albinism

A congenital disorder characterized by partial or complete absence of melanin pigment in the eyes, hair, or skin.


outer ear morphogenesis

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The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.


Anterior chamber pigmentation

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon


metastatic prostate carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to other anatomic sites.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


Disulfiram like reaction

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon


ER-associated misfolded protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.


Tip-toe gait

An abnormal gait pattern characterized by the failure of the heel to contact the floor at the onset of stance during gait.


nasal cavity

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An anatomical cavity that is part of the olfactory apparatus. This includes the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present.


calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.


Globus Hystericus

Persistent or intermittent non-painful sensation of a lump or foreign body in the throat occurring between meals in the absence of dysphagia, odynophagia, evidence of gastroesophageal acid reflux, or histopathogically based esophageal motility disorders.


organism emergence from protective structure

The developmental process in which an organism emerges from a surrounding protective structure such as an egg or pupa case.


regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.


regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.


melancholia

A subtype of depression characterized by the inability to find pleasure in positive things combined with physical agitation, insomnia, or decreased appetite.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine.


positive regulation of deacetylase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.


positive regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.


negative regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.


negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


integrin alphaL-beta2 complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An integrin complex that comprises one alphaL subunit and one beta2 subunit.


regulation of protein homooligomerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.


ferrous iron transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.


ectodermal cell fate commitment

The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the ectoderm.


positive regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.


tau protein binding

Binding to tau protein. tau is a microtubule-associated protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.


ferric-chelate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+-siderophore + electron donor -> 2 Fe3+-siderophore + electron acceptor.


thyroid tumor

A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.


adenine transport

The directed movement of adenine, 6-aminopurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


negative regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.


fructose binding

Binding to the D- or L-enantiomer of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-hex-2-ulose.


nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Nucleic acids are single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information.


positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.


Limb injury

Trauma to an arm or leg.


neuron cellular homeostasis

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.


malignant hypertension

Severe hypertension that is characterized by rapid onset of extremely high blood pressure.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a neurological disorder that damages the myelin that covers and protects nerves in the white matter of the brain. It is caused by the JC virus (JCV). By age 10, most people have been infected with this virus, but itrarelycauses symptoms unless the immune system becomes severely weakened.The disease occurs, rarely, in organ transplant patients; people undergoing chronic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy; and individuals with cancer, such as Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, and sarcoidosis. PML is most common among individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).


lens fiber cell morphogenesis

The process in which the structures of a lens fiber cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a lens fiber cell. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.


meiotic metaphase plate congression

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the meiotic spindle, during meiosis.


putrescine biosynthetic process from ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane by decarboxylation of ornithine.


IMP salvage

Any process which produces inosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


optic nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.


bone neoplasm

A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm involving the bone or articular cartilage.


Swr1 complex

A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits.


semicircular canal

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP].


Abnormality of the dentition

Any abnormality of the teeth.


terminal web

An actin-rich cytoskeletal network located beneath the microvilli of the apical plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. In addition to actin filaments, the terminal web may contain actin-binding proteins, myosin motor proteins, and intermediate filaments. The terminal web can function as a contractile structure that influences the spatial distribution of microvilli as well as the development and morphogenesis of tissues containing polarized epithelial cells.


positive regulation of pancreatic juice secretion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.


positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


positive T cell selection

The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.


renal vesicle induction

Signaling at short range between cells of the ureteric bud terminus and the kidney mesenchyme that positively regulates the formation of the renal vesicle.


positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.


pyruvate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.


oral mucosa leukoplakia

A white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; other conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, etc., must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made. Leukoplakia may be a premalignant condition.


Brugada syndrome

A genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by complete or incomplete right bundle branch block accompanied by ST elevation in leads V1-V3. There is a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmia that may result in sudden death.


ventral pancreatic duct

A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.


mesenchyme migration

The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement.


L-arabinose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose. L-arabinose occurs free, e.g. in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc.


positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.


regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.


negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.


muscle cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


cytidine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.


TPR domain binding

Binding to a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of a protein, the consensus sequence of which is defined by a pattern of small and large hydrophobic amino acids and a structure composed of helices.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.


neurofilament cytoskeleton

Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.


positive regulation of oocyte development

Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.


regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.


establishment of skin barrier

Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.


Difficulty walking

Reduced ability to walk (ambulate).


female infertility

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.


forebrain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).


toxin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a toxin from one side of a membrane to the other. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


delta DNA polymerase complex

A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair.


pattern specification involved in metanephros development

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the metanephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


negative regulation of neutrophil activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.


peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria.


response to water deprivation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.


regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.


RNA polymerase I activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


rRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyladenine.


nerve growth factor production

The appearance of nerve growth factor (NGF) due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


telomerase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of telomerase.


response to antipsychotic drug

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antipsychotic drug stimulus. Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.


positive regulation of vascular permeability

Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.


positive regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.


regulation of hormone metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.


phosphatidyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction involving the transfer of a phosphatidate (otherwise known as diacylglycerol 3-phosphosphate) group.


muscular septum morphogenesis

The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.


inosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


nuclear exosome (RNase complex)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.


regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


glutamate-ammonia ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + NH3 = L-glutamine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (phosphorylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(P)+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+.


immune system

Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies.


vitamin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a vitamin from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lysosomal-enzyme D-mannose = UMP + lysosomal-enzyme N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose.


locomotion involved in locomotory behavior

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.


histone H3-K4 trimethylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.


regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.


fetal growth restriction

A fetus that does not grow beyond the 10th percentile of conventionally accepted weight for gestational age.


positive regulation of actin filament-based movement

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.


negative regulation of mast cell cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.


negative regulation of mitotic recombination

Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.


Epilepsy aggravated

An increase in the duration or intensity of epileptic symptoms in the setting of chronic epilepsy.


kynurenine aminotransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from kynurenine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.


positive regulation of podosome assembly

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.


membrane fission

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.


osteoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.


beta-2-microglobulin binding

Binding to beta-2-microglobulin.


corticospinal tract

The corticospinal fibers that arise from the pyramidal cells within the cerebral cortex layer V of the precentral motor area, the premotor area and the postcentral gyrus, then descend into and through the medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


Blood bicarbonate level decreased below normal


regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.


SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.


tricarboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


myeloproliferative neoplasm

A clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder, characterized by proliferation in the bone marrow of one or more of the myeloid (i.e., granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mast cell) lineages. It is primarily a neoplasm of adults. (WHO 2008)


positive regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli that is characterized by a rapid loss in renal function with glomerular crescent formation observed on biopsy; it is often seen in patients with concomitant autoimmune disease, like Goodpasture's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus.


signal peptide processing

The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.


phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + phosphate.


A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively.


hip

The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified].


The sodium salt of porfimer. The purified component of haematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units (n = 0-6), where R = CH(OH)Me and/or CH=CH2. After addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to pH 7.2 - 7.9, it is used as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, and superficial bladder cancer. The drug is administered by slow intravenous injection and accumulates in malignant tissue. After 40-50 hours, it is activated by laser light at 630 nm, delivered to the tumour using a fibre optic guide. Subsequent spin transfer to oxygen molecules within the tissue, generates highly reactive singlet oxygen, and subsequent radical reactions generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Propagation of radical reactions ultimately kills the tumour cells.


fibrinogen binding

Binding to fibrinogen, a highly soluble hexameric glycoprotein complex that is found in blood plasma and is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the coagulation cascade.


protein insertion into ER membrane

The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.


siRNA binding

Binding to a small interfering RNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by an RNAse enzyme.


olfactory behavior

The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.


voltage-gated sodium channel complex

A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.


Self-injurious behavior

Aggression towards oneself.


NELF complex

A complex of five proteins, designated NELF-A, -B, -C, -D, and -E in human, that can physically associate with RNP polymerase II to induce transcriptional pausing.


organelle membrane contact site

A zone of apposition between the membranes of an organelle with another membrane, either another membrane of the same organelle, a membrane of another organelle, or the plasma membrane. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are structured by bridging complexes. They are specialized for communication, including the efficient traffic of small molecules such as Ca2+ ions and lipids, as well as enzyme-substrate interactions.


non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via MAPK cascade

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a Wnt protein binding to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a target cell, where the signal is passed on via the MAPKKK cascade.


neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium

The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.


intercostal muscle

The respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib.


myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in salivary gland branching

The process in which a salivary epithelial cord bifurcates at its end.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


cell wall macromolecule catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules that form part of a cell wall.


enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO].


interleukin-6 production

The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N7-methylguanine.


ribose phosphate diphosphokinase complex

A protein complex having ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity.


heterochromatin formation

An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.


serotonin receptor activity

Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting a signal across a membrane by activating some effector activity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.


regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


succinate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + CoA + nucleotide triphosphate = nucleotide diphosphate + phosphate + succinyl-CoA.


BRCA1-A complex

A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, RAP80/UIMC1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BRE/BRCC45, FAM175A/CCDC98/Abraxas and MERIT40/NBA1, and specifically recognizes and binds K63-linked polyubiquitin chains present on histone H2A and H2AX at DNA damage sites.


meiotic sister chromatid segregation

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.


myristoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl (CH3-[CH2]12-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


lactose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


water-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


placenta disorder

A disease involving the placenta.


protein C-linked glycosylation

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via a C atom.


eustachian tube disorder

A disease involving the pharyngotympanic tube.


fructose transmembrane transport

The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.


blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.


alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


type IV hypersensitivity disease

A disease that has its basis in the disruption of type IV hypersensitivity.


DNA ligase (ATP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deoxyribonucleotide(n) + deoxyribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + deoxyribonucleotide(n+m).


cervix erosion

Loss or destruction of the epithelial lining of the uterine cervix.


insulin autoimmune syndrome

Insulin autoimmune syndrome is a rare condition that causes low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). This occurs because the body begins to make a specific kind of protein called antibodies to attack insulin. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone that is responsible for keeping blood sugar at a normal level. When blood sugar levels get too high, insulin helps to store the sugar for future use. People affected by insulin autoimmune syndrome have antibodies that attack insulin, causing it to work too hard and the level of blood sugar to become too low. Insulin autoimmune syndrome most often begins during adulthood.


V1A vasopressin receptor binding

Binding to a V1A vasopressin receptor.


positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.


serine-type carboxypeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from the C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


pentose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


follicular thyroid adenoma

A benign, encapsulated tumor, arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It may be associated with thyroid hormone secretion but it does not have malignant characteristics.


regulation of cytotoxic T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.


lipid antigen binding

Binding to a lipid antigen.


regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


cellular response to pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)


retrograde amnesia

The loss of access to memories that were previously encoded; this disorder is most commonly preceded by trauma, including physical brain injury, stroke, or seizure, but may also be psychogenic in origin. Memory loss may be temporary or permanent, but the ability to encode new memories or skills is not generally affected.


cellular response to nitrogen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of inorganic nitrogen.


geranyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranyl diphosphate, the universal precursor of the monoterpenes.


rhombomere 4 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


blood vessel maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.


ulnar artery

The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted].


negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity.


positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment.


ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


regulation of keratinocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


response to hydrostatic pressure

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.


intussusception

Telescoping or invagination of a part of the intestine into an adjacent segment.


arachidonic acid secretion

The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.


ADP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.


mitochondrion distribution

Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, flavin as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.


single thymine insertion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single thymine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired thymine.


urolithiasis

Stone(s) within the urinary tract.


smooth muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


positive regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.


Disturbance in mood

A change in disposition or state of mind.


lipoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


Acetic Acid

A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.


plasmacytoma

Plasmacytoma is a localized mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells that represents approximately 5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. There are two separate entities: primary plasmacytoma of the bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma of the soft tissues. Of the extramedullary plasmacytomas, 80% occur in the head and neck, usually in the upper respiratory tract. The median age at diagnosis is 50 years and the male to female ratio is 3:1. Long-term survival is possible following local radiotherapy, particularly for soft tissue presentations.


positive thymic T cell selection

The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.


ventricular zone neuroblast division

The proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The neuronal progenitors of these cells will migrate radially.


Steroid-induced myopathy

A non-neoplastic disorder affecting the skeletal muscles. It is caused by damage to muscle fibers either by excessive intake of corticosteroids (steroid treatment) or high levels of endogenous corticosteroids due to hormonal abnormalities. Patients usually present with weakness mainly in the proximal muscles of the upper and lower extremities and the neck flexors.


Cul4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4B subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by unknown subunits.


thyroid hormone binding

Binding to thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.


metanephric tubule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule.


Trioxsalen

7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.


HAUS complex

A protein complex that localizes to interphase centrosomes and to mitotic spindle tubules and regulates mitotic spindle assembly and centrosome integrity; in human, the complex consists of eight subunits, some of which are homologous to subunits of the Drosophila Augmin complex.


cerebellar cortex maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar cortex to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.


calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.


pronephric nephron tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.


7-methylguanosine mRNA capping

Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.


germ cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.


regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.


Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocytic-histiocytic predominance

A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with scattered Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and a nodular or less often diffuse cellular background consisting of small lymphocytes and with an absence of neutrophils and eosinophils. (WHO, 2008)


DUBm complex

A protein complex that forms part of SAGA-type complexes SAGA and SLIK, and mediates deubiquitination of histone H2B. In S. cerevisiae, the DUBm consists of the proteins Ubp8p, Sgf11p, Sus1p, and Sgf73p.


vitamin A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.


tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production

The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


neuronal stem cell population maintenance

Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.


positive regulation of superoxide dismutase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.


pulmonary emphysema

A subcategory of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It occurs in people who smoke and suffer from chronic bronchitis. It is characterized by inflation of the alveoli, alveolar wall damage, and reduction in the number of alveoli, resulting in difficulty breathing.


ammonia ligase activity

Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.


intracellular triglyceride homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of triglyceride within a cell.


alcohol withdrawal delirium

An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include confusion; delusions; vivid hallucinations; tremor; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)


sulfation

The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule.


response to potassium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.


myeloid leukocyte cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid cell.


intracellular pH elevation

Any process that increases the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


pole plasm

Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo.


dihydrofolate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.


positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.


glenohumeral joint

The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted].


temperature-gated cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).


keratinocyte migration

The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.


effusion

A collection of fluid in a body cavity, which may be the result of a non-neoplastic disorder (e.g. heart failure) or a tumor (e.g. carcinoma of the lung).


regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


fumarate reductase complex

A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:IPR003510; InterPro:IPR004224) and D (InterPro:IPR003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)).


fibrillar collagen trimer

Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils.


lactate transmembrane transport

The process in which lactate is transported across a membrane. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.


regulation of tau-protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.


endocardium formation

Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


MAPK export from nucleus

The directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.


oxidative demethylation

The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule, involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms in the substrate.


negative regulation of vascular permeability

Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.


endoribonuclease complex

A protein complex which is capable of endoribonuclease activity.


protein-RNA complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.


Breakthrough pain

A episode of severe pain that breaks through (i.e., temporarily exacerbates) a period of persistent pain.


Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.


Shock from electric current

A brief, unintentional exposure to an electric current, which may result in local tissue damage due to thermal injury or in a cardiac dysrhythmia.


protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit site

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at an endoplasmic reticulum exit site.


polyadenylation-dependent RNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA.


potassium deficiency

A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing polyuria and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary polydipsia. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)


supramolecular fiber organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.


vulvitis

Inflammation of the vulva. It is characterized by pruritus and painful urination.


acute closed-angle glaucoma

Acute form of angle-closure glaucoma.


ovarian follicle atresia

A periodic process in which immature ovarian follicles degenerate and are subsequently re-absorbed.


dosage compensation

Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.


Cefoperazone

A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.


positive regulation of acrosome reaction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.


negative regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.


Neck Edema

Swelling due to an accumulation of excessive fluid in the neck.


negative regulation of immunoglobulin production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.


cellular lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


precocious puberty

Unusually early sexual maturity.


pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


alpha-2C adrenergic receptor binding

Binding to an alpha-2C adrenergic receptor.


negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.


hypotrichosis

A congenital condition, usually due to genetic aberrations, that is characterized by a lack of hair growth on the head and/or body.


Renal Colic

Paroxysmal and severe flank pain radiating to the inguinal area. It is caused by the passage of a kidney stone through the ureter.


stem cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + dolichyl phosphate = GDP + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate.


norepinephrine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


ureteral obstruction

Blockage in any part of the ureter causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as hydronephrosis and obstructive nephropathy.


Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+.


esophageal varices

Abnormally dilated veins of the esophagus.


post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway

Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.


SUMO polymer binding

Binding to a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


metallochaperone activity

Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.


GDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.


positive regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that increases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing glutamate.


dATP binding

Binding to dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate.


inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 3-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,4,5,6)pentakisphosphate.


salt transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other.


membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potential

The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


menaquinone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.


atrophy of testis

Loss of testicular volume.


basal protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose-6-phosphate + phosphate.


Doxacurium

A mixture of the (1R,2S,1'S,2'R), (1R,2S,1'R,2'S) and (1S,2R,1'S,2'R) stereoisomers (a meso isomer and two enantiomers, respectively) of 2,2'-[(1,4-dioxobutane-1,4-diyl)bis(oxypropane-3,1-diyl)]bis[6,7,8-trimethoxy-2-methyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium], all of which are in a trans configuration at the 1 and 2 positions of the tetrahydroisoquinolinium rings. A competitive neuromuscular blocker, the chloride salt is used to provide muscle relaxation in general anaesthesia and to facilitate mechanical ventilation in patients in intensive care.


positive regulation of interleukin-17 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.


positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.


mammary placode formation

The developmental process in which the mammary placode forms. The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper.


alanine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid.


scleroderma

Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of the skin and, sometimes, other organs. It is classified into two main forms: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis (SSc), the latter comprising three subsets; diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and limited SSc (lSSc).


complement component C3b binding

Binding to a C3b product of the complement cascade.


cerebellar cortex structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


Latamoxef

A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.


fucose binding

Binding to fucose, the pentose 6-deoxygalactose.


proteasome regulatory particle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome regulatory particle complex.


Golgi reassembly

The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance.


Bell's palsy

Partial or complete paralysis of the facial muscles of one side of a person's face. It is caused by damage to the seventh cranial nerve. It is usually temporary but it may recur.


hyoid bone

A horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. [WP,modified].


small cell lung carcinoma

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignant neoplasm, accounting for 10-15% of lung cancer cases, characterized byrapid growth, and early metastasis. SCLC usually manifests as a large hilar mass with bulky mediastinal lymphadenopathy presenting clinically with chest pain, persistent cough, dyspnea, wheezing, hoarseness, hemoptysis, loss of appetite, weight loss, and neurological and endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes. SCLC is primarily reported in elderly people with a history of long-term tobacco exposure.


Decreased red blood cell count

An abnormal reduction below the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


siderophore transport

The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of stem cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.


late viral transcription

The transcription of the final group of viral genes of the viral life cycle, following middle transcription, or where middle transcription doesn't occur, following early transcription. Involves the transcription of genes encoding structural proteins.


phosphorylase kinase complex

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a.


Hyperfibrinogenemia

Increased concentration of fibrinogen in the blood.


interferon-beta production

The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


exocyst localization

Any process in which an exocyst is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse.


DNA replication origin binding

Binding to a DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally.


pituitary tumor

A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the pituitary gland. The vast majority are adenomas arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.


surfactant homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.


astrocyte end-foot

Terminal process of astrocyte abutting non-neuronal surfaces in the brain.


Catalysis of the covalent addition of a geranylgeranyl (20-carbon isoprenoid) group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue at or near the C terminus of a protein.


peptidyl-arginine methylation, to asymmetrical-dimethyl arginine

The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.


U6 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6 snRNA both while the U6 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (4S)-perillyl alcohol + H2O + NADP+.


retinal degeneration

Degeneration of the retina.


magnesium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of resting membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.


positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


Teething syndrome

An expected condition experienced by children during the emergence of deciduous teeth. Though a full set of 20 primary teeth takes more than two years to emerge, teething syndrome may be variably noted from the first paired eruption (usually at the sixth month) until the last. Characteristically, irritability, inflamed gingivae, drooling and chewing on solid objects may be seen several days prior to the eruption with rapid resolution. Typically, the lower central incisors appear first followed by the upper central incisors. Molars and canine teeth are the last to erupt.  Anecdotal associations with fever and diarrhea are misattributed.


oligosaccharyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a oligosaccharyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


histone H4R3 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H4)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H4)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 3 of histone H4, producing histone H4R3me.


tongue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.


JUN phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.


B cell homeostatic proliferation

The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.


fucosylation

The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.


Pivmecillinam

A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.


regulation of translation, ncRNA-mediated

Any process, mediated by small non-coding RNAs, that modulates the frequency, rate or extent that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.


Fractured rib

A partial or complete breakage of the rib.


Fetal acidosis

An abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration (umbilical arterial blood pH less than 7.00) in fetal blood or tissue.


prenylation

The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a molecule; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.


Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Organ or tissue damage due to diabetes mellitus. It includes heart disease and stroke, renal disease and renal failure, retinopathy, neuropathies, and erectile dysfunction.


neurotrophin TRKB receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRKB receptor.


positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.


3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.


negative regulation of oocyte maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.


oculomotor nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the oculomotor nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.


transepithelial transport

The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.


negative regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.


somatic recombination of T cell receptor gene segments

The process in which T cell receptor genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as T cell receptor gene segments.


regulation of cardioblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell

Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.


transmitter-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


embryonic cleavage

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


microcephaly

A congenital or acquired developmental disorder in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal for the person's age and sex.


Hypoplastic anemia

Anemia with varying degrees of erythrocytic hypoplasia without leukopenia or thrombocytopenia.


forebrain neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.


response to follicle-stimulating hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.


protein adenylylation

The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid.


Amrinone

A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.


sterol transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sterol are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


Benign neoplasm of female breast

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the breast parenchyma in females.


carcinoma of esophagus

Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is a tumor arising in the epithelial cells lining the esophagus and can be divided into two subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).


Orthopnea

A sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing.


regulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting of an intact axon as a result of injury to an axon.


negative regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.


CD8 receptor binding

Binding to a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes.


glucagon receptor activity

Combining with glucagon and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


double-strand/single-strand DNA junction binding

Binding to a DNA segment that contains double-stranded DNA flanked by a region of single-stranded DNA.


regulation of translational initiation by iron

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron.


cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the salivary gland.


regulation of TORC1 signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.


negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.


transition between slow and fast fiber

The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.


integrin alpha2-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha2 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


regulation of vitamin metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


modulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

The process in which a host organism effects a change in viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.


labyrinthine layer morphogenesis

The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor.


'de novo' NAD biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan or aspartate from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.


negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


Seroma

A collection of serum in the body.


G protein-coupled receptor complex

A protein complex that contains G protein-coupled receptors.


inferior colliculus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior colliculus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inferior colliculus (IC) (Latin, lower hill) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subdivisions: the central nucleus (CIC), a dorsal cortex (DCIC) by which it is surrounded, and an external cortex (ICX) which is located laterally.


tyrosine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.


regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.


regulation of myoblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.


collecting duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.


clathrin coat of coated pit

The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex.


negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.


facial muscle

A muscle innervated by a facial nerve.


cellular response to water stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.


AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


macula lutea

An oval area in the retina, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototopic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed).


susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


polyamine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the oxidative degradation or interconversion of polyamines.


Shuffling gait

A type of gait (walking) characterized by by dragging one's feet along or without lifting the feet fully from the ground.


regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.


regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


SNARE complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.


lipid phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = a lipid + phosphate.


alcohol dehydrogenase activity, zinc-dependent

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of zinc.


mammary gland involution

The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.


regulation of dendritic cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.


chronic primary adrenal insufficiency

A chronic disorder of the adrenal cortex resulting in the inadequate production of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones.


cellular response to high density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high density lipoprotein particle stimulus.


regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.


traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle

A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity.


negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.


progesterone receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by progesterone binding to its receptor in the cytoplasm.


stereotypic movement disorder

Motor behavior that is repetitive, often seemingly driven, and nonfunctional. This behavior markedly interferes with normal activities or results in severe bodily self-injury. The behavior is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. (dsm-iv, 1994)


primary amine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a primary amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


ripoptosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ripoptosome, a protein complex whose formation can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.


Left ventricular hypertrophy

Enlargement or increased size of the heart left ventricle.


atrial cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell in the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.


Cdc73/Paf1 complex

A multiprotein complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complexes and may be involved in both transcriptional initiation and elongation. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Paf1p, Cdc73p, Ctr9p, Rtf1p, and Leo1p.


cell wall biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cell wall. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. A cell wall is the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.


antifungal humoral response

An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.


exo-alpha-(2->3)-sialidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.


complement component C1q complex binding

Binding to a C1q complex, a component of the classical complement cascade.


regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.


interleukin-5 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-5 receptor.


subthalamus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subthalamus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subthalamus is the anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis.


corticotropin secretion

The regulated release of corticotropin by a cell. Corticotropin hormone is a polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus.


Pyrin domain binding

Binding to a Pyrin (PAAD/DAPIN) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that has the same fold as the Death domain.


extracellular matrix constituent, lubricant activity

Functions as a lubricant for an extracellular matrix, such as a mucous membrane.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of catecholamine secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


Mepyramine

An ethylenediamine derivative that is  ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.


regulation of hepatocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


integrin alpha9-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha9 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


transformation of host cell by virus

A virus-induced cellular transformation resulting in immortalized cells, or cells capable of indefinite replication.


acid-amino acid ligase activity

Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


left lung morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized.


hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is is an endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). Common signs and symptoms includeabdominal pain, brittle nails, cataracts, dry hair and skin,muscle cramps,tetany, pain in the face, legs, and feet, seizures, tingling sensation,and weakened tooth enamel (in children). It may be caused byinjury to the parathyroid glands (e.g., during surgery). Other causes, include low blood magnesium levels, a side effect of radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism, metabolic alkalosis, DiGeorge syndrome, and type I polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. The goal of treatment is to restore the calcium and mineral balance in the body.


nail development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.


mRNA 3'-UTR AU-rich region binding

Binding to a region containing frequent adenine and uridine bases within the 3' untranslated region of a mRNA molecule or in pre-mRNA intron. The ARE-binding element consensus is UUAUUUAUU. ARE-binding proteins control the stability and/or translation of mRNAs.


pICln-Sm protein complex

A protein complex that contains pICln (CLNS1A) and several Sm proteins, including SmD1, SmD2, SmE, SmF, and SmG.


pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.


positive regulation of urine volume

Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.


regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


leukostasis

A disorder involving the aberrant infiltration and aggregation of leukocytes into the vasculature of the body. Leukostasis is typically detected in the brain and lungs of persons with leukemia. It requires substantial ablative modalities to both reduce the number of cells present and to ensure dispersion of the aggregates.


Increased Therapeutic Response

An increase in the desirable and beneficial effects resulting from a medical  treatment.


pulmonary valve formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pulmonary valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.


positive regulation of centriole replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.


Catheter related infection

An infection that arises secondary to catheter use.


iodide transport

The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.


inositol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


negative regulation of plasminogen activation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.


opioid receptor binding

Binding to an opioid receptor.


spontaneous synaptic transmission

The low level of synaptic transmission that occurs via spontaneous neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft in the absence of a presynaptic action potential.


positive regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.


response to heparin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.