Stage IVB Thymic Epithelial Neoplasm AJCC v8


negative regulation of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity

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Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.


pediatric cerebral ependymoblastoma

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An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered that arises from the cerebral hemispheres and occurs in children.


childhood medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma occurring in children.


childhood cerebellar astrocytic neoplasm

Benign and malignant astrocytomas that arise from astrocytes in the cerebellum. More than 80% of childhood cerebellar astrocytomas are pilocytic astrocytomas which have a favorable prognosis. The remainder are composed of diffuse or fibrillary subtypes with malignant astrocytomas occurring only rarely in the cerebellum during childhood.


childhood brainstem astrocytoma

An astrocytoma that arises from the brain stem and occurs during childhood.


proneural glioblastoma

A molecular subtype of glioblastoma that is associated with younger age at presentation and is characterized by p53 mutations and PDGFRa amplifications.


pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation

A WHO grade II or III pineal parenchymal neoplasm of intermediate-grade malignancy, affecting all ages. It is composed of diffuse sheets or large lobules of uniform cells with mild to moderate nuclear atypia and low to moderate level mitotic activity. (Adapted from WHO)


desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma

A WHO grade I large cystic tumor that occurs almost exclusively in infants, with a prominent desmoplastic stroma having a neuroepithelial population consisting mainly of neoplastic astrocytes. It involves the superficial cerebral cortex and leptomeninges, and often attaches to the dura. Although clinically it presents as large tumor, it generally has a good prognosis following surgical resection. (Adapted from WHO)


pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differenciation

Pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) describes a rare type of pineal parenchymal tumor (PPT) of intermediate-grade malignancy manifesting with visual disturbances, headaches, loss of coordination and balance, nausea and vomiting due to obstructive hydrocephalus, and that is classified as either grade II PPTID or grade III PPTID according to the degree of neuronal differentiation and mitotic activity.


astroblastoma

Astroblastoma is a very rare glial neoplasm of the central nervous system, most often with an intra-axial peripheral supratentorial location in one hemisphere of the frontal or parietal lobes and usually presenting in infants and young adults with symptoms of vomiting, loss of consciousness, epileptic seizures and headaches.


IDH-mutant anaplastic astrocytoma

An anaplastic astrocytoma carrying IDH mutations.


melanotic neuroectodermal tumor

A rare neoplasm usually occurring in infants. It is characterized by the presence of a mixture of melanin-containing epithelial cells and smaller neuroblast-like cells. It may involve the skull and facial bones, or the epididymis. It usually has a benign clinical course.


desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma

A WHO grade I large cystic tumor that occurs almost exclusively in infants, with a prominent desmoplastic stroma having a neuroepithelial population of neoplastic astrocytes together with a variable neuronal component. It involves the superficial cerebral cortex and leptomeninges, and often attaches to the dura. Although clinically it presents as a large tumor, it generally has a good prognosis following surgical resection. (Adapted from WHO)


extraventricular neurocytoma

Extraventricular neurocytoma (EVN), a variant of central neurocytoma, is a rare neuronal neoplasm, composed of round cells with neuronal differentiation, which is located outside of the ventricular system, usually within the spinal cord or cerebral hemispheres and that manifests with headache, nausea, vomiting, complex partial seizures or focal neurological deficits. In some cases it may exhibit atypical features consistent with aggressive clinical behavior.


medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity

Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBEN) is a histological variant of medulloblastoma, an embryonic malignancy, most often located in the inferior medullary velum and then growing into the fourth ventricle, and presenting in infants and young children with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure such as headache, listlessness, vomiting, diplopia and papilledema. It is often associated with Gorlin syndrome and has a relatively good prognosis.


papillary glioneuronal tumor

A WHO grade I, indolent and relatively circumscribed brain tumor. Morphologically it is characterized by the presence of astrocytes that line vascular and hyalinized pseudopapillae. In between the pseudopapillae aggregates of neurocytes, large neurons, and ganglioid cells are present.


melanotic psammomatous malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor characterized by the presence of malignant cells that contain melanin and formation of psammoma bodies.


tanycytic ependymoma

A variant of ependymoma, often found in the spinal cord, with tumor cells arranged in fascicles of variable width and cell density. Ependymal rosettes are generally absent, so this lesion must be distinguished from astrocytic neoplasms, but its EM characteristics are ependymal. (Adapted from WHO.)


cerebral neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma arising from the cerebral hemispheres.


childhood supratentorial embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered

A childhood embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered that arises from the supratentorial brain and occurs in children.


spinal cord primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the spinal cord.


brain stem medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma that involves the brainstem.


brain stem astrocytic neoplasm

An astrocytoma that arises from the brain stem.


mediastinal schwannoma

A schwannoma that arises from the posterior mediastinum. It is the most common neurogenic tumor of the mediastinum. Excision is usually curative.


melanotic medulloblastoma

A rare malignant embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of small cells which resemble the cells of classic medulloblastoma and a minor population of melanin-forming neuroepithelial cells. It usually has an unfavorable clinical course.


benign glioma

A form of glioma without malignant characteristics.


papillary ependymoma

A rare variant of ependymoma characterized by well formed papillae. Tumor cell processes abutting capillaries are usually GFAP-positive. Differential diagnoses include choroid plexus papilloma, papillary meningioma and metastatic papillary carcinoma. (Adapted from WHO)


adrenal gland ganglioneuroblastoma

A ganglioneuroblastoma arising from the adrenal gland.


pineal gland astrocytoma

A astrocytoma that involves the pineal body.


rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome 2

Any familial rhabdoid tumor in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SMARCA4 gene.


gangliocytoma

A well differentiated, slow growing neuroepithelial neoplasm composed of neoplastic, mature ganglion cells.


trigeminal schwannoma

A schwannoma that involves the trigeminal nerve.


childhood ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.


oligoastrocytoma

A WHO grade II tumor composed of a conspicuous mixture of two distinct neoplastic cell types morphologically resembling the tumor cells in oligodendroglioma and diffuse astrocytoma. (WHO)


gliomatosis cerebri

A diffuse glial tumor which infiltrates the brain extensively, involving more than two lobes. It is frequently bilateral and often extends to the infratentorial structures, even to the spinal cord. It is probably of astrocytic origin, although GFAP expression may be scant or absent. (Adapted from WHO.)


Pacinian tumor

A neurofibroma characterized by the presence of structures which resemble Vater-Pacini corpuscles.


adult anaplastic ependymoma

An anaplastic ependymoma occurring in adults.


congenital granular cell tumor

An instance of granular cell tumor that is present from birth.


optic tract astrocytoma

An astrocytoma that affects the optic tract. This condition can be seen in association with neurofibromatosis 1. It is most commonly seen in the pediatric age group.


neurothekeoma

A benign neoplasm arising from nerve sheaths. It is characterized by the presence of a myxoid stroma.


brain glioma

A malignant glioma that involves the brain.


peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone

A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation arising from the bone. It may be associated with pain.


cerebellar vermis medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma arising from the vermis of the cerebellum.


primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the corpus uteri

A primitive neuroectodermal tumor that involves the body of uterus.


extracranial neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma arising from an anatomic site other than the brain.


spinal cord neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma that affects the spinal cord.


spinal ependymoma, MYCN-amplified

A spinal cord ependymoma that is characterized by MYCN amplification.


neurofibromatosis, type III, mixed central and peripheral


mesenchymal glioblastoma

A molecular subtype of glioblastoma characterized by the presence of NF1 mutations.


malignant cardiac peripheral nerve sheath neoplasm

A very rare malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that arises from the heart.


ependymal tumor

A group of neoplasms which arise from the ependymal lining of the cerebral ventricles and from the remnants of the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymal tumors occur predominantly in children and young adults with varied morphological features and biological behavior. There are 4 types: ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma and subependymoma. (WHO)


perineurioma

A usually benign perineurioma not associated with a nerve, arising from the soft tissues.


adult brainstem astrocytoma

An astrocytoma of the brain stem that occurs during adulthood.


IDH-wildtype anaplastic astrocytoma

An anaplastic astrocytoma lacking mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 genes.


schwannoma of twelfth cranial nerve

A schwannoma that involves the hypoglossal nerve.


adult pineal parenchymal tumor

A pineal parenchymal cell neoplasm (pineocytoma or pineoblastoma) occurring in adults.


spinal cord oligodendroglioma

A oligodendroglioma that involves the spinal cord.


optic nerve astrocytoma

A astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma) that involves the cranial nerve II.


differentiating neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma in which the differentiating neuroblasts constitute more than five-percent of the tumor cells.


adult brainstem gliosarcoma

A gliosarcoma of the brain stem that occurs during adulthood.


malignant triton tumor

Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is a rare aggressive subtype of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) characterized histopathologically by focal rhabdomyoblastic differentiation.


childhood optic nerve glioma

A glioma affecting the optic tract and occurring in childhood.


peripheral nerve schwannoma

A benign, usually encapsulated slow growing tumor of the peripheral nervous system composed of Schwann cells. It recurs infrequently and only rare cases associated with malignant transformation have been reported.


classic medulloblastoma

Classic medulloblastoma is a histological variant of medulloblastoma, an embryonic malignancy, having a midline location, occurring most often in children and manifesting with variable symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting and ataxia.


anaplastic/large cell medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma composed of sheets of large cells mixed with cells characterized by marked nuclear pleomorphism and high mitotic activity.


low grade glioma

A grade I or grade II glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, and angiocentric glioma.


stroma-dominant and stroma-poor composite ganglioneuroblastoma

A neuroblastic tumor characterized by the presence of a ganglioneuroblastoma component and the formation of Schwannian stroma which is the predominant component of the tumor volume.


desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma

A histological variant of medulloblastoma, an embryonic malignancy, often located in one of the cerebellar hemispheres, occurring most frequently in adults and manifesting with symptoms such as vomiting and headache.


anaplastic oligodendroglioma

A WHO grade III oligodendroglioma with focal or diffuse malignant morphologic features (prominent nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses, and increased cellularity).


grade II glioma

A glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes diffuse astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma.


optic pathway glioma

Optic pathway glioma (OPG) is a benign tumor that develop along the optic nerve (chiasm, tracts, and radiations) characterized by impairment or loss of vision and may be accompanied by diencephalic symptoms such as reduced growth and alteration in sleeping patterns. OPG are often linked to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).


diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype

A high grade glioma that is characterized by the absence of histone H3, IDH1, and IDH2 mutations.


juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma

A pilocytic astrocytoma that occurs during adolescence.


clear cell ependymoma

An ependymoma, often supratentorial in location, characterized by the presence of ependymal cells with a perinuclear halo.


high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features

An anaplastic astrocytoma that is characterized by high-grade piloid and/or glioblastoma-like histological features. It may occur anywhere in the central nervous system but most often arises in the posterior fossa.


anaplastic oligoastrocytoma

An oligoastrocytoma characterized by the presence of increased cellularity, nuclear atypia, pleomorphism, and high mitotic activity.


childhood central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal neoplasm

A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified that occurs in childhood.


malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare and often aggressive soft tissue sarcoma occurring in a wide range of anatomical sites.


gliofibroma

An astrocytic tumor affecting young people. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of collagenous tissue surrounding neoplastic astrocytes. In some cases the collagen is produced by the tumor cells (desmoplastic astrocytoma), whereas in others it is produced by mesenchymal cells (mixed glioma/fibroma).


atypical neurofibroma

A neurofibroma characterized by the presence of cellular pleomorphism.


peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of soft tissues

A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation arising from the soft tissues.


schwannian stroma-rich and stroma-poor composite ganglioneuroblastoma

A neuroblastic tumor characterized by the presence of a ganglioneuroblastoma component and the formation of Schwannian stroma which constitutes more than fifty-percent of the tumor volume.


peripheral ganglioneuroblastoma

A ganglioneuroblastoma arising from the peripheral nervous system.


neurofibroma of the heart

A rare neurofibroma that affects the heart.


chordoid glioma of the third ventricle

A rare, slow-growing neuroepithelial neoplasm of uncertain origin affecting adults. It is located in the third ventricle. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid cells which express GFAP, and mucinous stroma which contains lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates.


malignant melanocytic peripheral nerve sheath tumor of mediastinum

A rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that arises from the mediastinum. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells that contain melanin.


childhood astrocytic tumor

An astrocytic tumor appearing before the age of twenty one without designation of benign or malignant nor designated location.


malignant cutaneous granular cell skin tumor

A malignant granular cell tumor that arises from the skin.


neural glioblastoma

A molecular subtype of glioblastoma characterized by the expression of the neural markers NEFL, GABRA1, SYT1, and SLC12A5.


diffuse astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL1-altered

A diffuse astrocytoma that is a diffusely infiltrative astroglial neoplasm composed of monomorphic cells with genetic alterations in MYB or MYBL1.


granular cell leiomyosarcoma

An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of malignant smooth muscle cells with granular cytoplasmic changes.


benign mediastinal psammomatous neurilemmoma

A schwannoma that arises from the posterior mediastinum. It is characterized by the presence of psammoma bodies.


ependymal tumor of spinal cord

An ependymal tumor that arises from the spinal cord.


brain stem ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the brain stem.


classical glioblastoma

A molecular subtype of glioblastoma characterized by lack of p53 mutations, chromosome 7 amplifications or deletions, and high levels of EGFR amplification.


grade III glioma

A group of malignant gliomas that includes anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, and anaplastic ependymoma.


childhood low-grade glioma

A low-grade glioma that occurs in children and encompasses tumors of astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed glial-neuronal histology.


adult embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, c19mc-altered

An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered, occurring in adults.


spinal cord glioma

A neoplasm that arises from glial cells in the spinal cord. Representative examples include astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma.


nodular medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma characterized by nodularity and neuronal differentiation.


adult brainstem glioma

A brain stem glioma that occurs in an adult.


myxopapillary ependymoma

Myxopapillary ependymoma (MEPN) describes a slow growing ependymoma located almost exclusively in the conus medullaris-cauda equina-filum terminale region of the spinal cord, presenting in all age groups, and manifesting with variable symptoms such as neck pain, vomiting and unsteady gait and metastasis. It has a more aggressive disease course and is seen in the pediatric population.


large cell medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma composed of large cells with prominent nucleoli and a larger amount of cytoplasm in contrast with the cells of the classic medulloblastoma.


astroblastoma, MN1-altered

An astroblastoma that is characterized by astroblastoma-like morphology with MN1 rearrangements involving the meningioma 1 (MN1) gene on chromosome 22q.


mediastinal granular cell myoblastoma

An exceptionally rare, generally benign, granular cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum. All the reported cases were located in the posterior mediastinum.


sympathetic neurilemmoma

A benign tumor derived from schwann cells of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, including the sympathetic plexus.


cellular ependymoma

An ependymoma which shows conspicuous cellularity without a significant increase in mitotic rate. (Adapted from WHO)


adult oligodendroglioma

An oligodendroglioma occurring during adulthood.


IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma

An anaplastic oligodendroglioma that has material basis in IDH gene family mutation and combined whole-arm losses of 1p and 19q (1p/19q codeletion).


An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered that arises from the infratentorial region and occurs in children.


papillary tumor of the pineal region

Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) is a very rare neoplasm of the pineal region that is thought to arise from the specialized ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ and that manifests with visual disturbances, headaches, loss of coordination and balance, nausea and vomiting due to obstructive hydrocephalus.


high grade astrocytic tumor

An anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III astrocytic tumor) or glioblastoma (grade IV astrocytic tumor).


medulloblastoma non-WNT/non-SHH

A medulloblastoma that is characterized as a molecular subtype that is not associated with activation of the WNT pathway or sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway and TP53 mutations are absent.


central nervous system Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A rare Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor that affects the central nervous system either as a primary dural neoplasm or by direct extension from adjacent soft tissues or bone.


malignant perineurioma

A very rare malignant tumor with morphologic features similar to those of benign perineurioma of soft tissue along with hypercellularity, nuclear atypia, hyperchromasia, and a high mitotic rate.


cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma

A WHO Grade 1 astrocytoma which arises in the cerebellum. The tumor is composed of spindle shaped cells with numerous collections of reddish astrocytic fibers called Rosenthal fibers. Over 80% or the cerebellar astrocytomas of childhood are pilocytic. Pilocytic astrocytomas may rarely occur in adults. They are usually treated by surgical resection and in most cases have a favorable prognosis.


retroperitoneal neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma that involves the retroperitoneal space.


intracranial primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A primitive neuroectodermal tumor that involves the brain.


adult pineoblastoma

A pineoblastoma occurring in adults.


low grade astrocytic tumor

A grade I or grade II astrocytic tumor. This category includes pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (grade I), and diffuse astrocytoma (grade II).


childhood pilocytic astrocytoma

A pilocytic astrocytoma that occurs during childhood.


infant-type hemispheric glioma

A malignant astrocytoma that is characterized by receptor tyrosine kinase fusions in the NTRK family, ROS1, ALK, or MET genes, that arises in the cerebral hemisphere and occurs in early childhood.


diffuse astrocytoma

A low-grade (WHO grade II) astrocytic neoplasm. It is characterized by diffuse infiltration of neighboring central nervous system structures. These lesions typically affect young adults and have a tendency for progression to anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma. Based on the IDH genes mutation status, diffuse astrocytomas are classified as IDH-mutant, IDH-wildtype, and not otherwise specified.


gemistocytic astrocytoma

A rare variant of diffuse astrocytoma. It is characterized by the presence of a conspicuous, though variable, fraction of gemistocytic neoplastic astrocytes. Gemistocytes are round to oval astrocytes with abundant, glassy, non-fibrillary cytoplasm which appears to displace the dark, angulated nucleus to the periphery of the cell. To make the diagnosis of gemistocytic astrocytoma, gemistocytes should amount to more than approximately 20% of all tumor cells. (Adapted from WHO)


brain oligodendroglioma

A oligodendroglioma that involves the brain.


adult brainstem mixed glioma

A mixed glioma of the brain stem that occurs during adulthood.


A mixed glioma characterized by the presence of astrocytic, ependymal, and oligodendroglial neoplastic components.


intermixed schwannian stroma-rich ganglioneuroblastoma

A ganglioneuroblastoma characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells in a Schwannian stroma, without the presence of hemorrhagic neuroblastic nodules.


atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a highly malignant central nervous system (CNS) rhabdoid tumor (RT) found almost exclusively in children.


adult infiltrating astrocytic neoplasm

An infiltrating astrocytic tumor of the brain occurring in adults.


plexiform schwannoma

A schwannoma characterized by a plexiform or multinodular growth pattern. It usually arises from the skin or subcutaneous tissues in the extremities, trunk, and head and neck.


posterior fossa ependymoma

A high grade ependymoma that is located within the posterior fossa.


cerebral astrocytoma

An astrocytoma that arises from the cerebral hemispheres.


oligodendroglial tumor

Oligodendrogliomas are cerebral tumors that are differentiated from other gliomas on the basis of their unique genetic characteristics and better response to chemotherapy. These tumors are classified according to their grade (low grade oligodendrogliomas: grade II of the WHO classification and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas: grade III of the WHO classification) and according to their pure or mixed histology (oligoastrocytomas).


medulloblastoma SHH activated

A medulloblastoma that is characterized as a molecular subtype by activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway and TP53 mutations that may be present or absent.


astrocytic tumor

A glial tumor of the brain or spinal cord showing astrocytic differentiation. It includes the following clinicopathological entities: pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.


epithelioid neurofibroma

A rare neurofibroma with epithelioid morphology.


granular cell cancer

An uncommon granular cell tumor which may metastasize to other anatomic sites. Morphologic characteristics include the presence of spindling neoplastic cells, necrosis, extensive pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli, and increased mitiotic activity.


childhood optic tract astrocytoma

An astrocytoma that arises from the visual pathway and occurs during childhood.


diffuse low-grade glioma, MAPK pathway–altered

A low grade glioma that is characterized by a gene alteration that results in a MAPK pathway abnormality, with morphological features of astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma.


nasal ganglioglioma

Nasal ganglioglioma is a rare tumor, presenting in newborns, containing both neuronal and astrocytic components and that can be endonasal, extranasal or both. It is usually identified as a nasal mass that may cause feeding difficulties and nasal obstruction.


olfactory neuroblastoma

An olfactory neuroblastoma arising in the paranasal sinus.


melanotic neurilemmoma

A rare circumscribed, non-encapsulated and grossly pigmented nerve sheath tumor. It is composed of cells with the immunophenotypic and electron microscopic features of Schwann cells which contain melanosomes and are positive for melanoma markers. It usually involves spinal nerve roots but may occur in other locations. It may be associated with PRKAR1A gene mutation and Carney complex. Malignant behavior has been reported in a significant number of patients.


RELA fusion-positive ependymoma

A supratentorial ependymoma characterized by a gene fusion involving ZFTA and RELA genes. It accounts for the majority of supratentorial ependymomas in children. It has an unfavorable outcome when compared to other ependymoma subtypes.


cellular schwannoma

A morphologic variant of schwannoma characterized by hypercellularity, Antoni A pattern, and the absence of well-formed Verocay bodies.


extraneural perineurioma

Extraneural perineurioma is a rare tumor of cranial and spinal nerves arising from peripheral nerve sheet and composed exclusively or predominantly of cells showing perineurial differentiation. It presents as a well-circumscribed, rarely encapsulated mass, not associated with a recognizable nerve, most commonly arising in the dermis and subcutis of the extremities or trunk, or, rarely, in deep soft tissue or skin (e.g., in the stomach, kidney, pancreas, maxillary sinus, mandible, bronchial tree and the face). The clinical presentation depends on the localization.


cerebellar astrocytoma

Benign and malignant neoplasms of the cerebellum that arise from astrocytes. During childhood the majority are benign pilocytic astrocytomas. In adults both benign and relatively higher grade forms may occur. The most common presenting symptoms are headache, nausea, vomiting, ataxia of gait or limb, paresis, diplopia, and dizziness. Objective signs include weakness, long tract signs, dysmetria, gait ataxia, papilledema, and nystagmus. Surgical resection is often curative.


adult malignant schwannoma

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor occurring during adulthood.


adult brain ependymoma

An ependymoma of the brain occurring in adults.


intraneural perineurioma

A WHO grade I perineurioma that arises within the endoneurium. It is characterized by the formation of pseudo-onion bulbs by the proliferating perineural cells.


retinal neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma arising from the retina.


ependymal tumor of brain

A tumor arising from the ependymal lining of the ventricles.


vulvar granular cell tumor

A usually benign granular cell tumor that arises from the vulva.


A malignant astrocytoma that is characterized by the presence of five or more mitoses per 10 high-power fields.


spinal cord astrocytoma

A low or high grade astrocytoma that arises in the spinal cord.


mediastinum ganglioneuroblastoma

A ganglioneuroblastoma arising from the mediastinum.


medullomyoblastoma with myogenic differentiation

A rare malignant embryonal neoplasm arising from the cerebellum. It is characterized by the morphologic features of a medulloblastoma and the presence of a striated muscle component. Its clinical behavior is similar to medulloblastoma.


mixed astrocytoma-ependymoma

A tumor of mixed cell type with astrocytic components as well as ependymoma components.


diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

A neuroglial tumor that arises from the middle portion of the brain stem. It usually affects children and has a poor prognosis.


epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor composed predominantly or exclusively of epithelioid cells.


subependymoma

Subependymoma is a rare and slow growing type of ependymoma, often presenting in middle-aged adults, found more commonly in men than in women, usually located in the fourth and lateral ventricles and manifesting with variable symptoms including headache, nausea, and loss of balance. In some cases it can be asymptomatic. It is usually associated with a better prognosis than other forms of ependymoma.


Askin tumor

A primitive neuroectodermal tumor (small round blue cell tumor) of the thorax which can involve the periosteum, thoracic wall and/or pleura though it spares the lung parenchyma.


protoplasmic astrocytoma

A rare variant of diffuse astrocytoma. It is predominantly composed of neoplastic astrocytes showing a small cell body with few, flaccid processes with a low content of glial filaments and scant GFAP expression. This lesion is not well defined and is considered by some authors as an occasional histopathological feature rather than a reproducibly identifiable variant. When occurring in children, this neoplasm may be difficult to separate from pilocytic juvenile astrocytoma. (Adapted from WHO)


mediastinal melanocytic neurilemmoma

A melanotic schwannoma that affects the mediastinum.


neurohypophysis granular cell tumor

A generally benign intrasellar and/or suprasellar mass arising from the neurohypophysis or infundibulum. It is composed of nests of large cells with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm due to abundant intracytoplasmic lysosomes. It generally has a slow progression and lacks invasive growth. (Adapted from WHO)


pilomyxoid astrocytoma

An astrocytic tumor of uncertain relation to pilocytic astrocytoma. It occurs predominantly in infants and young children. It is characterized by a monomorphic architectural pattern, usually associated with the absence of Rosenthal fibers and eosinophilic granular bodies. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


nodular ganglioneuroblastoma

A ganglioneuroblastoma characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells in a Schwannian stroma, and the formation of hemorrhagic neuroblastic nodules.


embryonal tumor of neuroepithelial tissue


neuroepithelioma

Peripheral neuroepithelioma is a rare noncentral nervous system tumor with evidence of primitive neuroectodermal differentiation.


childhood malignant schwannoma

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor occurring in children.


IDH-wildtype glioblastoma

A glioblastoma that is characterized by high cellularity, high mitotic activity, necrosis or microvascular proliferation and that lacks mutations in IDH genes.


nerve sheath neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the perineural cells in the sheaths surrounding the nerves. Representative examples include neurofibroma, schwannoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.


supratentorial ependymal tumor

An ependymal tumor arising from the supratentorial region of the brain.


adult spinal cord ependymoma

An ependymoma of the spinal cord occurring in adults.


medulloblastoma WNT activated

A medulloblastoma that is characterized as a molecular subtype by activation of the WNT pathway and TP53 mutations may be present or absent.


frontal lobe ependymal tumor

An ependymal tumor affecting the frontal lobe of the brain.


anaplastic ependymoma

Anaplastic ependymoma is a rare, malignant type of ependymoma that most often arises in the supratentorial region of the brain of children and young adults and that manifests with variable symptoms including headaches, nausea, vision impairment, memory loss and difficulty walking.


angiocentric glioma

Angiocentric glioma (AG) is an extremely rare slow-growing glial neoplasm of the central nervous system, usually arising in a superficial location in the cerebrum, affecting all ages and both sexes, and characterized by intractable seizures and headaches, with most cases being cured by surgical incision alone and therefore having a good prognosis.


cervical neuroblastoma

A relatively uncommon neuroblastoma that is found in the neck.


adrenal gland neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma arising from the adrenal gland.


mediastinum neurofibroma

A neurofibroma that arises from the posterior mediastinum. Excision is usually curative.


cauda equina intradural extramedullary astrocytoma


nasal cavity olfactory neuroblastoma

An olfactory neuroblastoma arising in the nasal cavity.


corpus callosum oligodendroglioma

A oligodendroglioma that involves the corpus callosum.


infratentorial ependymal tumor

An ependymal tumor arising from the infratentorial region of the brain.


adult medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma arising from the brain, occurring in adults.


malignant melanocytic neoplasm of the peripheral nerve sheath

A rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells that contain melanin.


anaplastic ganglioglioma

A WHO grade III neuroepithelial neoplasm composed of neoplastic, mature ganglion cells and anaplastic glial cells. The anaplastic changes in the glial component and high MIB-1 and TP53 labeling indices may indicate aggressive behavior. However, the correlation of histological anaplasia with clinical outcome is inconsistent. (Adapted from WHO)


mixed glioma

A tumor composed of two or more glial cell types (astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes).


cerebellar liponeurocytoma

A rare, WHO grade II cerebellar neoplasm which shows consistent neuronal, variable astrocytic and focal lipomatous differentiation. It occurs in adults, has a low proliferative potential and usually has a favorable prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)


cutaneous ganglioneuroma

A ganglioneuroma arising from the skin.


adult spinal cord glioblastoma

A rare spinal tumor which is highly malignant and tends to be locally invasive of surrounding neural tissue. The tumor also tends to spread throughout the neuroaxis and is often rapidly progressive. Histologically the tumors are highly cellular with nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, endothelial proliferation, mitotic figures, and, often, necrosis. This tumor has a relatively poor prognosis. Clinical features may include pain followed by rapidly progressive neurologic deficits such as extremity weakness, sensory changes, spasticity, and incontinence. (From Innocenzi et al., Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997 Feb;99(1):1-5)


central nervous system tumor with bcor internal tandem duplication

A central nervous system embryonal tumor that is characterized by the presence of uniform oval or spindle-shaped cells with round or oval nuclei, pseudorosette formation, and heterozygous internal tandem duplication in exon 15 of the BCOR gene.


parietal lobe ependymal tumor

An ependymal tumor affecting the parietal lobe of the brain.


schwannoma of ureter

A benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells, occurring in the ureter.


mediastinum neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma arising from the mediastinum.


childhood brain stem glioma

An abnormal growth of the cells that comprise the tissues of the brainstem. While the tumor may be histologically benign, it can produce great morbidity due to its location. It presents most commonly in the first two decades of life.


diencephalic astrocytomas

A astrocytoma that involves the diencephalon.


microcystic/reticular schwannoma

The rarest histopathologic subtype of Schwannoma. The reported cases have been located in the gastrointestinal submucosa or subcutaneous tissue. Morphologically it is characterized by the presence of a microcyst-rich network of spindle cells with minimal amount of cytoplasm and Antoni A tissue.


dopaminergic neuroblastoma

A neuroblastoma associated with increased dopamine excretion.


cellular neurofibroma

A neurofibroma characterized by the presence of areas with increased cellularity.


Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/ganglioglioma are mixed neuronal-glial tumors representing a histological spectrum of the same tumor. They are usually supratentorially located, large, cystic masses with a peripheral solid component, characterized by prominent desmoplastic stroma and pleomorphic populations of neoplastic cells with either astrocytic or ganglionic differentiation and poorly differentiated cells in variable proportions. They usually present in the first 18 months of age with rapid head growth, bulging anterior fontanel and bone structures over the tumor, signs of raised intracranial pressure (headache, vomiting, papilledema), focal neurological signs and sometimes seizures.


spinal cord ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the spinal cord.


pediatric infratentorial ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the infratentorial region of the brain and occurs during childhood.


cns neuroblastoma with FOXR2 activation

A central nervous system neuroblastoma that is characterized by FOXR2 activation and that is composed of small, round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei surrounded by a clear halo.


cutaneous granular cell tumor

A granular cell tumor that involves the zone of skin.


adult glioblastoma

A glioblastoma occurring in adults.


brain glioblastoma

A WHO grade IV malignant astrocytic tumor that arises from the brain, usually the cerebral hemispheres. It is characterized by the presence of poorly differentiated astrocytes, cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, and increased mitotic activity. The prognosis is poor.


breast granular cell tumor

A usually benign neoplasm that arises from the breast. It presents as a single, firm, and painless mass. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm.


schwannomatosis

The least frequent form of the rare genetic disorder neurofibromatosis. It is clinically and genetically distinct from NF1 and NF2 and is characterized by the development of multiple schwannomas (nerve sheath tumors), without involvement of the vestibular nerves. NF3 develops in adulthood and is often associated with chronic pain. Dysesthesia and paresthesia may also be present. Common localizations include the spine, peripheral nerves, and the cranium.


supratentorial ependymoma

A high grade ependymoma that is located within the supratentorial brain.


adult central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal neoplasm

A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified that occurs in adults.


giant cell glioblastoma

A rare histological variant of glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) with a predominance of bizarre, multinucleated giant cells, an occasionally abundant stromal reticulin network, and a high frequency of TP53 mutations. (WHO)


pediatric supratentorial ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the supratentorial region of the brain and occurs during childhood.


childhood cerebral astrocytoma

An astrocytoma, without designation of benign or malignant, that is found in the supratentorial region. The infratentorial location is more common in children.


fibrillary astrocytoma

The most frequent histological variant of diffuse astrocytoma. It is predominantly composed of fibrillary neoplastic astrocytes. Nuclear atypia is a diagnostic criterion but mitotic activity, necrosis and microvascular proliferation are absent. The occasional or regional occurrence of gemistocytic neoplastic cells is compatible with the diagnosis of fibrillary astrocytoma. (WHO)


neurilemmoma of the pleura

A schwannoma that involves the pleura.


malignant glandular tumor of peripheral nerve sheath

A variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor characterized by the presence of glandular epithelium.


adult astrocytic tumour

An astrocytic tumor occurring during adulthood. Representative examples include diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.


childhood oligodendroglioma

An oligodendroglioma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.


granular cell tumor

An unusual benign or malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic large polygonal cells with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm which contains abundant lysosomes. It was originally thought to be a tumor originating from muscle cells and was named granular cell myoblastoma. Subsequent studies have suggested a derivation from Schwann cells. It affects females more often than males and it usually presents as a solitary mass. A minority of patients have multiple tumors. It can arise from many anatomic sites including the posterior pituitary gland, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, heart, mediastinum, and breast.


gliosarcoma

A rare histological variant of glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) characterized by a biphasic tissue pattern with alternating areas displaying glial and mesenchymal differentiation (WHO).


schwannoma of jugular foramen

A rare intracranial schwannoma that affects the jugular foramen.


brain astrocytoma

A astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma) that involves the brain.


positive regulation of hippo signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.


disulfide

Compounds of structure RSSR'.


D-Cystine

The D-enantiomer of cystine.


organic disulfide

Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups.


positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation by octopamine signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An octopamine signaling pathway that results in positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: glucosylglycerate + phosphate = glucose-1-phosphate + D-glycerate.


Recurrent Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

The reemergence of a lung neuroendocrine neoplasm after a period of remission.


benign testicular sertoli cell tumor

A non-metastasizing sex cord-stromal tumor that arises from the testis. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of Sertoli cells forming tubules. Leydig cells are rare or absent.


testicular sertoli cell tumor

A sex cord-stromal tumor that arises from the testis and is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with features of Sertoli cells. It usually presents as a slow growing testicular mass. The vast majority of cases follow a benign clinical course.


Refractory Childhood Lymphoma

Childhood Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.


Refractory Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood and is resistant to treatment.


developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 86


Tuberculous bronchopneumonia

Acute and progressive bronchopneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.  It is characterized by widespread pulmonary patchy consolidations.


equatorial microtubule organizing center disassembly

The process in which the equatorial microtubule organizing center is disassembled at the end of mitosis.


Advanced HER2-Low Breast Carcinoma

HER2-low breast adenocarcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


positive regulation of FACT complex assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of FACT complex assembly.


combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 30

Any combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the TRMT10C gene.


negative regulation of neutrophil extravasation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.


negative regulation of glucuronoarabinoxylan catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucuronoarabinoxylan catabolic process.


negative regulation of glucuronoxylan catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucuronoxylan catabolic process.


craniocervical lymph node

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Lymph node located in either head and neck region.


Ovarian Mucinous Cystic Tumor with Mural Nodules

A mucinous cystic tumor of the ovary characterized by the presence of one or more well circumscribed solid nodules in the wall of the cysts (mural nodules) that protrude into the lumen.  The mural nodules may be benign (sarcoma-like) or malignant.  The malignant mural nodules histologically are anaplastic carcinomas, carcinosarcomas, or sarcomas.  The clinical course depends on the histology of the mural nodules.  The prognosis of mucinous cystic tumors with benign mural nodules is the same as the corresponding types of mucinous cystic tumors without the mural nodules.  Mucinous cystic tumors with malignant mural nodules may follow a malignant clinical course.


invasive hydatidiform mole

A complete hydatidiform mole or very rarely a partial mole that invades the myometrium.


placenta neoplasm

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the placenta.


Metastatic Neoplasm to the Placenta

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the placenta from another anatomic site.


Placental polyp

A polyp in the uterine cavity that is formed by placenta remnants.


placental choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma that develops in the placenta. It is the rarest form of gestational choriocarcinoma. Metastases to the mother and infant may occur.


benign neoplasm of placenta

A benign neoplasm that involves the placenta.


placenta cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the placenta.


Metastatic Hydatidiform Mole

The spread of abnormal molar chorionic villi from an invasive hydatidiform mole in the uterine cavity to other anatomic sites, usually the vaginal wall and pelvis.


Epithelioid sarcoma recurrent

The reemergence of epithelioid sarcoma after a period of remission


G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

A G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway, which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.


postsynaptic signal transduction

Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse.


positive regulation of IKACh channel activity by G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

A G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that contributes to a decrease in frequency or rate of heart contraction through activation of the IKACh potassium channel. Binding of acetylcholine to a G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor (muscarinic receptor) on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in liberation of the G-beta/gamma complex from the alpha subunit. The G-beta/gamma complex binds directly to the inward-rectifying potassium channel IKACh. Once the ion channel is activated, potassium ions (K+) flow out of the cell and cause it to hyperpolarize. In its hyperpolarized state, action potentials cannot be fired as quickly as possible, which slows the heart rate.


G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

A G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that contributes to a decrease in frequency or rate of heart contraction. Binding of acetylcholine to a G protein-coupled (muscarinic) receptor on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in the alpha subunit of a coupled G-protein binding to GTP. This results in the separation of the beta-gamma complex from the alpha subunit. Both the alpha subunit, and the beta-gamma complex can continue to signal to bring about membrane hyperpolarization and a reduction in heart rate.


acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission

Any G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that is involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that contributes to a decrease in frequency or rate of heart contraction through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity. Binding of acetylcholine to a G protein-coupled (muscarinic) receptor on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in the activation of an intracellular Gi/o protein. Gi/o inhibits adenylate cyclase to decrease cyclic-AMP (cAMP) levels. Since cAMP binds directly to F-channels to allow an inward flow of sodium (funny current, If current), a reduction in cAMP reduces the funny current to bring about membrane hyperpolarization and a decrease in heart rate.


imaginal disc-derived female genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of female genitalia are generated and organized from the genital disc.


protein localization to linear element

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a linear element. A linear element is a proteinaceous scaffold associated with S. pombe chromosomes during meiotic prophase.


protein localization to nucleolar rDNA repeats

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the rDNA repeats on a chromosome in the nucleolus.


protein localization to heterochromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin.


protein localization to condensed nuclear chromosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a condensed nuclear chromosome.


Bub1-Bub3 complex localization to kinetochore

A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a Bub1-Bub3 complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the kinetochore.


CLRC complex localization to heterochromatin

The process by which a CLRC complex is transported to, or maintained in, heterochromatin. CLRC complex is an active cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex essential for heterochromatin assembly by RNAi and histone H3K9 methylation.


protein localization to kinetochore involved in kinetochore assembly

Any protein localization to kinetochore that is involved in kinetochore assembly.


protein localization to subtelomeric heterochromatin

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a subtelomeric heterochromatin.


protein localization to CENP-A containing chromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, CENP-A containing chromatin.


protein localization to euchromatin

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an euchromatin.


protein localization to condensed chromosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a condensed chromosome.


protein localization to mating-type region heterochromatin

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mating-type region heterochromatin.


establishment of protein localization to euchromatin

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in an euchromatin.


protein localization to pericentric heterochromatin

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in the pericentric heterochromatin.


catalase complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein-containing complex that is capable of catalase activity.


autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B

Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) is a subtype of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy characterized by an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood of slowly progressive, proximal weakness and atrophy of shoulder and pelvic girdle muscles. Cardiac and respiratory muscles are not involved. Hypertrophy of the calf muscles and highly elevated serum creatine kinase levels are frequently observed.


Blasts Under 10,000 of Peripheral Blood White Cells

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A quantitative microscopic finding indicating that less than 10,000 of the total number of nucleated cells in a peripheral leukocyte sample are immature mononuclear cells.


suppurative lymphadenitis

A form of lymphadenitis that is characterized by formation of pus; it is most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria.


pericardium cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the pericardium.


Pericardial Sarcoma

A rare sarcoma that arises from the pericardium. The two most common types are angiosarcoma and synovial sarcoma. Patients present with symptoms related to pericardial effusion.


Pericarditis malignant

Pericarditis caused by the infiltration of the pericardium by a malignant neoplasm.  The diagnosis is based on the cytological examination of pericardial fluid or the histologic examination of pericardial tissue.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to pericardium

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the pericardium from another primary anatomic site.


Pericardial mesothelioma malignant recurrent

The reemergence of malignant mesothelioma in the pericardium after a period of remission.


Pericardial Primary Effusion Lymphoma

Primary effusion lymphoma that affects the pericardial cavity. The majority of patients are HIV-positive men.


Pericardial Yolk Sac Tumor

A yolk sac tumor that arises within the pericardium.


Pericardial Carcinomatosis

Carcinoma that has spread diffusely to the pericardium.


Pericardial Synovial Sarcoma

A rare synovial sarcoma that arises from the pericardium. Patients present with symptoms related to pericardial effusion.


Malignant Pericardial Germ Cell Tumor

A malignant germ cell tumor that arises within the pericardium.


Pericardial Angiosarcoma

A rare angiosarcoma that arises from the pericardium. Patients present with symptoms related to pericardial effusion.


nucleosome array spacer activity

A histone octamer slider activity that spaces nucleosomes along chromosomal DNA. This activity is involved in assembling chromatin in uniform nucleosome arrays to regulate transcription by RNA polymerases I, II, and III, as well as DNA replication, recombination and repair.


intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked, syndromic, Hackmann-Di Donato type


Finding During Childbirth Labor

Symptom, signs, test results in a pregnant mother childbirth.


Prolonged second stage of labor

At least 2 hours of pushing in multiparous women and at least 3 hours of pushing in nulliparous women. Longer durations may be appropriate on an individualized basis (e.g., with the use of epidural analgesia or with fetal malposition) as long as progress is being documented.


Arrested active phase of labor

More than or equal to 6 cm dilation with membrane rupture and one of the following: 4 hours or more of adequate contractions (e.g. more than 200 Montevideo units), 6 hours or more of inadequate contractions and no cervical change.


dTMP salvage

Any process which produces dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate) without de novo synthesis.


purine deoxyribonucleotide salvage

Any process which produces a purine deoxyribonucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


dCMP salvage

Any process that generates dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide salvage

The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis.


T-bar

A T-shaped presynpatic density. These are common in arhropod central nervous systems.


presynaptic density

An electron dense specialization of the presynaptic active zone cytoskeleton.


positive regulation terrein biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the fungal metabolite terrein.


positive regulation of tensidol B biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tensidol B biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of patulin biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of patulin.


positive regulation of N',N'',N'''-triacetylfusarinine C biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of N',N'',N'''-triacetylfusarinine C biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of helvolic acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of helvolic acid biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of emericellamide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of emericellamide biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of violaceol II biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of violaceol II biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of gliotoxin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliotoxin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of F-9775B biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of F-9775B biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of F-9775A biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of F-9775A biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of demethylkotanin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of demethylkotanin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of emericellin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of emericellin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of fumonisin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fumonisin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of chanoclavine-I aldehyde biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chanoclavine-I aldehyde biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of arugosin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of arugosin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of asperfuranone biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asperfuranone biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of diorcinol biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of diorcinol biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of o-orsellinic acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of o-orsellinic acid biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of orcinol biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of orcinol biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of terrequinone A biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of terrequinone A biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of (+)-kotanin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of (+)-kotanin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of tensidol A biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tensidol A biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of dehydroaustinol biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dehydroaustinol biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of endocrocin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocrocin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of ferrichrome biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferrichrome biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of lovastatin biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lovastin.


positive regulation of monodictyphenone biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monodictyphenone biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of polyketide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyketide biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of asperthecin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asperthecin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of siderophore biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of siderophore biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of cordyol C biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cordyol C biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of emodin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of emodin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of fumigaclavine C biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fumigaclavine C biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of emericellamide A biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of emericellamide A biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of gerfelin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gerfelin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of penicillin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of penicillin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of syringal lignin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of syringal lignin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of neosartoricin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neosartoricin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of aflatoxin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aflatoxin biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis. Sterigmatocystin biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.


Bladder carcinoma stage I, without cancer in situ

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Bladder Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of bladder cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Bladder squamous cell carcinoma stage 0

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Bladder transitional cell carcinoma stage II

Stage II includes: (T2a, N0, M0); (T2b, N0, M0).  T2a: Tumor invades superficial muscle (inner half).  T2b: Tumor invades deep muscle (outer half).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage 0a Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage 0a includes: Ta, N0, M0. Ta: Papillary noninvasive carcinoma.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Stage III Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage III includes: (T3a, N0, M0); (T3b, N0, M0); (T4a, N0, M0).  T3a: Tumor microscopically invades perivesical tissue.  T3b: Tumor macroscopically invades perivesical tissue (extravesical mass).  T4a: Tumor invades prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Bladder carcinoma stage I, with cancer in situ

Stage I bladder carcinoma associated with the presence of bladder carcinoma in situ.


Stage IV Bladder Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: (T4b, N0, M0); (Any T, N1-3, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4b: Tumor invades pelvic wall, abdominal wall.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Single regional lymph node metastasis in the true pelvis (hypogastric, obturator, external iliac, or presacral lymph node).  N2: Multiple regional lymph node metastases in the true pelvis (hypogastric, obturator, external iliac, or presacral lymph node metastasis).  N3: Metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Bladder transitional cell carcinoma stage III


Bladder squamous cell carcinoma stage III


Bladder adenocarcinoma stage II

Stage II includes: (T2a, N0, M0); (T2b, N0, M0).  T2a: Tumor invades superficial muscle (inner half).  T2b: Tumor invades deep muscle (outer half).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Bladder transitional cell carcinoma stage IV


Bladder squamous cell carcinoma stage IV


Bladder transitional cell carcinoma stage I


Stage 0 Bladder Carcinoma

Stage 0 includes: 0a (Ta, N0, M0); 0is (Tis, N0, M0).  Ta: Noninvasive papillary carcinoma. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: "flat tumor".  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Refractory Stage 0 Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage 0 bladder cancer defined according to the AJCC v6 and v7 criteria that is resistant to treatment.


Bladder squamous cell carcinoma stage II


lipoprotein localization to outer membrane

A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in an outer membrane.


Advanced Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma

An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


interphalangeal joint of manual digit 4

An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 4.


distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit 4


positive regulation of testosterone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.


positive regulation of imaginal disc growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc growth.


Superficial injury of abdomen, lower back and pelvis, part unspecified

An injury to the soft tissues overlying the abdomen, lower back or pelvis.


funisitis

An acute inflammation of the umbilical cord. It is characterized by the presence of polymorphonuclear cells migrating from the fetal umbilical cord vessels through the umbilical cord towards the bacteria containing amniotic fluid.


Necrotizing Funisitis

A ring of karyorrhectic debris that may exhibit dystrophic mineralization and/or identifiable fetal neutrophil infiltrate in Wharton's jelly that is oriented towards the amniotic surface. The cord has a denser ring externally and a fainter ring centrally.


Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor G2

An intermediate grade well differentiated neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of a clinical syndrome that results from hormone hypersecretion.


Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor G2

An intermediate grade well differentiated neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. The mitotic count is 2-20 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is 3-20%.


Non-Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor G2

An intermediate grade well differentiated neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the absence of a hormone-related clinical syndrome.


autoimmune disorder of endocrine system

A hypersensitivity reaction type II disease that involves the endocrine system.


adenohypophysitis

An autoimmune disease of the pituitary gland which can present with varying degrees of pituitary hormonal impairment and/or with symptoms related to pituitary enlargement. It predominantly affects young women in pregnancy or the peripartum period.


autoimmune oophoritis

Autoimmune oophoritis is a rare cause of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). It happens when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the ovaries causing inflammation, atrophy and fibrosis. These changes stop the ovaries from working normally. The main symptoms of autoimmune oophorotis are irregular or absent menstrual period (amenorrhea) and symptoms related to ovarian cysts such as abdominal cramping, bloating, nausea and vomiting. Autoimmune oophoritis may occur as part of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I and type II but has also been associated with lupus, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis and other autoimmune conditions. The underlying cause of autoimmune oophoritis is unknown. Diagnosis involves a special blood test which looks for anti-steroid or anti-ovarian antibodies, a pelvic ultrasound to look for enlarged cystic ovaries and tests to rule out other possible causes of POI. Management of autoimmune oophoritis involves emotional support, possible estrogen replacement therapy and management of other autoimmune conditions.


atrophic thyroiditis

Atrophic thyroiditis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by thyroid autoantibodies, functional hypothyroidism, and absence of goiter.


primary hypophysitis

Immune-mediated inflammation of the pituitary gland often associated with other autoimmune diseases (e.g., hashimoto disease; graves disease; and addison disease).


autoimmune primary ovarian failure

An autoimmune form of primary ovarian failure.


postpartum thyroiditis

A transient autoimmune Inflammatory disorder of thyroid gland that occurs postpartum due to any partum problem. It is characterized by the presence of high titers of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Clinical signs include the triphasic thyroid hormone pattern: beginning with thyrotoxicosis, followed with hypothyroidism, then return to euthyroid state by 1 year postpartum


IgG4-related thyroid disease

Riedel thyroiditis is a fibroinflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland, occuring more frequently in females, characterized a large, hard thyroid mass, and presenting with pressure symptoms (breathing difficulB,ties and dysphagia) or voice hoarseness and aphonia (impingement of recurrent laryngeal nerve). It can often be associated with extracervical fibroinflammatory disorders such as retroperitoneal fibrosis, primary scleroisng cholangitis and autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto struma, Addison disease, and Biermer disease.


autoimmune polyendocrinopathy

A group of diverse conditions that are characterized by spontaneous, multi-organ autoimmunity, which target both endocrine (adrenal, gonad, pancreatic islet cells, parathyroid, pituitary, thyroid) and non-endocrine (gastrointestinal, integumentary, lymphatic) tissues.


autoimmune thyroid disease

Inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-cells and thyroid autoantibodies. The clinical signs can range from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.


neonatal thyrotoxicosis

A hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, weight loss, and moist skin that is caused by the elevation of thyroid hormone levels in the serum of the newborn infant or thyroid-axis receptor activation, most commonly due to transplacental passage of thyroid stimulating globulins.


autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type 2

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome of likely polygenic etiology characterized by the presence of primary adrenal insufficiency in association with autoimmune thyroiditis and/or type 1 diabetes mellitus; this condition is not associated with mucocutaneous candidiasis.


autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type 1, or APECED syndrome, is a genetic disease that manifests in childhood or early adolescence with a combination of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and autoimmune adrenal failure.


phosphosulfolactate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactate = phosphoenolpyruvate + sulfite.


vesicle scission involved in endocytosis

The membrane scission process that is the final step in the formation of an endocytic vesicle: separation from the plasma membrane.


vesicle scission involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis

The membrane scission process that is the final step in the formation of a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle: separation from the plasma membrane.


methyl tertiary butyl ether 3-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl tert-butyl ether + 1/2 O2 = tert-butyl alcohol + formaldehyde.


scopolamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of scopolamine.


Abediterol

A quinolone that is 8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one which carries a 2-{[6-(2,2-difluoro-2-phenylethoxy)hexyl]amino}-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 5. It is a long acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist currently in development for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.


epithelium of handplate

An epithelium that is part of a handplate.


AV Block First Degree by ECG Finding

An electrocardiographic finding of prolonged PR interval for a specific population. For adults one common threshold is a PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds. Note that other thresholds may be applicable. (CDISC)


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropionate + ATP + CoA = 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.


positive regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.


modulation by symbiont of host cGMP-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling in its host organism.


negative regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.


Unresectable NUT Carcinoma

NUT carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


A53 Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

A genetic subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma characterized by TP53 gene mutations and deletions that is often accompanied by aneuploidy.


spindle cell nevus

A nevus characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped melanocytes.


Childhood Recurrent Malignant Solid Neoplasm

The reemergence of a childhood malignant solid neoplasm after a period of remission.


amelogenesis imperfecta type 2A1

Any amelogenesis imperfecta in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the KLK4 gene.


thoracic vertebra 7

The seventh thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].


Pelvic Floor Muscle Weakness

A reduction in the strength of the muscles of the pelvic floor.


protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-serine

The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-serine residue by the formation of O-(phospho-5'-DNA)-L-serine.


phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphoglycerate + NAD+ = 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+.


specific developmental disorder

A developmental disorder of mental health that categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination.


communication disorder

A disorder characterized by an individual's inability to comprehend or share ideas or feelings because of an impairment in language, speech, or hearing.


attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder 8


specific language impairment

A language disorder characterized by difficulty in language acquisition despite otherwise normal development and in the absence of any obvious explanatory factors.


mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

A disorder characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's expressive and receptive language capabilities which is in contrast to his/her nonverbal intellect. The impairment may be acquired (i.e., due to a brain lesion or head trauma) or developmental (i.e., no known neurological insult).


transient tic disorder

A neurological disorder presenting in childhood that is characterized by motor and/or phonic tics that occur daily or nearly daily for one to twelve months and are not attributed to an identifiable cause.


articulation disorder

A disorder characterized by the failure to use developmentally expected speech sounds that are appropriate for the individual's age (i.e., the individual makes errors in sound production or use or omits sounds such as final consonants).


partial fetal alcohol syndrome

A fetal alcohol spectrum disorder that results in most, but not all, of the growth deficiency and/or craniofacial features of fetal alcohol syndrome including central nervous system dysfunction due to prenatal alcohol exposure.


dysgraphia

Loss or impairment of the ability to write (letters, syllables, words, or phrases) due to an injury to a specific cerebral area or occasionally due to emotional factors. This condition rarely occurs in isolation, and often accompanies aphasia. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p485; apa, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)


specific language impairment 5

A communication disorder that involves the processing of linguistic information.


dyslexia

A learning disorder characterized by an impairment in processing written words. Reading difficulties can include distortions, omissions or substitutions of characters. Oral and silent reading difficulties can include faulty and slow comprehension.


A disorder characterized by a marked pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is inconsistent with developmental level and clearly interferes with functioning in at least two settings (e.g. at home and at school). When present, the symptoms of hyperactivity are most often present before the age of 7 years. There are three recognized presentations or subtypes from most to least common: combined type, inattentive/distractible type, hyperactive/impulsive type.


fetal nicotine spectrum disorder

A specific developmental disorder that is characterized by physical, behavioral and learning birth defects resulting from maternal ingestion of nicotine during pregnancy.


writing disorder

A learning disability that involves impaired written language ability such as impairments in handwriting, spelling, organization of ideas, and composition.


chronic tic disorder

A neurological disorder presenting in childhood that is characterized by either motor or phonic tics, but not both, that occur daily or nearly daily for at least a year and are not attributed to an identifiable cause.


alcohol-related birth defect

A physical or cognitive mental abnormality caused by maternal alcohol consumption and its toxic effect on the developing embryo during pregnancy.


fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A group of disorders caused by a prenatal exposure to maternal consumption of alcohol leading to a range of behavioral, cognitive and neurological deficits in the offspring. It is characterized by physical growth problems, distinct facies, and varying psycho-neurological issues.


hereditary attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

An instance of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder that is caused by an inherited genomic modification in an individual.


neurobehavioral disorder with prenatal alcohol exposure

A fetal alcohol spectrum disorder that is characterized by one or more deficits in neurocognition and in self-regulation plus two or more deficits in adaptive functioning, with at least 1 in communication or social communication and interaction.


inguinal mammary gland

A mammary gland that is part of a inguinal part of abdomen.


cervical mammary gland

A mammary gland that is part of a cervical region.


thoracic mammary gland

A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast.


abdominal mammary gland

A lactiferous gland that is part of the abdominal region [Automatically generated definition].


EP1 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding

Binding to an EP1 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor.


positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway, in a different organism.


Testicular Mixed Embryonal Carcinoma and Yolk Sac Tumor with Seminoma

A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the testis.  It is characterized by a mixture of embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac, and seminomatous morphologic elements.  Patients may present with painless or painful testicular swelling.


Lugano Classification Advanced Stage Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma AJCC v8

Advanced stage adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on the Lugano classification criteria. It includes stages III and IV. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Advanced Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage I Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage I: Involvement of a single lymph node region (I); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in the absence of any lymph node involvement (IE).


Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma

A low grade, indolent B-cell lymphoma that is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.


Intestinal T-cell lymphoma recurrent

The reemergence of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma by Ann Arbor Stage

An anatomic stage for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma based on the Ann Arbor classification criteria.


Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising from the skin.  Representative examples include cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous follicle center lymphoma.


Refractory EBV-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified

EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified that is resistant to treatment.


Central Nervous System Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Negative

An anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative, arising from the central nervous system.


Stage IV Childhood Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Stage IV: Tumors involve bone marrow and/or central nervous system (CNS) regardless of other sites of involvement (from PDQ).


Stage IVA1 Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome AJCC v8

Stage IVA1 includes: T1-4, N0-2, M0, B2. T1: Limited patches, papules, and/or plaques covering less than 10% of the skin surface. T2: Patches, papules, or plaques covering 10% or more of the skin surface. T3: One or more tumors (equal or greater than 1 cm in diameter). T4: Confluence of erythema covering 80% or more of body surface area. N0: No clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; biopsy not required. N1: Clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; histopathology Dutch grade 1 or National Cancer Institute (NCI) LN0-2. N2: Clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; histopathology Dutch grade 2 or NCI LN3. M0: No visceral organ involvement. B2: High blood tumor burden: 1,000 per microliter or more Sezary cells with positive clone. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Adult Burkitt Lymphoma

A Burkitt lymphoma occurring in adults.


Advanced Follicular Lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Recurrent Transformed Mycosis Fungoides

The reemergence of transformed mycosis fungoides after a period of remission.


Grade 1 Cutaneous Follicular Lymphoma

A cutaneous lymphoma which contains up to 5 centroblasts per 40X high-power microscopic field.


Recurrent Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Associated with Chronic Inflammation

The reemergence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation after a period of remission.


Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma stage IV

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage IV: Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional lymph node involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant site(s); or any involvement of the liver or bone marrow, lungs (other than by direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid.


Centroblastic lymphoma stage II

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in association with regional lymph node involvement with or without involvement of other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE). The number of regions involved may be indicated by a subscript (e.g., II3).


Recurrent Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

The reemergence of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


Primary Cutaneous Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A B-or T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in the skin.


Lugano Classification Stage II Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma AJCC v8

Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Lung Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma

An aggressive extranodal B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the lung.  It is characterized by the presence of large neoplastic lymphocytes exclusively in the lumina of small vessels, particularly capillaries.


Transformed Mycosis Fungoides

Histologic transformation of mycosis fungoides to an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


Adult Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

A lymphoblastic lymphoma occurring in adults.


Mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome stage I

Stage I includes: IA (T1, N0, M0, B0-1); IB (T2, N0, M0, B0-1). T1: Limited patches, papules, and/or plaques covering less than 10% of the skin surface.  May further stratify into T1a (patch only) vs. T1b (plaque +/- patch).  T2: Patches, papules, or plaques covering 10% or more of the skin surface.  May further stratify into T2a (patch only) vs. T2b (plaque +/- patch).  N0: No clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; biopsy not required.  M0: No visceral organ involvement.  B0: Absence of significant blood involvement: 5% or less of peripheral blood lymphocytes are atypical (Sezary cells).  B1: Low blood tumor burden: more than 5% of peripheral blood lymphocytes are atypical (Sezary cells) but does not meet the criteria of B2.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Refractory High Grade B-Cell Lymphoma with MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 Rearrangements

High grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements that is resistant to treatment.


Ann Arbor Stage IV Grade 2 Follicular Lymphoma


grade 3A follicular lymphoma

A grade 3 follicular lymphoma in which centrocytes are present.


Refractory Grade 1 Follicular Lymphoma

Grade 1 follicular lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.


Refractory Primary Vitreoretinal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Primary vitreoretinal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that does not respond to treatment.


Recurrent Adult Immunoblastic Lymphoma

The reemergence of adult immunoblastic lymphoma after a period of remission.


Follicle center lymphoma, follicular grade I, II, III stage IV


Childhood Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

An anaplastic large cell lymphoma that occurs during childhood and is limited to the skin at the time of diagnosis.


Follicular lymphoma stage I

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage I: Involvement of a single lymph node region (I); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in the absence of any lymph node involvement (IE).


Colorectal High Grade B-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified

A colorectal high grade B-cell lymphoma with blastoid features or features between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma which lacks MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements.


Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma resistant to treatment.


Indolent T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with an indolent clinical course.


Precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma stage II

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage II: Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in association with regional lymph node involvement with or without involvement of other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE).


non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of spleen

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving the spleen.


Primary Ciliary Body Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

An extremely rare low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the ciliary body. It is characterized by the presence of a diffuse infiltrate of small, round lymphocytes. Most cases represent extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.


Ann Arbor Stage II Grade 3 Follicular Lymphoma


Cutaneous Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma

Nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma affecting the skin.


Methotrexate-Associated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that develops in patients who are immunosuppressed with methotrexate.


Stage IIIA Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome AJCC v7

Stage IIIA includes: T4, N0-2, M0, B0.  T4: Confluence of erythema covering 80% or more of body surface area.  N0: No clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; biopsy not required.  N1: Clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; histopathology Dutch grade 1 or NCI LN0-2.  N2: Clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; histopathology Dutch grade 2 or NCI LN3.  M0: No visceral organ involvement.  B0: Absence of significant blood involvement: 5% or less of peripheral blood lymphocytes are atypical (Sezary cells).  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

The reemergence of primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


Tonsillar Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that affects the tonsil and the bulk of the tumor is in this anatomic area.


Stage IVA Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: IVA1 (T1-4, N0-2, M0, B2); IVA2 (T1-4, N3, M0, B0-2). T1: Limited patches, papules, and/or plaques covering less than 10% of the skin surface.  May further stratify into T1a (patch only) vs. T1b (plaque +/- patch).  T2: Patches, papules, or plaques covering 10% or more of the skin surface.  May further stratify into T2a (patch only) vs. T2b (plaque +/- patch).  T3: One or more tumors (equal or greater than 1 cm diameter).  T4: Confluence of erythema covering 80% or more of body surface area.  N0: No clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; biopsy not required.  N1: Clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; histopathology Dutch grade 1 or NCI LN0-2.  N2: Clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; histopathology Dutch grade 2 or NCI LN3.  N3: Clinically abnormal peripheral lymph nodes; histopathology Dutch grades 3-4 or NCI LN4; clone positive or negative.  M0: No visceral organ involvement.  B0: Absence of significant blood involvement: 5% or less of peripheral blood lymphocytes are atypical (Sezary cells).  B1: Low blood tumor burden: more than 5% of peripheral blood lymphocytes are atypical (Sezary cells) but does not meet the criteria of B2.  B2: High blood tumor burden: 1000/microL Sezary cells or more with positive clone.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Burkitt's lymphoma refractory

Burkitt lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.


Extranodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from an anatomic site other than a lymph node.


T-cell childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma

A T lymphoblastic lymphoma that occurs during childhood.


Mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome

Mature T and NK neoplasms predominantly affecting the skin and the peripheral blood.  Peripheral blood involvement by abnormal T-cells (cerebriform cells) is a late manifestation of mycosis fungoides, whereas it is the presenting finding in Sezary syndrome.


Localized Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma that is confined to a specific site without evidence of spread to other anatomic sites.


Conjunctival Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that arises from the conjunctiva.


B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma by Ann Arbor Stage

An anatomic stage for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on the Ann Arbor classification criteria.


non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of accessory sinus

A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the paranasal sinus.  Representative examples include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type.


Cecum Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

An extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the cecum.  The majority are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.


Cutaneous Follicular Lymphoma

A follicular lymphoma involving the skin.  A cutaneous follicular lymphoma may be metastatic to the skin from the lymph nodes or other anatomic sites or primary (cutaneous follicle center lymphoma).


Stage III Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage III: Involvement of lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm (III), which also may be accompanied by extralymphatic extension in association with adjacent lymph node involvement (IIIE) or by involvement of the spleen (IIIS) or both (IIIE,S).


systemic Epstein-Barr virus-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood

Systemic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood is a rare and very aggressive neoplastic disease emerging after a primary acute or chronic active EBV infection. It presents with persisting fever and malaise, hepatosplenomegaly with or without lymphadenopathy, liver failure, severe pancytopenia and a rapid progression towards multi-organ failure and hemophagocytic syndrome with a fatal issue. It is characterized by clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T cells with an activated cytotoxic phenotype.


Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

An anaplastic large cell lymphoma that is not confined to a single anatomic site and involves multiple nodal and/or extranodal sites.


Colorectal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma

An extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that arises from the colon or rectum.


Lacrimal System Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that arises from the lacrimal gland or the lacrimal drainage system.


Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma recurrent

The reemergence of primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.