meningioma

A generally slow growing tumor attached to the dura mater. It is composed of neoplastic meningothelial (arachnoidal) cells. It typically occurs in adults, often women and it has a wide range of histopathological appearances. Of the various subtypes, meningothelial, fibrous and transitional meningiomas are the most common. Most meningiomas are WHO grade I tumors, and some are WHO grade II or III tumors. Most subtypes share a common clinical behavior, although some subtypes are more likely to recur and follow a more aggressive clinical course. (Adapted from WHO)


abducens nerve

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles.


Fluorouracil

A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.


Novobiocin

A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.


Roflumilast

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine. Used for treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


Nervousness

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon


mRNA processing

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.


regulation of macroautophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


muscle structure development

The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.


protein localization to membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


DNA protection

Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress.


DNA methylation

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.


monoatomic cation transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


Sevoflurane

An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.


mitochondrion localization

Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.


amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


cell proliferation in midbrain

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.


Polyphagia

A neurological anomaly with gross overeating associated with an abnormally strong desire or need to eat.


Phenylbutazone

A member of the class of  pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.


regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.


Disorder of oral soft tissues

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon


mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint signaling

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


regulation of neurotransmitter levels

Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter.


intracellular calcium ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of calcium ions within a cell.


developmental maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.


negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


heat shock protein binding

Binding to a heat shock protein, a protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock.


Fluticasone Propionate

A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.


Glycine

The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.


Lightheadedness

A feeling of faintness; a reeling sensation. Lightheadedness is medically distinct from dizziness, unsteadiness, and vertigo.


positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.


middle cerebral artery

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis. [WP,unvetted].


Abnormal renal physiology

An abnormal functionality of the kidney.


organonitrogen compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound.


neuronal action potential

An action potential that occurs in a neuron.


negative regulation of ligase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.


acute pancreatitis

An acute inflammatory process that leads to necrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma. Signs and symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and shock. Causes include alcohol consumption, presence of gallstones, trauma, and drugs.


regulation of peptide secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.


Dicloxacillin

A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.


exocrine gland

A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas.


Cocaine

A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.


ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.


post-translational protein modification

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.


Methyl aminolevulinate

The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.


nuclear envelope organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.


ubiquitin-specific protease binding

Binding to a ubiquitin-specific protease.


organic hydroxy compound transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic hydroxy compound from one side of a membrane to the other.


non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein.


acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.


exon-exon junction complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.


endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex

A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is composed of chaperone proteins, including BiP, GRP94; CaBP1, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERdj3, cyclophilin B, ERp72, GRP170, UDP-glucosyltransferase, and SDF2-L1.


Atomoxetine

A  secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.


Enalapril

A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).


metanephric tubule development

The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.


lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.


maternal placenta development

Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.


establishment of RNA localization

The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.


single-stranded DNA binding

Binding to single-stranded DNA.


peptide N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the acetylation of an amino acid residue of a peptide or protein, according to the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-acetylpeptide.


localization of cell

Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


active peptic ulcer disease

Bleeding originating from any part of the gastrointestinal tract.


Tamsulosin

A 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide that has (R)-configuration. A specific alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist used (generally as its hydrochloride salt, tamsulosin hydrochloride) in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, urinary retention, and help with the passage of kidney stones.


Disorder of ejaculation

A disorder referring to problems related to ejaculation. This category includes premature, delayed, retrograde, and painful ejaculation.


Fexofenadine

A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.


Decreased libido

Decreased sexual desire.


Retinol

Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.


interstrand cross-link repair

Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.


unsaturated fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.


dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.


ossification

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


substrate-independent telencephalic tangential interneuron migration

The directional movement of tangentially migrating interneurons that are not guided by attaching to extracellular substrates.


positive regulation of vasoconstriction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.


psychiatric disorder

A disorder characterized by behavioral and/or psychological abnormalities, often accompanied by physical symptoms. The symptoms may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of functioning. Representative examples include anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia.


Hot flashes

Sudden feelings of warmth that are generally most pronounced over the face, neck and chest.


regulation of glucose transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.


liver disorder

A disease involving the liver.


acidic amino acid transport

The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


positive regulation of cholesterol metabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


bone Paget disease

A disease of bone that initially results in the excessive resorption of bone (by osteoclasts) followed by the replacement of normal bone marrow with vascular and fibrous tissue.


ethmoid bone

A bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP].


Fluticasone furoate

A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


Zolpidem

An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.


toxic encephalopathy

A group of neurologic disorders caused by damage to the nervous system following exposure to pharmacologic, biologic, and chemical agents. Examples of neurotoxins include chemotherapy agents, radiation treatment, heavy metals, pesticides, and food additives.


regulation of mesoderm development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.


protein localization to site of double-strand break

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred.


response to growth hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.


oxygen binding

Binding to oxygen (O2).


Rb-E2F complex

A multiprotein complex containing a heterodimeric E2F transcription factor and a Retinoblastoma (Rb) family member. This complex is capable of repressing transcription of E2F-regulated genes in order to regulate cell cycle progression.


epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma

A genetic skin disorder caused by mutations in the KRT9 gene. It is characterized by hyperkeratosis in the palms and soles resulting in abnormal thickening of the skin in these areas.


carbohydrate homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.


regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular catabolic process.


Diazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.


Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity is a state of constantly being unusually or abnormally active, including in situations in which it is not appropriate.


alpha-tubulin binding

Binding to the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.


regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


focal adhesion assembly

The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity.


refractive error

A defect in the focusing of light on the retina as in astigmatism, myopia, or hyperopia.


Nepafenac

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is amfenac in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted into the corresponding carboxamide. It is a prodrug for amfenac, used in eye drops to treat pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.


excessive tearing

Profuse lacrimation.


coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle.


small molecule catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.


deubiquitinase activity

An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


response to oxygen radical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.


regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


Nisoldipine

A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.


atrial fibrillation

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by the replacement of consistent P waves by rapid oscillations or fibrillatory waves that vary in size, shape and timing and are accompanied by an irregular ventricular response. (CDISC)


Meropenem

A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.


detection of biotic stimulus

The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.


regulation of metal ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


pseudopodium

A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.


response to progesterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.


Etidronic Acid

A  1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.


lytic metastatic bone lesion

Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.


cervical cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the cervix.


acylglycerol homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acylglycerol within an organism or cell.


regulation of membrane lipid distribution

Any process that modulates the proportions or spatial arrangement of lipids in a cellular membrane.


glycerophospholipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.


regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.


intracellular cholesterol transport

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.


negative regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


regulation of axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.


lytic vacuole membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a lytic vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.


anterior/posterior axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


translation regulator activity

Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.


forebrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).


regulation of binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


negative regulation of protein homodimerization activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.


Perindopril

An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline


insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and/or remaining asleep.


Cefixime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.


polyol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.


Neostigmine

A  quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum.


Capecitabine

A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.


Deep venous thrombosis

Formation of a blot clot in a deep vein. The clot often blocks blood flow, causing swelling and pain. The deep veins of the leg are most often affected.


Remifentanil

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.


Felodipine

The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.


embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.


neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.


ligand-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


cellular response to extracellular stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.


COPII vesicle coating

The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.


regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.


negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.


embryonic epithelial tube formation

The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.


Hepatic fibrosis

The presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in the liver. Fibrosis is a reparative or reactive process.


hypereosinophilic syndrome

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) constitutes a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders, defined as persistent and marked blood eosinophilia and/or tissue eosinophilia associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations reflecting eosinophil-induced tissue/organ damage.


regulation of Ras protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.


substance withdrawal syndrome

A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the discontinuation of administration or use, or reduction in intake of a substance (including alcohol, prescribed medications and recreational drugs). Syndrome manifests with diverse, often painful physical and psychological symptoms, which include but not limited to intense drug craving, anxiety, depression, insomnia, nausea, perspiration, body aches, tremors, hallucinations, and convulsions.


erythema multiforme

Erythema multiforme (EM) refers to a group ofhypersensitivity disorders characterized by symmetric red, patchy lesions, primarily on the arms and legs. The cause is unknown, but EM frequently occurs in association with herpes simplex virus, suggesting an immunologic process initiated by the virus. In half of the cases, the triggering agents appear to be medications, including anticonvulsants, sulfonamides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other antibiotics. In addition, some cases appear to be associated with infectious organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and many viral agents. Erythema multiforme is the mildest of three skin disorders that are often discussed in relation to each other. It is generally the mildest of the three. More severe is Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The most severe of the three is toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).


porin activity

Enables the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of a membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


Ifosfamide

The simplest member of the class of  ifosfamides that is 1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide substituted by 2-chloroethyl groups on both the nitrogen atoms respectively. It is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.


vitamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.


Tiaprofenic acid

An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.


lipid droplet

An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.


Trichlormethiazide

A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.


Benzthiazide

7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.


hindlimb morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.


monocarboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Ezetimibe

A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and  4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).


BALSALAZIDE

A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.


palsy

A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)


response to lipid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.


regulation of chromosome organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.


Fenofibrate

A chlorobenzophenone that is (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methanone substituted by a [2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(propan-2-yloxy)propan-2-yl]oxy group at position 1 on the phenyl ring.


phosphopyruvate hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O.


voltage-gated calcium channel complex

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.


Fosaprepitant

A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.


Skin lesion

A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of skin.


Desoximetasone

Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.


Striae distensae

Thinned, erythematous, depressed bands of atrophic skin. Initially, striae appear as flattened and thinned, pinkish linear regions of the skin. Striae tend to enlarge in length and become reddish or purplish. Later, striae tend to appear as white, depressed bands that are parallel to the lines of skin tension. Striae distensae occur most often in areas that have been subject to distension such as the lower back, buttocks, thighs, breast, abdomen, and shoulders.


positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


protein N-linked glycosylation

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.


vesicle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.


sodium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


mitochondrion morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mitochondrion are generated and organized.


Aminophylline

A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.


positive regulation of cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


L-phenylalanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


negative regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


dendritic spine development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


mRNA binding

Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.


Cimetidine

A member of the class of  guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a  H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.


lipid modification

The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.


antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.


pyridine nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.


BMP signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


striated muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.


hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.


negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


ribonucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


rRNA binding

Binding to a ribosomal RNA.


negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.


cellular response to interleukin-1

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.


import into nucleus

The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.


spermatogenesis

The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.


microtubule organizing center attachment site

A region of the nuclear envelope to which a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) attaches; protein complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope mediate direct or indirect linkages between the microtubule cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope.


lipid translocation

The translocation, or flipping, of lipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.


hindlimb

A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts.


regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


ephrin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


brown fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.


mechanoreceptor differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


histone modification

The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein.


Amifostine

An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing. Dyspnea is a subjective feeling only the patient can rate, e.g., on a Borg scale.


integrin alphav-beta8 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta8 subunit.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


lateral element

A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.


microtubule associated complex

Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule.


cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.


Digitoxin

A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.


negative regulation of protein binding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.


hemolytic anemia

Anemia resulting from the premature destruction of the peripheral blood red cells. It may be congenital or it may be caused by infections, medications, or malignancies.


positive regulation of protein ubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


protein maturation

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin.


regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.


Pomalidomide

An aromatic amine that is thalidomide substituted at position 4 on the isoindole ring system by an amino group. Used for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who failed to respond to previous therapies.


Alendronic acid

A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.


sensory perception of mechanical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


Estrone

A 17-oxo steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by an hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.


development of primary female sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.


regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.


regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.


PML body

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.


Abnormal hair morphology

An abnormality of the hair.


cerebral cortex development

The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.


L-methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine

The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.


Perphenazine

A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.


Metronidazole

A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.


regulation of actin filament-based process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.


Methimazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.


photoreceptor connecting cilium

The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone.


modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.


Terminal insomnia

A type of insomnia characterized by waking up (too) early in the morning.


transcription by RNA polymerase I

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.


positive regulation of protein maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.


streptococcal sore throat

Inflammation of the throat due to Streptococcus pyogenes.


female pregnancy

The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.


positive regulation of response to external stimulus

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.


cerebellum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


Procaine

A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.


serum sickness

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteins derived from an animal serum. It occurs approximately six to twenty one days following the administration of the foreign antigen. Symptoms include fever, arthralgias, myalgias, skin eruptions, lymphadenopathy, chest pain, and dyspnea. Certain drugs (e.g., antibiotics, anticancer agents, and anti-inflammatory medications) and infectious disorders (e.g., hepatitis B) may also cause serum sickness-like reaction.


mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


actin-myosin filament sliding

The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.


Rosuvastatin

A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).


pyrimidine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.


cation channel complex

An ion channel complex through which cations pass.


NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus

The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.


coronary artery disorder

Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. The diagnostic criteria may include documented history of any of the following: documented coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 50% (by cardiac catheterization or other modality of direct imaging of the coronary arteries); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); previous myocardial infarction. (ACC)


regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.


ectodermal placode morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.


Pancuronium

A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.


Rivastigmine

A carbamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ethyl(methyl)carbamic acid with the phenolic OH group of 3-[(1S)-1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol. A reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.


myopathy

A disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular weakness.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.


Cefotaxime

A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.


Superinfection

A secondary infection that occurs during an existing infection, or immediately following a previous infection, especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant or have become resistant to the antibiotics used earlier.


Trimethoprim

An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.


regulation of neuron projection regeneration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.


Carmustine

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.


Myalgia

Pain in muscle.


cellular response to UV-C

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.


positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.


regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


Ivermectine 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile

A mixture consisting of >= 90% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (R = Me) and <= 10% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b (R = H). A semi-synthetic derivative of abamectin, it is used as a broad-spectrum antiparasite medication, particularly against worms (except tapeworms), although it is also effective against most mites and some lice.


negative regulation of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


Abnormal EKG

Abnormal rhythm of the heart.


regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.


positive regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


main axon

The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals; i.e., excluding collaterals, terminal, spines, or dendrites.


detection of bacterial lipopeptide

The series of events in which a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


negative regulation of cartilage development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


positive regulation of macrophage fusion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.


autophagy of mitochondrion

The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.


response to vitamin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.


mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.


positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.


negative regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.


cell redox homeostasis

Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.


regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.


Golgi disassembly

A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.


glucose homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.


protein localization to plasma membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


Ascites

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.


response to fatty acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.


digestive tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


Entecavir

Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.


lactose intolerance

Inability to fully digest and absorb lactose due to limited or no lactase activity in the small intestine.  Congenital intolerance is inherited following an autosomal recessive pattern but is rare. It is more often due to a gradual decline of lactase production in adulthood following the ingestion of fewer lactose-containing foods or secondary to an intestinal mucosal brush-border injury. Prevalence is highest among Asians, Native Americans and Africans. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea following the dietary intake of lactose.


Trazodone

An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.


Rimonabant

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. It is a potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist. Besides its antagonistic properties, numerous studies have shown that, at micromolar concentrations rimonabant behaves as an inverse agonist at CB1 receptors. The drug was the first selective CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist introduced into clinical practice to treat obesity and metabolic-related disorders. It was later withdrawn from market due to CNS-related adverse effects including depression and suicidal ideation.


Emotional lability

Unstable emotional experiences and frequent mood changes; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances.


proximal tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.


Saquinavir

An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.


osteoporosis

A condition of reduced bone mass, with decreased cortical thickness and a decrease in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence. Osteoporosis is classified as primary (Type 1, postmenopausal osteoporosis; Type 2, age-associated osteoporosis; and idiopathic, which can affect juveniles, premenopausal women, and middle-aged men) and secondary osteoporosis (which results from an identifiable cause of bone mass loss).


regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


vascular process in circulatory system

A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.


Cough

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation.


Diphenylpyraline

A member of the class of  piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.


Tachycardia

A rapid heartrate that exceeds the range of the normal resting heartrate for age.


synaptic vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of synaptic vesicles along microtubules within a cell, powered by molecular motors.


positive regulation of cation channel activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.


negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.


rRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.


retinoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.


negative regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


Proflavine

An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.


regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


gamma-tubulin ring complex

A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.


gallbladder disorder

A disease involving the gall bladder.


lysosomal lumen

The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane.


His-Purkinje system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.


regulation of gastrulation

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.


keratinocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.


Atazanavir

A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).


Heart block

Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse occurring anywhere along the conduction pathway.


lipid localization

Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


Palpitations

A sensation that the heart is pounding or racing, which is a non-specific sign but may be a manifestation of arrhythmia.


aminoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


hexosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding

Binding to a 2 iron, 2 sulfur (2Fe-2S) cluster; this cluster consists of two iron atoms, with two inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.


response to retinoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.


nuclear pore

A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.


atopic eczema

A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.


chromatin DNA binding

Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin.


growth factor binding

Binding to a growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.


flavin adenine dinucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.


Ceforanide

A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


Carbinoxamine

An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.


Chlophedianol

A diarylmethane that is 2-chlorophenyl(phenyl)methane substituted on the methane carbon by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. Used in the treatment of dry cough, it suppresses the cough reflex by a direct effect on the cough centre in the medulla of the brain.


hepatobiliary disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, and cholecystitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.


chemoattractant activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


caveola

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.


kidney development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


mediastinal cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the mediastinum


Horner syndrome

Horner's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by miosis (constriction of thepupil), ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), and anhidrosis (absence of sweating of the face). It iscaused by damage to the sympathetic nerves of the face. The underlying causes of Horner's syndrome vary greatly and may include a tumor, stroke, or other damage to a part of the brain called the brain stem ; injury to the carotid artery ;and trauma to the brachial plexus. In rare cases, Horner's syndrome is congenital (present from birth) and associated with a lack of pigmentation of the iris (colored part of the eye). Treatment of Horner's syndrome depends on the underlying cause.


positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.


response to estrogen

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.


Peripheral edema

An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the soft tissues of the limbs.


Dofetilide

A tertiary amino compound that is N-ethyl-N-methylethanamine substituted by a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy and a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl group at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. It is used as an  anti-arrhythmia drug.


respiratory tract infectious disorder

Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.


negative regulation of binding

Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.


Baclofen

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of baclofen.


nephrolithiasis susceptibility caused by SLC26A1

Urolithiasis in which the composition of the stones is predominantly calcium oxalate.


Probenecid

A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.


protein xylosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.


eyelid

A fold of skin that covers and protects part of the eyeball. Examples: upper eyelid, lower eyelid, nictitating membrane.


osteomalacia

A metabolic bone disease that results from either a deficiency in vitamin D, or an abnormality in the metabolism of vitamin D, or a deficiency of calcium in the diet. The most common symptoms are bone pain and muscle weakness. When it occurs in children it is commonly referred to as rickets. (Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.) --2003


mitochondrial transmembrane transport

The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


methylosome

A large (20 S) protein complex that possesses protein arginine methyltransferase activity and modifies specific arginines to dimethylarginines in the arginine- and glycine-rich domains of several spliceosomal Sm proteins, thereby targeting these proteins to the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex for assembly into small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) core particles. Proteins found in the methylosome include the methyltransferase JBP1 (PRMT5), pICln (CLNS1A), MEP50 (WDR77), and unmethylated forms of SM proteins that have RG domains.


intracellular chemical homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within a cell.


endogenous depression

Depression which is considered strictly biological.


bone cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the bone or articular cartilage.


appendage

Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO].


carbohydrate binding

Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


ossification involved in bone maturation

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


cardiac muscle tissue growth

The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.


ileus

Decrease in peristalsis in the absence of a mechanical bowel obstruction.


platelet activation

A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.


regulation of monooxygenase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase.


Voriconazole

A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.


response to L-ascorbic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) stimulus.


Nicardipine

A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.


ST segment depression

An electrocardiographic anomaly in which the ST segment is observed to be located inferior to the isoelectric line.


peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.


antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.


preribosome, small subunit precursor

A preribosomal complex consisting of 20S pre-rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating small subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic small ribosomal subunit.


Lower Abdominal Pain

A sensation of discomfort emanating from the inferior quadrants of the abdomen, which may be peritoneal or visceral in origin, or referred from an extra-abdominal location.


positive regulation of cellular catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.


chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


RNA helicase activity

Unwinding of an RNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


3'-5' DNA helicase activity

Unwinding a DNA helix in the direction 5' to 3', driven by ATP hydrolysis.


heart growth

The increase in size or mass of the heart.


intestinal obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of the intestinal contents within the bowel.


actomyosin structure organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.


cochlea development

The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.


Respiratory distress

Respiratory distress is objectively observable as the physical or emotional consequences from the experience of dyspnea. The physical presentation of respiratory distress is generally referred to as labored breathing, while the sensation of respiratory distress is called shortness of breath or dyspnea.


response to hydroperoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.


positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


positive regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


Nitric Oxide

A nitrogen oxide which is a free radical, each molecule of which consists of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


Supraventricular arrhythmia

A type of arrhythmia that originates above the ventricles, whereby the electrical impulse propagates down the normal His Purkinje system similar to normal sinus rhythm.


lobar bronchus development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi.


nucleoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


protein alkylation

The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.


polyneuropathy

A disease or disorder affecting more than one nerve.


hypertrichosis

Excessive hair growth anywhere on the body.


brush border

The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.


periodontitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the tissues that surround and support the teeth.


pyrimidine dimer repair

The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers.


actin filament-based process

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


cardiac ventricle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.


nucleocytoplasmic transport

The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process

A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.


regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.


Coma

Complete absence of wakefulness and content of conscience, which manifests itself as a lack of response to any kind of external stimuli.


response to pheromone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.


regulatory ncRNA-mediated gene silencing

A process in which an regulatory non-coding RNA molecule reduces expression of target genes. This can occur pre-transcriptionally by assembly of heterochromatin and prevention of transcription or co- or post-transcriptionally by targeting RNAs for degradation or by interfering with splicing or translation. This process starts once the inhibitory RNA molecule has been transcribed, and includes processing of the RNA such as cleavage, modifications, transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, loading onto the RISC complex, and the effect on transcription or translation.


Nadolol

Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.


obstructive lung disease

Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. airway obstruction may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.


Sinus bradycardia

Bradycardia related to a mean resting sinus rate of less than 50 beats per minute.


Focal sensory seizure

A focal sensory seizure is a type seizure beginning with a subjective sensation.


cell-substrate junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


Cyproterone acetate

A steroid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the 17-hydroxy group of cyproterone. It is an antiandrogenic drug which has recently been recognized to promote the occurrence and growth of intracranial meningiomas.


mitogen-activated protein kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase.


cell-substrate adhesion

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.


exocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.


cytoplasmic region

Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.


bone trabecula morphogenesis

The process of shaping a trabecula in bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.


positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.


Albendazole

A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a propylsulfanyl group at position 5. It is commonly used in the treatment of parasitic worm infestations.


regulation of protein localization to cell periphery

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.


negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.


ncRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs).


malignant colon neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the colon. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O2 = homogentisate + CO2.


nucleosomal DNA binding

Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome.


negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.


Meclofenamic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.


spindle

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


negative regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.


collagen binding

Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


passive transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.


regulation of synapse organization

Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


Loss of consciousness

An inability to purposefully respond to stimuli.


regulation of microtubule depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.


Paresthesia

Abnormal sensations such as tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent physical cause.


negative regulation of secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.


base-excision repair

In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.


cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste

The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


negative regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


Eprosartan

A member of the class of  imidazoles and  thiophenes  that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.


establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


primary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical such as ATP hydrolysis, redox energy and photon energy.


negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.


regulation of defense response to virus by host

Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism.


monoatomic ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


peptidyl-serine modification

The modification of peptidyl-serine.


ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus

The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.


telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication.


regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.


Cyproheptadine

The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.


negative regulation of cell cycle checkpoint

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.


embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


positive regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.