-disecoandrosta-1(10),2-dien-4-oate + H2O <=> 9,17-dioxo-1,2,3,4,10,19-hexanorandrostan-5-oate + (2Z,4Z)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate + H+.


diplotene

The cell cycle phase which follows pachytene during prophase I of meiosis, during which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves.


nitrogen fixation

The process in which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + H2O = LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + acetate.


protein lipidation involved in autophagosome assembly

The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly.


delta-carotene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of delta-carotene.


septin ring assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene <=> 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene-O-glucoside + UDP + H+.


plant organ formation

The process that gives rise to the plant organ. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.


regulation of mini excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mini excitatory postsynaptic potential. Mini excitatory postsynaptic potential is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, induced by the spontaneous release of a single vesicle of an excitatory neurotransmitter into the synapse.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.


negative regulation of raffinose biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of raffinose biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of cell volume

Any process that increases cell volume.


seed dormancy process

A dormancy process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken in a seed. Seed dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth in a seed, including the embryo contained therein, that can be reactivated. It often requires special conditions for reactivation, such as specific temperature, scarification, or leaching of inhibitors.


sequestering of nodal from receptor via nodal binding

Binding to a nodal protein in the extracellular region, and inhibiting nodal signaling by preventing nodal from binding to its cell surface receptor.


anterior cibarial plate morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the anterior cibarial plate are generated and organized.


inulin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inulin.


afferent axon development in anterior lateral line nerve

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an afferent axon in the anterior lateral line nerve over time from its formation to the mature structure. This process includes axonogenesis and pathfinding of the afferent axons in the anterior lateral line nerve.


protease localization to mast cell secretory granule

Any process in which a protease is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a mast cell.


flavonoid sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a flavonoid + 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate = sulfated flavonoid + adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate. This reaction is the transfer of a sulfate group to the hydroxyl group of a flavonoid acceptor, producing the sulfated flavonoid derivative.


UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.


positive regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellobiose catabolic process.


peptidyl-lysine carboxyethylation

The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-1-carboxyethyl-L-lysine.


arugosin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arugosin.


T cell tolerance induction

A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:3-2-18:1-phosphatidylcholine + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:3-2-18:2-phosphatidylcholine + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell

The attachment of a leukocyte to an arterial endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.


carbohydrate derivative metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.


Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferide + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 7,4'-dimethylkaempferol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine + pyruvate = L-alanine + pyridoxal.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantetheine 4'-phosphate = 3'-dephospho-CoA + diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 a peptidoglycan dimer (tetrapeptide) + 3 H2O = a peptidoglycan tetramer with L,D cross-links (L-Lys-D-Asn-L-Lys) + di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate + 4 D-alanine.


thymine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + thymine + acceptor = 5-methyl-barbiturate + donor-H2.


abequosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-abequose + D-mannosyl-L-rhamnosyl-D-galactose-1-diphospholipid = CDP + D-abequosyl-D-mannosyl-rhamnosyl-D-galactose-1-diphospholipid.


anaerobic phenol-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the absence of oxygen.


epithelial cell migration involved in metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis

The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis.


disproportionation of elemental sulfur

The process in which sulfur compounds with an intermediate oxidation state serve as both electron donors and electron acceptors in an energy-generating redox process. The reaction takes place anaerobically, in light and in the absence of CO2.


negative regulation of lung alveolus development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung alveolus development.


histone H3R2 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 2) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 2). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 2 of histone H3.


macrolide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macrolides, any of a large group of polyketide compounds that contain a large lactone ring with few or no double bonds and no nitrogen atoms, linked glycosidically to one or more sugar groups. The macrolides include the carbomycins, the erythromycins, oleandomycin, oligomycins, and the spiramycins, and act as antibiotics, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria.


seminal vesicle epithelium development

The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate + 3 H+ = 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinonone + CO2 + diphosphate. 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinonone is also known as 2-methyl-6-solanesylplastoquinol and all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate as solanesyl diphosphate.


regulation of adenosine transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of adenosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor

The oxidation of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Nitrite oxidation is the final step in nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, and nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR) is the key enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to nitrate in nitrite oxidizing species.


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthol = 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalone + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


COPII vesicle uncoating

The process in which COPII vesicle coat proteins are disassembled, and released.


apical dendrite morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of an apical dendrite are generated and organized.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a [release factor]-L-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ + a [release factor]-N5-methyl-L-glutamine.


1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-1-phenylethanol = acetophenone + H2.


ATP adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + ATP = phosphate + P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate.


sulfite transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sulfite ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


discadenine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of discadenine, (2S)-2-amino-4-{6-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)amino]-3H-purin-3-yl}butanoic acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine.


NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (B-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+, driving the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other. In the course of the reaction (left to right) one H atom is transferred from inside the cell to outside. The reaction is B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to both NAD+ and NADP+.


glycerate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H+.


response to brassinosteroid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brassinosteroid stimulus.


regulation protein catabolic process at presynapse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse.


bacteriochlorophyll binding

Binding to bacteriochlorophyll, a form of chlorophyll found in photosynthetic bacteria, such as the purple and green bacteria. There are several types, designated a to g. Bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll b are structurally similar to the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b found in plants.


pouch outgrowth involved in semicircular canal formation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis and gives rise to a pouch that will form a semicircular canal.


ensheathment of neuronal cell bodies

The process in which satellite glial cells isolate neuronal cell bodies.


indole-2-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = indolin-2-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


interleukin-33 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-33 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


L-lysine 6-oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H2O + O2 = allysine + H2O2 + NH4.


GDP-mannose biosynthetic process from mannose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose from mannose.


cellular response to interleukin-17

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.


leucoanthocyanidin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O = 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+.


double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing, removal of nonhomologous ends

During DSBR via single-strand annealing, the removal of nonhomologous sequences at the broken 3' single-strand DNA end before DNA repair synthesis can occur.


killing by virus of host cell by post-segregational killing

The process by which a virus causes the death of daughter cells which do not contain its genes after host cell division, by a mechanism of post-segregational killing (PSK). The extrachromosomal viral DNA consist of two genes; the product of the second is long lived and toxic, while the product of the first is short lived and antagonizes the lethal action of the toxin. Daughter cells that do not contain the viral extrachromosomal element are killed by the long lived toxin, while daughter cells that do contain the viral extrachromosomal element are protected by the action of the short lived antitoxin it encodes.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the exopolysaccharide galactosaminogalactan. GAG is a heteropolysaccharide composed of alpha-1,4 linked galactose, N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) and galactosamine (GalN).


regulation of L-glutamine import across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamine import into cell.


choline-sulfatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: choline sulfate + H2O = choline + H+ + sulfate.


6-phosphoglucan, water dikinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: n ATP + n H2O + a 6-phosphogluco-maltodextrin = n AMP + n hydrogenphosphate + a poly-6-phosphogluco-maltodextrin.


TRAIL death-inducing signaling complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TRAIL death-inducing signaling complex.


evasion of host innate immune recognition

A process by which a symbiont avoids recognition by host's innate immune response by altering a conserved molecule recognized by the host's cell surface and intracellular innate immune receptors, including Toll-like receptors, and NOD-like receptors. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of ascus development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ascus development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a sac-like structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed.


positive regulation of border follicle cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of border follicle cell migration.


positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.


lupeol 28-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lupeol + NADPH(4-) + O2 + H+ <=> betulin + NADP(3-) + H2O.


shikimate 3-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: shikimate + NADP+ = 3-dehydroshikimate + NADPH + H+.


10-oxogeraniol oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (6E)-8-oxogeraniol + NADP <=> (6E)-8-oxogeranial + NADPH + H+.


viral budding from nuclear membrane

A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host nuclear membrane.


structural constituent of egg chorion

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an egg chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Catalysis of the reaction: zeaxanthin + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 O2 <=> nostoxanthin + 2 NAD + 2 H2O.


violaxanthin de-epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: violaxanthin + 2 ascorbate = zeaxanthin + 2 dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O; and antheraxanthin + ascorbate = zeaxanthin + dehydroascorbate + H2O.


low-affinity IgE receptor activity

Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.


L-ascorbate oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 L-ascorbate + O2 <=> 4 monodehydroascorbate + 2 H2O.


RNA strand-exchange activity

Facilitates the displacement of one strand of an RNA-RNA duplex and its replacement with a different strand of higher complementarity.


choline biosynthetic process via CDP-choline

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), via the intermediate CDP-choline.


superior raphe nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior raphe nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


creatinine catabolic process to formate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine into other compounds, including formate.


4-hydroxybenzoate amino acid synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.


S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase NADP activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NADP+ = S-formylglutathione + NADPH + H+.


negative regulation of synoviocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.


dirigent protein activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H+ + 2 coniferol + O2 <=> (+)-pinoresinol + 2 H2O.


retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in lung bud formation

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the formation of the primary lung bud.


high-affinity zinc transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other, probably powered by proton motive force. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.