Interphalangeal Joint 5

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the fifth digit of the hand or foot.


left uterine tube

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].


gravid uterus

The uterus in pregnancy.


Cardia Gland

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Simple tubular or compound racemose type glands located in the region where the esophagus attaches to the stomach which secrete mucus.


Carpometacarpal Joint 1

A saddle-shaped synovial joint between the metacarpal of the thumb and the trapezium.


Tibialcrural Artery

The blood vessel segment that includes the crural artery and the tibial artery.


right cardiac atrium

A cardiac atrium that is in the right side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.


Skin structure of buttock

The skin or integument covering the buttocks.


Carpometacarpal Joint 4

A plane joint between the fourth metacarpal and the hamate.


Postauricular lymph node

The lymph nodes located immediately posterior to the ear; also known as the mastoid lymph nodes or the posterior auricular lymph nodes.


Non-Glabrous Skin

Hairy skin.


Intrathoracic Lymph Node

Any lymph node within the thoracic cavity.


Reflex Tear

A type of tear produced in response to irritation from foreign particles, vapors, bright lights, or peppery substances; contains higher amounts of antibodies in comparison to other tear types.


Posterior Cervical Lymph Node

A lymph node located in the posterior region of the neck. (NCI)


muscularis mucosae of stomach

The thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosal layer of the stomach that functions to agitate the surface area stomach mucosa by moving the villi back and forth.


Neuron, Neuroepithelial Cell, and Supporting Cell of the Nervous System

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A grouping for all the different types of cells of the nervous system.


Hypophyseal Portal Vein

The blood vessel that drains blood from the capillary beds between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Levels and Sublevels

The anatomical structures that define the neck lymph node boundaries.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Sublevel VA

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for sublevel VA: Superior: apex of the convergence of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles; inferior: horizontal plane defined by the lower border of the cricoid cartilage; anterior (medial): posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle or sensory branches of the cervical plexus; posterior (lateral): anterior border of the trapezius muscle. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Structure of median cephalic vein

A vein between the biceps and supinator longus muscle in the forearm that unites with the radial vein to form the cephalic vein.


Skin of chest

The integument that covers the chest.


chromaffin paraganglion

Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads.


Gastrointestinal Fluid or Secretion

Fluids and secretions within the passage leading from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestine which cause digestion.


lower respiratory tract cartilage

A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition].


Tibial Growth Plate

A layer of cartilaginous tissue located in the tibia of children and adolescents that separates the epiphysis from the metaphysis and is the site of longitudinal bone growth until skeletal maturity.


Endocrine Sex Organ

The tissue responsible for generating and secreting hormones involved in reproduction. In males, testosterone is produced and secreted from the testes while the female ovaries produce and secrete estrogens and progestrones.


Embryonic Structure or System

Body tissue, region, surface, cavity, fluid, organ, or collection of organs present in, or associated with, an embryo.


Inferior Mediastinal Lymph Node

A group of lymph nodes located in the inferior part of the mediastinum.


Skin structure of forearm

The integument that covers the forearm.


Retrosacral Lymph Node

A lymph node located in the retrosacral region.


sensory ganglion

The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Sublevel IIA

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for sublevel IIA: Superior: skull base; inferior: horizontal plane defined by the inferior border of the hyoid bone; anterior (medial): stylohyoid muscle; posterior (lateral): vertical plane defined by the spinal accessory nerve. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Skin Around the Eye

The skin surrounding the eye, including the skin of the eyelid.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 3

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the third digit of the hand or foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


nasal cartilage

One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP].


Interosseous Vein

One of two deep veins (anterior or posterior) that run parallel to their corresponding artery in the forearm to drain the wrist and hand.


acetabular part of hip bone

The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted].


Microanatomic Structure

Those anatomic structures that are generally only visible through the use of microscopy.


Upper extremity part

Any component of the region of the body that includes the arm, the forearm, and hand.


Metatarsophalangeal Joint 5

A condyloid synovial joint within the fifth digit of the foot connecting metatarsal with the proximal phalanx.


Structure of valve of coronary sinus

A thin, crescent-shaped fold of the endocardium at the orifice of the coronary sinus into the right atrium.


Structure of epitrochlear lymph node

A lymph node located above and adjacent to the elbow.


Colon Lymph Node

Any lymph node within the colon.


Interphalangeal Joint 2

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the second digit of the hand or foot.


Urinary System Part

Any component of the organs involved in the creation and excretion of urine.


Portal Vein Bifurcation

The portion of the distal end of the main portal vein that branches into the left and right portal veins.


Carpometacarpal Joint 3

A plane joint between the third metacarpal and the capitate.


Salivary serous gland

Salivary glands that produce and secrete a saliva made up exclusively of a pale-yellow transparent fluid containing amylase.


manual digit 5

5th digit of the manus.


right kidney

A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].


Suprapubic Skin

The skin above the pubic area.


atlanto-axial joint

The Atlanto-axial joint is of a complicated nature, comprising no fewer than four distinct joints. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas.


pubic symphysis

The firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments.


heart left ventricle

A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart.


Skin Fluid or Secretion

Secretions of the skin.


crista ampullaris

The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration.


lingual nerve

The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue. It also carries fibers from the facial nerve, which return taste information from the anterior two thirds of the tongue.


saccule of membranous labyrinth

The smaller of the two otolith organs in the vestibule.


Structure of parotid lymph node

A lymph node located close to, on, or within the parotid gland.


Lateral Ligament of the Liver

Either of the two triangular ligaments (left or right) extending from the diaphragm to the liver.


Seromucous Salivary Gland

A gland of the mouth that produces both serous fluid and mucous.


lacrimal nerve

The lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.


Medial meniscus structure

A semicircular meniscus located towards the inner aspect of the knee joint.


meningeal dura mater

The inner layer of the dura mater surrounding the brain. It is mostly fused with the outer layer, the endocranium that is adherent to the inner aspect of the cranial bones. These two layers form the dura mater. The latter covers and protects the brain and the spinal cord.


Interphalangeal Joint 4 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the fourth digit of the foot.


broad ligament of uterus

A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis.


Posterior Ulnar Vein

A vein that ascends on the posterior surface of the ulnar side of the forearm to drain the palm of the hand. The posterior ulnar vein either unites with the anterior ulnar vein to form the common ulnar vein or with the median basilic vein to form the basilic vein.


Nearest Joint

The anatomical joint in closest proximity to the entity or object of interest.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 5 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fifth digit of the foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


Polyovular Follicle

An ovarian follicle that contains more than one oocyte.


Autonomic Nervous System Part

Any component of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system.


Lymph Node of Inguinal Region or Leg

Any lymph node that is located in the inguinal region or in either leg.


Metatarsophalangeal Joint 2

A condyloid synovial joint within the second digit of the foot connecting metatarsal with the proximal phalanx.


Common femoral vein

A vein that accompanies the common femoral artery and is formed by the confluence of the femoral vein and the deep femoral vein.


Musculoskeletal System Part

Any component of the system of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form.


Capitate-Lunate Joint

The articulation of the capitate and lunate bones in the wrist.


Skin of the Infrascapular Region

The integument that covers the region of the back, lateral to the vertebral region and below the scapula.


ophthalmic nerve

The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 4

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fourth digit of the hand or foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


limb segment

A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles.


Structure of anatomic arteriovenous anastomosis

A direct linkage between an artery and a vein.


regional part of nervous system

Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS.


flat bone

A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow.


Median Vein

A vein originating in the thumb that ascends the forearm and branches into the median basilic and median cephalic veins at the elbow.


Lymph node of aortopulmonary window

A lymph node located in the aortopulmonary window.


urogenital diaphragm

Muscular components of the deep perineal pouch.


Neuroendocrine Cells

An endocrine cell that produces and releases hormones and regulatory proteins such as neurotransmitters and neuropeptide hormones. This type of cell enables autocrine communication with paracrine and endocrine cells throughout the body.


Venous Plasma

Plasma that has been isolated from venous blood.


Regional lymph node

A lymph node that drains lymph from a region of interest.


Structure of esophageal lymph node

Any lymph node located near the esophagus, including cervical, and upper, middle, and lower thoracic lymph nodes.


proximal epiphysis of tibia

A proximal epiphysis that is part of a tibia.


Metacarpophalangeal Joint 4

A condyloid synovial joint within the fourth digit of the hand connecting the metacarpal to the proximal phalanx.


Aortoiliac Artery Segment

The segment of the arterial system that includes the iliac artery and its origin from the aorta.


Precentral cerebellar vein

A vein that arises from the precentral cerebellar fissure and terminates in the great central vein.


Anular ligament of radius

A ligament that surrounds the head of the radius.


Cortical Vein

Any vein within the cortex of the brain.


inferior parathyroid gland

Either of two paired parathyroid glands distal to the head.


Left brachiocephalic vein

A vein in the upper chest on the left side of the body that joins with the right innominate vein to form the superior vena cava.


Perifacial Lymph Node

A lymph node that is located above the mandibular margin of the submandibular triangle and is associated with the anterior facial vein and facial artery.


Structure of posterior cricoarytenoid ligament

A fibrous band extending from the cricoid to the inner, posterior border of the arytenoid cartilage.


Femoral lymph node group

A lymph node located in the upper inner portion of the thigh.


paraurethral gland

The numerous mucous-secreting glands found in several female mammalian species (including rodents and humans) on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra, and possessing a common paraurethral duct which opens (on each side) near the external urethral orifice; they are homologous with the prostate gland in males, have highly variable anatomy, and are believed to be the source of the female ejaculate, a lubricating fluid with a similar consistency to male prostatic fluid that is expelled through the urethra during sexual stimulation; like the male prostate, these glands are susceptible to infection (skenitis), cyst development, and cancer.


organism subdivision

Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.


Heart part

Any component of the organ which receives blood from the veins and ejects it into the arteries.


Digestive System Part

A term that refers to any anatomic structure that is part of the digestive system.


Structure of prelaryngeal lymph node

A lymph node located anterior to the larynx.


Skin structure of lower extremity

The integumentary covering of the lower extremities.


celiac ganglion

The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted].


Hepatoportal lymph node

A lymph node located in the transverse fissure of the liver.


Tibioperoneal Arterial Trunk

An arterial trunk that contains parts of the posterior tibial artery and fibular artery.


Intrahepatic Portion of the Right Hepatic Duct

The section of the right hepatic duct located in the liver.


Pararectal lymph node group

A lymph node that is located in the connective tissue adjacent to the rectum.


Paralaryngeal Lymph Node

A lymph node located adjacent to the larynx, in the parapharyngeal space.


thoracic ganglion

The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted].


Skin structure of chin

The integumentary covering of the chin.


mandibular nerve

The motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini.


right ear

The organ of hearing located on the right side of the head.


left ureter

An ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].


Internal Occipital Vein

A group of veins that drain the infero-internal portion of the occipital lobe into the vein of Galen.


Structure of anal gland

Paired glands located on either side of the anus of most carnivores that secrete a noxious-smelling liquid, thus allowing members of the same species to identify one another.


regional part of spinal cord

A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord.


Uterine adnexae structure

The accessory structures of the uterus, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, broad ligament, and the ovarian and uterine ligaments.


Skin part

Any component of the organ that constitutes the external surface of the body, including the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages.


Scaphoid-Trapezoid Joint

The articulation of the scaphoid and trapezoid bones in the wrist.


long bone

A long bone is a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide. Long bones have a thick outside layer of compact bone and an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow.  The ends of a long bone contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal plate or line depending on the stage of development. The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage, where new bone growth takes place, lengthening the bone prior to adulthood. Bone lengthening ceases when this cartilage is lost, leaving a remnant referred to as an epiphyseal line.


Splenic Lymph Node

Any lymph node located along the splenic artery that receives afferent drainage from the pancreas, spleen, and stomach, and which generally has their efferents join the celiac group of preaortic lymph nodes.


mucoid tissue

Loose connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of mucoid ground substance. Examples: Mucoid tissue of umbilical cord, mucoid tissue of vitreous body, mucoid tissue of nucleus pulposus.


Endocrine Testis

The part of the testis that produces testosterone.


Interphalangeal Joint 3 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the third digit of the foot.


Internal mammary lymph node group

Any of the lymph nodes located within the breast parenchyma.


Atrioventricular valve

One of two valves in the heart situated between the atria and ventricles, including the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve.


parietal pleura

The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural.


blood vessel external elastic membrane

A thin layer of fibrous tissue capable of stretching and contracting. It is part of the tunica media of the blood vessels.


manual digit 4

4th digit of the manus.


Lymph Node of Head, Face and Neck

Lymph nodes found within the head and neck region of the body, which drain into the deep cervical nodes, either directly or indirectly. These include the occipital, mastoid, parotid, facial, retropharyngeal, submandibular, submental, lingual and cervical lymph nodes. Any lymph node located in the head or neck.


nasal septum

The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted].


pancreatic acinus

The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct.


Interphalangeal Joint 5 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the fifth digit of the foot.


Distal Interphalangeal Joint 3 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the third digit of the hand connecting the middle and distal phalanges.


Scaphoid-Lunate-Capitate Joint

A condyloid synovial joint within the wrist connecting the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate bones.


Salivary mucous gland

Salivary glands that produce and secrete a saliva made up exclusively of mucous.


tonsillar pillar

The anterior and posterior borders of the tonsillar fossa. They are composed of muscle tissue.


Epithelium Part

Any component of the avascular cellular layers that cover body surfaces and cavities and may form glands.


Endocrine Ovary

The part of the ovary that produces hormones, mainly estrogen and progesterone, though small amounts of androgens and other protein hormones are also produced.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Level IV

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for level IV: Superior: horizontal plane defined by the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage; inferior: clavicle; anterior (medial): lateral border of the sternohyoid muscle; posterior (lateral): lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid or sensory branches of the cervical plexus. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Paratracheal lymph node group

A lymph node located adjacent to the trachea within the mediastinum. (NCI)


Skin of the Bending Joint

The integument that covers the bending joints.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Sublevel IB

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for sublevel IB: Superior: body of the mandible; inferior: posterior belly of the digastric muscle; anterior (medial): anterior belly of the digastric muscle; posterior (lateral): stylohyoid muscle. (AJCC 8th ed.)


nasociliary nerve

A branch of the ophthalmic nerve that serves to supply the mucous membrane of the nose, the tip of the nose, and the conjunctiva.


Structure of splenic lymph node

A lymph node located in the hilar region of the spleen.


Level III axillary lymph node

Axillary lymph nodes located superomedial to pectoralis minor.


conceptus

The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP].


Structure of thalamostriate vein

Either of two veins including the inferior and superior thalamostriate veins within the thalamus and striatum.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Level VI

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for level VI: Superior: hyoid bone; inferior: suprasternal notch; anterior (medial): common carotid artery; posterior (lateral): common carotid artery. (AJCC 8th ed.)


cortex of lymph node

Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP].


Lower extremity part

Any component of the hip, thigh, leg and foot.


Skin of the Sole

The integument that covers the underside of the foot.


diaphysis of radius

A diaphysis that is part of a radius bone[Automatically generated definition].


Structure of facial nerve marginal mandibular branch

A branch of the facial nerve that innervates the musculature of the lower lip.


body of lateral ventricle

Part of lateral ventricle consisting of the central portion that lies dorsally, bounded by the thalamus on the ventral side (Adapted from Heimer, 1996).


Structure of left seminal vesicle

The seminal gland that is located to the anatomical left of the bladder.


Pectoral lymph node group

An axillary lymph node located along the lower edge of the pectoralis minor.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 2

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the second digit of the hand or foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


Subsegmental Bronchus of Left Lung

A part the bronchial tree of the left lung, an air passage arising from any segmental bronchus of the left lung and passing to the naturally delimited part of lung segment (subsegment), where it further subdivides into smaller passages.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 5

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fifth digit of the hand or foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


Left Lower Forearm

The distal half of the left upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.


golgi tendon organ

The sensory organ in muscle that is involved in regulating muscle tension.


brain ventricle

One of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid.


Structure of medial collateral ligament of knee joint

The flat, broad band of fibrous tissue located posteriorly on the inner side of the knee, extending from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial margin and surface of the tibia to prevent the knee from moving medially.


Superior Maxillary Nerve

The second division of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory fibers to all structures in and around the maxillary bone and the midfacial region.


Joint by Site

A grouping of joints based on their anatomical location.


Reproductive System Part

Any component of the male or female organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring.


Endocrine Reproductive Tissue

Tissue from reproductive organs within the endocrine system.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 2 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the second digit of the foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


Internal Lateral Ankle Ligament

A flat, triangular fibrous tissue connected to the inner malleolus, navicular bone and ligament, os calcis and astragalus.


Small Intestinal Serosal Surface

The thin outermost layer of loose connective tissue covering the outer surface of the small intestine. It is derived from the peritoneum.


upper eyelid

The larger thin membrane of skin extending from above the orbit and that covers a great portion of the eye.


Tissue Part

Any component of the anatomical structure consisting of similarly specialized cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships, performing a specific function.


Interval Lymph Node

One of the nodes that lie along the course of a lymphatic vessel between a primary melanoma site and a recognized node field. (from Medscape)


Carpometacarpal Joint 5

A plane joint between the fifth metacarpal and the pisiform.


lower eyelid

The small thin membrane of skin extending from below the orbit and that covers the bottom portion of the eye.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 3 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the third digit of the hand connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


Round Ligament

Any of the round ligaments including the round ligament of the liver and the round ligament of the uterus.


amphiarthrosis

Amphiarthrosis is a type of continuous, slightly movable joint.


Scaphoid-Lunate Joint

The articulation of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.


Basal Cerebral Vein of Rosenthal

A large blood vessel formed by the anterior and deep middle cerebral veins and small branches from the insula and cerebral peduncles which receives tributaries from the temporal horn and the medial temporal lobe and is joined by the inferior striate veins. This vessel may also receive blood from the lateral mesencephalic vein and empties into the vein of Galen.


lumbar nerve plexus

A nervous plexus in the lumbar region of the body which forms part of the lumbosacral plexus.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Sublevel IIB

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for sublevel IIB: Superior: skull base; inferior: horizontal plane defined by the inferior body of the hyoid bone; anterior (medial): vertical plane defined by the spinal accessory nerve; posterior (lateral): lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Skin structure of back

The integumentary covering of the back.


Intracranial Anterior Circulation

A term referring to the brain area that is supplied by both the right and the left internal carotid arteries and their arterial branches.


vestibular nerve

The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. It receives positional information. Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla. It arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, ganglion of Scarpa, which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus. [WP,unvetted].


Skin Around the Mouth

The skin surrounding the mouth, including the skin of the lip.


right uterine tube

A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].


Distant Lymph Node

A lymph node located distant to the anatomic site of interest.


Structure of organ capsule

The external membranous envelope, typically comprising dense, irregular connective tissue, that encapsulates some organs.


Testicular Tissue

Parenchyma composed of seminiferous tubules embedded in loose connective interstitial tissue. The interstitial tissue contains clusters of testosterone-secreting Leydig cells, collagen and myoid cells.


Structure of peroneal vein

A vein that arises from the plantar veins of the foot, accompanies the peroneal artery, and travels up the back of the leg to join the anterior and posterior tibial veins in forming the popliteal vein on the posterior surface of the knee.


Intrahepatic Large Bile Duct

The larger bile ducts which are located within the liver and drain bile from the smaller peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts into the right and left hepatic ducts.


Right brachiocephalic vein

A short vein in the area of the clavicle on the right side of the body that joins with the left innominate vein to form the superior vena cava.


reproductive organ

An organ involved in reproduction.


External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle

A ligament consisting of three distinct fasciculi including the anterior, middle and posterior fasciculi.


Iliac vessel

Any of the branches of the vessels arising from the common iliac artery or vein, located in the pelvis.


sacral nerve plexus

A nerve plexus which provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis.


female urethra

A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system.


Skin structure of palmar area of hand

The integument that covers the palms.


Head and Neck Part

Any component associated with of the base of the skull and facial bones, sinuses, orbits, salivary glands, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, thyroid, facial and neck musculature and lymph nodes draining these areas.


Laryngeal Mucous Salivary Gland

One of the many muciparous glands within the mucous membrane of the larynx.


arytenoid cartilage

The paired triangular laryngeal cartilages located postlaterally at the level of the thyroid cartilage.


Posterior common hepatic lymph node

A lymph node located in the space between the portal vein and inferior vena cava, along the hepatoduodenal ligament.


Right lumbar lymph node group proper

A lymph node located adjacent to the lumbar region of the spine, along the right lateral aspect of the inferior vena cava.


Neuroepithelial Cells

A neural stem cell that can give rise to radial glial progenitor cells which through subsequent divisions may generate neurons or mature glial cells. This may also refer to the specialized sensory epithelial cells of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems.


Integumentary system part

Any component of the enveloping membrane of the body, including the epidermis and dermis, and all of the derivatives of the epidermis.


Interphalangeal Joint 4

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the fourth digit of the hand or foot.


anterior horn of lateral ventricle

Part of the lateral ventricle that extends anteriorly into the frontal lobes, bordered by the head of the caudate nucleus on the lateral side (Adapted from Heimer, 1996).


right ovary

An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition].


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 4 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fourth digit of the foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


left ear

The organ of hearing located on the left side of the head[ncit,modified].


Fixed Lymph Node

A lymph node that has reduced mobility or is attached to adjacent structures.


vitreous body

Gelatinous mucoid tissue that is composed of vitreous humor and fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina[MP,modified].


left lung alveolus

An alveolus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition].


Female Genital System Fluid or Secretion


vascular system

Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels.


Distal Interphalangeal Joint 4 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fourth digit of the hand connecting the middle and distal phalanges.


brain white matter

The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites.


Gastrohepatic Lymph Node

A lymph node located in the gastrohepatic ligament.


Costochondral Joint 7

The seventh hyaline cartilaginous joint between the ribs and costal cartilage.


Interphalangeal Joint 3 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the third digit of the hand.


Neural Pathways

The route in which a nerve impulse travels through a series of linked axons to connect different regions within the central nervous system or to convey information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain.


Hair Part

Any component of the filamentous outgrowth of the epidermis.


Upper paratracheal lymph node

A lymph node located adjacent to the trachea within the mediastinum, above the inferior margin of the left brachiocephalic vein crossing the trachea on the left and the superior border of the aortic arch on the right.


Epithelial Cells

Any of the cells of the epithelium, which covers the body and lines its cavities and glands.


Regional tree segment of artery

A segment of a blood vessel that is part of the arterial system.


Distal Interphalangeal Joint 2 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the second digit of the hand connecting the middle and distal phalanges.


taste bud

A specialized receptor organ that is a collection of cells spanning the gustatory epithelium.


Connective Tissue Fiber

One of three main components of connective tissue (fibers, ground substance and cells), of which there are three types: collagenous (thick bundles of collagen), reticular (thin bundles of collagen), and elastic fibers (branching bundles of elastin).


Glabrous skin

Skin that is naturally hairless.


nerve plexus

Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA].


Cardiovascular System Part

A term that refers to individual anatomic parts of the heart or the vessels.


Radial Vein of the Upper Extremity

A vein that ascends on the radial side of the forearm to drain blood from the palm of the hand. The radial vein joins with the median cephalic vein in the elbow to form the cephalic vein.


Interphalangeal Joint 3

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the third digit of the hand or foot.


Secretory cell

One of several types of cells that generate and secrete a substance to be used by the organism.


left adrenal gland

An adrenal gland that is in the left side of the abdomen.


Anterior Annular Ligament

A ligament present in the wrist and the ankle. In the wrist it is located over the carpus and in the ankle across the front of the leg and over the joint.


trachea basal lamina

A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory airway [Automatically generated definition].


Structure of great blood vessel (organ)

Any of the major arteries or veins attached to the cardiac atria or ventricles. This includes the aorta, superior and inferior vena cava and the pulmonary arteries and veins.


vertebral bone 1

The first vertebral bone in the vertebral column.


Female Reproductive System Part

Any component of the female organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring.


striated border microvillus layer

A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine.


diaphysis of ulna

The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces.


Structure of scalene lymph node

A lymph node located in proximity to any of the scalene muscles.


parasympathetic ganglion

Ganglion containing neurons that receive innervation from parasympathetic neurons in the central nervous system and subserves parasympathetic functions through innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.


intercostal nerve

The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted].


Metacarpophalangeal Joint 2

A condyloid synovial joint within the second digit of the hand connecting the metacarpal to the proximal phalanx.


Structure of pretracheal lymph node

A lymph node located anterior to the trachea, between the isthmus of the thyroid gland and the innominate vein.


Peripheral Nervous System Part

Any component of the nervous system that is external to the brain and spinal cord.


right lung alveolus

An alveolus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition].


diaphysis of femur

A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition].


costal cartilage

The nonvascular, resilient, flexible hyaline connective tissue that connects the end of a true rib to the sternum or the end of a false rib with the with the lower border of the costal cartilage above it.


Renal Tissue

Tissue composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla. The basic functional unit of renal tissue is the nephron.


Structure of submental lymph node

The lymph nodes located between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles.


Nerve Tissue, Neuroepithelial Tissue, and Nerve Sheaths

The basic components of the nervous system.  They contain neurons, supporting cells, and neuroepithelial cells.


neural nucleus

A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).


Breast part

Any anatomic component of one or both breasts.


anal sac

In carnivores, either of two sacs found between the internal and external anal sphincters, lined with sebaceous glands and in some species with apocrine glands.


heart right ventricle

A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart.


Subsegmental bronchus

A part the bronchial tree, an air passage arising from the segmental bronchus and passing to the naturally delimited part of lung segment (subsegment), where it further subdivides into smaller passages.


Eye part

Any component associated with the organ for sight or vision.


Scaphoid-Capitate Joint

A condyloid synovial joint within the wrist connecting the scaphoid bone to the capitate bone.


Membrane of the Brain or Spinal Cord

The tissue that envelops the brain or spinal cord.


medial palpebral ligament

The medial palpebral ligament (tendo oculi), about 4 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth, is attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove. Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus. As the ligament crosses the lacrimal sac, a strong aponeurotic is given off from its posterior surface; this expands over the sac, and is attached to the posterior lacrimal crest.


Cervical sympathetic ganglion

Any one of the three sympathetic ganglia of the cervical vertebrae.


Structure of buccinator lymph node

A lymph node that is located superficial to the buccinator muscle.


Distal Interphalangeal Joint 5 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fifth digit of the foot connecting the middle and distal phalanges.


Structure of both eyes

Of or pertaining to both the left and right eyes,


Right Lower Forearm

The distal half of the right upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.


esophagus muscularis mucosa

A muscularis mucosa that is part of a esophagus.


Capillary Plasma

Plasma that has been isolated from capillary blood.


Sentinel Lymph Node

The first lymph node that is affected by cancer spread from the primary site.  Sentinel lymph node biopsy is part of the staging work-up to determine early metastasis to regional lymph nodes in patients with breast carcinoma or melanoma.


Intrathyroidal Parathyroid

A parathyroid gland embedded within the thyroid gland parenchyma.


bone element

Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.


Distal Interphalangeal Joint 5 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fifth digit of the hand connecting the middle and distal phalanges.


Presacral Lymph Node

A lymph node that is located in the mesorectum, between the rectum and the sacrum.


Flexural Skin

A crease in the skin on the flexor side of a joint.


Skin structure of inguinal region

The integument that covers the inguinal region.


gland

An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ.


Metatarsophalangeal Joint 4

A condyloid synovial joint within the fourth digit of the foot connecting metatarsal with the proximal phalanx.


Occipital part of scalp

The occipital region of the skin that covers the top of the head.


anatomical cavity

Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.


trachea cartilage

The ring-shaped cartilaginous structures that support the trachea.


Upper Cervical Lymph Node

A lymph node located in the upper region of the neck. (NCI)


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Level III

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for level III: Superior: horizontal plane defined by the inferior body of the hyoid; inferior: horizontal plane defined by the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage; anterior (medial): lateral border of the sternohyoid muscle; posterior (lateral): lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid or sensory branches of the cervical plexus. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Ectodermal cell

An embryonic cell of the outer layer of three germ layers. These cells give rise to the epidermis and neural tissue.


Sublingual Lymph Node

A lymph node located under the tongue in the floor of the mouth.


Pericardial lymph node

A lymph node located anterior to the pericardium, posterior to the xiphoid process, and in the right and left cardiophrenic fat.


Metatarsophalangeal Joint 3

A condyloid synovial joint within the third digit of the foot connecting metatarsal with the proximal phalanx.


digit

A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans).


Median Or Lower Cervical Lymph Node

A lymph node located in the median or lower region of the neck. (NCI)


Level II axillary lymph node

Axillary lymph nodes located posterior to the pectoralis minor.


posterior horn lateral ventricle

Part of the lateral ventricle that extends posteriorly into the occipital lobe.


Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Lymph Node

Any lymph node within the lower gastrointestinal tract.


intervertebral joint

The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.


cartilage of external ear

A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition].


Trapezoid-Capitate Joint

The articulation of the trapezoid and capitate bones in the wrist.


dorsal cochlear nucleus

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the 'tuberculum acousticum'), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus, it forms the cochlear nucleus, where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses. [WP,unvetted].


submandibular ganglion

The ganglion associated with the lingual nerve that provides postsynaptic fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands.


Perihilar Lymph Node

A lymph node located in the area around the hilum of an organ.


manual digit 3

3rd digit of the manus.


Structure of superior anastomotic vein

A vein originating at the parietal lobe that runs along the horizontal portion of the fissure of Sylvius and opens into the cavernous sinus.


alveolus

Organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP].


Gland of Zeis

The small glands located within the epidermis of the eyelid that produce and secrete an oily substance that lubricates the eyelashes.


Nuchal Lymph Node

Any lymph node located in the posterior of the neck, including the postauricular, superficial occipital, middle posterior cervical chain, and lower posterior cervical chain.


humerus diaphysis

The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces.


ligamentum flavum

The fibrous tissues connecting the laminae of neighboring vertebrae beginning at C2 and ending at S1.


Skin structure of upper limb

The integumentary covering of the upper extremities.


Basal Tear

A type of tear that is spread across the surface of the eye at regular intervals with blinking, coating the eyes to keep them moist.


thyroid cartilage

The largest of the laryngeal cartilages.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 5 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the fifth digit of the hand connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


Meningeal Nerve

A branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2) that innervates the meninges.


right adrenal gland

An adrenal gland that is in the right side of the abdomen.


proximal epiphysis of fibula

A proximal epiphysis that is part of a fibula.


Radius-Lunate Joint

The articulation of the radius and the lunate bone in the wrist.


spinal nerve plexus

An intermingling of fiber fascicles from adjacent spinal nerves to form a network.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 2 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the second digit of the hand connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


Regional segment of venous tree

A segment of a blood vessel that is part of the venous system.


left eye

An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition].


frontal nerve (branch of ophthalmic)

The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve. It enters the orbit through the supraorbital foramen, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the periosteum. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve. [WP,unvetted].


bronchus basal lamina

A basal lamina that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition].


Interphalangeal Joint 4 of the Hand

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the fourth digit of the hand.


Scaphoid-Radius Joint

The articulation of the radius and the scaphoid bone in the wrist.


Serosal Surface of the Liver

The membrane lining the external surface of the liver.


Interphalangeal Joint 2 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint between the phalanges of the second digit of the foot.


Ear part

Any component pertaining to the organ for hearing including the external, middle, and inner ear.


External Canal

A tube extending from the middle ear to the outer ear.


mediastinal pleura

The parietal pleura that lines the mediastinum.


anterior semicircular canal

One of the three semicircular canals found in the osseous labyrinth of the inner ear, which detects rotation of the head around a rostral-caudal (anterior-posterior) axis.


Distal Interphalangeal Joint 3 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the third digit of the foot connecting the middle and distal phalanges.


decidua capsularis

The layer of uterine endometrium overlying the implanted chorionic vesicle and facing the uterine cavity.


Left Main Coronary Artery Bifurcation

The portion of the distal end of the left main coronary artery that branches into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery.


Structure of diaphragmatic lymph node

Lymph node located adjacent to the diaphragm.


male urethra

A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system.


Metacarpal 1 Base

The proximal end of the first metacarpal bone.


Respiratory System Part

Any component of the organs involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen including the trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, lungs, and alveoli.


Extra-Abdominal Lymph Node

A lymph node outside the abdominal cavity.


urinary bladder muscularis mucosa

A thin layer of smooth muscle within the bladder lamina propria.


Cardiophrenic angle lymph node

A lymph node located in the angle between the heart and diaphragm.


Calf Muscular Vein

Any of the superficial veins located within the muscles of the posterior lower leg, including the gastrocnemial and soleal veins.


Retrocrural lymph node

A lymph node located within the most inferior portion of the posterior mediastinum. (NCI)


Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1

A condyloid synovial joint within the first digit of the hand connecting the metacarpal to the proximal phalanx.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Levels II-IV

A grouping of lymph nodes comprising neck lymph node boundary levels II-IV.


Capitate-Hamate Joint

The articulation of the capitate and hamate bones in the wrist.


epiglottic cartilage

The most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing.


regional part of brain

Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.


organ

Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].


Cells

The smallest units of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid.


Nerve Tissue and Nerve Sheaths

Tissues that contain neurons and supporting cells that form the covers encircling nerves, nerve fibers, and axons.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Levels I-IV

A grouping of lymph nodes comprising neck lymph node boundary levels I-IV.


Sinus - general anatomical term

A recess, cavity, or channel.


Draining Lymph Node

The lymph node or group of lymph nodes that drain a particular anatomic site or organ.


Organ of Special Sense Part

Any component associated with the anatomic structures in the head responsible for special sensations rather than general sensations, including the eyes, ears, nose, and tongue.


decidua parietalis

The part of the decidua in the pregnant human female lining the uterus.


Level I axillary lymph node

Axillary lymph nodes located inferolateral to the pectoralis minor.


Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 3 of the Foot

A ginglymoid (hinge) synovial joint within the third digit of the foot connecting the proximal and middle phalanges.


blood vessel internal elastic membrane

A layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels.


Neck Lymph Node Boundary Sublevel IA

The following anatomical structures define the neck lymph node boundary for sublevel IA: Superior: symphysis of the mandible; inferior: body of the hyoid; anterior (medial): anterior belly of the contralateral digastric muscle; posterior (lateral): anterior belly of the ipsilateral digastric muscle. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Scaphoid-Trapezium Joint

A condyloid synovial joint within the wrist connecting the scaphoid bone to the trapezium bone.


uterine ligament

Any of the eight ligaments pertaining to the uterus including the anterior, posterior, lateral, sacro-uterine and round ligaments.


Central nervous system part

Any component of the nervous system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.


Ileum Lymph Node

Any lymph node within the ileum.


cerebral hemisphere white matter

White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere.


Superficial Vein of the Hand

Any of the veins carrying deoxygenated blood in the subcutaneous tissue layers of the hand.


Structure of epigastric lymph node

A parietal lymph node located along the inferior epigastric vessels.


nerve fasciculus

A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]; A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed).


Thioctic acid

A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.


(S)-Ethosuximide

The (S)-enantiomer of ethosuximide.


Thiophene

Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.


(R)-carbinoxamine

The (R)- (inactive) enantiomer of carbinoxamine.


ribonucleoside

Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.


tetrahydrofuranone

Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.


methylpyridines

Any member of the class of pyridines that carries at least one methyl substituent.


A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione.


Thiamin acetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is thiamine(1+) which carries an oxo group at position 2.


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate that has R configuration alpha to the carbonyl group and S configuration at the stereocentre bearing the nitrogen.


Tetrahydropyridine

Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.


(R)-paliperidone

A 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one that is the (R)-enantiomer of paliperidone.


(-)-Thalidomide

A 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.


(S)-eperisone

A 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one that has S configuration.


monohydroxypyridine

A hydroxypyridine carrying a single hydroxy substituent.


A pyridinium ion obtained by protonation of both nitrogens of pyridoxamine.


oxanes

Any organic heteromonocyclic compoundthat is oxane or its substituted derivatives.


oxolanes

Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.


Rotoxamine

The (S)- (active) enantiomer of carbinoxamine.


(S)-ranolazine

An N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of ranolazine (the racemate is a drug used for treatment of chronic angina).


(S)-Cycrimine

The (S)-enantiomer of cycrimine.


aminopyridine

Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.


(S)-paliperidone

A 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one that is the (S)-enantiomer of paliperidone.


Thiamine monophosphate chloride

An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.


piperidinemonocarboxylic acid

Any member of the class of piperidines in which one of the carbons of the piperidine ring is substituted by a carboxy group.


nucleoside

An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.


(R)-Eperisone

A 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one that has R configuration.


Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


adenosines

Any purine ribonucleoside that is a derivative of adenosine.


The (R)-(+)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside

A deoxyribonucleoside containing a pyrimidine base.


(S)-doxapram

The (S)-enantiomer of doxapram.


The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.


diazoline

A five-membered organic heteromonocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and a double bond.


purine ribonucleoside

A ribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).


(r)-Omeprazole

A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has R configuration at the sulfur atom.


aminopyrimidine

A member of the class of  pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.


Streptonigrin

Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.


pyrimidone

A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.


pyrimidines

Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.


Thiazole

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.


Imidazoline

An imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position.


purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).


Any pyridone that is pyridin-4-one or its derivatives by substitution of one of more of the hydrogens.


nitrofuran antibiotic

A member of the class of furans in which the furan ring is substituted by a nitro group and which also has significant antibiotic properties.


pyrimidine antifungal agent

A member of the class of pyrimidines that has significant antifungal properties.


hydroxypyridone antifungal drug

Any pyridone which is substituted on the nitrogen by a hydroxy group and which has been used as an antifungal drug.


Pyridoxamine hydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. It is the inactive enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.


Fominoben

Any compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.


1,2,5-Thiadiazole substituted at the 3 position by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group and at the 4 position by a morpholin-4-yl group. The (S)-(-) enantiomer, also known as timolol, is a beta-adrenergic antagonist and is used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.


(R)-chlormezanone

The (R)-enantiomer of chlormezanone.


chloropyridine

Compounds containing a pyridine nucleus substituted with one or more chlorine atoms.


pyridinemonocarboxylic acid

A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring.


furans

Compounds containing at least one furan ring.


Pyridoxal hydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxal with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.


Thiamine(1+) aldehyde

A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is thiamine(1+) in which the 2-hydroxyethyl group has been replaced by a 2-oxoethyl group.


(R)-doxapram

The (R)-enantiomer of doxapram.


hydroxymethylpyridine

Any member of the class of  pyridines carrying a hydroxymethyl substituent at unspecified position.


(R)-Ethosuximide

The (R)-enantiomer of ethosuximide.


purine deoxyribonucleoside

A deoxyribonucleoside containing a purine base.


Thiamine hydrochloride dihydrate

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of thiamine hydrochloride.


hydroxypyridine

Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.


Thiamine Hydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.


(+)-Mefloquine

An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.


dihydrofuran

Compounds containing a mono-unsaturated furan ring skeleton.


A pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.


(R)-Zopiclone

The (5R)-enantiomer of zopiclone.


(R)-ranolazine

An N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide that is the (R)-enantiomer of ranolazine (the racemate is a drug used for treatment of chronic angina).


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate that has S configuration alpha to the carbonyl group and R configuration at the stereocentre bearing the nitrogen.


Proline

An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.


purines D-ribonucleoside

A purine ribonucleoside that is a purine derivative attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.


4-Pyridoxic acid

A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.


pyrimidine antifungal drug

Any pyrimidine antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


A member of the class of oxazolidines that is isoxazoldin-3-one which is substituted at position 4 by an amino group.


diazines

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).


prolinols

The class of all compounds which contain a prolinol skeleton.


(R)-Cycrimine

The (R)-enantiomer of cycrimine.


barbiturates

Members of the class of pyrimidones consisting of pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (barbituric acid) and its derivatives. Largest group of the synthetic sedative/hypnotics, sharing a characteristic six-membered ring structure.


Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.


(R)-Amlodipine

The (4R)-enantiomer of amlodipine.


monochloropyridine

A chloropyridine in which only one chlorine is attached to the pyridine ring.


long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester

A fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a long-chain fatty acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


sexual spore wall

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.


spore wall

The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.


asexual spore wall

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in bacterial and fungal species.


ascospore wall

The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.


endospore external encapsulating structure

The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.


nerve of head region

A nerve that is part of a head.


ramus nasalis internus

Distal part of the opthalmicus profundus gives rise to 2 ramules: palatinus and cutaneous.


nerve of tympanic cavity

A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition].


ramulus suprabranchialis anterior

Ramulus that innervates the suprabranchial line of neuromasts.


ramus ventral

This ramus leaves the postotic ganglionic complex together with the third branchial ramus of X. This ramule innervates the ventral line of neuromasts.


anteroventral lateral line nerve (AVLLN)

Sensory nerve of the anterior lateral line component. It develops from preotic anteroventral placode. AVLLN innervates lower jaw lines of neuromasts.


deep temporal nerve

The deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the temporalis.


digastric branch of facial nerve

The digastric branch of facial nerve arises close to the stylomastoid foramen, and divides into several filaments, which supply the posterior belly of the Digastricus; one of these filaments joins the glossopharyngeal nerve.


superior laryngeal nerve

The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. It descends, by the side of the pharynx, behind the internal carotid artery, and divides into two branches: external laryngeal nerve internal laryngeal nerve A superior laryngeal nerve palsy changes the pitch of the voice and causes an inability to make explosive sounds. If no recovery is evident three months after the palsy initially presents, the damage is most likely to be permanent. A bilateral palsy presents as a tiring and hoarse voice.


nerve innervating pinna

Any nerve that innervates the pinna.


infra-orbital nerve

A branch of the maxillary nerve that enters the infraorbital canal and innervates the lower eyelid, upper lip, the nasal vestibule, the upper incisors, canines, premolars, upper gums, lower eyelid and conjunctiva, and part of the nose.


zygomaticotemporal nerve

The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit.


vomeronasal nerve

Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ epithelium to the accessory olfactory bulb.


jugal ramule

This ramule innervates the jugal line of neuromasts and is the dorsal branch of the ramus mandibularis externus.


meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

The meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (recurrent branch, nervus spinosus) is a branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies the dura mater.


chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve) that serves the taste buds in the front of the tongue, runs through the middle ear, and carries taste messages to the brain. The chorda tympani is part of one of three cranial nerves that are involved in taste. The taste system involves a complicated feedback loop, with each nerve acting to inhibit the signals of other nerves. The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibers in the tongue. When the chorda tympani is damaged, its inhibitory function is disrupted, leading to less inhibited activity in the other nerves.


ramus superficial ophthalmic

Dorsal branch of ADLLN that innervates supraorbital line of neuromasts.


pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve.


palpebral branch of infra-orbital nerve

A nerve that innervates an eyelid and is a branch of the infra-orbital branch of the maxillary nerve.


ramules cutaneous

Many branches of the maxillary ramus that terminate in the integument of the maxillary region.


ramus muscularis of vagus nerve

Motor nervous branch of the vagus innervating m. subarcualis rectus I.


middle lateral line nerve (MLLN)

Sensory nerve of the posterior lateral line component. It develops from the postotic middle placode. MLLN innervates neuromasts located over the otic capsule and the suprabranchial line of neuromasts.


oral ramule

Medial branch of the ramus mandibularis externus. This ramule innervates the oral and angular lines of neuromasts.


nerve to stylopharyngeus from glossopharyngeal nerve

The stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve is distributed to the Stylopharyngeus.


laryngeus ventralis

A branch of the vagus nerve innervating heart, stomach, and lung muscle.


carotid sinus nerve

A sensory branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) carrying signals from the baroceptors (blood pressure receptors) in the bifurcation of the carotid artery to the nucleus of the solitary tract (nucleus solitarius).


ramus nasalis lateralis

Ramule of ophthalmic nerve (see also ramus nasalis medialis). The first branch of ophthalmic nerve gives rise to two ramules that border the naris and innervate the surrounding tissue.


nerve to stylohyoid from facial nerve

The stylohyoid branch of facial nerve frequently arises in conjunction with the digastric branch; it is long and slender, and enters the Stylohyoideus about its middle.


ramus buccal

Ventral ramus of the ADLLN that innervates the infraorbital line of neuromasts.


lateral pterygoid nerve

A nerve that innervates the lateral pterygoid muscle.


ramule palatinus

Ramules that descends towards the buccal roof and give rise to several short branches that anastomose with palatine ramus of the facial nerve.


great auricular nerve

A nerve arising from the second and third cervical nerves from the cervical plexus and innervating the skin over the parotid gland, the skin of part of the ear, the adjacent portion of the scalp, cheek, and angle of the jaw.


inferior branch of oculomotor nerve

The inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve or the inferior division, the larger, divides into three branches. One passes beneath the optic nerve to the medial rectus. Another, to the inferior rectus. The third and longest runs forward between the inferior recti and lateralis to the inferior oblique. From the last a short thick branch is given off to the lower part of the ciliary ganglion, and forms its short root. All these branches enter the muscles on their ocular surfaces, with the exception of the nerve to the inferior oblique, which enters the muscle at its posterior border.


anterodorsal lateral line nerve (ADLLN)

Sensory nerve of the anterior lateral line component. It develops from the preotic anterodorsal placode. ADLLN branches into two rami innervating orbital lines of neuromasts.


anterior superior alveolar nerve

The anterior superior alveolar branch (anterior superior dental branch), of considerable size, is given off from the maxillary nerve just before its exit from the infraorbital foramen; it descends in a canal in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus, and divides into branches which supply the incisor and canine teeth. It communicates with the middle superior alveolar branch, and gives off a nasal branch, which passes through a minute canal in the lateral wall of the inferior meatus, and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the inferior meatus and the floor of the nasal cavity, communicating with the nasal branches from the sphenopalatine ganglion.


ramus supraotic

Small ramus of the MLLN that innervates neuromasts located at the posterior margin of the otic capsule.


vidian nerve

A nerve that is formed by the junction of the great petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve and continues on to innervate the palate, nose and lacrimal gland.


ramus mandibularis externus

Runs together with motor fibers of the hyomandibular trunk of VII. The mandibularis externus of AVLLN branches into three ramules .


trunk maxillary-mandibularis

Portion of the trigeminal nerve where the maxillary and mandibular rami run together prior to bifurcating.


superior branch of oculomotor nerve

The superior branch of the oculomotor nerve or the superior division, the smaller, passes medialward over the optic nerve. It supplies the Superior rectus and Levator palpebrae superioris.


ramulus suprabranchialis posterior

Ramulus innervating the suprabranchial line of neuromasts.


nasopalatine nerve

A branch of that maxillary nerve that innervates the mucous membrane of the hard palate.


recurrent laryngeal nerve

A branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). It travels within the endoneurium. It is the nerve of the 6th Branchial Arch.


posterior lateral line nerve (PLLN)

Sensory nerve of the posterior lateral line component. It develops from de postotic posterior placode. PLLN innervates the trunk lines of neuromasts.


preopercular ramule

Ventral branch of the ramus mandibularis externus. This ramule have a superior and an inferior division, both innervating the preopercular line of neuromasts.


pterygopalatine nerve

The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube.


mental nerve

Mental nerve is a general somatic afferent (sensory) nerve which provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the premolars. It is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve, which is itself a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The nerve emerges at the mental foramen in the mandibula, and divides beneath the Depressor anguli oris muscle into three branches: one descends to the skin of the chin. two ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. These branches communicate freely with the facial nerve.


ramus auricularis of the vagus nerve

An afferent branch of the vagus nerve.


masseteric nerve

A muscular branch of the mandibular nerve passing to the medial surface of the masseter muscle, which it innervates.


ramus lateral

Ventral division of the trunk of the PLLN, this prominent ramus extends over the lateral trunk and caudal musculature innervating the lateral line of neuromasts.


ramus palatinus

Sensory branch of facial nerve from palatal region.


buccal nerve

The buccal nerve (also called the long buccal nerve) is a nerve in the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (which is itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve) and transmits sensory information from skin over the buccal membrane (in general, the cheek) and from the second and third molar teeth.


maxillary nerve

The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses.


inferior palpebral branch of infra-orbital nerve

A nerve that innervates a lower eyelid and is a branch of the infra-orbital branch of the maxillary nerve.


tympanic nerve

The tympanic nerve (nerve of Jacobson) is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear.


posterior superior alveolar nerve

The posterior superior alveolar branches (posterior superior dental branches) arise from the trunk of the maxillary nerve just before it enters the infraorbital groove; they are generally two in number, but sometimes arise by a single trunk. They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek. They then enter the posterior alveolar canals on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, and, passing from behind forward in the substance of the bone, communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve, and give off branches to the lining membrane of the maxillary sinus and gingival and dental branches to each molar tooth from a superior dental plexus; these branches enter the apical foramina at the roots of the teeth. The posterior superior alveolar nerve innervates the second and third maxillary molars, and two of the three roots of the maxillary first molar (all but the mesiobuccal root). When giving a Posterior Superior Alveolar nerve block, it will anesthetize the mesialbuccal root of the maxillary first molar approximately 72% of the time.


sensory circumventricular organ

A circumventricular organ that is capable of monitoring the levels of substances to the cerebrospinal fluid.


organic oxo compound

Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.


beta-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position beta to the carboxy group.


(R)-Acenocoumarol

The (R)-enantiomer of acenocoumarol.


(-)-trans-Permethrin

trans-Permethrin with configuration 1S,3R.


Elvitegravir

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 7-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substited at position 1 by a 1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl group and at position 6 by a 3-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.


branched-chain fatty acid

Any fatty acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents; a common component in animal and bacterial lipids. The fatty acyl chain is usually saturated and the substituent a methyl group; however, unsaturated BCFAs are found in marine animals, and branches other than methyl are found in microbial lipids.


oxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.


macrolide

A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.


aromatic ketone

A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.


N-acylglycine

An N-acyl-amino acid in which amino acid specified is glycine.


pyruvate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from pyruvate (i.e. alanine, valine, and leucine). A closed class.


4-Aminobenzoic acid

An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.


2-methoxyethyl ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between a carboxylic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-methoxyethanol. In contrast to many other water-solubilising esters, the 2-methoxyethyl esters of many amino acids are crystalline, allowing them to be easily purified.


long-chain fatty acid

A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.


A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at position 3 by a formyl group.


hydroxy-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid bearing one or more hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


Mesotrione

An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.


proteinogenic amino acid

Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.


(S)-prasugrel

An 5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate that is the (S)-enantiomer of prasugrel (the racemate is a cardiovascular drug).


enone

An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


polyunsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.


heterocyclic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of atoms including at least one heteroatom.


DL-Methionine

A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.


DL-Glutamine

An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.


Epanova

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


nitrogen-containing fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing nitrogen as either a substituent or a replacement for a methylene carbon.


(R)-bambuterol

The (R)-enantiomer of bambuterol.


oxo carboxylic acid

Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.


succinate ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the esterification of one or both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. (Succinate ester in which only one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid has been esterified are known as hemisuccinates.)


pivalate ester

A carboxylic ester of pivalic acid.


DL-Threonine

An alpha-amino acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.


aromatic carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.


ketone

A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).


N-acyl-L-amino acid

Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.


(S)-bambuterol

The (S)-enantiomer of bambuterol.


heteroarenecarbaldehyde

An aldehyde in which a formyl group is located on a heteroarene.


glutamine family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.


(R)-Bopindolol

A 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate that has R-configuration.


sulfur-containing carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.


polyunsaturated fatty ester

Any fatty acid ester resulting from the formal esterification of the carboxy group of a polyunsaturated fatty acid.


aldehyde

A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.


unsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.


D-Isoleucine

The D-enantiomer of isoleucine.


4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid which has a hydroxy group located gamma to the carboxy group.


naphthoic acid

An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.


DL-Citrulline

The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.


DL-Histidine

An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.


(S)-esmolol

A methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate that has S configuration. The drug esmolol is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both the R and the S enantiomer contribute to lowering blood pressure.


L-valyl ester

Any alpha-amino acid ester that has L-valine as the amino acid component.


20-oxo steroid

An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20.


lactone

Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy and carboxy groups respectively.


DL-Dopa

A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.


non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid

Any  alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.


2-oxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid having a 2-oxo substituent.


diamino acid

Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.


carbamate fungicide

Compounds that contain a carbamate ester moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.


dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives

A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.


N-acyl-D-phenylalanine

Any N-acyl-D-amino acid obtained by the formal N-acylation of D-phenylalanine.


macrocyclic lactone

Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.


delta-lactone

A lactone having a six-membered lactone ring.


secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing one hydrogen and one organyl group. Secondary alpha-hydroxy ketones are also known as acyloins, and are formally derived from reductive coupling of two carboxylic acid groups.


beta-diketone

A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom.


alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester

A carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)OR(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


benzoate ester

Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.


(R)-Methocarbamol

A 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate that has R configuration. Both (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol have muscle relaxant properties, with the (R)-enantiomer being more active than the (S)-enantiomer.


Dilacor XR

A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.


chlorocarboxylic acid

A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group.


tetracarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups.


erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class.


acetate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.


methyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.


aromatic amino acid

An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.


DL-Leucine

A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.


alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone

A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.


nystatins

A class of polyene antifungal antibiotics produced by Streptomyces noursei, and other Streptomyces species.


L-alanyl ester

Any alpha-amino acid ester that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-alanine with an alcohol.


trans-permethrin

Permithrin in which the 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and the carboxylate ester group are in a trans-configuration.


Rulide

A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.


methyl ketone

A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).


DL-Isoleucine

A branched chain amino acid that consists of 3-methylpentanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.


thia fatty acid

Any fatty acid having at least one of the chain methylene groups replaced by sulfur. Members of this group are believed to have important pharmacological (antioxidant and antiatherosclerosis) properties.


polar amino acid

Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds.


monocarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.


trienoic fatty acid

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid that contains three double bonds.


A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, amino, fluorine, and cyclohexylamino groups, respectively. It can directly bind to and block the transcription activity of the active forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. It induces cell death and growth arrest in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines at low concentrations.


dicarboxylic acid monoester

A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid.


DL-Ornithine

An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.


aspartate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-aspartic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine). A closed class.


Fluvastatin sodium anti-isomer free acid

A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have R configuration.


diketone

A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.


epsilon-amino acid

An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position epsilon to the carboxy group.


N-acyl-L-glutamic acid

Any optically active N-acylglutamic acid having L-configuration.


amino acid

A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.


haloamino acid

Any non-proteinogenic amino acid carrying at least one halo group.


non-proteinogenic amino acid

Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.


C4-dicarboxylic acid

Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.


quinolinemonocarboxylic acid

Any aromatic carboxylic acid that contains a quinoline moiety that is substituted by one carboxy substituent.


glycinyl ester

An alpha-amino acid ester in which the amnio acid component is glycine.


A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.


beta-amino acid ester

An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a beta-amino acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.


A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.


phenyl acetates

An acetate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the hydroxy group of any phenol.


ethyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid with ethanol.


oxyketone

A compound with the general formula R2C=O (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group.


Fluvastatin

A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which the stereocentres beta- and delta- to the carboxy group have R and S configuration, respectively. The drug fluvastatin is an equimolar mixture of this compound and its enantiomer.


11-oxo steroid

Any oxo steroid that has an oxo substituent at position 11.


(R)-esmolol

A methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate that has R configuration. The drug esmolol is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both the R and the S enantiomer contribute to lowering blood pressure.


sterol ester

A steroid ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of a sterol.


L-alpha-amino acid

Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.


DL-Tyrosine

An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.


A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.


alpha-oxyketone

An oxyketone with the general formula R2C(=O) (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group and the oxy and carbonyl groups are bonded to the same carbon atom.


dicarboxylic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing two carboxy groups.