Digoxin

A  cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation.


carboxylic acid biosynthetic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


Ramipril

A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.


acidosis disorder

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An abnormally high acidity of the blood and other body tissues. Acidosis can be either respiratory or metabolic.


G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.


detection of external stimulus

The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


regulation of protein activation cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein activation cascade.


negative regulation of secretion by cell

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.


regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


Lenalidomide

A dicarboximide that consists of 1-oxoisoindoline bearing an amino substituent at position 4 and a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group at position 2. Inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha.


digestive system disorder

A disease or disorder that involves the digestive system.


Mefenamic Acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


Hematemesis

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ThingWithTaxon

The vomiting of blood.


Vomiting

Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions.


Benzocaine

A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.


sensory perception of chemical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.


Dexmethylphenidate

A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration.  It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.


regulation of system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.


Domperidone

1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.


hypotensive disorder

Blood pressure that is abnormally low.


Suramin

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.


regulation of neuron death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.


TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms

Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.


pigment biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


Electrolyte imbalance

Higher or lower than normal values for the serum electrolytes; usually affecting NA, K, CHL, CO2, glucose, bun.


inclusion body

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.


GTPase regulator activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binds to and modulates the activity of a GTPase.


protein targeting

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


colitis

Inflammation of the colon.


positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.


Olanzapine

A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.


nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


Lidocaine

The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.


regulation of digestive system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


positive regulation of regulated secretory pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.


cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.


negative regulation of cell motility

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


septin complex

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.


gephyrin clustering involved in postsynaptic density assembly

The clustering process in which gephyrin molecules are localized to distinct domains in the postsynaptic density as part of postsynaptic density assembly. Gephyrin is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses.


Yawning

An involuntary deep inhalation with the mouth open, often a sign of drowsiness or boredom.


pigment granule

A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.


Flat Affect

The absence of emotional expressiveness.


GPI anchor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


Poor appetite

A reduced desire to eat.


Loratadine

A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.


positive regulation of protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


regulation of natural killer cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.


monoatomic ion channel complex

A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective monoatomic ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.


insulin binding

Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


regulation of immune effector process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.


negative regulation of cholesterol efflux

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


negative regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle

A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network.


Metoprolol

A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a  4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.


physiological sexual disorder

Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.


cytokine activity

The activity of a soluble extracellular gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.


ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


macromolecule catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


Felbamate

The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.


Eszopiclone

The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.


hearing loss disorder

A partial or complete loss of hearing in one or both ears. It is classified as conductive, sensory, or central.


nephron epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.


transmembrane transporter complex

A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.


Iohexol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


EEG abnormality

Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.


low compliance bladder

An acute and compelling urge to urinate.


protein maturation by protein folding

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


ribosome

An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.


Tolcapone

Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.


bladder calculus

A concretion in the urinary bladder.


regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation

Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.


Potassium Iodide

A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.


negative regulation of protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.


Biotin

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins.


regulation of histone deacetylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.


Methdilazine

A phenothiazine substituted on nitrogen by a (1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl group; a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties.


Fluphenazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position.


Flavoxate

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.


regulation of cell development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


endosome

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.


eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.


regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.


regulation of epidermis development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.


negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


Sertraline

A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.


Ceftizoxime

A parenteral third-generation cephalosporin, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position.


RNA secondary structure unwinding

The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.


regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility

Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.


Hydrochlorothiazide

A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.


immunoglobulin A vasculitis

A systemic IgA vasculitis that affects small vessels. It is characterized by skin purpura, arthritis, and abdominal and/or renal involvement.


membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.


fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


Paranoia

A persecutory delusion of supposed hostility of others.


cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.


hyaluronic acid binding

Binding to hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.


extracellular structure organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


hereditary hemochromatosis

An inherited metabolic disorder characterized by iron accumulation in the tissues.


tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in tRNA molecules.


cellular response to UV

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


somite rostral/caudal axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.


negative regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.


regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.


DNA replication

The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.


type 1 diabetes mellitus

A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of insulin by the pancreas.


regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.


hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.


Mastalgia

Pain in the breast.


Cephalothin

A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.


T cell differentiation in thymus

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.


water-soluble vitamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


regulation of innate immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.


synapse

The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


carbohydrate:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + cation(out) = sugar(in) + cation(in).


negative regulation of phosphatase activity

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


positive regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.


biphenyl metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving biphenyl, a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon used as a heat transfer agent, as a fungistat in packaging citrus fruits and in plant disease control. Biphenyl can be chlorinated with 1-10 chlorine molecules to form polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).


prostate gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.


vesicle localization

Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


Upper Respiratory Infections

An infectious process affecting the upper respiratory tract (nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, or trachea). Symptoms include congestion, sneezing, coughing, fever, and sore throat.


cytokine binding

Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.


rhythmic behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.


modulation by virus of host process

The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.


positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.


spliceosomal complex

Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.


dendritic cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in).


microtubule minus-end

The end of a microtubule that does not preferentially grow (polymerize).


Moricizine

A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.


regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.


dGTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


Anastrozole

A 1,2,4-triazole compound having a 3,5-bis(2-cyano-2-propyl)benzyl group at the 1-position.


ATP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


erythrocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.


Pruritus

Pruritus is an itch or a sensation that makes a person want to scratch. This term refers to an abnormally increased disposition to experience pruritus.


Aminolevulinic acid

The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.


regulation of protein localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


Cold Sensation

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


response to erythropoietin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis.


Procainamide

A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group.  It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.


Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of episodic atrial tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S = X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.


Paliperidone

A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.


adenoma

A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.


organelle outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.


Increased blood urea nitrogen

An increased amount of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood.


plasma membrane raft

A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.


signaling receptor regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a receptor.


lipid binding

Binding to a lipid.


Pemetrexed

An N-acylglutamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as 4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).


interstitial lung disease

A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of pulmonary alveoli that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.


negative regulation of cell killing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.


protein targeting to vacuole

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.


Chlorambucil

A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


Alosetron

A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.


positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


urine

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Excretion that is the output of a kidney.


immune effector process

Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.


positive regulation of T cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.


Hemoglobin measurement

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


branched-chain amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


response to glucose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.


skin epidermis

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.


protein kinase regulator activity

Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


spleen development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.


negative regulation of nervous system development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.


regulation of mitotic spindle assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.


regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis

Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.


associative learning

Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).


cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


mitotic metaphase plate congression

The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.


positive regulation of secretion by cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.


response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


cytoskeletal motor activity

Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).


GTP binding

Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


regulation of biological process involved in symbiotic interaction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.


Trimipramine

A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.


acrosomal vesicle

A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.


alcohol dependence

Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol.


apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


phosphorelay signal transduction system

A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins.


primary neural tube formation

The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.


small ribosomal subunit

The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome.


regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.


regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.


metal ion transport

The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


carbohydrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


neuron-neuron synaptic transmission

The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.


positive regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


ankylosing spondylitis

An autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammation in the vertebral joints of the spine and sacroiliac joints. It predominantly affects young males. Patients present with stiffness and pain in the spine.


Gentamicinsulfate salt

Any of a group of aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by fermentation of some Micromonospora spp.


hypophosphatemia

Lower than normal levels of phosphates in the circulating blood.


camera-type eye morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.


actin filament organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.


left/right axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).


pleura

The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion).


negative regulation of cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.


Abacavir

A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.


Guanidine

An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


Gadoversetamide

A gadolinium coordination entity that consists of Gd(3+) coordinated to 3,6,9-triazaundecadiamide in which each of the amide nitrogens is substituted by a 2-methoxyethyl group and in which the nitrogens at positions 3, 6, and 9 are each substituted by carboxylatomethyl group. The gadolinium is coordinated to the three tertiary amino groups as well as to the carboxylate groups. A white odourless powder that is freely soluble in water, gadoversetamide has paramagnetic properties and is used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. It distributes mainly in extracellular fluid, but does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It is used particularly in imaging the brain, spine and liver.


umbilical artery

The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted].


Venous embolism

The passage of an embolus from its site of formation to another location within the venous system.


regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


Lovastatin

A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).


regulation of protein kinase B signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.


head development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.


telomere maintenance

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.


secretion

The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.


multi-organism reproductive process

A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.


renal tubule development

The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.


organelle fission

The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.


central nervous system neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


regulation of cellular pH reduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.


hair follicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.


regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.


response to estradiol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


peptic esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus that is caused by the reflux of gastric juice with contents of the stomach and duodenum.


skin pigmentation disorder

A pigmentation disease that involves the zone of skin.


endocytic vesicle

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.


cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.


regulation of peptide hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.


cellular response to external stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.


selenocysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


Etodolac

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.


Onycholysis

Detachment of the nail from the nail bed.


response to peptide hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.


aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


cellular response to topologically incorrect protein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.


circulatory system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.


skeletal muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.


negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.


GTPase binding

Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.


Golgi membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.


intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).


heart contraction

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


deaminase activity

Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing a substituted or nonsubstituted ammonia (NH3/NH2R).


Zileuton

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.


triglyceride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


tissue regeneration

The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.


Linolenic Acid

A linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect.


endocrine system disorder

A disease involving the endocrine system.


purine ribonucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


intracranial hypertension

A finding characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure within the skull.


cellular response to amino acid starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.


Sjogren syndrome

An autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. Sjögren syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren syndrome are dry mouth and dry eyes. In addition, Sjogren syndrome may cause skin, nose, and vaginal dryness. It also may affect other organs of the body including the kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and brain


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.


metencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


peptidase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


Disinhibition

A lack of restraint manifested in several ways, including disregard for social conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment.


(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide.


transferase complex

A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).


membrane fusion

The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.


amyloid-beta metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP).


chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


Pregabalin

A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.


Hypohidrosis

Abnormally diminished capacity to sweat.


Sulfamethoxazole

An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.


visual perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.


Pimozide

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


basic amino acid transport

The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.


A protein complex that is part of a mitochondrion.


Carfilzomib

A synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of morpholin-4-acetyl, L-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl, L-leucyl and L-phenylalanyl residues joined in sequence with the C-terminus connected to the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-1-one via an amide linkage. Used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma


pulmonary edema

Accumulation of fluid in the lung tissues causing disturbance of the gas exchange that may lead to respiratory failure. It is caused by direct injury to the lung parenchyma or congestive heart failure. The symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Suddenly appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing, feeling of suffocation, and coughing associated with frothy sputum. Gradually appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing while lying in bed, shortness of breath during activity, and weight gain (in patients with congestive heart failure).


brain aneurysm

A congenital or acquired aneurysm within the cranium.


third ventricle

Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. (Maryann Martone).


Tobramycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.


glycosyl compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.


nuclear chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


negative regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.


endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


monocarboxylic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.


Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.


clathrin coat

A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes.


establishment of protein localization to organelle

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.


enuresis

An elimination disorder characterized by urinary incontinence, whether involuntary or intentional, which is not due to a medical condition and which occurs at or beyond an age at which continence is expected (usually 5 years).


positive regulation by host of viral transcription

Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.


Ixabepilone

A macrocycle that is a lactam analogue of epothilone B. Binds directly to beta-tubulin subunits on microtubules, leading to suppression of microtubule dynamics.


Abnormal left ventricular function

Inability of the left ventricle to perform its normal physiologic function. Failure is either due to an inability to contract the left ventricle or the inability to relax completely and fill with blood during diastole.


macular degeneration

Loss of vision in the central portion of the retina (macula), secondary to retinal degeneration.


mesonephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.


acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation

A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.


regulation of regulated secretory pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.


negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


histone deacetylase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of histone deacetylase.


positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.


parasitic infectious disease

A successful invasion of a host by an organism that uses the host for food and shelter.


calcium-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.


NAD binding

Binding to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH.


Clobetasol Propionate

The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.


regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.


positive regulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.


steroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


Abnormality of extrapyramidal motor function

A neurological condition related to lesions of the basal ganglia leading to typical abnormalities including akinesia (inability to initiate changes in activity and perform volitional movements rapidly and easily), muscular rigidity (continuous contraction of muscles with constant resistance to passive movement), chorea (widespread arrhythmic movements of a forcible, rapid, jerky, and restless nature), athetosis (inability to sustain the muscles of the fingers, toes, or other group of muscles in a fixed position), and akathisia (inability to remain motionless).


Dolutegravir

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (4R,12aS)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine. Used (as its sodium salt) for treatment of HIV-1.


negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


esophageal disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the esophagus. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.


Esmolol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.


negative regulation of viral process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.


phosphate ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.


Fluocinolone acetonide

A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.


conversion disorder

Conversion disorder is a disorder in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis, or other symptoms affecting the nervous system that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury. Symptoms usually begin suddenly after a period of emotional or physical distress or psychological conflict. Conversion disorder is thought to be caused by the bodys reaction to a stressful physical or emotional event. Some research has identified potential neurological changes that may be related to symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosis of conversion disorder is based on identifying particular signs that are common among people with the disorder, as well as performing tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment may include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and stress management training to help reduce symptoms. Treatment of any underlying psychological disorder is also recommended. The affected body part may require physical or occupational therapy until symptoms resolve.


regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.


Escitalopram

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.


bipolar disorder

A disorder of the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Often these moods range and shift from periods of elation and energized behavior to those of hopelessness and depression.


lactate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lactate from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.


positive regulation of viral life cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.


Confusion

Lack of clarity and coherence of thought, perception, understanding, or action.


peripheral nervous system neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from a peripheral nerve or the perineural sheaths.


neuralgia

A pain disorder characterize by pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves


ribosomal small subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


mitochondrion disassembly

The disaggregation of a mitochondrion into its constituent components.


Nevirapine

A dipyridodiazepine that is  5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.


mouth disorder

A disease involving the mouth.


multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


regulation of mitotic spindle organization

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


Drooling

Habitual flow of saliva out of the mouth.


uterine corpus leiomyoma

A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the body of the uterus. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.


Bone fracture

A partial or complete breakage of the continuity of a bone.


jejunal cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the jejunum.


regulation of cardiac conduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.


pyruvate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


Melatonin

A member of the class of  acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans.


carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.


lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


lymphopenia

Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.


Golgi vesicle transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.


structural constituent of ribosome

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.


regulation of JUN kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


inorganic ion transmembrane transport

The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane.


embryonic pattern specification

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.


esophageal cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the esophagus.


bronchial artery

A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood.


Dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing.


fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


RNA localization

A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


twitch skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The twitch skeletal muscle responds to neurostimulations with a contraction followed by a relaxation.


Aprepitant

A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.


Amiloride

A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.


male sex differentiation

The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.


furunculosis

A persistent skin infection marked by the presence of furuncles, often chronic and recurrent. In humans, the causative agent is various species of staphylococcus. In salmonid fish (salmonids), the pathogen is aeromonas salmonicida.


proteasome complex

A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.


toxin transport

The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Drug Overdose

Exposure to, or intake of, an excessive amount of a substance.


negative regulation of protein localization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.


lytic vacuole

A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.


response to epidermal growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.


spindle microtubule

Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.


negative regulation of developmental growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.


protein homooligomerization

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


regulation of hemostasis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.


Ranolazine

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP + alcohol = CMP + phosphatidyl alcohol.


adenylate cyclase inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity

Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex, corticospinal tracts, brainstem and spinal cord.


positive regulation of chromosome organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.


regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.


modulation by virus of host cellular process

The process in which a virus effects a change in the processes and activities of its host organism.


Mefloquine

An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.


Aphagia

The inability or refusal to swallow.


skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.


Carisoprodol

A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol  interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.


Recurrent singultus

A contraction of the diaphragm that repeats several times per minute. In humans, the abrupt rush of air into the lungs causes the epiglottis to close, creating a hic sound. Also known as synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF), or singultus, from the Latin singult, the act of catching one's breath while sobbing. The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc.


glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.


positive regulation of locomotion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


structural molecule activity

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex.


regulation of RNA stability

Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.


liver failure

A liver disease characterized by the liver losing or has lost all of its function.


inflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.


Cladribine

2'-Deoxyadenosine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine ring has been substituted by chlorine. It inhibits the synthesis and repair of DNA, particularly in  lymphocytes and monocytes, and is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic drug for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies including  hairy-cell leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.


Crackles

Crackles are discontinuous, explosive, and nonmusical adventitious lung sounds normally heard in inspiration and sometimes during expiration. Crackles are usually classified as fine and coarse crackles based on their duration, loudness, pitch, timing in the respiratory cycle, and relationship to coughing and changing body position.


response to purine-containing compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.


cellular response to abiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.


regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.


Bleomycin

A glycopeptide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. The term, 'bleomycin' refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anti-cancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2.


testicular cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the testis. Representative examples include seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.


negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.


voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


excitatory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


biogenic amine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


syntaxin-1 binding

Binding to a syntaxin-1 SNAP receptor.


Estazolam

A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.


Euphoric mood

biolink:Behavior biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


Vidarabine

A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


Hyponatremia

An abnormally decreased sodium concentration in the blood.


molecular adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.


Hyperkinetic movements

Motor hyperactivity with excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole.


interstitial lung disease 2

A nonneoplastic pulmonary disease that is characterized by the formation of scar tissue within the lungs in the absence of any known cause.


Rho protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


atrioventricular valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.


skeletal muscle tissue development

The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.


DNA conformation change

A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.


post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and three snRNPs, either U2 or U12, U5, and either U6 or U6atac.


G1 to G0 transition

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.


malignant glioma

A grade III or grade IV glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.


muscle system process

A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.


regulation of viral process

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.


lysosome

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.


pons

The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum.


gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.


positive regulation of collagen metabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.


poly-purine tract binding

Binding to a stretch of purines (adenine or guanine) in an RNA molecule.


Elevated hepatic transaminase

Elevations of the levels of SGOT and SGPT in the serum. SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) and SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) are transaminases primarily found in the liver and heart and are released into the bloodstream as the result of liver or heart damage. SGOT and SGPT are used clinically mainly as markers of liver damage.


cyclase activity

Catalysis of a ring closure reaction.


DNA replication initiation

The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; it begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, followed by DNA unwinding.


Clopidogrel

A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a  methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.


food allergy

Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.


one-carbon metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.


postsynaptic specialization

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


protein polyglutamylation

The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.


Traumatic injury

Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.


negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.


Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination.


extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


atrioventricular valve development

The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


monocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.


transcription coactivator activity

A transcription coregulator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coactivators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.


positive regulation of protein deacetylation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


walking behavior

The behavior of an organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


response to temperature stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.


Roxithromycin

Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin A.


cholesterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.


lung development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.


photoreceptor cell differentiation

The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Dysphonia

Difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords. Associated with a known physical or neurological cause.


neurotransmitter secretion

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


DNA topoisomerase activity

Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA.


Oritavancin

A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.


hypoglycemia

Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood.


response to electrical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.


female gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


blood vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


negative regulation of T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.