Malignant Anterior Tongue Neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the anterior portion of the tongue.


Benign neoplasm of palate

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.


Nasopharyngeal hairy polyp

A benign polypoid lesion that arises from the nasopharynx. It usually affects neonates and older infants. It manifests as a pedunculated mass associated with cough, dyspnea, vomiting, or difficulty in swallowing. It is composed of ectoderm and mesoderm.


Recurrent Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasm

The reemergence of a malignant head and neck neoplasm after a period of remission.


Iatrogenic Primary Hypothyroidism

Primary hypothyroidism due to medical or surgical treatment.


Leukoplakia of buccal mucosa

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white patch on the buccal mucosa in the mouth which cannot be characterized as any other disease.  It may be a precancerous condition and in most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Refractory Malignant Salivary Gland Neoplasm

A malignant salivary gland neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Stage IVA Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T3-T4a, N1, M0).  T4a: Moderately advanced disease.  Tumor involves deep soft tissue, cartilage, bone, or overlying skin.  T3: Mucosal disease.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Tumor with regional lymph node metastases.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumor

A benign but locally infiltrating neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It is more often intraosseous and less frequently extraosseous and occurs in the jaw. It is characterized by the presence of ameloblastoma-like epithelium, connective tissue stroma, ghost cells, and dysplastic dentin. Wide local resection is recommended for intraosseous neoplasms and enucleation for extraosseous neoplasms.


Sinonasal Ameloblastoma

A locally aggressive, primarily gnathic (jaw) tumor with a high propensity for recurrence. It originates wholly within the sinonasal tract, without connection to gnathic sites, arising from sinonasal epithelium and showing histological features identical to those of its counterpart originating in the jaw. (WHO 2017)


Unresectable Craniopharyngioma

A craniopharyngioma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Non-Neoplastic Pituitary Gland Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the pituitary gland.  Representative examples include pituitary gland hypoplasia and apoplexy.


Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

A benign neoplasm that arises from the ciliated respiratory mucosa that lines the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.  It results from the invagination and proliferation of epithelial cells in the underlying stroma.  Clinical manifestations include nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and anosmia. It has the tendency to recur and extend to adjacent structures.  Inverted papillomas are occasionally associated with the development or presence of carcinomas, usually squamous cell carcinomas.


Diffuse C-Cell Hyperplasia

A non-neoplastic proliferation of morphologically bland C-cells with a diffuse growth pattern in the thyroid gland.


Malignant tumor of palate

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.


Oral Mucosa Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the oral mucosa.


Conventional ameloblastoma

An intraosseous ameloblastoma that arises from the jaw, usually the mandible.  It grows slowly, invades locally, and recurs frequently.  It presents with swelling of the jaw.


Head and Neck Melanocytic Neoplasm

A melanocytic neoplasm that arises from the skin or mucosal sites in the head and neck region.


Parotid Gland Sebaceous Lymphadenoma

A rare, benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the parotid gland.  It is composed of irregular proliferating nests and islands of epithelium, including solid and gland-like sebaceous elements, surrounded by lymphoid stroma. Patients present with a progressively enlarging and painless mass.


Lingual thyroid gland

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Ectopic thyroid gland located at the base of the tongue.


Hyperthyroidism with Hashimoto disease

Severe, transient hyperthyroidism associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis.


canalicular adenoma of salivary gland

A benign epithelial neoplasm primarily composed of branching and interconnecting cords of single and double-cell thick rows of columnar epithelium in a very loose stroma. It often occurs in the upper lip, where only pleomorphic adenoma is more frequent. Asymptomatic swelling of the upper lip is the most common clinical finding. It may present clinically and histologically as a multifocal lesion, a feature not generally seen with other intraoral salivary gland tumors.


Thyroid Gland Spindle Cell Follicular Adenoma

A rare thyroid gland follicular adenoma composed predominantly of spindle cells.


Middle Ear Paraganglioma

A jugulotympanic paraganglioma arising from paraganglia in the middle ear.


Thyroid Gland Schwannoma

A rare schwannoma that arises from the thyroid gland.


Dual Oxidase 2 Deficiency

Thyroid peroxidase system defect due to presumed mutation(s) in the DUOX2 gene, resulting in decreased activity of dual oxidase 2.


Transient hypothyroxinemia

Reduced concentration of thyroid hormone(s), usually associated with a non-thyroidal illness, that resolves spontaneously.


Refractory Malignant Pharyngeal Neoplasm

Malignant pharyngeal neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Non-Neoplastic Head and Neck Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region.


Laryngeal Mucositis

An inflammatory process affecting the mucous membrane of the larynx.


Benign neoplasm of bone of skull

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the bones and structures of the skull.


External Ear Actinic Keratosis

Actinic keratosis that develops in the skin of the external ear.


Non-Neoplastic Pharyngeal Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the pharynx.  Representative examples include pharyngitis and mucositis.


Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Bizarre Nuclei

A thyroid gland adenoma containing follicular cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei.  The clinical course is benign.


Defective Thyroglobulin Synthesis

Impairment in the intracellular synthesis of thyroglobulin.


Parathyroid gland abscess

An abscess that is located in the parathyroid gland(s).


Hairy leukoplakia of tongue

An epithelial hyperplasia on the surface of the tongue associated with Epstein-Barr virus and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy.


Pharyngeal Hodgkin Lymphoma

A Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the pharynx.


Congenital thyroid hypoplasia

Incomplete development of the thyroid gland in a newborn.


Erythroleukoplakia

Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa that is clinically characterized by the presence of erythematous or red and white patches.


Thyroid Gland Paraganglioma

A rare, circumscribed or encapsulated neuroendocrine tumor arising from the thyroid gland. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of tumor cells arranged in a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. The reported cases have followed a benign clinical course.


Hodgkin's lymphoma of thyroid gland

An exceedingly rare Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the thyroid gland.


Refractory Malignant Oral Neoplasm

Lip or oral cavity malignant neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Sinonasal Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma

A benign acquired overgrowth of indigenous glands of the sinonasal tract arising from the surface epithelium. (WHO 2017)


Non-Neoplastic Tongue Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the tongue.


Speckled oral leukoplakia

Non-homogenous leukoplakia on the oral mucosa.  It is associated with a high risk for malignant transformation.


Leukoplakia of tongue

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white patch on the surface of the tongue which cannot be characterized as any other disease.  It may be a precancerous condition and in most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Benign neoplasm of uvula

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the uvula.


Thyroid Gland Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

A rare histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasm that affects the thyroid gland.


Non-Neoplastic Salivary Gland Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the major or minor salivary glands.


Hodgkin's lymphoma of salivary gland

A very rare Hodgkin lymphoma that manifests initially in a salivary gland.


Minor Salivary Gland Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasm

A rare, low-grade epithelial neoplasm with ductal differentiation that grows within and is limited to the duct system of the minor salivary glands. It is characterized by a proliferation of mucin-producing cells within the minor salivary gland ducts, intraductal accumulation of mucin, and a papillary growth pattern. Cytologic and architectural atypia and mitotic activity are present. AKT1 gene mutations have been identified in the majority of cases. Morphologically it resembles the intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas.


Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst

A benign, intraosseous or extraosseous cystic neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It is characterized by the presence of a cyst lined by an ameloblastoma-like epithelium and ghost cells formation. The ghost cells may undergo calcification. It is treated with enucleation. Few recurrences have been reported for intraosseous neoplasms whereas no recurrences have been reported for extraosseous neoplasms.


Sinonasal Lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the sinonasal tract.


Stage IVC Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Head and Neck Nevus

A benign nevus that arises from the skin in the head and neck region.


Leukoplakia of larynx

A premalignant pathologic process that affects the mucosal epithelium of the larynx.  It appears as a localized or diffuse white patch on the laryngeal mucosa.  Morphologically it is characterized by the pathologic production of keratin in the mucosal epithelial surface with or without epithelial atypia.  It may progress to or co-exist with invasive squamous cell carcinoma.


Maxillofacial Osteoblastoma

A benign bone-forming neoplasm with prominent osteoblastic rimming arising in a maxillofacial bone.


Nasopharyngeal Salivary Gland Anlage Tumor

A rare midline nasopharyngeal lesion that affects infants. It presents with respiratory distress due to nasal airway obstruction. It is a biphasic lesion characterized by the presence of epithelial and myoepithelial components. The histological features suggest that this lesion may be a hamartoma, rather than a neoplasm.


Maxillofacial Neoplasm

A neoplasm that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


Sinonasal Exophytic Papilloma

A papilloma with an exophytic growth arising from the sinonasal track.


Central odontogenic fibroma

A rare, benign, intraosseous neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues in the mandible and maxilla. It is characterized by the presence of odontogenic epithelium which is embedded in a fibrous stroma. Local enucleation of the tumor is curative.


Suprasellar Germinoma

A germinoma that arises from the suprasellar region.


Sinonasal Neurofibroma

A neurofibroma that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Orbit Paraganglioma

An extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the orbit.  Patients may present with visual disturbances or proptosis.


Maxillofacial Sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


Diffuse goiter

Enlargement of the entire thyroid gland without discrete mass(es).


Neonatal hearing impairment

An abnormality that affects hearing within the first month after birth. It may or may not result in hearing loss.


Thyroid Gland Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential

An encapsulated or well-circumscribed thyroid gland tumor composed of well-differentiated follicular cells, in which capsular or vascular invasion is indeterminate.


Lymphoepithelial Sialadenitis

A benign salivary gland lesion characterized by acinar atrophy, ductal hyperplasia, and epimyoepithelial islands in lymphoid stroma. (WHO 2017)


Nasopharyngeal Melanoma

A melanoma that arises from the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx.


Oral Cavity Adenoma

A monomorphic or pleomorphic adenoma that arises from the salivary glands in the oral cavity.


Soft Palate Benign Granular Cell Tumor

A rare benign neoplasm that arises from the soft palate.  It is characterized by the presence of plump eosinophilic cells with abundant granular cytoplasm.  The neoplastic cells extend into the surrounding tissues.  Recurrences are rare after removal of the tumor.


Thyroid Gland Mucinous Follicular Adenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma composed of follicles and characterized by the presence of abundant extracellular mucin.


Adenoma, Basal Cell

A benign epithelial neoplasm with a uniform, monomorphic appearance that is dominated by basal cells forming trabecular structures. It is rare, and occurs mostly on the parotid gland. The average age of patients has been reported to be 58 years. Swelling is the most constant clinical finding.


Iodine Deficiency Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism due to insufficient intake of iodine.


Thyroid Gland Signet Ring Cell Follicular Adenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma characterized by the presence of signet ring cells that stain positive for thyroglobulin.


Head and Neck Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the head and neck. This category includes neuroendocrine tumors, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and paragangliomas.


Thyroid Gland Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the thyroid gland focally or diffusely. It is exceedingly rare and usually occurs in patients with multifocal disease.


Pharyngeal Lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the pharynx.


Stage III Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0.  T3: Mucosal disease N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Follicular Nodular Disease

A benign, non-inflammatory, multifocal proliferation of thyroid follicular cells that results in the formation of multiple thyroid nodules. The clinical term multinodular goiter refers to the changes caused in the thyroid gland by follicular nodular disease.


neoplasm of anterior dorsal surface of tongue

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anterior portion of the tongue.


Salivary Gland Infection

A viral (such as mumps) or bacterial infectious process affecting the salivary gland. The salivary gland becomes enlarged and is often painful.


Refractory Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasm

A malignant head and neck neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Disorder of tonsil (palatine tonsil)

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the tonsils.


inverted ductal papilloma of salivary gland

A very rare benign tumor of the minor salivary glands, characterized by a luminal papillary proliferation that arises at the junction of the salivary gland duct and the oral mucosal surface epithelium and expands as a nodular mass into the lamina propria.  It presents as an asymptomatic mucosal swelling.


Unicystic ameloblastoma

An ameloblastoma that presents as a unilocular cyst.  It usually arises from the mandible.


Sellar ependymoma

A very rare, low-grade neoplasm that arises from the posterior pituitary. It is composed of epithelioid and oncocytic cells forming sheets and fascicles. It shows histopathological features reminiscent of ependymomas, including perivascular pseudorosettes and true rosettes. There is no evidence of necrosis or increased mitotic activity. Despite the presence of ependymal histopathological features, these neoplasms probably are not related to ependymomas. Their prognosis is unknown.


malignant neoplasm of skull

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the bones and structures of the skull.


Benign neoplasm of accessory sinus

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the paranasal sinuses.  Representative examples include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma.


Oral Cavity Myeloid Sarcoma

An extramedullary myeloid tumor that arises from the oral cavity. It occurs de novo or can precede, coincide with, or follow the presentation of acute myeloid leukemia, or can constitute blastic transformation of a myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. (WHO 2017)


Malignant Inner Ear Neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm that affects the inner ear.


Benign Skull Base Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the skull base.


Stage IVB Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: T4b, Any N, M0.  T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor involves brain, dura, skull base, lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII), masticator space, carotid artery, prevertebral space, or mediastinal structures.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Head and Neck

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the head and neck.  This may be from a primary head and neck malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Recurrent Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

The reemergence of inverted Schneiderian papilloma after a period of remission.


Thyroid Gland Hyperfunctioning Adenoma

A thyroid gland adenoma producing thyroxin.  It is associated with hyperthyroidism.  Radioactive iodine scan reveals a hot nodule.


Adult Craniopharyngioma

A craniopharyngioma that occurs during adulthood.  It can be either adamantinomatous or papillary.  The papillary histologic variant occurs virtually exclusively in adults.  Clinical signs and symptoms include visual disturbances and endocrine deficiencies.


Acquired Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, the cause of which is not present from birth.


Thyroid Gland Follicular Adenoma with Papillary Architecture

A benign, encapsulated thyroid gland neoplasm characterized by the presence of large follicles with intrafollicular papillary architecture. The cells lining the papillae are usually columnar. It is usually a cystic neoplasm and lacks nuclear atypia and capsular invasion. Psammoma bodies are not present. Activating TSHR mutations have been described in the majority of cases. In a small number of cases GNAS mutations have been identified.


Non-Neoplastic Inner Ear Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the inner ear.  Representative examples include infection and sensory hearing loss.


Thyroid Gland Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A rare solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the thyroid gland.


Oral Squamous Cell Papilloma

A benign, exophytic and polypoid growth that arises from the lips or oral cavity. It is covered by hyperplastic epithelium. Some cases are caused by human papillomavirus infection.


Odontogenic myxoma

An intraosseous odontogenic neoplasm with good prognosis, arising from the mandible and less frequently from the maxilla. It is characterized by the presence of stellate cells, myxoid stroma formation, and prominent collagen. Small tumors may be cured with enucleation. Complete excision may be required for larger tumors.


Interarytenoid leukoplakia

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white mucosal patch in the interarytenoid area.  In most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Aneuploid Dysplastic Oral Leukoplakia

Oral leukoplakia associated with advanced dysplasia in which genetic studies show aneuploidy.  The vast majority of patients develop aggressive invasive squamous cell carcinomas.  Complete resection of the lesion does not reduce the risk of developing invasive squamous cell carcinoma.


Non-Neoplastic Oral Cavity Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the oral cavity.  Representative examples include inflammation, fibroepithelial polyp, and cleft palate.


Acquired central hypothyroidism

Central hypothyroidism, the cause of which is not present at birth.


Recurrent Malignant Pharyngeal Neoplasm

Reemergence of a malignant pharyngeal neoplasm after a period of remission.


Sclerosing Polycystic Adenosis

A rare, benign, well-circumscribed salivary gland neoplasm that predominantly affects females.  It is characterized by the presence of microcysts, ducts, and acini in a sclerotic stroma.  Focal lymphocytic infiltrates may also be present.


Osteoma of skull

A benign bone-forming neoplasm arising from the skull.


Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck

A melanoma that arises in the mucosa of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx.


Fibro-odontoma, Ameloblastic

A rare benign neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It is characterized by the presence of a fibromyxoid stroma, epithelial component, dentin, and enamel. Recurrences are rare.


Non-toxic nodular goiter

Sporadic nodular enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not associated with changes in thyroid function or malignancy.


Non-Neoplastic Gingival Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the gums.


Maxillofacial Osteoma

A benign, well-circumscribed bone-forming neoplasm arising in a maxillofacial bone.


Reactive C-Cell Hyperplasia

A non-neoplastic proliferation of C-cells in the thyroid gland caused by external stimuli such as hypercalcemia and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.


Transient Primary Hypothyroidism

Primary hypothyroidism that resolves spontaneously.


Sellar Teratoma

A teratoma that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Acanthomatous ameloblastoma

A solid/multicystic ameloblastoma with follicular pattern in which the central cells in the odontogenic epithelial islands show squamous differentiation.


Tonsillopharyngitis

Inflammation of the palatine tonsils and the posterior pharynx (throat).


Leukoplakia of vocal cords

A clinical term that indicates the presence of a white patch on the mucosal surface of the vocal cords.  In most cases histologic examination reveals keratosis.


Intrasellar Meningioma

A rare meningioma arising from the intrasellar region.


Sinonasal Schwannoma

A schwannoma that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


Ameloblastic Fibroodontosarcoma

An odontogenic sarcoma producing enamel/enameloid and dentin.


Oral Cavity and Lip Precancerous Condition

A premalignant pathologic process that affects the mucosa surface of the oral cavity or lip.  It includes leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and smoker's keratosis.


Oral Cavity Granular Cell Tumor

A rare neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity, usually the tongue.  It is characterized by the presence of plump eosinophilic cells with abundant granular cytoplasm.  The neoplastic cells extend into the surrounding tissues, usually skeletal muscle.  The vast majority of cases follow a benign clinical course.  Recurrences are rare after removal of the tumor.


Recurrent Malignant Thyroid Gland Neoplasm

The reemergence of malignant thyroid gland neoplasm after a period of remission.


Refractory Malignant Thyroid Gland Neoplasm

Malignant thyroid gland neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Thyroid Gland Black Follicular Adenoma

A thyroid gland follicular adenoma seen in patients treated with minocycline. The tumors have black discoloration visible on macroscopic examination and cytoplasmic accumulation of black pigment. (WHO 2017)


Head and Neck Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma

A follicular dendritic cell sarcoma that arises from the head and neck. The most frequently affected sites are the cervical lymph nodes, the Waldeyer ring, and the soft tissue of the neck.


Sellar Schwannoma

An extremely rare schwannoma that arises from the sellar region.


Recurrent Craniopharyngioma

The reemergence of a craniopharyngioma after a period of remission.


Granular cell ameloblastoma

A solid/multicystic ameloblastoma with follicular pattern in which the odontogenic epithelial islands contain granular cells.


Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition. No prognostic stage grouping is proposed in the 8th edition.


Non-Neoplastic Sinonasal Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.  Representative examples include rhinitis, sinusitis, and mucocele.


Hypothyroid Goiter

Goiter associated with reduced thyroid hormone secretion.


Sialoblastoma

A rare, congenital or perinatal, aggressive and potentially low-grade malignant basaloid neoplasm that occurs in the major salivary glands. It typically presents as a mass over the angle of the mandible. Most involve the parotid gland.


Lymphedema of the Head and Neck

Lymphedema that manifests in the head and neck.


Choanal polyp

A benign exophytic growth that arises from the nasopharynx.


Thyroid Gland Teratoma

A teratoma that arises from the thyroid gland. Thyroid gland teratomas with high grade/malignant histological features carry DICER1 gene mutations and have been reclassified as thyroblastomas. They are no longer considered true teratomas.


Nasal Cavity Papilloma

A papilloma that arises from the ciliated respiratory mucosa that lines the nasal cavity.


Oral Cavity Benign Granular Cell Tumor

A rare benign neoplasm that arises from the oral cavity, usually the tongue.  It is characterized by the presence of plump eosinophilic cells with abundant granular cytoplasm.  The neoplastic cells extend into the surrounding tissues, usually skeletal muscle.  Recurrences are rare after removal of the tumor.


Sellar Embryonal Carcinoma

An embryonal carcinoma that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Maxillofacial Osteosarcoma

An osteosarcoma that arises in a maxillofacial bone.


Malignant Skull Base Neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the skull base.


Oral melanocytic nevus

A melanocytic nevus that arises from the lip and/or oral cavity. The majority are benign. Dysplastic nevi that can lead to the development of melanoma can rarely arise from the lip and/or oral cavity.


Non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary like nuclear features

A non-invasive neoplasm of thyroid follicular cells with a follicular growth pattern and nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma that has an extremely low malignant potential. These tumors were formerly classified as non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma or well-differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential. (WHO)


Ameloblastic Fibrodentinosarcoma

An odontogenic sarcoma producing dentin/dentinoid.


Inverting papilloma of the paranasal sinus

A benign neoplasm that arises from the ciliated respiratory mucosa that lines the paranasal sinuses.  It results from the invagination and proliferation of epithelial cells in the underlying stroma.


Non-Neoplastic Lip Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the lips.  Representative examples include inflammation and cleft lip.


Neoplastic C-Cell Hyperplasia

A neoplastic process arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland.  It is considered a precursor of hereditary medullary thyroid gland carcinoma, and it is associated with mutations of the RET gene.


Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma

A rare, benign, extraosseous neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It usually presents as a slow growing exophytic mass in the gingiva. It is characterized by the presence of odontogenic epithelium which is embedded in a fibrous stroma.


Salivary Duct Inflammation

An inflammatory process affecting the salivary duct.


The reemergence of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma after a period of remission.


Aggressive papillary tumor

A locally invasive, papillary epithelial neoplasm arising in any area of the middle ear, including the mastoid process and air cells, and may fill the tympanic cavity. It is characterized by the presence of a papillary glandular pattern, with complex interdigitating papillae lying loosely or infiltrating fibrous connective tissue. (WHO 2017)


Maxillofacial Osteoid Osteoma

A benign bone-forming tumor that arises in a maxillofacial bone. It is characterized by limited growth potential. (WHO 2017)


Salivary Gland Lymphoma

A lymphoma that manifests initially in a salivary gland. It usually occurs in the parotid gland.


Sarcoma of head and neck

A sarcoma that arises from the head and neck region.


Sialolipoma

A benign salivary gland neoplasm composed of mature adipose tissue and epithelial tissue. It usually occurs in the parotid gland.


Non-Neoplastic Ear Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the ear.  Representative examples include infection, cholesteatoma, and hearing disorders.


sebaceous adenoma of salivary gland

A rare, benign, encapsulated epithelial tumor composed of cells that form solid, variably shaped islands and cysts, both showing focal sebaceous differentiation. The mean age of patients is reported to be 58 years, and most tumors occur in the parotid gland. There is a male predominance. Most patients are asymptomatic.


intraductal papilloma of salivary gland

An intraluminal papillary proliferation that causes unicystic dilatation of the duct and may have features in common with papillary cystadenoma. It is quite rare, and involves almost exclusively the excretory ducts of intraoral minor salivary glands. It presents as an asymptomatic submucosal swelling.


Sinonasal Oncocytic Papilloma

A benign neoplasm with exophytic and endophytic growth arising from the lateral nasal wall or the paranasal sinuses. It is characterized by the proliferation of columnar cells with oncocytic features. Microcysts containing mucin and neutrophils are present in the epithelium. Clinical manifestations include nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Occasionally, it is associated with the development or presence of a carcinoma, usually squamous cell carcinoma.


Head and Neck Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

A carcinoma that has metastasized to the head and neck region from an unknown primary anatomic site.


cystadenoma of salivary gland

An uncommon benign epithelial tumor, characterized by predominantly unicystic or multicystic growth; there is focal intraluminal papillary proliferation of the lining epithelium. Nearly half occur in the parotid gland.  In the minor salivary glands, women are affected more than men. In the major salivary glands, cystadenomas present as slowly enlarging, asymptomatic masses that may be slightly compressible. Cystadenocarcinoma is the malignant counterpart.


Proliferative verrucous oral leukoplakia

Warty leukoplakia on the oral mucosa.  It is associated with a high risk for malignant transformation.


Benign inverted transitional cell papilloma

A benign neoplasm that arises from the ciliated respiratory mucosa that lines the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.  It is classified as inverted papilloma, oncocytic papilloma, and exophytic papilloma. Clinical manifestations include nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and anosmia.


Sellar Germ Cell Tumor

A germ cell tumor that arises from or adjacent to the sellar region.


Benign tumor of external ear

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the external ear.  Representative examples include ceruminous adenoma, polyp, and lipoma.


Metastatic Ureter Carcinoma

Ureter carcinoma that has spread to another anatomical site.


Locally Advanced Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma

A ureter urothelial carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Urothelial carcinoma ureter metastatic

Ureter urothelial carcinoma that has spread to another anatomical site.


MutS complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A homodimeric mismatch repair complex involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations.


MutSgamma complex

A heterodimer involved in the stabilization of DNA recombination intermediates, the promotion of crossover recombination, and the proper assembly of the synaptonemal complex in meiotic prophase nuclei. In yeast the complex consists of two subunits, Msh4 and Msh5.


MutLbeta complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS1.


MutLgamma complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In S. cerevisiae the complex consists of two subunits, Mlh1 and Mlh3.


Tetranabinex

A diverse group of pharmacologically active secondary metabolite characteristic to Cannabis plant as well as produced naturally in the body by humans and animals. Cannabinoids contain oxygen as a part of the heterocyclic ring or in the form of various functional groups. They are subdivided on the basis of their origin.


phytocannabinoid

A class of cannabinoid which are C21 terpenophenolic compounds isolated primarily from Cannabis sativa.


Stage 0 Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v8

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Gastroesophageal burn

A thermal, chemical or radiation injury to the stomach or esophagus.


mesentery

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon.


A protein complex that contains the cell adhesion molecules protocadherin-alpha-v4 and protocadherin-gamma-b2, and is involved in the regulation of protein localization to the plasma membrane.


vasculature of eye

Vasculature that is part of the eye region.


A quinolin-4-one having methyl and hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 3-positions respectively.


salivary gland epithelium

An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Automatically generated definition].


parotid gland myoepithelium

Epithelium that consists of stellate-shaped contractile cells with long dendritic processes that surround the secretory acini and intercalated ducts of the parotid gland, usually found in the glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the luminal cells; they display features of both smooth muscle and epithelium, such as numerous microfilaments with focal densities in the cytoplasmic processes, and desmosomes which attach them to the epithelial cells; their functions include contraction when the gland is stimulated to secrete, compressing or reinforcing the underlying parenchymal cells, thus aiding in the expulsion of saliva and preventing damage to the other cells.


epithelium of parotid gland

An epithelium that is part of a parotid gland [Automatically generated definition].


epithelium of sublingual gland

An epithelium that is part of a sublingual gland [Automatically generated definition].


epithelium of submandibular gland

An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland [Automatically generated definition].


gamma-lactone

A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.


butenolide

A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


vitamin C

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.


Any gamma-lactone having the lactone moiety derived from 4-hydroxybutanoic acid.


Giant Cell-Rich Osteosarcoma

An exceedingly rare, high-grade variant of conventional osteosarcoma characterized by the presence of numerous osteoclast-like giant cells and variable amount of tumor osteoid.


pharyngeal raphe

The Pharyngeal raphe is a raphe that serves as the origin and insertion for several of the pharyngeal constrictors.


Stage IIIB Anal Canal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage IIIB includes: (T4, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0). T4: Tumor of any size that invades adjacent organ(s).  N1: Metastasis in perirectal lymph node(s).  N2: Metastasis in unilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph node(s).  N3: Metastasis in perirectal and inguinal lymph nodes and/or bilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage III Anal Canal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0); IIIB (T4, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0).  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T3: Tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T4: Tumor of any size that invades adjacent organ(s).  N1: Metastasis in perirectal lymph node(s).  N2: Metastasis in unilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph node(s).  N3: Metastasis in perirectal and inguinal lymph nodes and/or bilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage IIIA Anal Canal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage IIIA includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0). T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T3: Tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  T4: Tumor of any size that invades adjacent organ(s).  N1: Metastasis in perirectal lymph node(s).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


dentary-anguloarticular joint

Joint that articulates the dentary and anguloarticular. Dentary-anguloarticular joint is paired.


Pancreatic Infection

An infectious process affecting the pancreas.


Stage III Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3a, N0, M0); IIIB: (T3b, N0, M0); IIIC: (T4, N0, M0). T3a: Multiple tumors more than 5 cm. T3b: Single tumor or multiple tumors of any size involving a major branch of the portal vein or hepatic vein.  T4: Tumors(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Hepatocellular Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of hepatocellular carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Stage IIIC Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIC includes: T4, N0, M0.  T4: Tumors(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IV Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, N1, M0); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1). N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Solitary tumor with vascular invasion or multiple tumors none more than 5 cm.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Stage IVB Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVA Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: Any T, N1, M0.  N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7


Stage I Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Solitary tumor without vascular invasion.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Stage IIIA Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIA includes: T3a, N0, M0.  T3a: Multiple tumors more than 5 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7


Stage IV Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7


Stage IIIB Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIB includes: T3b, N0, M0. T3b: Single tumor or multiple tumors of any size involving a major branch of the portal vein or hepatic vein.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage I Childhood Hepatocellular Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7


Intramucosal Adenocarcinoma

A neoplastic lesion that shows morphologic evidence of invasion into the lamina propria or muscularis mucosa.  There is no evidence of invasion into the submucosa.  Evidence of invasion may refer to stromal invasion by single cells or clusters of cells, presence of atypical and complex glandular architectural patterns beyond those that are present in normal mucosa, desmoplasia, and/or vascular invasion.


Gastric Intramucosal Adenocarcinoma

A neoplasm that arises from the gastric glandular epithelium and invades the lamina propria but not the submucosa.  There is marked glandular crowding, branching and budding, intraluminal necrosis, and prominent mitotic activity.  Desmoplastic changes may be present or absent.


Esophageal Intramucosal Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma that arises from the esophagus and is confined entirely to the mucosa.


Unbearable Pain

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A sensation of extreme discomfort and anguish that is overwhelming and unendurable.


Pyridoxal phosphate

The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.


visceral pleura

The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs.


Connective and Soft Tissue Neoplasm (Antiquated)


Periosteal fibrosarcoma

A malignant fibroblastic tumor arising from the periosteal connective tissue that surrounds a bone.


A rare malignant tumor of soft tissue characterized by a bimorphic pattern composed of undifferentiated small round cells and islands of well differentiated hyaline cartilage.


Intermediate Risk Esophageal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Very Low Risk Esophageal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Storiform-Pleomorphic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma NCI Grade 3


Extraskeletal Osteoma

A rare benign overgrowth of bone arising from extraskeletal sites.


Benign stromal tumor

A benign neoplasm composed of mesenchymal stromal cells without evidence of cellular atypia.


Advanced Round Cell Liposarcoma

A round cell liposarcoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Non-Cutaneous Leiomyosarcoma

A leiomyosarcoma arising from an anatomic site other than skin.


Hemangiopericytoma of orbit

A benign or malignant hemangiopericytoma arising from the orbit.


Malignant hemangiopericytoma metastatic

A malignant hemangiopericytoma which has spread to another anatomical site.


Very Low Risk Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Very Low Risk Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Inflammatory Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma NCI Grade 3


High Risk Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Malignant hemangiopericytoma of orbit

A malignant hemangiopericytoma arising in the orbit.


Malignant hemangiopericytoma of skin

A malignant hemangiopericytoma arising in the skin.


Very Low Risk Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


High Risk Esophageal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Very Low Risk Colorectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Intermediate Risk Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Angiomyosarcoma

A malignant smooth muscle neoplasm characterized by the presence of atypical spindle cells and formation of vascular channels.


Benign Orbit Hemangiopericytoma

A benign hemangiopericytoma arising from the orbit.


High Risk Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Unresectable Round Cell Liposarcoma

A round cell liposarcoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


High Risk Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Intermediate Risk Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Malignant hemangiopericytoma recurrent

A rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm, believed to have its origin in smooth muscle derived pericytes, which has recurred after treatment.


Giant cell sarcoma

A sarcoma characterized by the presence of large, anaplastic malignant cells.


High Risk Colorectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Malignant Hemangiopericytoma NCI Grade 2


Mixed osteosarcoma

A term referring to conventional osteosarcomas which do not have a dominant matrix pattern and contain a mixture of osteoid matrix in combination with chondroid matrix and/or collagen fibers.


Lipomatous hemangiopericytoma

A benign hemangiopericytoma with lipomatous differentiation.


Solitary fibrous tumor and hemangiopericytoma grade 1

A hemangiopericytoma without malignant morphologic or clinical characteristics.


Metastatic Round Cell Liposarcoma

Round cell liposarcoma that has spread to other anatomic sites.


A rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that is believed to have its origin in smooth muscle derived pericytes without evidence of metastases.


Intermediate Risk Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Storiform-Pleomorphic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma NCI Grade 2


Benign Mediastinal Hemangiopericytoma

A benign hemangiopericytoma arising from the mediastinum.


Benign Kidney Hemangiopericytoma

A benign hemangiopericytoma arising from the kidney.


Refractory Round Cell Liposarcoma

Round cell liposarcoma that does not respond to treatment.


A morphologic variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells, histiocytic cells, and a storiform growth pattern.


Well Differentiated Malignant Hemangiopericytoma

A malignant hemangiopericytoma with well-differentiated morphological features.


Malignant Hemangiopericytoma NCI Grade 3


Intermediate Risk Colorectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor


Congenital Ventricular Tachycardia

An electrocardiographic finding of a tachycardia that originates in the ventricles that is present at birth.


Urethral Adenocarcinoma of Skene Gland Origin

A rare urethral adenocarcinoma arising from the Skene gland. It is characterized by morphological and immunohistochemical features similar to prostate adenocarcinoma.


Refractory Anaplastic Ependymoma

Anaplastic ependymoma that is resistant to treatment.


Unresectable Vaginal Carcinoma

Vaginal carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Non-Neoplastic Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the liver parenchyma and the intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cholangitis.


Secondary Biliary Cholangitis

Biliary cirrhosis due to obstruction of the extrahepatic ducts.


Post-Hepatitis Chronic Hepatopathy

Chronic liver disease that occurs secondary to, and after recovery from, hepatitis.


Mitochondrial hepatopathy

A liver disorder caused by primary or secondary defects in the function of the mitochondria in the hepatocytes.


Focal nodular hyperplasia of liver

A non-neoplastic, regenerating hepatocellular hyperplasia, secondary to the presence of focal vascular abnormalities in the liver.


Cirrhosis of the Liver Secondary to Hepatitis B

Cirrhosis of the liver that develops as a sequelae of a hepatitis b infection.


Viral hepatitis, type G

A form of liver inflammation caused by the hepatitis G virus.


Congestive hepatopathy

Chronic passive congestion of the liver secondary to right heart failure. Elevation of central venous pressure leads to restriction of the hepatic circulation. Prolonged hepatic venous pressure may lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.


Acute Hepatitis E Infection

A new infection by the hepatitis E virus, which is usually spread by the fecal-oral route. Signs and symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stools and joint pain. There is no specific anti-viral treatment, the infection resolves on its own.


Liver calculus

The presence of solitary or multiple stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts.


Liver Disease Associated with Cystic Fibrosis

A spectrum of liver disorders that develop in patients with cystic fibrosis. It includes asymptomatic elevation of the liver function tests, steatosis, cholecystitis with cholelithiasis, sclerosing cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinoma.


Chronic viral hepatitis

Chronic hepatitis caused by viruses, most commonly hepatitis viruses B and C.


alcoholic (Laennec's) cirrhosis with ascites

A disorder of the liver secondary to the excessive consumption of ethanol that is characterized by the replacement of healthy tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.


Ductal plate malformation

A congenital disorder of the intrahepatic bile ducts characterized by abnormal embryonal development of the ductal plates.


Hepatic Infection

An acute or chronic infectious process affecting the liver.


Hrd1p ubiquitin ligase ERAD-L complex

A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.


brahma complex

A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the Drosophila brm (brahma) or mammalian SMARCA2/BAF190B/BRM gene, or an ortholog thereof.


diarylmethane

Any compound containing two aryl groups connected by a single C atom.


Dextromethadone

A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.


Levomethadone

A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.


left kidney

A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].


Two Separate Tumor Masses Present in the Same Organ

A finding indicating the presence of two separate tumor masses in the same organ.


Stage IIIB Gallbladder Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: T1-3, N1, M0. T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or muscular layer. T2: Tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the peritoneal side, without involvement of the serosa (visceral peritoneum); or tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the hepatic side, with no extension into the liver. T3: Tumor perforating the serosa (visceral peritoneum) and/or directly invading the liver and/or one other adjacent organ or structure, such as the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, omentum, or extrahepatic bile ducts. N1: Metastases to one to three regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage III Gallbladder Cancer AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T3, N0, M0); IIIB: (T1-3, N1, M0). T1: Tumor invading the lamina propria or muscular layer. T2: Tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the peritoneal side, without involvement of the serosa (visceral peritoneum); or tumor invading the perimuscular connective tissue on the hepatic side, with no extension into the liver. T3: Tumor perforating the serosa (visceral peritoneum) and/or directly invading the liver and/or one other adjacent organ or structure, such as the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, omentum, or extrahepatic bile ducts. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastases to one to three regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IIIA Gallbladder Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIA includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor perforating the serosa (visceral peritoneum) and/or directly invading the liver and/or one other adjacent organ or structure, such as the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, omentum, or extrahepatic bile ducts. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Gastrointestinal malfunction arising from mental factors

A dysfunction in gastrointestinal function that is due to a psychological process.


presumptive mesencephalic artery

Precursor to mesencephalic artery.


Malignant Esophageal Neoplasm by Anatomic Region


Cervical Esophagus Adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma that arises from the cervical esophagus.


Fluorobenzene

Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.


choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle.


vasculature

An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face.


vasculature of organ

A vasculature that is part of a organ.


choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

Part of choroid plexus contained in the lateral ventricle.


choroid plexus of tectal ventricle

A choroid plexus that is part of a cerebral aqueduct.


choroid plexus of third ventricle

Part of choroid plexus contained in the third ventricle.


rectal venous plexus

The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus.


vasculature of central nervous system plus retina


vasculature of head

Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition].


utricle of membranous labyrinth

The larger of the two otolith organs in the vestibule.


Stage IV Renal Cell Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: (T4, Any N, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invading beyond Gerota's fascia (including contiguous extension into the ipsilateral adrenal gland). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Locally Advanced Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma

A renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Renal Pelvis Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of renal pelvis cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to renal pelvis urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma, including histologic variants micropapillary and nested subtypes. It does not apply to renal cell carcinomas (are staged according to the classification for kidney), renal medullary carcinomas (are staged according to the classification for kidney), collecting duct carcinomas (are staged according to the classification for kidney),  lymphomas (are staged according to the classification for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma), and mesenchymal tumors (are staged according to the classification for soft tissue sarcoma of the abdomen and thoracic visceral organs). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


small cell carcinoma of kidney

A very rare small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the kidney.


Unresectable Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma

Renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage III Renal Cell Cancer AJCC v7

Stage III includes: (T1 or T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0 or N1, M0).  T1: Lesions have been divided into T1a and T1b.  T1a is defined as tumor 4 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  T1b is defined as tumor greater than 4 cm but not more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney. T2: Lesions have been divided into T2a and T2b.  T2a is defined as tumor more than 7 cm but less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  T2b is defined as tumor greater than 10 cm, limited to the kidney.  T3: Tumor extends into major veins or perinephric tissues, but not into the ipsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond Gerota's fascia. Lesions have been divided into T3a, T3b, and T3c. T3a: Tumor grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches, or tumor invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia.  T3b: Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava below the diaphragm. T3c: Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in regional lymph node(s). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage I Renal Cell Cancer AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor measuring 7 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IV Renal Pelvis Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades adjacent organs, or through the kidney into the perinephric fat. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node, more than 2 cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Metastatic Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Stage III Renal Pelvis Cancer AJCC v7

Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0.  T3: Tumor invades beyond muscularis into peripelvic fat or the renal parenchyma.  N0: No lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Kidney Medullary Carcinoma

Kidney medullary carcinoma that has spread to another anatomical site.


Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma that develops in a patient with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome.


Unclassified Renal Cell Carcinoma

A renal cell carcinoma characterized by morphologic features that do not fit easily into one of the other well-defined categories of renal cell carcinoma. Examples of such features include mixtures of morphologic patterns, mucin production, and sarcomatoid morphology.


Refractory Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Metastatic Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma that has spread to another anatomical site.


Grade 4 Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

A clear cell renal cell carcinoma characterized by extreme nuclear pleomorphism and/or sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid differentiation and/or tumor giant cells. (WHO, 1982 /ISUP 2014)


Recurrent Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma

The reemergence of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma

Reemergence of renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma after a period of remission.


TFEB-Rearranged Renal Cell Carcinoma

An extremely rare renal cell carcinoma affecting young patients. It is characterized by the presence of the specific chromosomal translocation t(6;11);(p21;q12) which fuses the MALAT1 gene with the TFEB transcription factor gene.


Unresectable Kidney Carcinoma

Kidney carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


BAP1-Mutant Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

A clear cell renal cell carcinoma that is associated with a mutation in BAP1 gene. These tumors are typically high grade and associated with poor outcome.


Metastatic Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma

Renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma that has spread to another anatomical site.


Stage I Renal Cell Carcinoma

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Lesions have been divided into T1a and T1b.  T1a is defined as tumor 4 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  T1b is defined as tumor greater than 4 cm but not more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Locally Advanced Unclassified Renal Cell Carcinoma

Unclassified renal cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Locally Advanced Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma

Papillary renal cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with t(X;17)(p11.2;q25)

A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the t(X;1)(p11.2;q25) resulting in fusion of the ASPL and TFE3 genes.


Clear-cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma

A clear cell renal cell carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


Stage II Renal Pelvis Cancer AJCC v8

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor invades the muscularis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage II Renal Cell Cancer AJCC v8

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor measuring more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Recurrent Kidney Carcinoma

The reemergence of kidney carcinoma after a period of remission.


High Grade Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma

Renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells with high grade features.


Locally Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with inv(X)(p11;q12)

A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the inv(X)(p11;q12) resulting in fusion of the NONO (p54nrb) and TFE3 genes.


Metastatic Kidney Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the kidney and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Unresectable Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Non-Hereditary Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

The most common type of renal cell carcinoma, characterized by a loss of genetic material of the short arm of chromosome 3.  The most common symptom at the time of diagnosis is hematuria.  The tumor has a golden-yellow color because of the abundance of intracytoplasmic lipid.  This is a clinically aggressive type of renal cell carcinoma.  The tumor usually metastasizes to unusual sites and late metastasis is common.


Stage II Renal Cell Cancer AJCC v7

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Lesions have been divided into T2a and T2b.  T2a is defined as tumor more than 7 cm but less than or equal to 10 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  T2b is defined as tumor greater than 10 cm, limited to the kidney.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Renal Cell Carcinoma with Constitutional Chromosome 3 Translocations

A renal cell carcinoma with constitutional chromosome 3 translocations.


Locally Advanced Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Refractory Renal Pelvis Urothelial Carcinoma

Renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Metastatic Unclassified Renal Cell Carcinoma

Unclassified renal cell carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Unresectable Kidney Medullary Carcinoma

Kidney medullary carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage III renal cell cancer

Stage III includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3a, N0, M0); (T3a, N1, M0); (T3b, N0, M0); (T3b, N1, M0); (T3c, N0, M0); (T3c, N1, M0). T3: Tumor extends into major veins or invades adrenal gland or perinephric tissues but not beyond Gerota's fascia.  T3a: Tumor directly invades adrenal gland or perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia.  T3b: Tumor grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches, or vena cava below the diaphragm.  T3c: Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Metastasis in a single regional lymph node. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th Ed.)


Renal Cell Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of kidney cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to carcinomas arising in the kidney. It does not apply to urothelial carcinomas (are staged according to the classification for renal pelvis and ureter), lymphomas (are staged according to the classification for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma), sarcomas (are staged according to the classification for soft tissue sarcoma of the abdomen and thoracic visceral organs), and Wilms tumor (no AJCC staging system). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Metastatic Renal Pelvis Carcinoma

Renal pelvis carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


Metastatic Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma

A papillary renal cell carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Stage II Renal Cell Cancer

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor more than 7 cm in greatest dimension limited to the kidney.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th Ed.)


Recurrent Kidney Medullary Carcinoma

The reemergence of kidney medullary carcinoma after a period of remission.


Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with t(X;1)(p11.2;q21)

A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the t(X;1)(p11.2;q21) resulting in fusion of the PRCC and TFE3 genes.


Renal Pelvis Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of renal pelvis cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Refractory Kidney Medullary Carcinoma

A kidney medullary carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Refractory Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Grade 3 Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

A clear cell renal cell carcinoma characterized by nucleoli conspicuous and eosinophilic at x 100 magnification. (WHO 1982 /ISUP 2014)


Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage III Renal Pelvis Cancer AJCC v8

Stage III includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades beyond muscularis into peripelvic fat or into the renal parenchyma. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Transplant-Related Renal Cell Carcinoma

A renal cell carcinoma that arises in a patient with a history of organ transplantation.


Stage IV Renal Cell Cancer

Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Metastasis in a single regional lymph node.  N2: Metastasis in more than one regional lymph node.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with t(X;1)(p11.2;p34)

A renal cell carcinoma with papillary architecture comprised of clear cells. It is characterized by the t(X;1)(p11.2;p34) resulting in fusion of the PSF and TFE3 genes.


Renal Cell Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of renal cell cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.


Succinate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma

A very rare renal cell carcinoma that usually affects young adults. It is characterized by the presence of vacuolated, eosinophilic to clear neoplastic cells and loss of immunohistochemical expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) B. In most cases germline mutations in an SDH gene (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD gene) are present. It has a relatively good prognosis.


Unresectable Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage IV Renal Cell Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: (T4, Any N, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia (including contiguous extension into the ipsilateral adrenal gland).  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Grade 2 Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

A clear cell renal cell carcinoma characterized by nucleoli conspicuous and eosinophilic at x 400 magnification, and visible but not prominent at x 100 magnification. (WHO 1982 /ISUP 2014)


Grade 1 Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

A clear cell renal cell carcinoma characterized by absent or inconspicuous and basophilic nucleoli at x 400 magnification. (WHO 1982 /ISUP 2014)


Locally Advanced Renal Pelvis Carcinoma

Renal pelvis carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Locally Advanced Kidney Carcinoma

Kidney carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Renal cell carcinoma recurrent

A reemergence of renal cell carcinoma after a period of remission.


Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma that has spread from the kidney to other anatomic sites.


Kidney Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the kidney. According to the size of the malignant cells, the prominence of the nucleoli, and the amount of cytoplasm, it is classified either as small or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.


Stage IV Renal Pelvis Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4: Tumor invades adjacent organs, or through the kidney into perinephric fat.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node, more than 2 cm but not more than 5cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes, none more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Locally Advanced Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Recurrent Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

The reemergence of clear cell renal cell carcinoma after a period of remission.


Unresectable Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage III Renal Cell Cancer AJCC v8

Stage III includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 7 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney. T2: Tumor measuring more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney. T3: Tumor extending into major veins or perinephric tissues, but not into the ipsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond Gerota's fascia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in regional lymph node(s). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Renal Cell Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of renal cell cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Stage I Renal Pelvis Cancer AJCC v7

Stage I includes: T1, M0, M0.  T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Refractory Kidney Carcinoma

Kidney carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


calcaneofibular ligament

A skeletal ligament that connects the fibula to the calcaneus.


Invasive Adenocarcinoma in Adenomatous Polyp

An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises in an adenomatous polyp.


ansa cervicalis

A loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus that lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath. Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate three of the four infrahyoid muscles, including the sternohyoid muscle, the sternothyroid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle.


Skullcap Lesion

A neoplastic, inflammatory, or vascular process in the roof of the skull.


tubovesicular membrane network

A complex, symbiont-induced host-derived organelle that is comprised of multiple protein and lipid domains.


Elevated Catecholamine Metabolites

A finding indicating elevated concentrations of catecholamine metabolites in a biological sample.


Refractory T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia that does not respond to treatment.


Infant T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs in infancy.


Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(5;17)(q35;q21)

Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(5;17)(q35;q21) and the expression of NPM1-RARA fusion protein.


Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(17;17)(q21;q21)

Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(17;17)(q21;q21) and the expression of STAT5B-RARA fusion protein.


Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(11;17)(q23;q21)

Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(11;17)(q23;q21) and the expression of PLZF-RARA fusion protein.  It lacks differentiation response to retinoids treatment.


Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(11;17)(q13;q21)

Acute myeloid leukemia with the variant RARA t(11;17)(q13;q21) and the expression of NUMA1-RARA fusion protein.


Undifferentiated Fallopian Tube Carcinoma

An invasive carcinoma arising from the fallopian tube. It is characterized by the presence of a diffuse malignant infiltrate that is composed of epithelial cells without evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation.


Recurrent Fallopian Tube Undifferentiated Carcinoma

The reemergence of fallopian tube undifferentiated carcinoma after a period of remission.


Refractory Fallopian Tube Undifferentiated Carcinoma

Fallopian tube undifferentiated carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Gallbladder Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm, High Grade

An intracholecystic papillary neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the gallbladder. It is characterized by the presence of severe epithelial atypia.


Gestational diabetes mellitus class A1

Carbohydrate intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy. Diagnosis from abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) but normal glucose levels when fasting and two hours post-prandial. Euglycemia achieved with diet and/or exercise.


Carcinomatosis of peritoneal cavity

A condition in which a carcinoma has spread extensively throughout the peritoneum.


Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Maturation

An acute myeloid leukemia with maturation occurring in children.


Type B Lymphomatoid Papulosis

A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis characterized by an epidermotropic infiltrate composed of small atypical cerebriform-like lymphocytes.


Diffuse Pediatric-Type High Grade Glioma MYCN

An aggressive, WHO grade 4 diffuse glioma usually affecting children, adolescents, or young adults. It is characterized by the expression of MYCN molecular signature.


Adult Grade I Meningioma

A grade I meningioma that occurs during adulthood.


Retropharyngeal Abscess

An abscess that develops in the soft tissues behind the posterior pharyngeal wall.


Factor IX Inactivation

Presence of inactivating antibodies to factor IX in the blood.


Stage III Liver Cancer

Stage III carcinoma of the liver according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


Benign neoplasm of adnexa of skin

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or sweat glands.  Representative examples include cylindroma, hidrocystoma, hidradenoma, and sebaceoma.


Recurrent Lymphocyte-Rich Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma

The reemergence of lymphocyte-rich classic Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.


Decreased Expression

An indication that the expression of a gene, transcript or protein is lower than a previous value or a normal range of values.


Torturing Pain

A sensation of having discomfort or distress inflicted upon an individual.


High Grade Appendix Mucinous Adenocarcinoma

A mucinous adenocarcinoma that arises from the appendix. The malignant cells are numerous and exhibit high grade dysplasia.  It may be associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei, but unlike the low grade mucinous neoplasm, it invades other organs and metastasizes to distant anatomic sites.


Pneumocephalus

The presence of air or gas within the cranial cavity.


Recurrent Malignant Abdominal Neoplasm

The reemergence of a malignant abdominal neoplasm after a period of remission.


Adult Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs in adults.


Elevated LIF

A finding indicating elevated concentrations of LIF in a sample.


Adenomatous hyperplasia

Proliferation of the glandular epithelial cells.


Stage IIB Appendix Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IIB includes: T4a, N0, M0. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum, including the acellular mucin or mucinous epithelium involving the serosa of the appendix or serosa of the mesoappendix. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Posterior Subcapsular Cataract Grade 4

A stage of posterior subcapsular cataract characterized by greater than 50% of the posterior capsule obscured by opacity. (Modified LOCS II)


Stage IIA Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor AJCC v7

Stage IIA includes: T2, M0, Risk factors: low risk.  T2: Tumor extends to other genital structures (ovary, tube, vagina, broad ligaments) by metastasis or direct extension.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Retroperitoneum injury with open wound into cavity

Trauma to  retroperitoneal tissue associated with a wound that extends into the retroperitoneal space.


Adult Giant Cell Glioblastoma

A giant cell glioblastoma occurring in adults.


Moderate Cardiac Valve Regurgitation

Evidence of moderate retrograde blood flow through the valve(s) of the heart. (ACC)


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to vagina

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the vagina from another anatomic site.


Recurrent Anal Adenocarcinoma

The reemergence of anal adenocarcinoma after a period of remission.


Ann Arbor Stage I Subdiaphragmatic Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma


Ampulla of Vater Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of ampulla of Vater cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system does not apply to well-differentiated neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors but does apply to high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, such as small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Ph-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A leukemia subtype characterized by a gene-expression profile similar to that of BCR-ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, alterations of lymphoid transcription factor genes, and a poor outcome.


Recurrent Malignant Spermatic Cord Neoplasm

The reemergence of a malignant spermatic cord neoplasm after a period of remission.


Malignant Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Small Cleaved Cell


Monoclonal Band

Monoclonal immunoglobulin or monoclonal light chain that is present in the serum and/or urine. It is the result of a clonal B-cell or plasma cell proliferation.


Invasive Cutaneous Melanoma

A melanoma of the skin that is not confined to the dermal-epidermal junction, and has infiltrated the dermis.


Non-Hematologic Toxicity

A toxicity that impairs or damages other than the hematologic system.


FIGO Stage I Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor

Lesion is confined to the uterus.


Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma

A hepatocellular carcinoma that has spread to another anatomic site.


Sweating fever

A febrile response accompanied by diaphoresis.


Recurrent Gliomatosis Cerebri

The reemergence of gliomatosis cerebri after a period of remission.


Lacrimal Gland Oncocytoma

A benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from the lacrimal gland. It is characterized by the presence of oncocytic cells with abundant eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm.


Fallopian Tube Non-Neoplastic Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that affects the fallopian tube.  Representative examples include acute and chronic salpingitis, salpingitis isthmica nodosa, and endometriosis.


Prosthetic valve endocarditis

Endocarditis occurring on parts of a valve prosthesis or a reconstructed heart valve; it can be classified into early and late prosthetic valve endocarditis.


Primary cutaneous CD4 positive small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder

A primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.  It usually presents with a solitary plaque or tumor on the face, neck, or upper trunk.  Morphologically, it is composed of small to medium-sized CD4-positive, CD8-negative, and CD30-negative pleomorphic T-lymphocytes.  A small number of large pleomorphic T-lymphocytes may also be present.  The lymphocytic infiltrate is dermal.  Focal epidermotropism and subcutaneous involvement may be present.  The clinical behavior is almost always indolent and most patients present with localized disease.


Infection by methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus

A bacterial infection that is caused by Staphylococcus aureus that is susceptible to methicillin.


Refractory Leukemia

Leukemia that is resistant to treatment.


Locally Advanced Unresectable Malignant Neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes and is not amenable to surgical resection.


Childhood Diffuse Astrocytoma

A diffuse astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.


Stage IIIC Vulvar Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIC includes: T1-T2, N2c, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the vulva and/or perineum. Multifocal lesions should be designated as such. The largest lesion or the lesion with the greatest depth of invasion will be the target lesion identified to address the highest pT stage. Depth of invasion is defined as the measurement of the tumor from the epithelial-stromal junction of the adjacent most superficial dermal papilla to the deepest point of invasion. T2: Tumor of any size with extension to adjacent perineal structures (lower/distal third of the urethra, lower/distal third of the vagina, anal involvement). N2c: Lymph node(s) metastasis with extranodal extension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th Ed.)


MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, LIMB-GIRDLE, TYPE 1C

A sub-type of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy caused by mutation(s) in the CAV3 gene, encoding caveolin-3.


congenital malformation syndromes due to known exogenous causes

A syndrome characterized by the presence of structural malformations that are present at birth and can be attributed to an exogenous cause.


Nagging Pain

A sensation of discomfort or distress that is persistent and continuous.


Recurrent Anaplastic Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma

The reemergence of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma after a period of remission.


Adenocarcinoma of Unknown Primary

An adenocarcinoma which has metastasized from an unknown primary anatomic site.


Low Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia characterized by the proliferation of secretory cells with irregular spacing in the ducts and acini.  Although some proliferating epithelial cells may contain prominent nucleoli, the cytologic atypia and architectural growth patterns that are seen in the high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia are absent.  The presence of low grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in needle biopsy is not a risk factor for the subsequent detection of carcinoma on repeat biopsy.


Stage IV Ampulla of Vater Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Recurrent WHO Grade 2 Glioma

The reemergence of WHO grade 2 glioma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Glioma

The reemergence of a glioma after a period of remission.


Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(8;21); (q22; q22.1); RUNX1-RUNX1T1

An acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22; q22.1) occurring in adults.


Increased Corpora Lutea

An increase in the number of corpora lutea within the ovary.


Pathologic Stage IIB Merkel Cell Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IIB includes: T4, N0, M0. T4: Primary tumor invades fascia, muscle, cartilage, or bone. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis detected on pathologic examination. M0: No distant metastasis detected on clinical and/or radiologic examination. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Herpes esophagitis

Esophagitis resulting from exposure to herpes virus.


Stage IIIB Cervical Cancer AJCC v9

Stage IIIB includes: T3b, N0, M0. T3b: Tumor extending to pelvic wall and/or causing hydronephrosis or nonfunctioning kidney (unless known to be due to another cause). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 9th Ed.)


Bone Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma

A low-grade malignant blood vessel neoplasm arising from the bone.  It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid endothelial cells.  The neoplastic cells are arranged in cords and nests, which are embedded in a myxoid to hyalinized stroma.


Bladder Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of bladder cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to carcinomas arising in the bladder. The typical carcinoma of the bladder is urothelial carcinoma. These carcinomas may include other histologic elements, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, but should be classified as urothelial unless the cancer is composed entirely of the alternative histology. All histologic cell types that are derived primarily from the urinary bladder epithelium should follow this staging system. It does not apply to prostatic urothelial carcinomas (are staged according to the classification for urethra), lymphomas (are staged according to the classification for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma), and sarcomas (are staged according to the classification for soft tissue sarcoma of the abdomen and thoracic visceral organs).  (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Bronchial Fistula

An abnormal communication between the bronchus and another organ or anatomic site.


Advanced Gastric Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

A gastric large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


BCLC Stage 0 Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Very early hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients are optimal candidates for resection. (HPB (Oxford) 2005; 7(1):35-41)


Type IV Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return in which the right and left pulmonary arteries drain into different sites.


Refractory Endometrial Mucinous Adenocarcinoma

Endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Adenocarcinoma of the prostate stage I

Stage I includes: (T1a-c, N0, M0, PSA less than 10, Gleason equal or less than 6); (T2a, N0, M0, PSA less than 10, Gleason equal or less than 6); (T1-2a, N0, M0, PSA X, Gleason X).  T1a: Tumor incidental histologic finding in 5% or less of tissue resected.  T1b: Tumor incidental histologic finding in more than 5% of tissue resected.  T1c: Tumor identified by needle biopsy (e.g., because of elevated PSA).  T2a: Tumor involves one-half of one lobe or less. cN0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  pN0: No positive regional nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  Gleason Equal or Less than 6: Well differentiated (slight anaplasia).  Gleason X: Gleason score cannot be processed.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IA Bone Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IA includes: T1, N0, M0, G1, G2, GX.  T1: Tumor 8 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated-low grade.  G2: Moderately differentiated-low grade.  GX: Grade cannot be assessed. (AJCC 7th ed.)


lymphomatoid papulosis, type A

A variant of lymphomatoid papulosis characterized by the presence of scattered anaplastic large lymphocytes, often resembling Reed-Sternberg cells, admixed with acute and chronic inflammatory cells.


Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This staging system applies to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors arising in the pancreas. Carcinomas of the pancreas, including high-grade (grade 3), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are not staged using this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Intra-Abdominal Paraganglioma

An extra-adrenal paraganglioma arising from the abdominal cavity.


Stage III Gallbladder Cancer AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIA (T3, N0, M0); IIIB (T1-3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor perforates the serosa (visceral peritoneum) and/or directly invades the liver and/or one other adjacent organ or structure, such as the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, omentum, or extrahepatic bile ducts.  T1: Tumor invades lamina propria or muscular layer.  T2: Tumor invades perimuscular connective tissue; no extension beyond serosa or into liver. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastases to nodes along the cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatic artery, and/or portal vein.  M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


Metastatic Human Papillomavirus-Related Malignant Neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm that is associated with human papillomavirus infection and has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Non-T Non-B CALLA Negative Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Non-T non-B, CALLA negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs during adulthood.


Adult Ependymal Tumor

An ependymal tumor of the central nervous system occurring in adults.


Impatent structure

A congenital anatomic defect characterised by the absence of a normally present opening in an organ or tissue.


Stage IIIA Appendix Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIA includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T1: Tumor invades submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


P3 Hydronephrosis

Postnatal Hydronephrosis with the following clinical findings: 1) calyceal dilation and the ureter are the same as those in UTD P2, 2) the renal parenchymal is thinned, has increased echogenicity and/or has decreased corticomedullary differentiation, or 3) the bladder is abnormal (wall thickening, ureterocele, posterior urethral dilation). Cases in which there are parenchymal abnormalities but the APRPD is less than 15 mm, are classified as UTD P3. (Adapted from: Hiep T. Nguyen, Carol B. Benson, Bryann Bromley, Jeffrey B. Campbell, Jeanne Chow, Beverly Coleman, Christopher Cooper, Jude Crino, Kassa Darge, C.D. Anthony Herndon, Anthony O. Odibo, Michael J.G. Somers, Deborah R. Stein; Multidisciplinary consensus on the classification of prenatal and postnatal urinary tract dilation (UTD classification system); Pediatric Urology; December 2014 Volume 10, Issue 6, Pages 982-998)


Tumor associated fever

Non-infectious pyrexia secondary to malignancy; it may be attributable to cytokines elaborated by neoplasms, and is a diagnosis of exclusion.


High Grade Ureter Urothelial Carcinoma

Ureter urothelial carcinoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells with high grade features.


Stage IIIC2 Uterine Corpus Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIC2 includes: T1-T3, N2/N2mi/N2a, M0. T1: Uterine corpus carcinoma or carcinosarcoma with tumor confined to the corpus uteri, including endocervical glandular involvement. T2: Uterine corpus carcinoma or carcinosarcoma with tumor invading the stromal connective tissue of the cervix but not extending beyond the uterus. Does not include endocervical glandular involvement. T3: Uterine corpus carcinoma or carcinosarcoma with tumor involving serosa, adnexa, vagina, or parametrium. N2: Regional lymph node metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes, with or without positive pelvic lymph nodes. N2mi: Regional lymph node metastasis (greater than 0.2 mm but not greater than 2.0 mm in diameter) to para-aortic lymph nodes, with or without positive pelvic lymph nodes. N2a: Regional lymph node metastasis (greater than 2.0 mm in diameter) to para-aortic lymph nodes, with or without positive pelvic lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Neck Mass

An abnormal growth in the neck.


Stage II Childhood Large Cell Lymphoma

Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II) or localized involvement of a single associated extralymphatic organ or site and its regional lymph nodes with or without other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE). Note: The number of lymph node regions involved may be indicated by a subscript (e.g., II3). (from PDQ)


Testicular Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumor, Incompletely Differentiated

A sex cord-stromal tumor of the testis in which the neoplastic cells do not show specific differentiation.


Refractory Microsatellite Stable Endometrial Carcinoma

Microsatellite stable endometrial carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Closed injury of kidney

Trauma to the kidney without indication of associated damage to the skin and other internal and external tissues.


Subgaleal haematoma

A collection of blood between the scalp and the skull periosteum.


Naso-palatine duct cyst

A non-odontogenic cyst of developmental origin that arises in the midline of the anterior maxilla. It is found exclusively in the midline of the anterior hard palate. (WHO 2017)


Malignant lymphoma, diffuse

An antiquated term referring to non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a diffuse architectural pattern.


Unresectable Glioblastoma

A glioblastoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Retinopathy of Prematurity with Plus Disease

A stage of retinopathy of prematurity characterized by the presence of the following in at least two quadrants around the optic nerve: dilation and tortuosity of major retinal vasculature as a result of increased blood flow.


Ampulla of Vater Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells

A rare variant of undifferentiated carcinoma that arises from the ampulla of Vater. It is characterized by the presence of non-neoplastic, histiocytic, osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells.


High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions

A precancerous neoplastic process characterized by the presence of moderate or severe dysplastic cytological changes which extend to the upper part of the squamous epithelium.  Maturation at the surface of the squamous epithelium may or may not be present.  Representative examples include the high grade esophageal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, high grade cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, high grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, and high grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia.


Solar Radiation-Related Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising in a skin site exposed to solar radiation.


Locally Advanced Malignant Solid Neoplasm

A malignant solid neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Sexually Transmitted Chlamydial Disease

A chlamydial infection that was sexually transmitted.


Recurrent Malignant Genitourinary System Neoplasm

The reemergence of a malignant genitourinary system neoplasm after a period of remission.


Unresectable Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A gastric adenocarcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Enteropathogenic E coli Infection

A pathotype of Escherichia coli, which is a gram-negative bacteria that is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. It has an incubation period of 9-12 hours and a duration of 12 days. Symptoms may include persistent severe acute diarrhea.


Biliary Fistula

An abnormal communication between the bile ducts and another organ or cavity.


Spindle Cell/Pleomorphic Lipoma

A benign lipomatous neoplasm characterized by the presence of an admixture of mature adipose tissue and bland spindle cells.  The pleomorphic variant contains in addition multinucleated giant cells.  It usually arises in the neck and upper trunk in older males.


Stage IIIC1 Uterine Corpus Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIC1 includes: T1-T3, N1, M0.  T1: Tumor confined to corpus uteri.  T2: Tumor invades stromal connective tissue of the cervix but does not extend beyond uterus.  T3: Tumor involves serosa and/or adnexa, vagina, or parametrial tissue. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis to pelvic lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. This staging applies to carcinomas and carcinosarcomas. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Skin Cancer

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor size greater than 2 cm in greatest dimension or tumor of any size with two or more high-risk features.  High-risk features for the primary tumor staging are defined as follows: depth/invasion of more than 2 mm thickness; Clark level equal or greater than IV; and perineural invasion.  Anatomic location: primary site ear and primary site non-hair-bearing lip.  Differentiation: poorly differentiated or undifferentiated.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Leakage

The unintentional discharge of a substance from a container or enclosed space.


Refractory Pseudomyxoma Peritonei

Pseudomyxoma peritonei that is resistant to treatment.


Condylomatous carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary growth pattern, hyperkeratosis, and koilocytosis.


Advanced Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Corn of toe

A thickening of the skin due to friction or pressure which results in the formation of a small, painful, raised bump associated with a conical mass pointing down into the dermis.


Localized Non-Resectable Adult Liver Carcinoma

A localized hepatocellular carcinoma or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma that occurs during adulthood and it is not amenable to surgical resection.