pelvic spur

Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply 'float' in the muscle mass. The femur protrudes from the snake's body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a claw. Males' spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females', and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating, as well as combat with other males in some species.


antenna

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The paired, usually multiple jointed, sensory organs articulating on the procephalic region of the head capsule; its highly versatile sensory structures are capable to detect the various environmental stimuli. In the context of Drosophila refers to they are the most anterior segmented sensory appendage of the head.


cephalic spine

One of the spines, probably denticle derivatives, occurring singly or in pairs just behind the orbit on the cheek area in some fossil sharks. May have occurred only in males and may have served to hold the female during copulation, e.g. in the Jurassic genera Hybodus, Asteracanthus and Acrodus.


adipose fin

A fin that is fleshy, lacks supporting rays, and is located posterior to the dorsal fin.


triphycercal tail

A caudal fin with three lobes.


autopodial extension

A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis.


sucking disc

Distinctive first dorsal fin taking the form of a modified oval sucker-like organ with slat-like structures that open and close to create suction and take a firm hold against the skin of larger marine animals.


left nipple

A nipple that is in_the_left_side_of a body proper.


posterior dorsal fin

Dorsal fin located posterior to the anterior dorsal fin.


right nipple

A nipple that is in_the_right_side_of a body proper.


clavus

A rudder-like lobe formed from extensions of dorsal and anal fin rays.


digit 1 or 5

Either of the outermost digits in a five-digit autopod, or their phylogenetic equivalent.


subdivision of organism along main body axis

A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column.


zeugopod

The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus).


tube foot

One of the numerous external, fluid-filled muscular tubes of echinoderms, such as the starfish or sea urchin, serving as organs of locomotion, food handling, and respiration[BTO]. Tube feet consist of two parts: ampulla and podia. Ampulla contain both circular muscles and longitudinal muscle, whereas the podia contain the latter only. Thus the podia use suction to attach to the substratum[WP].


anal fin

Median fin that is located posterior to the anus.


digit 1

A digit that is part of a digit 1 plus metapodial segment.


caudal fin

The caudal fin is the most posterior median fin. It is composed of a complex of modified centra and modified neural and hemal arches and spines.


dorsal fin

Median fin located on the dorsal surface of the organism.


manual minor digit (Aves)

A manual digit found in Aves that is morphologically similar to digit 3 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 4.


spine appendage of head

A spine appendage that is part of a head.


diphycercal tail

An internally and externally symmetrical tail (caudal) fin.


tunicate siphon

Tubular appendage for drawing or ejecting fluids.


anterior dorsal fin

A dorsal fin located anterior to posterior dorsal fin.


epicercal tail

Tail fin in which the the caudal part of the notochord tapers posterodorsally. Based on Pradel et al. 2007.


embryonic head

A head that is part of a embryo.


insect leg

The walking appendages of each segment of the ventral adult external thorax[FBbt]. A leg derived from an imaginal disc[GO].


homocercal tail

Type of tail fin in which the vertebrae generally turn upward at the hind end of the column, but which is externally symmetrical. The fin rays of the caudal are supported by hypaxial elements.


left external ear

An external ear that is in the left side of a multicellular organism.


haltere

The capitate stalk on both sides of the thorax having developed from the dorsal metathoracic wing-buds, it is freely movable and capable of vibration, representing the hind wing of Diptera; used for flight balance.


manual major digit (Aves)

A manual digit found in Aves that is morphologically similar to digit 2 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 3.


alular digit

A manual digit found in Aves that is the most preaxial position and is morphologically similar to digit 1 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 2, with contributions from embryonic digit 1.


upper limb segment

A limb segment that is part of a forelimb.


fin

An external projection of an aquatic animal as a fish used in propelling or guiding the body[BTO].


paired limb/fin segment

An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin.


pedicellaria

A small wrench or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms. Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture. In forcipulate sea stars, each pedicellaria is typically composed three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components. In some asteroid sea stars pedicellariae are present around the base of a spine or on the surface of the animal's body. In other sea stars, they are present in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface; oftentimes on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow.


elephant trunk

An appendage formed by the fusion of the nose and upper lip.


imaginal disc-derived wing

A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc.


right external ear

An external ear that is in the right side of a multicellular organism.


spine appendage

A hard, thorny or needle-like structure which occurs on various animals. Animals such as porcupines and sea urchins grow spines as a self-defense mechanism. Spines are often formed of keratin. Other animals with spines are hedgehogs, spiny mice and at least two ornithischian dinosaurs.


heterocercal tail

Type of tail (caudal) fin in which the vertebral column turns upwards into the upper lobe which is longer than the lower. Asymmetrical externally as well as internally.


subdivision of organism along appendicular axis

A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg.


lower limb segment

A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb.


parapodium

Either of a pair of fleshy lateral processes borne by most segments of a polychaete worm.


insect larval head

Any head that is part of some larva.


wing

Appendage that is shaped in order to produce lift for flight through the air.


insect embryonic/larval ocular segment sensillum

Any embryonic/larval sense organ (UBERON:6002639) that is part of some larval ocular segment (UBERON:6001731).


cupular organ

Epithelial sense organ containing the cupula housing a gelatinous material elongated from the basement of the organ toward the atrial cavity. The basement of the cupular organ consists of two cell types: sensory cells and support cell.


chordotonal organ

Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament.


skin gland

A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition].


head taste bud

A taste bud that is located on the skin of the head.


lip taste bud

A taste bud that is located on a lip.


nasal turbinal

A skeletal element of the ethmoid region with complex morphology that are lined with mucuous membranes involved in either olfaction or air conditioning.


adrenal/interrenal gland

This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO].


epidermis gland

A gland that is part of a epidermis.


pelvic region element

An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis.


immune organ

An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition].


neuromast

Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements.


ligament of middle ear

A ligament that is part of a middle ear.


trunk region element

An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions.


cavitated compound organ

Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces.


dorsal ocellus

A simple visual organ of insects[GO]. Two ocelli appear on the vertical and one on the frontal plate[FBbt]. The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus[HAO]. Two evolutionary distinct ocellus types exist [2]: dorsal ocelli (or simply 'ocelli'), found in most insects, and lateral ocelli (or stemmata), which are found in the larvae of some insect orders. They are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals, e.g. cnidarians may also be referred to as 'ocelli', but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of the dorsal ocelli of insects[Wikipedia].


pelvic ligament

The dorsal sacroiliac, the sacrotuberal and/or the iliolumbar ligaments associated with the bony ring formed by the pair of hip bones fused at the symphysis and their firm articulation with the sacrum.


gland of integumental system

A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition].


arthropod neurohemal organ

A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system.


infraorbital lateral line neuromast

Neuromast that is part of the infraorbital lateral line. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.).


integumental taste bud

A taste bud that is located external to the digestive tube, on the head or body, as found in species such as goldfish.


palatal taste bud

A taste bud that is located on the soft palate, in the roof of the mouth.


compound organ

Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types.


mandibular lateral line neuromast

Neuromast that is part of the mandibular lateral line. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.).


multi-unit eye

An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs.


cervical vertebra endochondral element

A vertebral endochondral element in the cervical region of the vertebral column.


hermaphrodite gonad

A gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects[WP].


endochondral element

A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification.


incus endochondral element

An incus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.


pharyngeal taste bud

A taste bud that is located in the pharynx.


cruciate ligament of atlas

A cruciate ligament in the neck forming part of the atlanto-axial joint. It consists of the transverse ligament of the atlas, along with additional fibers above and below.


Jakubowski's organ

Neuromast of the supraorbital sensory canal in the nasal bone. It is innervated by the buccal nerve rather than by the supraorbital nerve, which invariably innervates neuromasts of the supraorbital canal. (Johnson and Patterson 1993).


tongue taste bud

A taste bud that is located on the tongue, situated on a gustatory papilla.


esophageal taste bud

A taste bud that is located in the esophagus.


lateral arcuate ligament

The lateral arcuate ligament (also lateral lumbocostal arch) is a ligament under the diaphragm that arches across the upper part of the quadratus lumborum. It is traversed by the subcostal nerve, artery and vein.


eye gland

A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid.


eyeball of camera-type eye

The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye.


vomeronasal organ

An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base.


middle lateral line neuromast

Neuromast that is part of the middle lateral line. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.).


palato-maxillary ligament

Ligament between the palatine and maxilla [Stiassny 1986].


electroreceptor organ

An organ that is capable of detecting electrical stimulus.


sphenoid endochondral element

A sphenoid bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.


lateral ocellus

The ocellus that is paired[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia].


reproductive gland

Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction.


ommatidium

The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells.


corpus cardiacum

One of a pair of neurohemal organs located on the walls of the aorta just behind the brain. The corpora cardiaca release their store of PTTH only after they receive a signal from neurosecretory cells in the brain.


ampullary organ

Organ that consists of receptor cells located within an epidermal invagination and functions as an electroreceptor.


sesamoid element

Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation.


digestive system gland

Any gland that is part of the digestive system.


anular ligament of radius

The anular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers, which encircles the head of the radius (bone), and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna.


mouth roof taste bud

A taste bud that is located on the roof of the mouth.


corpuscle of de Quatrefage

A specialised sensory organ located in the subepidermal connective tissue at the rostral end of late larval and adult amphioxus. They consist of between 1 and 4 nerve cells with axons, each with 2 cilia, surrounded by up to 7 sheath cells. The cilia extend into a protrusion of the basal lamina which surrounds each corpuscle. The axonal process contributes to the rostral nerve.


circulatory organ

A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile.


male reproductive organ

A male organ involved in reproduction.


chest organ

An organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition].


digestive system element

Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements.


coronal organ

Mechanoreceptor organ found in oral siphon of botryllid ascidians, made of hair cells, similar to the vertebrate octavolateralis system. A possible candidate of the vertebrate lateral line.


interrenal gland

Structures in fishes homologous to the cortical tissue of the mammalian adrenal gland; they are in close proximity to or imbedded in the head kidney.


medial arcuate ligament

The medial arcuate ligament (also medial lumbocostal arch) is tendinous fascia that arches over the psoas major muscle as it passes through the diaphragm.


adult mammalian kidney

A kidney at the most advanced stage of development in a mammal.


lunge feeding organ

A fibrous capsule located between the jaws of rorqual whales that contains a gelatinous substance and papillae bearing mechanorecaptors.


Eimer's organ

A sensory organ in which the epidermis is modified to form bulbous papillae. The organs are formed from a stack of epidermal cells, which is innervated by nerve processes from myelinated fibers in the dermis, which form terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized layer of epidermis. They contain a Merkel cell-neurite complex in the epidermis and a lamellated corpuscle in the dermal connective tissue.


stapes endochondral element

A stapes bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.


eye skin gland

A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition].


fin taste bud

A taste bud that is located on a fin.


gustatory organ

Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912).


insect internal sense organ

Sense organ that is internal to the animal - i.e. having no part that is part of the cuticle.


female reproductive gland

A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system.


median arcuate ligament

The median arcuate ligament is a ligament under the diaphragm that connects the right and left crura of diaphragm.


rostral organ

A putative electroreceptor organ located in the medial rostral cavity in the ethmoid portion of the chondrocranium of Coelacanths. It is surrounded by an insulating layer of adipose tissue and innervated by the superficial ophthalmic nerve.


amphid sensory organ

Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes[GO].


ossicle

Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition.


dermal skeletal element

Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue.


opercular lateral line neuromast

Neuromast that is part of the opercular lateral line. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.).


lumbar vertebra endochondral element

A lumbar vertebra bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.


skeletal element

Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles.


mormyromast organ

An innervated group of cells in a round capsule at the end of a jelly-filled tube opening to the skin surface of Gymnarchidae and Mormyridae.


abdomen element

An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland.


primary circulatory organ

A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified].


ampulla of Lorenzini

The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores. Each ampulla consists of a canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of special jelly. The ampullae are mostly clustered into groups inside the body, each cluster having ampullae connecting with different parts of the skin, but preserving a left-right symmetry. The canal lengths vary from animal to animal, but the distribution of the pores is generally specific to each species. The ampullae pores are plainly visible as dark spots in the skin. They provide fish with a sixth sense capable of detecting electromagnetic fields as well as temperature gradients[WP].


thoracic segment organ

An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions.


epihyoideum

An elastic ligament lying between the lateral pharyngeal muscles and the thyroglossus muscle.


nauplius eye

An eye that consists of a cluster of three or four median eyes that form a single structural unit but are separated from one another by pigment layers.


female reproductive organ

A female organ involved in reproduction.


urophysis

This is a neurosecretory organ rostral to the ampulla caudalis on the ventral surface of the distal end of the spinal cord. Receives axons from caudal neurosecretory nucleus, which contains Dahlgren cells that secrete urotensin I and II, implicated in osmotic regulation, cardiovascular function and reproduction[Butler].


bladder organ

A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas.


otic lateral line neuromast

Neuromast that is part of the otic lateral line. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.).


corpus allatum

One of a pair of separate or fused bodies in many insects that are sometimes closely associated with the corpora cardiaca and that secrete hormones (as juvenile hormone)[BTO].


abdominal segment element

An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region.


inguinal ligament

A band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may develop. The inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone. It is formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh.


dorsal region element

An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back.


gland of digestive tract

A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition].


basilar papilla

The auditory sensory organ of lizards, amphibians, and birds, which is homologous to the Corti in mammals.


insect embryonic/larval head sense organ

Any sense organ (UBERON:6005155) that is part of some larval head (UBERON:6001730).


malleus endochondral element

A malleus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.


barbel taste bud

A taste bud that is located on a barbel.


arthropod sensillum

Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt].


male accessory sex gland

Any gland, other than the gonad, associated with the genital tract, such as the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the bulbourethral, prostate and vesicular glands of the male.


vertebral element

Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.


gland of ocular region

A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands.


median eye

A median eye is an eye that is connected to a paired or unpaired median anterior neuropil of the syncerebrum by one or several median eye nerves.


male reproductive gland

A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system.


retrocerebral complex

Corpora allata with Corpora cardiaca form the retrocerebral complex, a neurosecretory organ.


scapula endochondral element

A scapula bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor.


intromittent organ

An external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP].


insect larval sense organ

Any sense organ that is part of some larva.


respiration organ

Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.


occipital lateral line neuromast

A neuromast that is part of the occipital lateral line.


dorsal lateral line neuromast

Neuromast that is part of the dorsal lateral line. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.).


supraorbital lateral line neuromast

A neuromast that is part of the supraorbital lateral line.


arcuate ligament

A ligament that is part of a diaphragm.


seminal fluid secreting gland

A gland that secretes a seminal fluid.


vestibular organ

An organ that is part of a vestibular system.


primary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.


A 17-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 17 has a beta-configuration.


chloroplast intermembrane space

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of a chloroplast envelope.


catechols

Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.


glyoxysomal lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of a glyoxysome.


glycosome lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a glycosome.


tertiary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


The (S)-enantiomer of bromazine.


(-)-Tramadol

A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have S-configuration; the (S,S)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold lower analgesic potency than the (R,R)-enantiomer.


fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.


distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 5

A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5.


external integument structure

Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument.


volatile organic compound

Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.


cytoplasmic microtubule plus-end

Any microtubule plus-end that is part of a cytoplasmic microtubule.


cortical microtubule plus-end

The plus-end of a cortical microtubule.


Fenfluramine

A  secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.


quaternary ammonium salt

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.


monomethoxybenzene

Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.


steroid saponin

Any saponin derived from a hydroxysteroid.


host cell chloroplast

A chlorophyll-containing plastid as found within host cells with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


host cell chloroplast thylakoid membrane

Any sac-like membranous structures (cisternae) in a chloroplast found in host cells, combined into stacks (grana) and present singly in the stroma (stroma thylakoids or frets) as interconnections between grana. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


host cell chloroplast part

Any constituent part of a chloroplast as it is found in host cells and which are a chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


excitatory neuromuscular junction of somatic myotube

A neuromuscular junction that functions in the excitation of somatic muscle myotubes, such as an arthropod somatic muscle cells.


inhibitory neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential that inhibits muscle contraction.


inhibitory neuromuscular junction of somatic myotube

A neuromuscular junction that functions in the inhibition of somatic muscle myotube contraction. Examples of somatic muscle myotubes include the somatic muscle cells of arthropods.


neuromuscular junction of myotube

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube.


neuromuscular junction of somatic muscle

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a somatic muscle cell, such as those found in nematodes and arthropods.


neuromuscular junction of somatic muscle myotube

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a somatic muscle myotube, such as an arthropod somatic muscle cell.


excitatory neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a post-synaptic potential responsible for muscle contraction.


bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid

A type of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid whose structures are built up of two benzylisoquinoline units linked by ether bridges. Various structural patterns resulting from additional bridging between the two units by direct carbon-carbon bridging or by methylenedioxy groups are common.


parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse

An excitatory synapse formed by the parallel fibers of granule cells synapsing onto the dendrites of Purkinje cells.


cerebellar climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapse

A synapse of a climbing fiber onto the dendrites of a Purkinje cell in cerebellum. The climbing fiber originates from the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata.


asymmetric, glutamatergic, excitatory synapse

A neuron to neuron synapse with a postsynaptic density, that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter and whose activity results in excitatory postsynaptic potentials.


P1 peroxisome

A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P1 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content; they contain fewer peroxisomal proteins than the other subforms.


dorsal nerve of clitoris

The deep terminal division of the pudendal nerve that runs along the dorsum of the clitoral shaft and innervates the the glans clitoris.


Any aminopurine that has amino substituents at positions 2 and 6, and their substituted derivatives.


A 2,6-diaminopurine that is an analogue of abacavir in which the cyclopropylamino group at position 6 of the purine moiety is replaced by a 3-cyclopropyl-3-fluoroazetidin-1-yl group. One of a series of synthesised abacavir analogues with antiviral activity found to stimulate IFN-gamma secretion in abacavir-responsive clones.


polyatomic anion

An anion consisting of more than one atom.


Azide ion

Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.


Nitrate

A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.


oxoanion

An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.


Nitrite

The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitrous acid.


host cell periphery

The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures of a host cell.


thiochromane

Any organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a thiopyran.


dibenzopyran

Any organic heteropolycyclic compound based on a skeleton consisting of a pyran ring fused with two benzene rings.


benzimidazole fungicide

Compounds that contain a benzimidazole moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.


naphthalenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.


adamantanes

Compounds containing an adamantane skeleton.


A hydroxylamine that is N-hydroxyquinolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a (1E)-non-1-en-1-yl group. It is the most active agent produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that modulates the growth and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus; the corresponding Z isomer is inactive.


isoquinolines

A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives.


androstanoid

Any steroid based on an  androstane skeleton and its derivatives.


folic acids

A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.


pyrrolidinopiperidine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused pyrrolidine and piperidine rings.


Indoles

Any compound containing an indole skeleton.


benzodioxine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused benzene and dioxine rings.


17alpha-hydroxy steroid

The alpha-stereoisomer of 17-hydroxy steroid.


phenanthrenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


A steroid compound with a structure based on a 19-carbon (androstane) skeleton.


A steroid that has a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.


Levonebivolol

A 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] that has (1S,1'S,2R,2'S)-configuration.


Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.


anthracenes

Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.


R-epinastine

An epinastine that has R configuration at the chiral centre.


spiroketal

A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.


benzisoxazole

Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.


ortho-fused heteroarene

An ortho-fused compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one heteroatom.


alkyloxynaphthalene

Naphthalenes in which one or more alkyloxy groups are bonded to a naphthalene ring system.


5beta steroid

Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5.


Any C21-steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 17alpha-position. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.


phthalimides

A dicarboximide that is phthalimide or derivatives obtained from it by the formal replacement of one or more hydrogens.


benzoxazole

Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.


S-epinastine

An epinastine that has S configuration at the chiral centre.


N-acylindole

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the nitrogen of an indole.


steroid hormone

Any steroid that acts as hormone.


fluorinated steroid

A steroid which is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position.


hydroxycoumarin

Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.


corticosteroid

A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.


Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.


1,8-naphthyridine derivative

Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of 1,8-naphthyridine.


epoxy steroid

Any steroid whose structure includes an epoxy group.


aza-steroid

An aza-steroid is a steroid where in the carbon skeleton a carbon atom is replaced by nitrogen.


carbapenems

The class of beta-lactam antibiotics that whose members have a carbapenem skeleton which is variously substituted at positions 3, 4, and 6.


tetracyclic antidepressant

An antidepressant whose molecular structure consists of four ring-like structures in a T-shape.


ortho-fused compound

A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.


pyridopyrimidine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a pyridine ring ortho-fused at any position to a pyrimidine ring.


steroid

Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.


spiro compound

A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings.


14beta-hydroxy steroid

A 14-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group has a beta-configuration.


benzimidazoles

An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.


benzazepine

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring.


The (S)-enantiomer of dyphylline.


Racemethorphan

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.


benzodiazepine

A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.


hexahydronaphthalenes

Any carbobycyclic compound that is an hexahydronaphthalene or a compound obtained from an hexahydronaphthalene by formal substitution of one or more hydrogens.


azaspiro compound

An azaspiro compound is a spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is a nitrogen heterocyle.


pyrimidopyrimidine

An organic heterobicyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of two pyrimidine rings that are ortho-fused to each other at any position.


naphthyridine derivative

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that is a derivative of a naphthyridine.


cinnolines

Any  organic heteropolycyclic compound based on the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene and its substituted derivatives.


Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.


purine nucleobase

A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.


tetrahydrofolic acid

A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.


cephamycin

Any member of the cephamycin sub-group of cephem antibiotics, differing from cephalosporins in possessing a methoxy group at the 7alpha-position of the cephem nucleus, and in being resistant to beta-lactamase.


oxaspiro compound

A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.


thienopyridine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.


aminopurine

Any purine having at least one amino substituent.


carbobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.


penams

Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one structure, generally assumed to have the 5R configuration unless otherwise specified.


steroid acid

Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.


furofuran

Organic heterobicyclic compounds containing a two furan rings ortho-fused to each other.


oxa-steroid

A steroid where in the carbon skeleton a carbon atom is replaced by oxygen.


carbotricyclic compound

A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.


chromones

A chromenone that consists of a 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


carbopolycyclic compound

A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.


bridged compound

A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common.


11beta-hydroxy steroid

Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.


Dexnebivolol

A 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] that has (1R,1'R,2R,2'S)-configuration.


flavans

Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


methoxynaphthalene

Any alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.


C21-steroid hormone

A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.


17-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.


A derivative of folic acid in which the pteridine ring is fully reduced; it is the parent compound of a variety of coenzymes that serve as carriers of one-carbon groups in metabolic reactions.


heteropolycyclic compound

A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.


methylindole

Any member of the class of indoles carrying one or more methyl substituents.


xanthene dye

A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or m-aminophenol (and derivatives).


purines

A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.


(R)-dyphylline

The (R)-enantiomer of dyphylline.


imidazotetrazine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused imidazole and tetrazine rings.


oxacephem

Any member of the oxacephem sub-group of cephem antibiotics, in which the thiaazabicyclo moiety of the cephalosporins is replaced by an oxaazabicyclo moiety, and  where R3 is -H or -OCH3.


benzofuran antifungal drug

Any member of the class of benzofurans which has been used as an antifungal drug.


Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the O atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.


16-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 16.


tetralins

Compounds containing a tetralin skeleton.


cephalosporin

A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring.  Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.


A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.


meningeal branch of spinal nerve

Branch of spinal nerve that innervates the structures of the vertebral column.


cytolytic granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the cytolytic granule.


fungal-type vacuole membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


autolysosome membrane

A lipid bilayer that surrounds an autolysosome, a single-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is degraded.


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


organic heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.


delta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a six-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.


Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


aminoquinoline

Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups.


Pigment present in the sponge Aplysina aerophoba


bipyridines

Compounds containing a bipyridine group.


quinolines

A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.


A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.


biphenylyltetrazole

A member of the class of biphenyls that consists of a biphenyl ring system substituted by a tetrazole ring at an unspecified position.


An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.


A {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol that has S configuration.


An N-glycosyl compound that consists of any triazole having a glycosyl residue attached at position 1.


polypyrrole

A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.


morphinane-like compound

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a morphinan skeleton. These are synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds that resemble the  morphinane (opioid) alkaloids in their pharmacological effects.


tetrapyrrole

A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.


beta-lactam antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring.


azole

Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.


fluoroquinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.


(S)-Bendroflumethiazide

The (S)-enantiomer of bendroflumethiazide.


nucleobase-containing molecular entity

Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.


A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.


monobactam

Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic. It lacks the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.


Penigequinolone B

Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


triazole antifungal drug

Any triazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


corrinoid

A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions.


tetrazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.


1,3-thiazolium cation

An organic cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1,3-thiazole.


nucleobase

That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.


oxazole

An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.


triazole antifungal agent

A member of the class of triazole that has significant antifungal properties.


(S)-Bifonazole

A 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole that is the S-enantiomer of bifonazole.


crown compound

A macrocyclic polydentate compound, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species.


(R)-Bendroflumethiazide

The (R)-enantiomer of bendroflumethiazide.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


cyclic acetal

An acetal in the molecule of which the acetal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


cyclic hydroxamic acid

A lactam having a hydroxy substituent on the amide nitrogen.


epoxide

Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.


A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2.


quinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.


imidazole antifungal drug

Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


thiazide

Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.


heteroarene

A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).


oxapenam

A fused-ring beta-lactam system where the beta-lactam ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazolidine ring.


A quinolone that is quinolin-2(1H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


lactam

Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


cyclic ether

Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring.


imidazole antifungal agent

A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an imidazole moiety.


conazole antifungal drug

Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in animals or humans.


organonitrogen heterocyclic compound

Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.


A member of the class of quinolones that is 2-methylquinolin-4(1H)-one in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a 4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]phenyl group. A potent inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii growth.


conazole antifungal agent

A compound that has a structure that is related to miconazole, contains an azole (imidazole or triazole) moiety, and has significant systemic antifungal properties.  They inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function.


A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thione and its derivatives by substitution.


cyclic ketal

A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


beta-lactam antibiotic allergen

Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.


oxacycle

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.


benzothiadiazine

Heterocyclic compound of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics.


ansamycin

A class of macrocyclic lactams that consist of an aromatic (phenyl or naphthyl) or quinonoid (benzoquinone or naphthoquinone) moiety that is bridged by an aliphatic chain.


A heteroaryl hydroxy compound that is 2-quinolone substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.


diazole

An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.


(R)-oxamniquine

A {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol that has R configuration.


crown amine

Crown compounds containing only nitrogen as coordinating atom.


gamma-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 4

A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition].


compound organ component

Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ.


medulla of organ

Middle part of an organ, surrounded by the cortex.


left adrenal gland medulla

The adrenal gland medulla that is in the left side of the abdomen.


right adrenal gland medulla

The adrenal gland medulla that is in the right side of the abdomen.


nerve of abdominal segment

A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition].


pelvis nerve

A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition].


outer endospore membrane

The outer membrane around a bacterial endospore, located between the endospore cortex and endospore coat.


chloroplast outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope.


mycolate outer membrane

A mycolic acid-rich cell outer membrane containing a lipid bilayer and long-chain mycolic acids (hydroxylated branched-chain fatty acids) that are covalently linked to the cell wall peptidoglycan via an arabinogalactan network. Found in mycobacteria and related genera (e.g. corynebacteria).


plastid outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope.


epiphysis of fifth metacarpal bone

An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5.


inter-basipterygium joint

Joint that articulates the left and right basipterygium cartilage or bone. Inter-basipterygium joint is unpaired.


ketoxime

Oximes of ketones R2C=NOH (where R =/= H).


multi organ part structure

An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part.


vertebra 6 - vertebra 7 joint

Joint between the centra, and sometimes the neural arches or parapophyses of vertebra 6 and vertebra 7.


manubriosternal joint

The early union, by hyaline cartilage, of the manubrium and the body of the sternum, which later becomes a symphysial type of joint.


cartilaginous joint

Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA].


tibiofibular joint

A joint that connects the tibia and the fibula.


ventral hypohyal-urohyal joint

Joint that articulates the ventral hypohyal and urohyal bones. Ventral hypohyal-urohyal joint is paired.


dento-alveolar joint

A joint that binds the teeth to the alveolar ridge.


preopercle horizontal limb-symplectic joint

Joint that articulates the posterior edge of the preopercle horizontal limb with the symplectic.


palatomaxillary suture

Line of union, in the floor of the orbit, between the orbital process of the palatine bone and the orbital surface of the maxilla.


dermal neck joint

Dermal articulation between skull and shoulder girdle localized to paired dermal neck-joint between anterior dorsolateral plate (ADL) and paranuchal (PNu) plates in placoderms.


interchondral joint

Interchondral Articulations (articulations of the cartilages of the ribs with each other). The contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, costal cartilages articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. Each articulation is enclosed in a thin articular capsule, lined by synovial membrane and strengthened laterally and medially by ligamentous fibers which pass from one cartilage to the other. Sometimes the fifth costal cartilages, more rarely the ninth and tenth, articulate by their lower borders with the adjoining cartilages by small oval facets; more frequently the connection is by a few ligamentous fibers.


mandibular symphysis

A cartilaginous joint that connects left and right mandibles/dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired[TAO,modified].


preopercle vertical limb-hyomandibula joint

Joint that articulates the anterior edge of the preopercle vertical limb and the hyomandibula.


lateral ethmoid-frontal joint

Joint that articulates the lateral ethmoid and frontal. lateral ethmoid-frontal joint is paired.


hindlimb joint

A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].


inter-frontal joint

Joint between the left and right frontal bone.


transverse palatine suture

The line of junction between the processes of the maxilla and the horizontal parts of the palatine bones that form the hard palate.


hinge joint

A joint that allows motion around an axis.


vertebra 5-vertebra 6 joint

Joint between the centra, and sometimes the neural arches or parapophyses.


parasphenoid-basioccipital joint

Joint that articulates the parasphenoid and basioccipital. Parasphenoid-basioccipital joint is unpaired.


dorsal hypohyal-urohyal joint

Joint that articulates the dorsal hypohyal and urohyal bones. Dorsal hypohyal-urohyal joint is paired.


fibrous joint

Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA].


ceratohyal-dorsal hypohyal joint

Joint that articulates the ceratohyal and dorsal hypohyal bones. Ceratohyal-dorsal hypohyal joint is paired.


synostosis

Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones are connected by bone. Examples: epiphyseal junction, manubriosternal synostosis.


autopalatine-maxillary joint

Joint that articulates the autopalatine cartilage or bone and maxilla.


vertebra 4-vertebra 5 joint

Joint between the centra, and sometimes the neural arches or parapophyses of vertebra 4 and vertebra 5.


intercuneiform joint

The intercuneiform articulations are articulations among the cuneiform bones[WP,unverified].


inter-hypobranchial 3 joint

Joint that articulates the left and right hypobranchial 3 cartilages or bones. Inter-hypobranchial 3 joint is unpaired.


mesethmoid-frontal joint

Joint that articulates the mesethmoid and frontal. Mesethmoid-frontal joint is paired.


epihyal-ceratohyal joint

Joint that articulates the epihyal and ceratohyal bones. Epihyal-ceratohyal joint is paired.


inter-ventral hypohyal joint

Joint that articulates the contralateral ventral hypohyal bones or the contralateral ceratobranchial cartilages. Inter-ventral hypohyal joint is paired.


autopod joint

A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition].


symphysis

Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA].


inferior tibiofibular joint

The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia. Below, to the extent of about 4 mm. these surfaces are smooth, and covered with cartilage, which is continuous with that of the ankle-joint. The ligaments are: Anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus, Posterior ligament of the lateral malleolus, Inferior transverse ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, Interosseous ligament.


premaxillary-maxillary joint

Joint that articulates the premaxilla and maxilla. Premaxillary-maxillary joint is paired.


suture

Line of junction between two parts immovably connected. Modified from Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms.


mesethmoid-lateral ethmoid joint

Joint that articulates the mesethmoid and lateral ethmoid. Mesethmoid-lateral ethmoid joint is paired.


opercle-interopercle joint

Joint that articulates the opercle and interopercle. Opercle-interopercle joint is paired.


pterosphenoid-orbitosphenoid joint

Joint that articulates the pterosphenoid and orbitosphenoid. Pterosphenoid-orbitosphenoid joint is paired.


endoskeletal cranial joint

The braincase of most plesiomorphic sarcopterygians is divided by the intracranial point into ethmosphenoid and otic-occipital portions each covered by dermal bones. The function of the joint is presumably to increase the gape of the mouth rapidly during opening phases. (Forey 1997).


inter-parietal joint

Fibrous joint connecting the parietal bones.


epibranchial 3-pharyngobranchial 4 joint

Joint that articulates the epibranchial 3 cartilage or bone and pharyngobranchial 4 cartilage or bone. Epibranchial 3-pharyngobranchial 4 joint is paired.


inter-coracoid joint

Joint between the right and left coracoid bones of the pectoral girdle.


xiphisternal joint

The xiphisternal joint (or xiphisternal synchondrosis) is a location near the bottom of the sternum, where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process.


dermal intracranial joint

Hinge in the skull skeleton to allow for kinetic movement of different parts.


xenarthrale

A supplementary intervertebral articulation found in xenarthrans characterized by two sets of zygapophyseal facets in the postdiaphragmatic vertebrae, one medial and one lateral to the met apophysis.


quadrate-hyomandibula joint

Joint that articulates quadrate and hyomandibula bones. Quadrate-hyomandibula joint is paired.


basioccipital-exoccipital joint

Joint that articulates the basioccipital and exoccipital. Basioccipital-exoccipital joint is paired.


limb joint

Any joint that is part of a (free) limb.


autopalatine-vomer joint

Joint that articulates autopalatine and vomer bones. Autopalatine-vomer joint is paired.


interhyal-epihyal joint

Joint that articulates the interhyal and epihyal bones, or interhyal and ceratohyal cartilages. Interhyal-epihyal joint is paired.


hyomandibular-otic region joint

Joint that articulates the hyomandibular cartilage or bone and otic region cartilage or sphenotic bone, and often pterotic bone and prootic bone. Hyomandibular-otic region joint is paired.


joint of girdle

A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region.


prootic-exoccipital joint

Joint that articulates the prootic and exoccipital. Prootic-exoccipital joint is paired.


syndesmosis

Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA].


quadrate-metapterygoid joint

Joint that articulates quadrate and metapterygoid bones. Quadrate-metapterygoid joint is paired.


nonsynovial joint

Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis.


superior tibiofibular joint

The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The contiguous surfaces of the bones present flat, oval facets covered with cartilage and connected together by an articular capsule and by anterior and posterior ligaments. When the term 'tibiofibular articulation' is used without a modifier, it refers to the superior, and not the inferior tibiofibular articulation.


mesethmoid-nasal joint

Joint that articulates the mesethmoid and nasal. Mesethmoid-nasal joint is paired.


autopalatine-lateral ethmoid joint

Joint that articulates the autopalatine and lateral ethmoid and bones. Autopalatine-lateral ethmoid joint is paired.


preopercle-opercle joint

Joint that articulates the preopercle and opercle. Preopercle-opercle joint is paired.


forelimb joint

A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].


interincisive suture

Median palatine suture of the palatine processes of the maxillary bones, and the median suture of the palatine bones.


hyomandibula-opercle joint

Synovial joint that articulates the hyomandibula and the opercle.


inter-clavicle joint

Joint that articulates left and right clavicles.


palatoethmoidal suture

A line of junction of the orbital process of the palatine bone and the orbital plate of the ethmoid.


ceratohyal-branchiostegal ray joint

Joint that articulates the ceratohyal and branchiostegal ray bones. Ceratohyal-branchiostegal ray joint is paired.


mesethmoid-vomer joint

Joint that articulates the mesethmoid and vomer. Mesethmoid-vomer joint is unpaired.


orbitosphenoid-prootic joint

Joint that articulates orbitosphenoid and prootic bones. Orbitosphenoid-prootic joint is paired.


epibranchial 4-upper pharyngeal toothplate joint

Joint that articulates the epibranchial 4 cartilage or bone and upper pharyngeal toothplate. Epibranchial 4-upper pharyngeal toothplate joint is paired.


articulation

Anatomical structure that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts.


inter-premaxillary joint

Joint that articulates the left and right premaxillary bones. Inter-premaxillary joint is unpaired.


shoulder joint

The joint that is formed by the union of the humerus, the scapula (or shoulder blade), and the clavicle (or collarbone). Commonly thought of as a single joint, the shoulder is actually made up of two separate joints - the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints.


mixture

A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.


poly(L-lysine) polymer

A poly(lysine) polymer, composed of poly(L-lysine) macromolecules.


poly(D-lysine) polymer

A poly(lysine) polymer, composed of poly(D-lysine) macromolecules.


racemate

A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.


polymer

A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..


poly(amide) polymer

A polymer, composed of poly(amide) macromolecules.


diastereoisomeric mixture

A mixture composed of two or more diastereoisomers (stereoisomers not related as mirror images).


anatomical junction

An anatomical structure that connects two structures.


Bunina body

Small granular inclusions (about 1-3 microns in diameter) found in the anterior horn cells, and appearing either singly or in a group. Sometimes they are arranged in small beaded chains. Bunina bodies express cystatin C and consist of electron-dense amorphous material that contains tubules or vesicular structures. The amorphous material frequently includes a cytoplasmic island containing neurofilaments and other micro-organelles.


difluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying two fluorine atoms.


hydroxamic acid

A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.


acetohydroxamic acids

Any hydroxamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.


tripeptide

Any oligopeptide that consists of three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


distal epiphysis of tibia

A distal epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition].


other organism cell membrane

The cell membrane of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.


symbiont cell surface

The cell surface of a secondary, endosymbiont organism with which the first organism is interacting. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


tract of brain

An axon tract that is part of a brain.


tract of diencephalon

An axon tract that is part of a diencephalon.


host cell Golgi membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the host cell Golgi apparatus.


fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion

The group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra.


disaccharide

A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.


hindlimb nerve

A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition].


pedal digit nerve

A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition].


saphenous nerve

The largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. [WP,unvetted].


pes nerve

A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition].


host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the host cell ER-Golgi intermediate compartment system.


host cell nuclear membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the host nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.


host cell nuclear inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the host nuclear envelope.


azamacrocycle

A cyclic macromolecule containing one or more nitrogen atoms in place of carbon either as the divalent group NH for the group CH2 or a single trivalent nitrogen atom for the group CH.


respiratory system basal lamina

A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition].


right caudal basal body

Any ciliary basal body that is part of a right caudal flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


wrist nerve

A nerve that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition].


cerebral cortex neuropil

A neuropil that is part of a cerebral cortex [Automatically generated definition].


growth cone leading edge

That part of the growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.


leading edge of axonal growth cone

That part of the axonal growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.


cholinergic synapse

A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.


protein storage vacuole membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a protein storage vacuole.


polyhydroxyalkanoate granule

An inclusion body located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that consists of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) molecules and associated proteins, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer; the proteins include PHA synthase, PHA depolymerase and 3HB-oligomer hydroxylase, phasins (PhaPs), which are thought to be the major structural proteins of the membrane surrounding the inclusion, and the regulator of phasin expression PhaR.


megasome

Large, cysteine proteinase rich lysosomes, often found in the amastigote (an intracytoplasmic, nonflagellated form of the parasite) stage of Leishmania species belonging to the mexicana complex.


cyanelle inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the cyanelle envelope; also faces the cyanelle stroma.


proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 4

A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 4 phalanx [Automatically generated definition].


proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 4

A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition].


proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4

A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition].


cortical Lewy body

Cytoplasmic inclusion similar to a classical Lewy body but lacking a halo of protein fibrils.


nucleolar peripheral inclusion body

Inclusion bodies located at the nucleolar periphery where several nuclear factors are reversibly aggregated and sequestered during acute heat stress or starvation.


classical Lewy body

Cytoplasmic inclusion, 5 to 15 micrometers in diameter, with a dense core surrounded by a halo of 10 to 20 nm wide radially oriented alpha-synuclein fibrils.


nematosome

Cytoplasmic, ball-like inclusion resembling a nucleolus and consisting of a convoluted network of electron-opaque strands embedded in a less dense matrix. It measures approximately 0.9 microns and lacks a limiting membrane. Its strands (diameter = 400-600 A) appear to be made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments and particles approximately 25-50 A thick. Cytochemical studies suggest the presence of nonhistone proteins and some RNA. Usually only one such structure is present in a cell, and it appears to occur in most ganglion cells. Although they can be seen anywhere in the cell body, nematosomes are typically located in the perinuclear cytoplasm, where they are often associated with smooth-surfaced and coated vesicles.


skein-like inclusion

Intracytoplasmic filamentous structure frequently encountered in preparations immunostained for ubiquitin.


fibrillary inclusion

Cellular inclusion consisting of circular areas filled with fine slender filaments about 10 nanometers in diameter, delimited by a wall of varying complexity (either a single continuous membrane or a tubular network consisting of a fine filamentous material giving the wall a honeycomb appearance). Fibrillary inclusions are found in the cytoplasm of giant cells of Dieters in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat; similar structures have been described in the ventral cochlear nucleus, spinal cord, and substantia nigra.


glial cytoplasmic inclusion

Non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions composed of 10-40 nm granule-coated fibrils. These inclusions have an abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein and are found in association with multiple system atrophy.


complex laminated body

A cytoplasmic inclusion body found in some lateral geniculate neurons and composed of sheets of tubules (25 nm in diameter) separated by dense material (about 75 nm wide), which together with the tubules whorl give a structure resembling a fingerprint.


laminated body

Inclusion body characterized by regularly spaced sheets of tubules arranged in a whorl pattern resembling a fingerprint. Laminated bodies have been observed in neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus.


Pick body

Cellular inclusion composed of numerous tau fibrils arranged in a disorderly array. Tau protein is a major component, though Pick bodies also contain ubiquitin, alpha-synuclein, and apolipoprotein E.


hyaline inclusion

A glass-like, pale intracellular inclusion.


glutamatergic postsynaptic density

The post-synaptic specialization of a glutamatergic excitatory synapse.


median vaginal canal

A median canal in the reproductive system of marsupials that connects the uteri to a common tract, joining with the two lateral vaginas. Connects the uterine openings directly with the urogenital sinus.


presynaptic active zone membrane

The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters.


long-chain fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol with a chain length ranging from C13-C23.


organofluorine compound

An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.


monofluorobenzenes

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying a single fluorine substitutent.


(R)-Fluoxetine

An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


trifluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes carrying three fluorine substituents at unspecified positions.


fluorobiphenyl

Any member of the class of  biphenyls that is a mono or poly-substituted biphenyl having fluro group as one of the substituents.


fluorocarbon

Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.


(trifluoromethyl)benzenes

An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.


fluoroalkane

A haloalkane that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a fluorine atom.


Zinc-67 isotope

The stable isotope of zinc with relative atomic mass 66.927131, 4.10 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 5/2.


heteroatomic molecular entity

A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.


aromatic primary alcohol

Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


organic fundamental parent

An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.


organic oxide

An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.


aliphatic alcohol

An  alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.


sulfates

Salts and esters of sulfuric acid


Nonoxinol

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding p-nonylphenyl ether.


alcohol

A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.


ethanols

Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.


primary fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol in which the hydroxy group is attached to a methylene (CH2) group.


phosphoramidate ester

A phosphoric ester (phosphate) that has an NR2 instead of an OH group.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


organobromine compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.


nitrophenol

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


fatty alcohol 22:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 22 carbons.


diol

A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.


amino alcohol

An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.


halide

Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.


alkylbenzene

A  monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.


glycol

A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


alkyl alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


sulfamides

Compounds where two amino groups are bound to an SO2 unit.


oxoacid

A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


allylic alcohol

An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).


metal sulfate

Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.


phenylethanolamines

An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.


resorcinols

Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.


organic sulfate

Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group


hydrides

Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.


artemisinin derivative

Any organic peroxide formally obtained from artemisinin.


organosulfonic acid

An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


halohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


enol

Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).


hydroxypolyether

A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.


organic hydroxy compound

An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.


Levobetaxolol

The (S)-enantiomer of betaxolol.


inorganic calcium salt

A calcium salt that lacks C-H bonds


tertiary alcohol

A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.


Bevantolol, (R)-

The (R)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


cyclohexanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.


haloalkane

A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.


hydroxyether

Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


hydrocarbon

A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


A mononitrophenol that is 2-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.


main-group coordination entity

A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.


oligosaccharide sulfate

Any  carbohydrate sulfate that is an oligosaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.


secondary alcohol

A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.


polyene

An olefin that contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond.


mononitrophenol

A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.


Any  propanediol bearing hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3.


polyol

A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.


primary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.


coordination entity

An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).


sulfuric ester

An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.


alditol

A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).


hydroxides

Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).


organic peroxide

Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are organic groups.


aromatic alcohol

Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


polyene antibiotic

A family of antibiotics containing a conjugated polyene moiety, usuallly isolated from some species of Streptomyces.


Bevantolol, (S)-

The (S)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


organohalogen compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).


long chain primary alcohol

A primary alcohol with a chain length ranging from 13-22 carbons which is usually but not always a fatty alcohol.


pentol

A  polyol with five hydroxy groups.


fatty alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


Oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.


N-sulfonylurea

A urea in which one of the hydrogens attached to a nitrogen of the urea group is replaced by a sulfonyl group. The N-sulfonylurea moiety is a key group in various herbicides, as well as in a number of antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetis mellitus.


sulfonamide

An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.


triol

A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.


organic magnesium salt

A magnesium salt with C-H bonds


heteroaryl hydroxy compound

Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.


olefin

Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.


monocyclic arene

A monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


arene

Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


primary alcohol

A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.


polyphenol

Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.


sodium salt

Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.


organosulfonate salt

Any organic salt prepared using an organosulfonic acid as the acid component.


A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.


sulfonamide antibiotic

A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


cellular bud neck contractile ring

A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck in mitotic cells that divide by budding in preparation for completing cytokinesis. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


indole alkaloid

An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.


isoquinoline alkaloid

Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.


cinchona alkaloid

An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.


monoterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and diisoprenoid (usually secolaganin) building blocks.


hemiterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and monoisoprenoid (usually dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or isopentenyl pyrophosphate) building blocks


morphinane alkaloid

An  isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzylisoquinoline alkaloid

Any isoquinoline alkaloid based on a benzylisoquinoline skeleton.


vinca alkaloid

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are alkaloids obtained from the Vinca genus of plants, together with semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues.


ergoline alkaloid

One of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids with a structure based on that of ergoline.


terpenoid indole alkaloid

An indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and isoprenoid building blocks.


aporphine alkaloid

Any benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has a structure based on 4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline or its 3-methyl derivative.


anthracycline

Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.


glyoxysomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a glyoxysome.


glycosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a glycosome.


mannosome

A specialised tubular organelle, assembled in hexagonal bundles within an external membrane. Mannosomes are specific to molluscs and are thought to be involved in a general stress reaction.


photoreceptor ribbon synapse

A ribbon synapse between a retinal photoreceptor cell (rod or cone) and a retinal bipolar cell. These contain a plate-like synaptic ribbon.


cochlear hair cell ribbon synapse

A ribbon synpase of an auditory hair cell of the cochlear. These ribbon synapses contain spherical synaptic ribbons and lack and arciform density.


organothiophosphorus compound

An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.


thiocarboxylic ester

An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.


organosulfur compound

An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.


methanesulfonates

Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.


thioureas

Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.


S-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.


thiocarbonyl compound

Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.


organic sulfide

Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.


alkanethiol

An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.


(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine

An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.


aryl sulfide

Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.


sulfide

Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.


dithioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.


4-Chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


methyl sulfide

Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.


sulfoxide

An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).


thioacetal

The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'.  The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


thiosugar

A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.


monothioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.


dithioketal

A dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic membrane

The component of the postsynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of presynaptic membrane

The component of the presynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

The component of the presynaptic endocytic zone membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic specialization membrane

The component of the postsynaptic specialization membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic density membrane

The component of the postsynaptic density membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of presynaptic active zone membrane

The component of the presynaptic active zone membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of synaptic membrane

The component of the synaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic endocytic zone

The component of the postsynaptic endocytic zone membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.


monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body

A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.


mitochondrial chromosome

A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell.


Z chromosome

The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the female is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the Z chromosome are present in each somatic cell of males and one copy is present in females.


ascus lipid droplet

Any particle of coalesced lipids in an ascus or ascospore. May include associated proteins.


chloroplast nucleoid

The region of a chloroplast to which the DNA is confined.


bacterial nucleoid

The region of a bacterial cell to which the DNA is confined.


proplastid nucleoid

The region of a proplastid to which the DNA is confined.


active sex chromosome

A sex chromosome that has not been inactivated.


polytene chromosome chromocenter

A region at which the centric regions of polytene chromosomes are joined together.


plastid nucleoid

The region of a plastid to which the DNA is confined.


W chromosome

The sex chromosome present in females of species in which the female is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the Z chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The W chromosome is absent from the cells of males and present in one copy in the somatic cells of females.


inactive sex chromosome

A sex chromosome that has been inactivated.