action potential propagation

The propagation of an action potential along the plane of an excitable membrane. Action potentials typically propagate once triggered because the depolarization of adjacent membrane regions due to an action potential crosses the firing threshold.


Chemical conjunctivitis

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Inflammation of the conjunctiva in a newborn due to chemical irritation which was acquired postnatally from iatrogenic causes.


cranial suture morphogenesis

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.


negative regulation of urine volume

Any process that decreases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.


Cinalukast

2,2-Diethylsuccinanilic acid substituted at a meta- position by an (E)-2-(4-cyclobutyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethenyl group. It selectively antagonizes leukotriene D4 at the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, in the human airway, preventing airway edema, smooth muscle contraction, and enhanced secretion of thick, viscous mucus. It is used in the treatment of asthma.


L-alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


chitin binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


calcium-dependent protein kinase activity

Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.


positive regulation of humoral immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.


positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.


negative regulation of humoral immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.


synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a-complexin II complex

A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin II (or orthologs thereof).


T-tubule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.


smooth muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex

Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the mitochondrion, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.


Hemorrhagic complication of pregnancy

Bleeding occurring during pregnancy.


interleukin-20 binding

Binding to interleukin-20.


Artemether

An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.


Hyposmia

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A decreased sensitivity to odorants (that is, a decreased ability to perceive odors).


Joint Range of Motion Decreased

Decreased joint flexibility.


microtubule nucleation

The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).


regulation of antibacterial peptide production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.


RNA 5'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule.


MHC protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.


cervical vertebra

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A vertebra that is located in the cervical region of the vertebral column.


pericardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.


renal artery

One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates.


positive regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.


Abnormality of skin pigmentation

An abnormality of the pigmentation of the skin.


maintenance of organelle location

Any process in which an organelle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


proline biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


chondroitin sulfate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.


subclavian vein

The subclavian vein is a paired large vein, one on either side of the body. Their diameter is approximately that of the smallest finger.


positive regulation of receptor catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.


ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

A complication of ovulation induction in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include ovary enlargement, multiple ovarian follicles; ovarian cysts; ascites; and generalized edema. The full-blown syndrome may lead to renal failure, respiratory distress, and even death. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factors, secreted by the overly-stimulated ovaries.


regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.


positive regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.


putrescine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


skin squamous cell carcinoma

A carcinoma arising from the squamous cells of the epidermis. Skin squamous cell carcinoma is most commonly found on sun-exposed areas. The majority of the tumors are well-differentiated.


purine metabolism disease

A disease that has its basis in the disruption of purine nucleobase metabolic process.


negative regulation of establishment of blood-brain barrier

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of the blood-brain barrier, a selectively permeable structural and functional barrier that exists between the capillaries and the brain.


iris morphogenesis

The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.


negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation

Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.


peptidyl-glutamine methylation

The addition of a methyl group to a glutamine residue in a protein.


Sickle Cell Dactylitis

A severe acute inflammatory response affecting the hands and feet of individuals with with sickle cell disease, sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease or sickle cell-beta-thalassemia. It is caused by vaso-occlusive episodes leading to ischemia and finally infarction of the distal portions of the extremities. Clinical signs of pain, swelling and tenderness of digits usually begin in early childhood and may be the initial manifestations of sickle cell anemia. Clinical course is self-limited with instances typically lasting a few weeks and occurring during sickling crises. An initial episode before the age of 1 strongly correlates with a more severe disease course.


regulation of heat generation

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation.


columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.


T cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.


direct ossification

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues.


insulin-like growth factor receptor binding

Binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor.


protein transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.


retinal metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.


midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron.


negative regulation of sterol transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of androgen secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.


telomere cap complex

A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.


nicotinamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.


alkali metal ion binding

Binding to an alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen.


regulation of intracellular lipid transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.


C-X-C chemokine binding

Binding to a C-X-C chemokine; C-X-C chemokines have a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.


angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin II binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


purine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


heme transport

The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


B-1a B cell differentiation

The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.


positive regulation of cytolysis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis.


chitin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


cytotoxic T cell degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a cytotoxic T cell.


amacrine cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amacrine cell, an interneuron generated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the vertebrate retina. Amacrine cells integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. Amacrine cells lack large axons.


negative regulation of centriole replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.


glycerol ether metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.


cobalamin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


dendritic spine morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


meiotic DNA repair synthesis

During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.


regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.


mitotic DNA replication

Any nuclear DNA replication that is involved in a mitotic cell cycle.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


guanylate cyclase complex, soluble

Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane.


Ankle pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the ankle.


eclampsia

A potentially life-threatening pregnancy-related disorder characterized by tonic-clonic seizures in association with hypertension after the twentieth week of gestation and up to six weeks postpartum and in the absence of other potential causes of seizures.


rRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylguanine.


Etidocaine

An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid  and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.


galactose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.


SCAR complex

A pentameric complex that includes orthologues of human PIR121, Nap1, Abi, SCAR, and HSPC300 and regulates actin polymerization and/or depolymerization through small GTPase mediated signal transduction.


inborn error of immunity

A disorder in which the immune system is unable to mount an adequate immune response.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate + phosphate.


regulation of vesicle fusion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.


alpha-amylase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units.


cervicothoracic ganglion

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The group of neurons formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.


clathrin coat of endocytic vesicle

A clathrin coat found on an endocytic vesicle.


negative regulation of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


meiotic attachment of telomere to nuclear envelope

The meiotic cell cycle process in which physical connections are formed between telomeric heterochromatin and the nuclear envelope, facilitating bouquet formation.


stress granule disassembly

The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts.


cell proliferation in external granule layer

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere.


integrin activation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.


regulation of cellular glucuronidation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.


Carbetocin

Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.


negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.


retinoic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.


lumenal side of lysosomal membrane

The side (leaflet) of the lysosomal membrane that faces the lumen.


The myristoylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-myristoyl-glycine.


positive regulation of exosomal secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + ceramide = CMP + H+ + sphingomyelin.


Methacycline

A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.


purine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a purine nucleoside, a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, from one side of a membrane to the other.


burning mouth syndrome

A condition characterized by a burning or tingling sensation on the lips, tongue, or entire mouth.


carbohydrate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: carbohydrate phosphate + H2O = carbohydrate + phosphate.


endosomal vesicle fusion

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


trigeminal nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex.


intracellular phosphate ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of phosphate ions within a cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain-alcohol + acyl-CoA = a long-chain ester + CoA.


response to isoquinoline alkaloid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.


ribosomal large subunit binding

Binding to a large ribosomal subunit.


Back Injuries

Trauma to the posterior trunk.


hindbrain radial glia guided cell migration

The radially directed movement of a cell along radial glial cells in the hindbrain. Radial migration refers to a directed movement from the internal ventricular area to the outer surface of the hindbrain.


herpes labialis

A lesion caused by type 1 or type 2 herpes simplex virus, typically involving the oralfacial region.


lymphatic system cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the lymphatic part of lymphoid system


regulation of microtubule binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.


regulation of potassium ion import

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import.


regulation of asymmetric cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.


telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.


Eribulin

A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage


brain renin-angiotensin system

The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.


negative regulation of icosanoid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.


l-Menthol

A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.


positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.


biotinidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: biotin amide + H2O = biotin + NH3.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


FACT complex

A histone chaperone complex that facilitates nucleosome disassembly and reassembly upon DNA or RNA polymerase passage.


negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


ATPase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.


positive regulation of protein linear polyubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein linear polyubiquitination.


positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity.


adenosine to inosine editing

The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination.


melanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


suckling behavior

Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast.


echolalia

A symptom of neurologic or psychiatric dysfunction in which the individual involuntarily and meaninglessly repeats a recently heard word, series of words, or a song.


respiratory chain complex II

A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain.


neural tube patterning

The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.


regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.


Imipenem

A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.


tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane

A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.


D5 dopamine receptor binding

Binding to a D5 dopamine receptor.


protein localization to nucleolus

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.


regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.


photoreceptor cell outer segment organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials.


positive regulation of autophagosome assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.


pyrimidine- and adenosine-specific:sodium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenosine)(out) + Na+(out) = (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenosine)(in) + Na+(in).


deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.


negative regulation of protein oligomerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.


negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


metanephric glomerulus development

The progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.


Renal infarction

Ischemic necrosis of the kidney caused by interruption of the blood supply to the area.


tumor necrosis factor binding

Binding to tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages.


septum primum development

The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach

A rare hereditary gastric cancer characterized by proximal gastric polyposis and increased risk of early-onset, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the gastric body, with no duodenal or colorectal polyposis. This is an n-of-1 use case where only one patient or family has been described with this disorder.


negative regulation of serotonin uptake

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell.


negative regulation of glucuronosyltransferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucuronosyltransferase activity.


phospholipid translocation

The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


interleukin-12 binding

Binding to interleukin-12.


negative regulation of DNA recombination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.


protein-glycine ligase activity

Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glycine residues to a specific glutamate residue on a target protein.


vitamin D catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


plantar fasciitis

Inflammation of the thick tissue on the bottom of the foot (plantar fascia) causing heel pain. The plantar fascia (also called plantar aponeurosis) are bands of fibrous tissue extending from the calcaneal tuberosity to the toes. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with heel spur, they do not appear to be causally related.


glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. The glycyll-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a glycine-accepting tRNA.


microtubule nucleation by interphase microtubule organizing center

The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule by the interphase microtubule organizing center during interphase, the stage of cell cycle between successive rounds of chromosome segregation.


regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.


Adverse reactions

Any noxious and unintended response(s) to a medical product or procedure, for which a causal relationship with this product or procedure is at least a reasonable possibility i.e., the relationship cannot be ruled out.


scapula

Endochondral bone that is dorsoventrally compressed and provides attachment site for muscles of the pectoral appendage.


regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges.


myelodysplastic syndrome

A clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more of the hematopoietic cell lines. The dysplasia may be accompanied by an increase in myeloblasts, but the number is less than 20%, which, according to the WHO guidelines, is the requisite threshold for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. It may occur de novo or as a result of exposure to alkylating agents and/or radiotherapy. (WHO, 2001)


guanylate cyclase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of guanylate cyclase.


heme transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of heme from one side of a membrane to the other.


extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.


regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.


cellular response to ionomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ionomycin stimulus.


leukemoid reaction

A hematology test result that indicates the presence of an increased white blood cell count and increased neutrophil precursors resembling leukemia, in a peripheral blood smear.


endothelial cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.


hamartoma

A benign and excessive tumor-like growth of mature cells and normal tissues which grow in a disorganized pattern.


An protein-containing complex which catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. In mammals it is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein).


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).


butyrylcholinesterase deficiency

Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) deficiency is a metabolic disorder characterised by prolonged apnoea after the use of certain anaesthetic drugs, including the muscle relaxants succinylcholine or mivacurium and other ester local anaesthetics. The duration of the prolonged apnoea varies significantly depending on the extent of the enzyme deficiency.


Warfarin

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.


histone H4-K20 trimethylation

The modification of histone H4 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.


antral ovarian follicle growth

Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity.


positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).


caffeine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: caffeine + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid + H2O.


NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + a quinone = NADP+ + a quinol.


microfibril

Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.


ethanol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


sugar transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides.


metanephric nephron epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.


nitrogen cycle metabolic process

A nitrogen compound metabolic process that contributes to the nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle is a series of metabolic pathways by which nitrogen is converted between various forms and redox states; it encompasses pathways in which nitrogen is acted upon directly, such as nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and mineralization.


positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.


epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongation

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland branch epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the branch. The mammary gland branch differs from the bud in that it is not the initial curved portion of the outgrowth.


dimethylallyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dimethylallyl diphosphate.


establishment of melanosome localization

The directed movement of a melanosome to a specific location.


oocyte construction

The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Probucol

A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.


cellular response to alkaline pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


regulation of somitogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.


protein ufmylation

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein.


positive regulation of aconitate hydratase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.


NADPH-hemoprotein reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + n oxidized hemoprotein = NADP+ + n reduced hemoprotein.


inner cell mass cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell.


Dysmetria

A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.


Epiphyses, Slipped

Abnormal separation of an epiphysis from the shaft of a bone.


RNA capping

The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a cap structure is added to the 5' end of nascent RNA polymerase transcripts. Examples of RNA capping include 7-methyl-G caps found on all RNA polymerase II transcripts and nucleotide-containing cofactor caps, such as NAD(H) or FAD, found on bacterial trancripts.


fumarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.


regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.


Bartter syndrome

Bartter syndrome is a group of rare renal tubular disease characterized by impaired salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and clinically by the association of hypokalemic alkalosis, hypercalciuria/nephrocalcinosis, increased levels of plasma renin and aldosterone, low blood pressure and vascular resistance to angiotensin II.


vitamin K metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.


cellular response to interleukin-8

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus.


regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.


Anisindione

A cyclic beta-diketone consisting of indane-1,3-dione having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position.


area postrema

A small, rounded eminence on each side of the fourth ventricle, which receives nerve fibers from the solitary nucleus , spinal cord, and adjacent areas of the medulla. The area postrema lies outside the blood-brain barrier and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor.


Mental disorder due to a general medical condition

A category of psychiatric disorders which are the direct physiologic consequence of a general medical condition.


regulation of aerobic respiration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aerobic respiration.


macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding

Binding to a macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.


calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + cation(out) = Ca2+(out) + cation(in).


CERF complex

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (specifically SNF2L in mammals, which contain two ISWI homologs) and a CECR2 homolog. In mammals, CERF is involved in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters.


rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by the excitation of rhodopsin by a photon, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + N-terminal L-serine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-L-serine-peptide.


nitrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.


mRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


Gallop rhythm

In the normal heart cycle, two heart sounds can be heard by auscultation per cycle: S1 and S2. A gallop rhythm refers to the presence of three or four heart sounds per cardiac cycle, which is said to resemble the gallop of a horse.


regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.


riboflavin transport

The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.


positive regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.


TAP binding

Binding to TAP protein, transporter associated with antigen processing protein. TAP protein is a heterodimeric peptide transporter consisting of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2.


carbon-nitrogen ligase activity, with glutamine as amido-N-donor

Catalysis of the transfer of the amide nitrogen of glutamine to a substrate. Usually composed of two subunits or domains, one that first hydrolyzes glutamine, and then transfers the resulting ammonia to the second subunit (or domain), where it acts as a source of nitrogen.


basal dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the basal pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, basal dendrites are either on the same side of the soma as the axon, or project toward the axon.


regulation of podosome assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of podosome assembly.


T-helper cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell.


breast benign neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the breast parenchyma.


negative regulation of DNA binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


negative regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + ATP + bicarbonate = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


negative regulation of appetite

Any process that reduces appetite.


positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.


female meiosis I

The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.


Post-Procedural Pain

Pain experienced after a medical intervention through the time expected for associated acute effects to abate.


Fracture of clavicle

A traumatic or pathologic injury to the clavicle in which the continuity of the clavicle is broken.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.


response to mercury ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.


negative regulation of cellular extravasation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.


protein localization to kinetochore

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.


Sertoli cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.


lung secretory cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.


negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.


TORC2 complex

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p.


RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.


troponin I binding

Binding to troponin I, the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex.


ocular vascular disorder

A disorder that is caused by pathologic changes in the ocular vasculature.


transcription elongation by RNA polymerase III

The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III.


cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD(P)+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5).


regulation of macrophage cytokine production

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


dedifferentiation

The process in which a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors.


negative regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + CoA + H+.


renal aminoaciduria

A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of amino acids in urine. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the proximal renal tubules. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.


dendritic spine neck

Part of the dendritic spine that connects the dendritic shaft to the head of the dendritic spine.


positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme.


negative regulation of amine metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.


Morphea

Isolated patches of hardened skin (scleroderma).


Hemorrhage urinary tract

Bleeding originating from any part of the urinary system.


regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.


phosphopyruvate hydratase complex

A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water.


regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + adenine(37) in tRNA = AMP + N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA.


rRNA transport

The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cyclase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.


vesicle uncoating

A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.


The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone protein.


negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


microsatellite binding

Binding to a microsatellite, a repeat_region in DNA containing repeat units (2 to 4 base pairs) that is repeated multiple times in tandem.


Raynaud disease

An episodic vasoconstriction resulting in discoloration of the skin and pain in the affected areas, often involving fingers or toes. Classically associated with triphasic color changes (white, blue, red) but may be biphasic. Often occurs in response to cold temperatures or emotional stress. May be primary or secondary to an underlying autoimmune disease.


mitochondrial fission

The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


CNTFR-CLCF1 complex

A protein complex that is composed of two soluble ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha subunits (product of the CNTFR gene) and two molecules of cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (product of the CLCF1 gene). The complex is secreted into the extracellular space.


Crouzon syndrome-acanthosis nigricans syndrome

Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans (CAN) is a very rare, clinically heterogeneous form of faciocraniostenosis with Crouzon-like features and premature synostosis of cranial sutures (Crouzon disease), associated with acanthosis nigricans (AN).


blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X.


lipoprotein particle receptor activity

Combining with a lipoprotein particle and delivering the lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.


Macrocyclon

A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.


mRNA polyadenylation

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.


sideroblastic anemia

A group of rare heterogeneous inherited or acquired bone marrow disorders, isolated or part of a syndrome, characterized by decreased hemoglobin synthesis, because of defective use of iron (although plasmatic iron levels may be normal or elevated) and the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow due to the pathologic iron overload in mitochondria as visualized by Perls' staining. The group encompasses (idiopathic) acquired sideroblastic anemia and constitutional sideroblastic anemias. The latter include syndromic sideroblastic anemias such as Pearson syndrome, mitochondrial mypathy and sideroblastic anemias, x-linked sideroblastic anemia-ataxia, thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome and nonsyndromic sideroblastic anemias comprising x-linked and autosomal recessive sideroblastic anemias.


apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by apolipoprotein A-I binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.


Abnormality of thyroid physiology

An abnormal functionality of the thyroid gland.


urinary bladder development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.


9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.


single-stranded telomeric DNA binding

Binding to single-stranded telomere-associated DNA.


DNA polymerase complex

A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA.


Fetal bradycardia

A fetal heart rate below 110 bpm that is sustained for longer than 10 minutes.


regulation of transcription by glucose

Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.


immunoglobulin receptor binding

Binding to one or more specific sites on an immunoglobulin receptor molecule.


Hypercholesterolemia

A laboratory test result indicating an increased amount of cholesterol in the blood.


positive regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.


histone H4 deacetylation

The modification of histone H4 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups.


intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


positive regulation of NK T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.


creatine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of creatine from one side of a membrane to the other. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.


mu-type opioid receptor binding

Binding to a mu-type opioid receptor.


regulation of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway activity. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


signal recognition particle receptor complex

A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex.


negative regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.


positive regulation of ERAD pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.


desmosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.


molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis.


Phantom Limb Syndrome

Paresthesia or discomfort experienced post-amputation.


C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.


palatine uvula

Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers.


negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.


lactose synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + D-glucose = UDP + lactose.


cellular response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


corticospinal tract morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.


principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pontine nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Bleeding beneath the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid.


regulation of cholesterol efflux

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


collagen-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to corticotropin-releasing hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.


peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex

The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.


regulation of microtubule plus-end binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.


mast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


regulation of neuromuscular junction development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.


ESCRT complex disassembly

The disaggregation of an ESCRT complex into its constituent components.


chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.


High-frequency hearing impairment

A type of hearing impairment affecting primarily the higher frequencies of sound (3,000 to 6,000 Hz).


positive regulation of RNA splicing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


protein targeting to lysosome

The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.


DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3'hydroxyl group.


positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.


alpha-ketoglutarate transport

The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of prostatic bud formation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.


protein nucleotidylation

The addition of a nucleotide to a protein amino acid.


regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.


positive regulation of antral ovarian follicle growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antral ovarian follicle growth.


positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes.


protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.


pertussis

A contagious bacterial respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe and uncontrollable cough, resulting in a whooping sound during breathing following the cough.


indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine. The product of the reaction depends on the substrate; D-tryptophan produces N-formyl-D-kynurenine, and L-tryptophan produces N-formyl-L-kynurenine.


spinal nerve

The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified].


regulation of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway.


trophectodermal cell proliferation

The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.


nerve growth factor processing

The generation of a mature nerve growth factor (NGF) by proteolysis of a precursor.


amyloidosis

A disorder characterized by the localized or diffuse accumulation of amyloid protein in various anatomic sites. It may be primary, due to clonal plasma cell proliferations; secondary, due to long standing infections, chronic inflammatory disorders, or malignancies; or familial. It may affect the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands.


protein maturation by copper ion transfer

A process that contributes to the delivery of copper ions to a target protein.


polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

A ventricular tachycardia that is irregular in rate and rhythm.


interleukin-12 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-12 receptor.


spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.


eyelash

Any of the hairs that grow at the edge of the upper or lower eyelid.


positive regulation of pinocytosis

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.


cyclic nucleotide-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency characterized, in the majority of cases, by an inadequate immune response to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis

Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.


renal tubule disorder

A disease that involves the renal tubule.


histone H3-K9 methylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.


response to insecticide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.


negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.


branchiomeric skeletal muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish.


mitochondrial RNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by atrial natriuretic peptide

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule atrial natriuretic peptide.


pH elevation

Any process that increases the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


epithelial fluid transport

The directed movement of fluid across epithelia.


Fc-gamma receptor I complex binding

Binding to one or more specific sites on the Fc-gamma receptor I complex. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.


mitochondrial ribosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mitochondrial ribosome and of its subunits.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


transforming growth factor beta binding

Binding to TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types.


mRNA 3'-splice site recognition

Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.


protein-containing complex remodeling

The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.


cilium movement involved in cell motility

Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.


adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling

The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation.


DNA translocase activity

Generation of movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


Wnt receptor activity

Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of histone ubiquitination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.


geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranyl diphosphate.


Physical addiction

The neuroadaptation of the body to the presence of an opioid, and is characterized by the onset of acute symptoms and signs of withdrawal if the opioid is stopped or an opioid antagonist is administered.


inositol phosphate-mediated signaling

A intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is transmitted within the cell via an inositol phosphate. Includes production of the inositol phosphate, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly-phosphorylated inositols, and include inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6).


regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


stomach disorder

A disease involving the stomach.


cGMP-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


morphogenesis of an epithelial bud

The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding.


proximal dendrite

The dendrite of the dendritic tree that is closest to the neuronal cell body (the soma).


retromer complex

A conserved hetero-pentameric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. The budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. The mammalian complex shows slight variation in composition compared to yeast, and comprises SNX1 or SNX2, SNX5 or SNX6, VPS26A or VPS26B, VPS29, and VPS35.


negative regulation of protein kinase C signaling

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


plasma cell myeloma

A bone marrow-based plasma cell neoplasm characterized by a serum monoclonal protein and skeletal destruction with osteolytic lesions, pathological fractures, bone pain, hypercalcemia, and anemia. Clinical variants include non-secretory myeloma, smoldering myeloma, indolent myeloma, and plasma cell leukemia. (WHO, 2001)


erythrocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Tyrosine

An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration.


negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Inability of the exocrine pancreas to produce and secrete an adequate amount of digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Patients present with symptoms of malabsorption syndrome, abdominal discomfort, and bloating. Causes include chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune disorders.


Dacarbazine

A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.


lactate transport

The directed movement of lactate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.


autophagosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagosome, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered.


acrosome assembly

The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.


dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


male meiosis chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male.


early endosome to late endosome transport

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.


regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


endothelial cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


artery smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart.


intracellular transport of viral protein in host cell

The directed movement of a viral protein within the host cell.


striated muscle cell apoptotic process

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.


parathyroid gland disorder

A disease involving the parathyroid gland.


Valine

The L-enantiomer of valine.


ATP-dependent peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


membrane repolarization

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


regulation of response to food

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.


pyrimidine ribonucleotide salvage

The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine ribonucleosides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine ribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.


dynein light intermediate chain binding

Binding to a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex.


positive regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.


activation of protein kinase C activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C.


mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase complex

Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space.


interleukin-1 binding

Binding to interleukin-1.


piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus

Degradation of a cell nucleus by lysosomal microautophagy.


Guanadrel

A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).


Toll-like receptor 2 binding

Binding to a Toll-like 2 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response.


Viomycin

A cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus, used in the treatment of tuberculosis.


cardiac conduction system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.


response to protozoan

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.


chemokine binding

Binding to a chemokine. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


maturation of LSU-rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.


Eperisone

A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.


positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the production of a cytokine that contributes to the immune response.


methionine adenosyltransferase complex

A multimeric enzyme complex composed of variable numbers of catalytic alpha subunits, and noncatalytic beta subunits. The beta subunits are believed to have a regulatory function. The enzyme complex catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which is the major methyl group donor, participating in the methylation of proteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and other small molecules.


positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.


D-amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.


high-density lipoprotein particle

A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process.


female meiosis chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.


blepharoconjunctivitis

Inflammation of both the eyelids and the conjunctiva.


positive regulation of receptor binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


diterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.


cAMP response element binding protein binding

Binding to a cAMP response element binding protein (a CREB protein).


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-6 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


RNA cap binding

Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule.


Tachyarrhythmia

A disorder characterized by an arrhythmia with an above normal rate.


The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.


histidine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


dorsal/ventral axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the dorsal-ventral body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism and is characterized by mild to severe mental disability in untreated patients.


response to bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


tetralogy of fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cardiac malformation that consists of an interventricular communication, also known as a ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, override of the ventricular septum by the aortic root, and right ventricular hypertrophy.


regulation of translational termination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.


positive regulation of phospholipid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.


Hemorrhagic gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach resulting in bleeding.


positive regulation of mucus secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.


zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

The narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex where aldosterone is produced.


phosphatidylcholine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


keratopathy

Any disorder of the cornea.


livedo reticularis

A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.


fungiform papilla morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the fungiform papilla are generated and organized. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.


purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.


septum digestion after cytokinesis

The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.


negative regulation of protein polyubiquitination

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.


5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter.


doxorubicin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, used in cancer chemotherapy.


positive regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.


Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.


mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy

The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized as a part of pregnancy.


membrane raft distribution

The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


gap junction

A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.


regulation of oocyte maturation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.


Respiratory tract hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from any part of the respiratory tract.


retinoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


paraaortic body

A chromaffin paraganglion located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.


protein-membrane adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.


regulation of cortisol secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.


proteasome storage granule

An aggregation of proteasome core protease (CP) and regulatory particle (RP) complexes that localizes in the cytoplasm as dot-like structures when cells are in a quiescent state.


stabilization of membrane potential

The accomplishment of a non-fluctuating membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


macromolecule depalmitoylation

The removal of palymitoyl groups from a macromolecule.


Bladder Spasm

A sudden and involuntary contraction of the bladder wall.


Asparagine

An optically active form of asparagine having L-configuration.


phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase.


arylsulfatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenol sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate.