Stage II Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: (Supraglottis) Tumor invades mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx.  (Glottis) Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility.  (Subglottis) Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Locally Advanced Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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An oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx.


Stage 0 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


Stage IVA Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0). T4: Nasopharyngeal cancer with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


carcinoma of soft palate

A carcinoma that arises from the soft palate. The majority are squamous cell carcinomas.


Refractory Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Stage I Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the subglottis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Resectable Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is amenable to surgical resection.


Locally Advanced Oropharyngeal Carcinoma

Oropharyngeal carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage IV Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4a: Tumor with moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades the thyroid/cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, thyroid gland, or central compartment soft tissue.  Central compartment soft tissue includes prelaryngeal strap muscles and subcutaneous fat.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor invades more than one subsite of the hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measures more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest diameter without fixation of hemilarynx.  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension or tumor with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus.  T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Carcinoma Showing Thymus-Like Differentiation

A rare primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, composed of groups of carcinoma cells with thymic epithelial differentiation.


Advanced Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


epiglottis cancer

A malignant neoplasm that affects the epiglottis. The vast majority of cases are squamous cell carcinomas.


Stage IVB Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVB includes: (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0). T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral lymph nodes any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Differentiated High Grade Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

A follicular-derived thyroid gland carcinoma that is histologically differentiated and has high-grade features.


Locally Advanced Pharyngeal Carcinoma

Pharyngeal carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Refractory Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

Thyroid gland papillary carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


pharyngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma

An adenoid cystic carcinoma that arises from the pharynx.


Stage I Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of follicular thyroid gland carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.


Stage IVA Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1a, M0); (T1, N1b, M0); (T2, N1b, M0); (T3, N1b, M0); (T4a, N1b, M0).  T4a: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid gland capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve.  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral or contralateral cervical (Levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII). M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IV Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  T4b: Supraglottis, Glottis, and Subglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma

The reemergence of thyroid gland follicular carcinoma after a period of remission.


Clear Cell Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the predominance of malignant follicular clear cells.  These cells have the nuclear features that characterize the papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland.


Thyroid Gland Cribriform Morular Carcinoma

A thyroid gland carcinoma characterized by the presence of cribriform, trabecular, follicular, papillary, and solid growth patterns and squamoid morulae formation. It may occur with familial adenomatous polyposis or sporadically.


Oropharyngeal cancer recurrent

The reemergence of oropharyngeal carcinoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

The reemergence of poorly differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma after a period of remission.


Advanced Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

Thyroid gland carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage IVC Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Clinical Stage

A term that refers to the clinical staging of HPV-mediated (p16-positive) oropharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


Stage IVC Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of hypopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Stage I Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M0. 55 years and older: (T1, N0/NX, M0); (T2, N0/NX, M0).  T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVB Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVB includes: 55 years and older: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVC Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7


Thyroid Gland Mixed Medullary and Follicular Cell-Derived Carcinoma

A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland containing a medullary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for calcitonin, and follicular cell-derived carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin.


Advanced Pharyngeal Carcinoma

Pharyngeal carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage II Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma 55 Years and Older AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx

A squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx which has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharynx

A undifferentiated carcinoma that involves the nasopharynx.


Stage III Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades any of the following: postcricoid area, preepiglottic space, paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of thyroid cartilage. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and /or invades the paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades the paraglottic space and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage. T1: Supraglottis: Tumor is limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor is limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility. Subglottis: Tumor is limited to the subglottis. T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades the mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of the tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx. Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility. Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension and ENE(-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Mixed Medullary and Papillary Carcinoma

A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland containing a medullary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for calcitonin, and papillary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin.


Nasopharyngeal Papillary Adenocarcinoma

A rare, low-grade exophytic adenocarcinoma with papillary growth that arises from the epithelium of the nasopharynx.  If it is completely removed, the prognosis is excellent.


Laryngeal Adenosquamous Carcinoma

A rare, aggressive carcinoma that arises from the larynx.  It is characterized by the presence of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma components.  Hoarseness, sore throat, and dysphagia are the presenting symptoms.


Stage III Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension.  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 centimeters in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IV Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades thyroid/cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, thyroid gland, or central compartment soft tissue. Central compartment soft tissue includes prelaryngeal strap muscles and subcutaneous fat. T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor invading more than one subsite of hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without fixation of hemilarynx. T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus. T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE (-). N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or larger than 3 cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral lymph nodes any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


supraglottis verrucous carcinoma

An exophytic, slow growing, well differentiated and non-metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma with pushing margins that arises from the supraglottic area of the larynx.


Follicular-Derived Thyroid Gland Carcinoma, High Grade

A thyroid gland carcinoma that arises from follicular cells and is characterized by the presence of high mitotic activity and necrotic changes in the absence of anaplastic histological features. This category includes poorly differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma and differentiated high-grade thyroid gland carcinoma.


Stage IV Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1a, M0); (T1, N1b, M0); (T2, N1b, M0); (T3, N1b, M0); (T4a, N1b, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid gland capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve.  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral or contralateral cervical (Levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII). M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage IVA Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: T4a, Any N, M0.  T4a: Intrathyroidal anaplastic carcinoma. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVA Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades the larynx, extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible. Mucosal extension to lingual surface of epiglottis from primary tumors of the base of the tongue and vallecula does not constitute invasion of the larynx. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or larger than 3 cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IV Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Tumor with moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades the larynx, extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible.  Mucosal extension to lingual surface of epiglottis from primary tumors of the base of the tongue and vallecula does not constitute invasion of larynx. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension.  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 centimeters in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis.  T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M1; 55 years and older: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma 55 Years and Older AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


tonsil carcinoma

A carcinoma that involves the tonsil.


Squamous cell carcinoma of piriform sinus

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the pyriform sinus.  Patients usually present with advanced stage disease and the prognosis is poor.


laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is the most common histologic type of laryngeal carcinoma. It can arise from the glottis, supraglottic area, or it can be transglottic. Glottic squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent laryngeal carcinoma in the United States. The symptoms, clinical behavior and the prognosis depend on the site of origin within the larynx.


Stage IVB Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0).  T4b: Supraglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Glottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Subglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma stage IV

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Nasopharyngeal cancer with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. N3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with metastasis in a lymph node (s) more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and/or to supraclavicular fossa.  Supraclavicular zone or fossa is relevant to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is the triangular region originally described by Ho.  It is defined by three points: (1) the superior margin of the sternal end of the clavicle, (2) the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, (3) the point where the neck meets the shoulder.  This would include caudal portions of levels IV and VB.  All cases with lymph nodes (whole or part) in the fossa are considered N3b.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVA Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Parathyroid Gland Carcinoma

The reemergence of parathyroid gland carcinoma after a period of remission.


Stage IVA Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: 55 years and older: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading prevertebral fascia or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels from a tumor of any size. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma stage I

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma stage III

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension.  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 centimeters in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


carcinoma of pharynx

A carcinoma that involves the pharynx.


thyroid gland oncocytic follicular carcinoma

A follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland, characterized by the presence of large cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei with prominent, eosinophilic nucleoli. The nuclear features that characterize the papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland are absent.


Recurrent Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

The reemergence of thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma after a period of remission.


Stage I Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage I includes: Under 45 years: Any T, Any N, M0.  45 years and older: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No evidence of distant metastasis. (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


subglottis carcinoma

A carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the subglottic area.


Nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma stage III

Stage III includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0). T1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor. T2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor.  T3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor involving bony structures of skull base and/or paranasal sinuses.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma, Encapsulated Angioinvasive

An encapsulated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland which shows angioinvasion.


Stage I Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: (Supraglottis) Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. (Glottis) Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility.  (Subglottis) Tumor limited to the subglottis.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


carcinoma in situ of oropharynx

A in situ carcinoma that involves the oropharynx.


Stage I Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7


Metastatic Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

A papillary carcinoma that arises from the thyroid gland and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Stage IVB Pharyngeal Carcinoma

Stage IVB carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


Unresectable Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

Poorly differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage II Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma Under 55 Years AJCC v8

Stage II includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage I Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage I Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7


Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrent

The reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx after a period of remission.


Soft Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the soft palate.  It usually presents as an ulcerated or fungating mass.


Stage IV Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1a, M0); (T1, N1b, M0); (T2, N1b, M0); (T3, N1b, M0); (T4a, N1b, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid gland capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve.  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral or contralateral cervical (Levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII).  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Oropharyngeal Basaloid Carcinoma

A high-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx. It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.


Stage III Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1a, M0); (T2, N1a, M0); (T3, N1a, M0). T3: Tumor greater than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


thyroid gland follicular carcinoma

A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The nuclear features which characterize the thyroid gland papillary carcinoma are absent. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it comprises approximately 10% to 15% of thyroid cancers. Clinically, it usually presents as a solitary mass in the thyroid gland. It is generally unifocal and thickly encapsulated and shows invasion of the capsule or the vessels. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy.


Stage IV Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1a, M0); (T1, N1b, M0); (T2, N1b, M0); (T3, N1b, M0); (T4a, N1b, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid gland capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral or contralateral cervical (Levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII).  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVA Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1a, M0); (T1, N1b, M0); (T2, N1b, M0); (T3, N1b, M0); (T4a, N1b, M0). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid gland capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve.  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral or contralateral cervical (Levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII).  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but less than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3: Tumor measuring 4 cm or more in greatest dimension or with extrathyroidal extension. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


subglottis verrucous carcinoma

An exophytic, slow growing, well differentiated and non-metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma with pushing margins that arises from the subglottic area of the larynx.


Stage I Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


hypopharyngeal carcinoma

Carcinoma, predominantly squamous cell, arising from the epithelial cells of the hypopharynx.


Stage IVA Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


poorly differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the thyroid gland showing only limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation. Microscopically, the adenocarcinoma cells are arranged in insular, solid, and trabecular patterns. There is associated necrosis, and vascular invasion. The prognosis depends on the tumor stage, complete or partial surgical removal of the tumor, and the degree of response to radioactive iodine therapy (adapted from WHO Tumors of Endocrine Organs, IARC Press, Lyon 2004)


Stage IV Laryngeal Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the larynx and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Stage IV Pharynx Carcinoma

Stage IV carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


Locally Advanced Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage IVB Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Very advanced disease. Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

A thyroid gland medullary carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


The reemergence of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx after a period of remission.


Unresectable Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

Differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Oropharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v6 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of oropharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.


larynx verrucous carcinoma

A well differentaited, non-metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma arising from the larynx. It is an exophytic, warty, and slow growing tumor affecting predominantly older men. It is associated with tobacco smoking. Symptoms include hoarseness, airway obstruction, weight loss, dysphagia, and throat pain. If left untreated, it may cause extensive local destruction.


Sporadic Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

A non-hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland not associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia.  The majority of thyroid gland medullary carcinomas are sporadic.


Stage I Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Hobnail Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

A rare variant of papillary thyroid gland carcinoma in which more than 30% of cells have hobnail features. (WHO)


Recurrent Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

The reemergence of thyroid gland papillary carcinoma after a period of remission.


Advanced Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

Thyroid gland medullary carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage III Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T1: Supraglottis: Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility.  Subglottis: Tumor limited to the subglottis.  T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx.  Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility.  Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. T3: Supraglottis: Tumor limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades any of the following: postcricoid area, pre-epiglottic tissues, paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of thyroid cartilage.  Glottis: Tumor limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invasion of paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage.  Subglottis: Tumor limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3cm or less in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrent

The reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx after a period of remission.


Stage III Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Stage III includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0).  T3: Tumor involves bony structures and/or paranasal sinuses. N2: Bilateral metastasis in lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Macrofollicular Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the predominance or the exclusive presence of macrofollicles.  Some of the malignant follicular cells display the nuclear features that characterize the papillary adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland.


Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


multicentric papillary thyroid carcinoma

A papillary carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland from multiple foci.


glottis carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the glottis.


Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v6 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.


Locally Advanced Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma

Hypopharyngeal carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage III Pharynx Carcinoma

Stage III carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


Stage III Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage III includes: 55 years and older: T4a, Any N, M0. T4a: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve from a tumor of any size. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of thyroid gland medullary carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. Differentiated and anaplastic thyroid gland carcinomas are staged according to the classification for thyroid-differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Advanced Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Clinical Stage II HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T0, N2, M0); (T1, N2, M0) ;(T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0). T0: No primary identified. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in one or more ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm. N2: Tumor with contralateral or bilateral lymph nodes metastasis, none larger than 6 cm. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage II Pharynx Carcinoma

Stage II carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma, Osteoclastic Variant

An extremely rare morphologic variant of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland, characterized by the presence of large numbers of non-neoplastic, osteoclast-like giant cells.


Stage IV Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (Any T, N3, M0); (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades the larynx, extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible. Mucosal extension to lingual surface of epiglottis from primary tumors of the base of the tongue and vallecula does not constitute invasion of the larynx. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis. T4b: Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE (-). N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or larger than 3 cm but not larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-). N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(-); or metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node larger than 3 cm in greatest dimension and ENE(+); or metastases in multiple ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral lymph nodes any with ENE(+). M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Locally Advanced Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

Thyroid gland medullary carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage I Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma Under 55 Years AJCC v8

Stage I includes: Any T, Any N, M0. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Unresectable Hereditary Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

Hereditary thyroid gland medullary carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage IVA Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1a, M0); (T1, N1b, M0); (T2, N1b, M0); (T3, N1b, M0); (T4a, N1b, M0). T4a: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid gland capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland. T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes). N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral or contralateral cervical (Levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


paracardiac lymph node

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


central nervous system fibrosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.


fibrosarcoma

A malignant mesenchymal fibroblastic neoplasm affecting the soft tissue and bone.


Low grade myofibroblastic sarcoma

A low grade malignant neoplasm arising from the deep soft tissues.  It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped myofibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a storiform growth pattern.  Metastasis is very rare.


Classical Low Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma

A low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma that may have poorly formed collagen rosettes, but lacks prominent, well formed collagen rosettes.


Unresectable Myxofibrosarcoma

A myxofibrosarcoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Sinonasal Fibrosarcoma

A fibrosarcoma that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


small intestinal fibrosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the small intestine. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.


kidney fibrosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.


Cardiac Myxofibrosarcoma

A low-grade sarcoma that arises from the heart. It is composed of spindle or rounded cells in a myxoid stroma. The most common location is the left atrium.


breast fibrosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the breast. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.


Myxofibrosarcoma of skin

Myxofibrosarcoma that arises from the dermis.


Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma

A rare, well-circumscribed malignant fibroblastic neoplasm that arises from the soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of nests of malignant epithelioid fibroblasts and sclerotic collagen stroma formation.


low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

A low grade, late-metastasizing variant of fibrosarcoma characterized by alternating fibrous and myxoid areas and a whorling growth pattern. The neoplastic cells have a spindle morphology, and lack hyperchromasia or significant nuclear atypia. Approximately 40% of cases show the focal presence of collagen rosettes. A t(7;16)(q33;p11) translocation has been identified in the majority of cases, associated with the presence of FUS-CREB3L2 fusion protein. Rare cases carry the t(11;16)(p11;p11) translocation which is associated with the presence of the FUS-CREB3L1 fusion protein.


Metastatic Myxofibrosarcoma

Myxofibrosarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


liver fibrosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the liver. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.


low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma with giant collagen rosettes

A low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma characterized by the presence of prominent collagen rosettes.


Epithelioid Myxofibrosarcoma

A rare subtype of myxofibrosarcoma composed predominantly of malignant epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm.


fibrosarcoma of ovary

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the ovary.  It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.


Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma

A low grade, locally aggressive, fibroblastic neoplasm that occurs primarily in the distal extremities.  It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, multivacuolated lipoblast-like cells, bizarre ganglion-like cells with inclusion-like nuclei, myxoid stroma formation, and a mixture of acute and chronic inflammatory cells.  Distant metastases are very rare.


heart fibrosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the heart. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.


myxofibrosarcoma

A malignant fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped cells, cellular pleomorphism, thin-walled blood vessels, fibrous septa, and myxoid stroma.


Locally Advanced Myxofibrosarcoma

Myxofibrosarcoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Oral Cavity Low Grade Myofibroblastic Sarcoma

Myofibroblastic sarcoma arising from the oral cavity.


Advanced Myxofibrosarcoma

Myxofibrosarcoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin

The persistence of substantial fetal hemoglobin production into adulthood, usually associated with hemoglobinopathies due to mutations in the alpha and/or beta chain of hemoglobin.


mating-type a-factor pheromone receptor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Combining with the mating-type a-factor pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity.


respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants

Infant acute respiratory distress syndrome is a lung disorder that affects premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs. The symptoms usually appear shortly after birth and may include tachypnea, tachycardia, chest wall retractions (recession), expiratory grunting, nasal flaring and cyanosis during breathing efforts.


familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a generally asymptomatic genetic disorder of phosphocalcic metabolism characterized by lifelong moderate hypercalcemia along with normo- or hypocalciuria and elevated plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration.


hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma with tendon and pulmonary involvement

Hereditary fibrosing poikiloderma-tendon contractures-myopathy-pulmonary fibrosis syndrome is a rare, genetic, hereditary poikiloderma syndrome characterized by early-onset poikiloderma (mainly on the face), hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, muscle and tendon contractures with varus foot deformity, progressive proximal and distal muscle weakness in all extremities, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Mild lymphedema of the extremities, growth retardation, liver impairment, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and hematologic abnormalities are additional variable features.


Rajab interstitial lung disease with brain calcifications 2


primary pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that is localized to the lungs at the time of presentation. Signs and symptoms include cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis.


pneumonia caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

A rare pulmonary disease characterized by primary or nonbacteremic pneumonia most frequently arising in an intensive care setting, or bacteremic pneumonia, which is typically associated with neutropenia. Chronic lower respiratory tract infection with development of episodes of pneumonia is common in patients with cystic fibrosis. Acute infections are potentially life-threatening. Patients present with fever, chills, dyspnea, cyanosis, productive cough, as well as signs of severe systemic toxicity. Alveolar hemorrhage, necrosis, and, eventually, cavity formation, are commonly seen.


non-specific interstitial pneumonia

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the interstitial lung tissue. It includes cases that cannot be classified into one of the other types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.


primary interstitial lung disease specific to childhood


lung sclerosing hemangioma

A benign tumor that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of sclerotic, papillary, solid, and hemorrhagic patterns and hyperplastic type II pneumocytes. Cholesterol clefts, hemosiderin deposition, chronic inflammation, and calcifications may be present. In the majority of cases, it is a solitary and peripheral tumor. Patients are usually asymptomatic.


lung papilloma

A benign papillary neoplasm that arises endobronchially. It is classified as squamous cell, glandular, or mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma. Patients usually present with signs and symptoms of bronchial obstruction.


silicotuberculosis

Tuberculosis caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with silicosis (that is caused by inhalation of silica dust particles). The risk of a patient with silicosis developing pulmonary tuberculosis and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is higher than in healthy population.


cork-handlers' disease

An extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of cork dust containing the antigens produced by the fungus Penicillium glabrum. The symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing cough, fever and asthenia.


non-small cell squamous lung carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells. It includes the clear cell and papillary variants of squamous cell carcinoma.


lung large cell carcinoma

A poorly differentiated non-small cell lung carcinoma composed of large polygonal cells without evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation. There is a male predilection.


mushroom workers' lung

An extrinsic allergic alveolitis involving inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by hypersensitivity to the inhalation of organic dust particles derived from either the mushrooms, their spores or the compost in which the mushrooms are grown. It is usually caused by the spores of thermophilic actinomycetes.


pneumoconiosis

An occupational lung disorder caused by inhalation of dust particles. It is characterized by bilateral interstitial lung infiltrates. Representative examples include asbestosis, silicosis, anthracosis, and talc pneumoconiosis.


hand-Schuller-Christian disease

A multifocal, unisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple sites in one organ system, most frequently the bone. Patients are usually young children presenting with multiple destructive bone lesions.


mixed mucinous and nonmucinous bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma

A rare morphologic variant of bronchiolo-alveolar lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of both mucin and non-mucin producing cells.


pneumonic plague

A plague in which the bacteria have infected the lungs.


clear cell-sugar-tumor of the lung

A rare benign lung tumor with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation. It is composed of round or oval cells with abundant clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm and distinct cell borders. The vast majority of patients are asymptomatic and the tumors are discovered incidentally. Excision is curative.


pleuropulmonary blastoma type 2

A pleuropulmonary blastoma composed of malignant small cells and characterized by the presence of a sarcomatous component. It usually follows an aggressive clinical course.


Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with pulmonary fibrosis as a complication includes two types (HPS-1 and HPS-4) of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), a multi-system disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diathesis and, in some cases, pulmonary fibrosis or granulomatous colitis.


acute bronchiolitis

Acute inflammation of the bronchioles usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus.


autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease characterized by the accumulation of a lipoproteinaceous substance in the distal air spaces which positively stains with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS).


pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection


respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis

Bronciolitis caused by infection with respiratory syncytial virus.


pleuropneumonia

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura.


large cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype

A rare poorly differentiated morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of rhabdoid cells.


Langerhans cell histiocytosis specific to adulthood

Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs during adulthood.


toxic bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis as a response to a toxic exposure.


chronic bronchitis

A type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the bronchial tree that results in edema, mucus production, obstruction, and reduced airflow to and from the lung alveoli. The most common cause is tobacco smoking. Signs and symptoms include coughing with excessive mucus production, and shortness of breath.


staphylococcus aureus pneumonia

An pneumonia caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus.


pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis

Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) is a rare non-lethal pediatric form of interstitial lung disease (ILD).


pulmonary fibrosis and/or bone marrow failure, Telomere-related, 2


acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia

A rare pulmonary disease with histological pattern of interstitial pneumonitis characterized by the deposit of intra-alveolar fibrin and diffuse organizing pneumonia within the alveolar ducts and bronchioles, with large etiological spectra.


diffuse panbronchiolitis

Diffuse panbronchiolitis is a rare chronic inflammatory obstructive pulmonary disease primarily affecting the respiratory bronchioles throughout both lungs and inducing sinobronchial infection. Onset occurs in the second to fifth decade of life and manifests by chronic cough, exertional dyspnea, and sputum production. Most patients also have chronic paranasal sinusitis


combined small cell lung carcinoma

A morphologic variant of small cell lung carcinoma in combination with a non-small cell carcinoma.


endobronchial leiomyoma

A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising endobronchially. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.


occupational allergic alveolitis

Occupational allergic alveolitis designates a hypersensitivity pneumonitis resulting from the inhalation of an antigen to which an individual has been previously sensitized in his/her occupational environment. Symptoms vary depending on the antigen and the form (acute, subacute, chronic) of the disease. They may be cough, dyspnea, chills, fever, weight loss, loss of appetite and general malaise


lung leiomyoma

A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.


A bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma that is characterized by cells with cuboidal or columnar morphology with eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm and shows Clara cell or type 2 pneumocyte differentiation.


Legionnaires' disease

A pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species, which is characterized by fever, cough, progressive respiratory distress, and which is often accompanied by extrapulmonary manifestations.


dystrophic pulmonary ossification

A rare lung disorder characterized by ectopic bone formation within lung parenchyma. DPO can be idiopathic or associated with a variety of cardiovascular, respiratory diseases or other disorders. There are mainly two forms of DPO: nodular and dendriform.


pneumonia caused by chlamydia

An pneumonia caused by infection with Chlamydia.


epithelial predominant pulmonary blastoma

A non-encapsulated, well defined pulmonary blastoma, composed of irregular tubular structures. It affects mostly middle-aged adults and it is rare in children. The prognosis is better compared to the biphasic pulmonary blastoma.


acinar lung adenocarcinoma

A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of acinar structures composed of columnar or cuboidal cells. (NCI05)


baritosis

A rare type of pneumoconiosis caused by long standing exposure to barium dust. It is characterized by the formation of fine dense lesions in the lung parenchyma. The lesions do not affect the lung function and disappear without treatment after the exposure to barium dust stops.


lung hilum neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the hilar region of the lung.


invasive aspergillosis

An aspergillosis that is a serious fungal infection of the lung with pneumonia caused by Aspergillus, which spreads to other parts of the body through bloodstream in patients with acute leukemia and recipients of tissue transplants. Clinical symptoms include pulmonary nodules and hemorrhage.


fibroma of lung

A fibroma that involves the lung.


toxic bronchiolitis obliterans

Toxic bronchiolitis whereby a biospy has shown an obliteration of broncioles.


lung hilum carcinoma

A lung carcinoma arising from the hilum of the lung.


alveoli adenoma

A benign, well circumscribed lung neoplasm morphologically characterized by the presence of cystic spaces resembling alveoli, lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium. The cystic spaces are surrounded by a spindle cell stroma which may show myxoid changes. It is a solitary, usually peripheral lung lesion. Patients are usually asymptomatic and its discovery is an incidental finding during chest X-ray examination. Surgical excision is curative.


contagious pleuropneumonia

A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of mycoplasma.


lung adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells. There is a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Usually lung adenocarcinoma is asymptomatic and is identified through screening studies or as an incidental radiologic finding. If clinical symptoms are present they include shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and fever. Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor.


chronic pneumonitis of infancy

Chronic pneumonitis of infancy is a rare pediatric form of interstitial lung disease (ILD).


idiopathic bronchiectasis

Idiopathic bronchiectasis (IB) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic dilation of the bronchi and destruction of the bronchial walls in the absence of any underlying cause (such as post infectious disease, aspiration, immunodeficiency, congenital abnormalities and ciliary anomalies).


basaloid large cell lung carcinoma

A morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of a solid nodular or anastomotic trabecular growth pattern, peripheral palisading, and comedo type necrosis.


asbestosis

A lung disorder caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers. It results in fibrosis of the lung parenchyma. Signs and symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath and chest pain.


bronchus adenoma

A benign lung neoplasm characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular stroma lined by cuboidal to columnar cells. Patients are usually asymptomatic and it is incidentally discovered as a pulmonary nodule during chest X-ray examination. Surgical excision is curative.


Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 4

Any Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the HPS4 gene.


pleuropulmonary blastoma type 3

A pleuropulmonary blastoma characterized by a solid pattern and sarcomatous features. It usually follows an aggressive clinical course.


classic pulmonary blastoma

A pulmonary blastoma composed of a mixture of irregular tubular structures and mesenchymal elements.


pneumoconiosis due to talc

Pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to talc. It is characterized by fibrosis and granulomatous changes in the lung parenchyma. Chest x-rays reveal diffuse lung opacities and pleural abnormalities.


malignant superior sulcus neoplasm

A malignant neoplasm originating from the apical lung. Most malignant superior sulcus neoplasms are bronchogenic carcinomas. This tumor may be associated with Pancoast syndrome. It is also known as Pancoast tumor.


lung neuroendocrine neoplasm

A low, intermediate, or high grade malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the lung. This category includes typical carcinoid tumor, atypical carcinoid tumor, small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and combined carcinoma.


aspiration pneumonitis

Inflammation of the lungs due to the inhalation of solid or liquid material.


pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

A large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that involves the lung(s).


congenital emphysematous lung disease due to Filamin A loss-of-function variant

Any interstitial lung disease specific to childhood caused by a loss-of-function variation in the FLNA gene. Female children are reported more often. Rare male patients with loss-of-function FLNA mutation-associated lung disease with residual protein function can survive into infancy with a severe form of the phenotype.


pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant non-keratinizing squamoid cells, mucin-producing cells and intermediate type cells.


asbestos-related lung carcinoma

A carcinoma arising in the lung due to exposure to asbestos.


pulmonary fibrosis and/or bone marrow failure, Telomere-related, 4

Any pulmonary fibrosis and/or bone marrow failure, Telomere-related in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the PARN gene.


diffuse pulmonary fibrosis

Diffuse replacement of the lung tissue by connective tissue.


hamartoma of lung

A hamartoma (disease) that involves the lung.


pulmonary hemosiderosis

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is a respiratory disease due to repeated episodes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage without any underlying apparent cause, most often in children. Anemia, cough, and pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiographs are found in majority of the patients.


lung mixed small cell and squamous cell carcinoma

A lung carcinoma characterized by a combination of small cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.


kaolin pneumoconiosis

Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of kaolin dust.


respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease syndrome

Respiratory bronchiolitis - interstitial lung disease is a mild inflammatory pulmonary disorder developed by cigarette smokers and characterized by shortness of breath and cough, pulmonary function abnormalities of mixed restrictive and obstructive lung disease and high resolution CT scanning showing centrilobular micronodules, ground glass opacities and peribronchiolar thickening.


pulmonary fibrosis-hepatic hyperplasia-bone marrow hypoplasia syndrome

Pulmonary fibrosis - hepatic hyperplasia - bone marrow hypoplasia, also named Btrimorphic syndromeB (i.e. three (inherited) morbidities, pulmonary, hepatic and cytopenia), is a rare disease reported in 4 cases to date, manifesting with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic nodular regenerative hyperplasia leading to portal hypertension and thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow hypoplasia. The condition was associated with 100% mortality.


persistent tachypnoe of infancy, aberrant

Persistent tachypnoe of infancy that presents with additional minor abnormalities upon scanning, including ground-glass opacities in other locations, focal consolidations, parenchymal cysts or bronchial wall thickening (N=80; 37%).


bronchiectasis with or without elevated sweat chloride 2

Any bronchiectasis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SCNN1A gene.


vanishing lung syndrome

A rare form of irreversible damage to the pulmonary parenchyma often due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, including worsening dyspnea, cough, declining pulmonary function, and occasionally spontaneous pneumothorax due to ruptured bullae.


bronchogenic carcinoma

A lung carcinoma arising from the bronchial epithelium.


farmer's lung disease

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by the repeated exposure and inhalation of biological dust (such as hay dust, mold spores, or other agricultural products). It is considered a type II hypersensitivity inflammatory reaction. In the acute phase, signs and symptoms include fever, chills, cough, dyspnea, headache, and chest tightness. The subacute phase manifests as chronic cough, dyspnea, anorexia, and weight loss. The chronic phase results from the prolonged exposure to the antigen and is characterized by severe dyspnea and irreversible damage to the lungs.


cellular interstitial pneumonitis

An interstitial lung disease specific to infancy that is characterized by tachypnea at birth and persistent disease, diffuse interstitial thickening due to pale oval and spindle-shaped histiocytes without scarring.


lung PEComa

A lung tumor that arises from perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs).


hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a very rare primary interstitial lung disease due to pulmonary surfactant accumulation within the alveolar macrophages and alveoli, characterized by a variable clinical course ranging from an asymptomatic clinical presentation and spontaneous remission, to symptoms such as dyspnea and cough, or to severe respiratory failure.


rheumatoid lung disease

Rheumatoid lung disease is a group of lung problems related to rheumatoid arthritis.


adiaspiromycosis

Adiaspiromycosis is a rare fungal infection in the lung and is caused by inhalation of spores of the saprophytic soil fungus Chrysosporium parvum var crescens (previously known as Emmonsia crescens).


Niemann-Pick disease type B

Niemann-Pick disease type B is a mild subtype of Niemann-Pick disease, an autosomal recessive lysosomal disease, and is characterized clinically by onset in childhood with hepatosplenomegaly, growth retardation, and lung disorders such as infections and dyspnea


hyperlucent lung

A lung with reduced markings on its chest radiograph and increased areas of transradiancy (hyperlucency). A hyperlucent lung is usually associated with pulmonary emphysema or pneumothorax.


occult small cell lung carcinoma

A small cell lung carcinoma detectable by sputum cytology only. The primary tumor is undetectable radiographically or during bronchoscopy; therefore, it can not be assessed.


pulmonary fibrosis and/or bone marrow failure, Telomere-related, 1

Any pulmonary fibrosis and/or bone marrow failure, Telomere-related in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the TERT gene.


anthracosis

A chronic lung disorder characterized by deposition of coal dust in the lung parenchyma leading to the formation of black nodules and emphysema. It occurs in coal miners.


lung colloid adenocarcinoma

A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of mucin pools containing islands of well differentiated adenocarcinoma cells.


lung occult squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell lung carcinoma detectable by sputum cytology only. The primary tumor is undetectable radiographically or during bronchoscopy; therefore, it can not be assessed.


persistent tachypnoe of infancy

A interstial lung disease characterized by the presence of persistent or intermittent tachypnea (usually noticed in neonatal period or after an acute infection for the first time in first months of life), crackles in 86 %, retractions in 82%, failure to thrive in 66%, chest wall abnormalities in 22% and hypoxemia or desaturation in 88%.


chronic beryllium disease

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous, interstitial lung disease that occurs in individuals who develop beryllium sensitization (BeS), a cell-mediated immune response to environmental and occupational beryllium exposure. BeS precedes the lung disease that may present with chronic dry cough, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, and increasing dyspnea.


Mac-Leod-Swyer-James-Syndrome

A rare lung condidtion characterized by often predominantly unilateral lung hyperlucency and air trapping. The condition is a post-infectious form of bronchiolitis obliterans and typically follows a viral respiratory infection in infancy and childhood. Adenovirus infection is considered the most usual epidemiology. In SJS, the involved lung or portion of the lung does not grow normally and is slightly smaller than the opposite lung: in particular, peripheral branches of the pulmonary vessels do not develop, and vasculature is arreseted at the stage at which the infection occurred. Patients respond well to management with bronchodilators, even though this is not primarily a bronchial abnormality.


neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NCHI) is a non-lethal pediatric form of interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by tachypnea without respiratory failure.


pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndromet that occurs in pediatric patients and includes findings of new infiltrates (unilateral or bilateral) consistent with acute parenchymal disease, edema not fully explained by fluid overload or cardiac failure, and may present as new acute lung disease in setting of chronic lung disease and/or heart disease, and perinatal lung disease is excluded.


secondary pulmonary hemosiderosis

Secondary pulmonary hemosiderosis is a respiratory disease due to the deposition of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in lungs as a result of repeated alveolar hemorrhage secondary to another disease, especially dysimmunitary disorders (i.e. Heiner syndrome, autoimmune diseases), thrombotic disorders and cardiovascular disorders such as mitral stenosis. It manifests as a triad of hemoptysis, anemia and diffuse parenchymal infiltrates on chest radiography


pulmonary venoocclusive disease 2

A rare form of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) characterized by a capillary infiltration of the pulmonary interstitium, bronchioles and pleura leading to elevated pulmonary arterial resistance and right heart failure. PCH is potentially fatal.


interstitial lung disease specific to adulthood


malt worker's lung

An extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by infection with Aspergillus.


surfactant metabolism dysfunction, pulmonary, 4


exposure-related interstitial lung disease


lung lymphoma

A rare non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in and is confined to the lung at the time of diagnosis.


interstitial lung disease in childhood and adulthood


lung inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor

An intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.


rickettsial pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by infection with bacteria of the family rickettsiaceae.


lung non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises in and is confined to the lung at the time of diagnosis. Representative examples include bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.


A bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma that is characterized by a tumour cells containing abundant mucin in their cytoplasm and composed of tall columnar cells growing along alveolar walls without stromal invasion.


lymphoepithelioma-like lung carcinoma

A morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of a syncytial growth pattern, large vesicular nuclei with esophnophilic nucleoi, and dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration.


pneumonia caused by gram negative bacteria


persistent tachypnoe of infancy, usual

Persistent tachypnoe of infancy that presents with with no other airway or parenchymal abnormalities upon scanning (N=80; 63%).


lung occult large cell carcinoma

A large cell lung carcinoma detectable by sputum cytology only. The primary tumor is undetectable radiographically or during bronchoscopy; therefore, it can not be assessed.


bronchiectasis with or without elevated sweat chloride 1


lung adenocarcinoma in situ

A localized non-invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung measuring 3 cm or less. It is characterized by a pure lepidic growth pattern and the lack of stromal, vascular, or pleural invasion.


occupational asthma

Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.


large cell lung carcinoma, clear cell variant

A morphologic variant of large cell lung carcinoma characterized by a predominance of clear cells that may or may not contain glycogen.


mixed mineral dust pneumoconiosis

Pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of mixed mineral dust particles.


pulmonary fibrosis and/or bone marrow failure, telomere-related, 6


pulmonary fibrosis and/or bone marrow failure, telomere-related, 5


house allergic alveolitis

House allergic alveolitis is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis resulting from the inhalation of an antigen to which an individual has been previously sensitized in his/her domestic environment. House allergic alveolitis encompasses summer hypersensitivity pneumonitis, humidifier-induced lung diseases, hot tub lung and legionellosis.


neonatal acute respiratory distress due to SP-B deficiency

An autosomal recessive condition caused by mutation(s) in the SFTPB gene, encoding pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B. It is characterized by severe respiratory distress-like illness and responds poorly to exogenous administration of surfactant.


congenital chylothorax

Congenital chylothorax is a rare, potentially life-threatening neonatal condition characterized by the accumulation of chyle within the pleural space leading to respiratory distress, malnutrition and immunological compromise, either immediately after birth or within the first few weeks of life. Congenital chylothorax is the most common cause of pleural effusion in neonates; it can occur primarily due to developmental anomalies of the lymphatic duct or can be associated with chromosomal anomalies (e.g. Noonan syndrome, Turner syndrome and Down syndrome), hydrops fetalis, mediastinal neuroblastoma and other congenital malformations.


adenosquamous lung carcinoma

An aggressive carcinoma with a poor prognosis characterized by a presence of both malignant squamous cells and glandular cells.


lung combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

A subtype of large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of large neuroendocrine cells in combination with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma and/ or spindle cell carcinoma.


toxic pneumonitis

A pneumonia that is an acute inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors. It is a sentinel health event (occupational) associated with exposure to ammonia (refrigeration, fertilizer, and oil refining industries), chlorine (alkali and bleach industries), nitrogen oxides (silo fillers, arc welders, and nitric acid industry), sulfur dioxide (paper, refrigeration, and oil refining industries), cadmium (processors and cadmium smelters), trimellitic anhydride (plastics and organic chemical synthesis), and vanadium pentoxide (boilermakers). The two types of pulmonary agents are central and peripheral. Central pulmonary agents, for example, ammonia, are water soluble irritants that injure the upper airways. Peripheral pulmonary agents, for example, phosgene, NOx, and PFIB, are slightly water soluble irritants that injure the alveolar-capillary membranes. Chlorine has both central and peripheral effects.


bird fancier's lung

Hypersensitivity granulomatous pneumonitis caused by the inhalation of avian antigens that are present in the dust of the droppings and feathers of many species of birds. In the acute phase it manifests as fever, chills, dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness. Chronic exposure may lead to interstitial lung fibrosis.


secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

A form of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis that arises in association with hematological disorders, medications, certain infections, acute silicosis, and immunodeficiency.


byssinosis

An occupational lung disorder caused by exposure to cotton dust. It occurs more commonly in workers in the textile industry. Signs and symptoms include chest tightness, cough and wheezing. The symptoms tend to get worse at the beginning of the week and subside by the end of the week.


acute chest syndrome

A vaso-occlusive crisis of the pulmonary vasculature occurring in patients with sickle cell disease. It is characterized by the presence of a new radiodensity on a chest radiograph accompanied by fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia.


silo filler disease

A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis caused by hypersensitivity to high level of inhaled nitrogen oxides, decomposition products of silage.


lung signet ring cell carcinoma

A morphologic variant of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of signet ring cells.


fungal lung infectious disease

Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.


familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia 3

Any familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the AP2S1 gene.


localized pulmonary fibrosis

Replacement of the lung tissue by connective tissue in a specific area of the lung.


pleuropulmonary blastoma

A malignant neoplasm affecting the lungs and/or the pleura. Pleuropulmonary blastoma is seen in children. Microscopically, the tumor may show features of chondrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, or undifferentiated sarcoma. In approximately 25% of patients with pleuropulmonary blastoma, there are other lesions or neoplasms that may affect patients or their families, including lung or kidney cysts, and ovarian or testicular neoplasms. Heterozygous germline mutations in DICER1 gene have been identified in families harboring pleuropulmonary blastomas.


meconium aspiration syndrome

A serious condition in which a newborn breathes a mixture of meconium (the first intestinal discharge) and amniotic fluid into the lungs around the time of delivery. Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs in 5-10 percent of births and typically occurs when the infant is stressed, as when the infant is past its due date.


lung benign neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the lung parenchyma or the bronchi. Representative examples include lung adenoma, lung hamartoma, and endobronchial lipoma.


Rajab interstitial lung disease with brain calcifications


ventilation pneumonitis

An extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of antigens from thermophilic actinomycetes species growing in air conditioners and humidifiers. Fungi like Aureobasidium sp and Candida albicans that survive in the contaminated water in humidifiers and air conditioners are also known to cause the disease.


lung mucous gland adenoma

A benign adenomatous neoplasm that arises from the mucous glands in the bronchus.


slate pneumoconiosis

Pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to slate dust.


hypersensitivity pneumonitis, familial

An instance of hypersensitivity pneumonitis that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.


pulmonary sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis affecting the lung parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas in the lung tissues. It is manifested with dyspnea, cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss.


lymphoid interstitial pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia characterized by the presence of bibasilar pulmonary interstitial infiltrates composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells. It may be associated with autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders. Signs and symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea. Symptomatic patients may require immunosuppressive treatment.


hemosiderosis, pulmonary, with deficiency of gamma-a globulin


bagassosis

An occupational lung disorder caused by inhalation of bagasse dust. In the acute phase, it manifests as cough, dyspnea, fever, chills, and weakness. Chronic exposure may lead to interstitial lung fibrosis.


high altitude pulmonary edema

A rare pulmonary condition characterized by non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema occurring in otherwise healthy individuals within days of an ascent above 2500-3000 m. Early symptoms include exertional dyspnea, non-productive cough, chest tightness, and reduced exercise performance, followed by dyspnea at rest and possibly orthopnea, as well as gurgling in the chest and pink frothy sputum in advanced cases. Clinical signs are cyanosis, tachypnea, tachycardia, crackles or wheezing, and elevated body temperature (generally not exceeding 38.5°C). Signs of concomitant high-altitude cerebral edema may also be observed. Chest x-rays typically show patchy opacities predominantly in the right middle lobe.


lung carcinoid tumor

A neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of uniform polygonal cells with small or moderate amount of cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli. The cells are usually arranged in organoid and trabecular patterns. It is classified as typical or atypical carcinoid tumor based on the number of mitotic figures and the absence or presence of necrosis. Atypical carcinoid tumors have a worse prognosis.


lung combined type small cell adenocarcinoma

A lung combined type small cell carcinoma that has material basis in epithelial tissue of glandular origin.


Rajab interstitial lung disease with brain calcifications 1


primary interstitial lung disease specific to adulthood


Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 1

Any Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the HPS1 gene.


pulmonary coin lesion

A single lung lesion that is characterized by a small round mass of tissue, usually less than 1 cm in diameter, and can be detected by chest radiography. A solitary pulmonary nodule can be associated with neoplasm, tuberculosis, cyst, or other anomalies in the lung, the chest wall, or the pleura.


pulmonary sulcus neoplasm

A neoplasm originating from the apical lung. Most superior sulcus neoplasms are bronchogenic carcinomas. This tumor may be associated with Pancoast syndrome. It is also known as Pancoast tumor.


surfactant metabolism dysfunction, pulmonary, 2


bronchus mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A mucoepidermoid carcinoma that involves the bronchus.


acute lung injury

A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (pulmonary edema) rich in neutrophils, and in the absence of clinical heart failure. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).


interstitial lung disease specific to infancy


hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

An infection caused by Hantaviruses. It manifests with flu-like symptoms but it rapidly progresses to life-threatening respiratory problems.


lung lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangiomyomatosis involving the lungs and local lymph nodes. Patients usually present with chylous pleural effusion. The clinical course is variable. Patients with resectable lesions usually have a favorable clinical outcome. Patients with diffuse lesions usually have a progressive clinical course.


Langerhans cell histiocytosis in childhood and adulthood


well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung

Well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA) of the lung is a rare, primary, low-grade, bronchopulmonary neoplasm characterized by a well-circumscribed, usually large, pulmonary mass that is histologically composed of glycogen-rich neoplastic glands and tubules that resemble fetal lungs at 10 to 16 weeks of gestation and benign adjacent stroma. It typically presents with chest pain, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis and/or generalized, non-specific symptoms, such as night sweats, lethargy, poor appetite and weight loss.


Heiner syndrome

Heiner syndrome, also called cow's milk hypersensitivity, is a food induced pulmonary hypersensiting syndrome that affects primarily infants and that is characterized by pulmonary hemosiderosis, digestive bleeding, anemia and poor growing, improving with elimination of cow's milk from the diet.


lung epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma

A lung carcinoma arising within the bronchi or bronchial tubes. It is characterized by the presence of myoepithelial cells, spindle cells, clear cells, and duct-forming epithelial cells. Surgical resection may be curative.


hemangioma of lung

A hemangioma that involves the lung.