cartilage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


CASC3_HUMAN Protein CASC3 (sprot)

A protein CASC3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

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The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.


intracellular mRNA localization

Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


U2-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome

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A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the U1 and U4 snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, and U5 and U6 snRNPs.


RT12_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS12m (sprot)

A 28S ribosomal protein S12, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial translation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.


mitochondrial ribosome

A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes.


mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit

The smaller of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome.


NDUA1_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VGF_HUMAN Neurosecretory protein VGF (sprot)

A neurosecretory protein VGF that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to dietary excess

The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.


response to cold

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.


sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).


regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


response to cAMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.


synaptic signaling via neuropeptide

Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide.


OBRG_HUMAN Leptin receptor gene-related protein (sprot)

A leptin receptor gene-related protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.


S22A2_HUMAN Solute carrier family 22 member 2 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 22 member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


organic cation transport

The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.


amine transmembrane transporter activity

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Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.


acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


monoamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.


organic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.


prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of a membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.


L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids.


pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other.


choline transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of choline from one side of a membrane to the other. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


thiamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of thiamine from one side of a membrane to the other. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


putrescine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of putrescine from one side of a membrane to the other. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


spermidine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, from one side of a membrane to the other.


quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of quaternary ammonium groups from one side of a membrane to the other. Quaternary ammonium groups are any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.


L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other.


monoatomic cation transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


serotonin transport

The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.


body fluid secretion

The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.


prostaglandin transport

The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


amine transport

The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


putrescine transport

The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


spermidine transport

The directed movement of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


acetylcholine transport

The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


choline transport

The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


dopamine transport

The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


norepinephrine transport

The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


xenobiotic transport

The directed movement of a xenobiotic into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


epinephrine transport

The directed movement of epinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


histamine transport

The directed movement of histamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.


serotonin uptake

The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.


histamine uptake

The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.


norepinephrine uptake

The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


thiamine transmembrane transport

The process in which thiamine is transported across a membrane. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


purine-containing compound transmembrane transport

The process in which a purine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A purine-containing compound is any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.


amino acid import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of an amino acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


dopamine uptake

The directed movement of dopamine into a cell.


L-arginine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of some substance from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


spermidine transmembrane transport

The process in which spermidine is transported across a membrane.


L-arginine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-arginine across a membrane.


xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrier

The directed movement of a xenobiotic through the blood-brain barrier.


S22A1_HUMAN Solute carrier family 22 member 1 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 22 member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= dopamine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: norepinephrine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = norepinephrine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of (R)-carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other.


establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient

The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


quaternary ammonium group transport

The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.


monoamine transport

The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


thiamine transport

The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


metanephric proximal tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.


monoatomic cation transmembrane transport

The process in which a monoatomic cation is transported across a membrane. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


(R)-carnitine transmembrane transport

The process in which (R)-carnitine is transported across a membrane.


acyl carnitine transmembrane transport

The process in which acyl carnitine is transported across a membrane.


CLIC2_HUMAN Chloride intracellular channel protein 2 (sprot)

A chloride intracellular channel protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of binding

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


ACOX3_HUMAN Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3 (sprot)

A peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXX1_HUMAN CAAX box protein 1 (sprot)

An RTL8C gene translation product (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O15255.


RER1_HUMAN Protein RER1 (sprot)

A protein RER1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


acetylcholine receptor binding

Binding to an acetylcholine receptor.


endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment

A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport.


NPHP1_HUMAN Nephrocystin-1 (sprot)

A nephrocystin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


visual behavior

The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.


spermatid differentiation

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


SURF4_HUMAN Surfeit locus protein 4 (sprot)

A surfeit locus protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cargo receptor activity

Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span a membrane (either the plasma membrane or a vesicle membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit soluble proteins to nascent vesicles.


positive regulation of organelle organization

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.


regulation of lipid transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


DFB4A_HUMAN Defensin beta 4A (sprot)

A defensin beta 4A that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCR6 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR6 chemokine receptor.


killing of cells of another organism

Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.


defense response to fungus

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.


antifungal innate immune response

An defense response against a fungus mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide

An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.


MK13_HUMAN Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to UV

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


cellular response to sorbitol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.


cellular response to anisomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.


cellular response to sodium arsenite

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium arsenite stimulus.


ATX7_HUMAN Ataxin-7 (sprot)

An ataxin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


SAGA complex

A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that deubiquitinates H2A and/or H2B. This complex is organized into several functional submodules: a structural core including the activator binding module and consisting of ADA1 or a homolog, members of the SPT and TAF protein families as well as promotor recruitment factor TRRAP/TRA1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module consisting of GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, ADA2, ADA3/NGG1, and SGF29 or homologues thereof, a histone deubiquitinase (DUB) module consisting of ATXN7/SGF73, ATXN7L3/SGF11, ENY2/SUS1 and USP22/UBP8 or homologues thereof, and in some taxa a splicing module consisting of SF3B3 and SF3B5 or homologues thereof (not in fungi). In budding yeast also contains Spt8 which distinguishes it from SAGA-like (SLIK) complex (GO:0046695).


SHOX_HUMAN Short stature homeobox protein (sprot)

A short stature homeobox protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPTC1_HUMAN Serine palmitoyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A serine palmitoyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.


positive regulation of lipophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.


serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + H+ + palmitoyl-CoA = 3-dehydrosphinganine + CO2 + CoA.


sphingolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


sphingomyelin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


sphinganine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


sphingosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


regulation of fat cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.


serine C-palmitoyltransferase complex

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a palmitoyl on to serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine.


SPOTS complex

A multiprotein complex at least composed of serine palmitoyltransferases and ORM proteins (known as ORMDL proteins in mammals and other higher vertebrates) that plays a key role in sphingolipid homeostasis.


SPTC2_HUMAN Serine palmitoyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A serine palmitoyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TELT_HUMAN Telethonin (sprot)

A telethonin that is encoded in the genome of human.


titin binding

Binding to titin, any of a family of giant proteins found in striated and smooth muscle. In striated muscle, single titin molecules span half the sarcomere, with their N- and C-termini in the Z-disc and M-line, respectively.


FATZ binding

Binding to a member of the FATZ family of proteins, filamin-, actinin-, and telethonin-binding proteins of the Z-disc of striated muscle. FATZ proteins are located in the Z-disc of the sarcomere and are involved in a complex network of interactions with other Z-band components.


titin Z domain binding

Binding to a titin Z protein domain, which recognizes and binds to the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain of alpha-actinin-2 (Act-EF34), adopts a helical structure, and binds in a groove formed by the two planes between the helix pairs of Act-EF34.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.


adult heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.


skeletal muscle thin filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.


skeletal muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.


response to muscle stretch

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length.


detection of muscle stretch

The series of events by which a muscle stretch stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


sarcomere organization

The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


sarcomerogenesis

The process in which sarcomeres are added in series within a fiber.


detection of mechanical stimulus

The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


cardiac myofibril assembly

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.


cardiac muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


FANCG_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group G protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group G protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


damaged DNA binding

Binding to damaged DNA.


protein monoubiquitination

Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.


response to radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


OGT1_HUMAN UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit (sprot)

A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylglucosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine to a sugar.


chromatin DNA binding

Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine, or UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine.


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


regulation of glycolytic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.


regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.


positive regulation of proteolysis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.


regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


regulation of necroptotic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


positive regulation of TORC1 signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.


Sin3-type complex

Any of a number of evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs) containing a core consisting of a paired amphipathic helix motif protein (e.g. Sin3p in S. cerevisiae, Pst1 in S. pombe or Sin3A in mammals) at least one class I histone deacetylase (e.g. Rpd3p in S. cerevisiae, Clr6 in S. pombe, or HDAC1 and HDAC2 in mammals), and at least one WD40 repeat protein (e.g. Ume1p in S. cerevisiae, Prw1 in S. pombe, or RbAp46 and RbAp48 in mammals). These complexes also contain a variable number of other proteins that direct histone binding, DNA binding, or add other functionality to the complex.


NSL complex

A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residues at several positions. In human, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, NSL1/KIAA1267, NSL2/KANSL2, NSL3/KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1, WDR5 and HCF1.


histone acetyltransferase complex

A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity.


A protein complex capable of protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity, the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars onto the polypeptide according to reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein. The complex has different compositions in different species: In mammals it is often a homotrimer, in bacteria a heterotetramer of 2 different subunits.


LX15B_HUMAN Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B (sprot)

A polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B that is encoded in the genome of human.


linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate.


arachidonate 8(S)-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8S,9E,11Z,14Z)-8-hydroperoxyicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoate.


arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-(15S)-15-hydroperoxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoate.


linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoate.


positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.


prostate gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.


regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of growth

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.


hepoxilin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.


endocannabinoid signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an endocannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Endocannabinoids are small molecules derived from arachidonic acid, anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.


cannabinoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cannabinoid.


lipoxin A4 biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoxin A4. Lipoxin A4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.


PPM1D_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1D (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1D that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitogen-activated protein kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase.


DNA methylation

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.


peptidyl-threonine dephosphorylation

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine to form peptidyl-threonine.


regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


GRM6_HUMAN Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (sprot)

A metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


positive regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.


new growing cell tip

A cell tip that was newly formed at the last cell division, and that has started to grow after the cell has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). New end take-off is when monopolar cells initiate bipolar growth.


SIVA_HUMAN Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva (sprot)

An apoptosis regulatory protein Siva that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD27 receptor binding

Binding to a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells.


PMM2_HUMAN Phosphomannomutase 2 (sprot)

A phosphomannomutase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphomannomutase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = D-mannose 6-phosphate.


GDP-mannose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


RA51B_HUMAN DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2 (sprot)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


single-stranded DNA binding

Binding to single-stranded DNA.


blastocyst growth

An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.


somite development

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.


Rad51B-Rad51C-Rad51D-XRCC2 complex

A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, and XRCC2, or orthologs thereof.


RPC7_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC7 (sprot)

A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.


TM9S1_HUMAN Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 (sprot)

A transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INP4B_HUMAN Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (sprot)

An inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,3-bisphosphate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.


inositol phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.


CHAD_HUMAN Chondroadherin (sprot)

A chondroadherin that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of bone trabecula formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.


VA0E1_HUMAN V-type proton ATPase subunit e 1 (sprot)

A V-type proton ATPase subunit e 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATPase-coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.


proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism

Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.


vacuolar acidification

Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


regulation of macroautophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and mediates proton transport across a membrane. The V0 complex consists of at least four different subunits (a,c,d and e); six or more c subunits form a proton-binding rotor ring.


TRI18_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Midline-1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Midline-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HMGB3_HUMAN High mobility group protein B3 (sprot)

A high mobility group protein B3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA binding, bending

The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


DNA geometric change

The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.


negative regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


P73_HUMAN Tumor protein p73 (sprot)

A tumor protein p73 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding

Binding to a member of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


response to organonitrogen compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


protein tetramerization

The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.


positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.


FOXN1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein N1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein N1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.


nail development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.


positive regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


lymphoid lineage cell migration into thymus

The movement of a lymphoid lineage cell (also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell) into the thymus. Lymphoid lineage cells enter and exit the thymus several times as part of this process.


thymus epithelium morphogenesis

The process in which the thymus epithelium is generated and organized.


regulation of positive thymic T cell selection

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of positive thymic T cell selection.


GPR37_HUMAN Prosaposin receptor GPR37 (sprot)

A prosaposin receptor GPR37 that is encoded in the genome of human.


prosaposin receptor activity

Combining with prosaposin to initiate a change in cell activity. Prosaposin is the glycoprotein precursor of four cleavage products (saposins A, B, C and D).


locomotion involved in locomotory behavior

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.


dopamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.


PPM1G_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1G (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1G that is encoded in the genome of human.


SHIP2_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate) + H2O = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol-3,4-bisphosphate) + phosphate.


ruffle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42.


FANCA_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group A protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group A protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


male meiotic nuclear division

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.


regulation of germ cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.


regulation of CD40 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.


SOX12_HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-12 (sprot)

A transcription factor SOX-12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


EIF3D_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D that is encoded in the genome of human.


mRNA cap binding

Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule.


A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, eIF3m

An eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex that contains the PCI-domain protein eIF3m.


EIF3H_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of translational initiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


MOT5_HUMAN Monocarboxylate transporter 5 (sprot)

A monocarboxylate transporter 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MOT6_HUMAN Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (sprot)

A monocarboxylate transporter 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDAC3_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 3 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of myotube differentiation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


transcription corepressor binding

Binding to a transcription corepressor, a protein involved in negative regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.


histone deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.


protein lysine deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-acetyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = acetate + L-lysyl-[protein].


NF-kappaB binding

Binding to NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters.


protein decrotonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[protein].


histone decrotonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[histone] = (2E)-2-butenoate + L-lysyl-[histone].


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2-hydroxyisobutanoyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] = 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + L-lysyl-[protein].


protein deacetylation

The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


positive regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


regulation of multicellular organism growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.


spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


cellular response to fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.


DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling

A chromatin remodeling process that allows DNA repair enzyme to access genomic DNA and repair DNA lesions.


cornified envelope assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cornified envelope.


NVL_HUMAN Nuclear valosin-containing protein-like (sprot)

A nuclear valosin-containing protein-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear exosome (RNase complex)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.


regulation of protein localization to nucleolus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.


BCAT2_HUMAN Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate.


L-leucine transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-leucine = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamatic acid.


L-valine transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamatic acid.


L-isoleucine transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.


isoleucine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


regulation of hormone levels

Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.


SIGL5_HUMAN Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 (sprot)

A sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ficolin-1-rich granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a ficolin-1-rich granule.


TYY2_HUMAN Transcription factor YY2 (sprot)

A transcription factor YY2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BIRC5_HUMAN Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (sprot)

A baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.


mitotic spindle midzone assembly

The cell cycle process in which the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components forms the spindle midzone.


positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.


positive regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.


positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.


chromosome passenger complex

A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that localizes to kinetochores in early mitosis, the spindle mid-zone in anaphase B and to the telophase midbody. It has been proposed that the passenger complex coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. Complex members include the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora kinase, INCENP and Borealin.


survivin complex

A protein complex that negatively regulates apoptotic processes. In human, this anti-apoptotic complex is a homodimer of BIRC5 (survivin) and provides one survivin molecule to the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC).


TMPS2_HUMAN Transmembrane protease serine 2 (sprot)

A transmembrane protease serine 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


viral translation

A process by which viral mRNA is translated into viral protein, using the host cellular machinery.


protein autoprocessing

Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.


NCAM2_HUMAN Neural cell adhesion molecule 2 (sprot)

A neural cell adhesion molecule 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuron cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.


IPO8_HUMAN Importin-8 (sprot)

An importin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NMDE4_HUMAN Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D (sprot)

A glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D that is encoded in the genome of human.


ionotropic glutamate receptor activity

Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


NMDA glutamate receptor activity

An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages.


glutamate binding

Binding to glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any ligand-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.


startle response

An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.


ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.


calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


excitatory chemical synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.


regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any process that modulates the potential difference across a presynaptic membrane.


regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.


NMDA selective glutamate receptor complex

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1 subunits (Figure 3) and NR2 subunits, which can be one of four separate gene products (NR2A-D). Expression of both subunits are required to form functional channels. The glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of NR1 and NR2 subunits. NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions as well as being permeable to other ions. Thus NMDA receptor activation leads to a calcium influx into the post-synaptic cells, a signal thought to be crucial for the induction of NMDA-receptor dependent LTP and LTD.


presynaptic active zone membrane

The membrane portion of the presynaptic active zone; it is the site where docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles occurs for the release of neurotransmitters.


hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse

One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.


STX7_HUMAN Syntaxin-7 (sprot)

A syntaxin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chloride channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a chloride channel.


positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.


organelle localization

Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


organelle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


positive regulation of receptor localization to synapse

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.


MOT7_HUMAN Monocarboxylate transporter 7 (sprot)

A monocarboxylate transporter 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


taurine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of taurine from one side of a membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.


taurine transport

The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


TOX3_HUMAN TOX high mobility group box family member 3 (sprot)

A TOX high mobility group box family member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXP2_HUMAN Forkhead box protein P2 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein P2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


caudate nucleus development

The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.


putamen development

The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.


TNC18_HUMAN Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 18 protein (sprot)

A trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 18 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


MOT4_HUMAN Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (sprot)

A monocarboxylate transporter 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: lactate (out) + H+ (out) = lactate (in) + H+ (in).


pyruvate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


lactate transmembrane transport

The process in which lactate is transported across a membrane. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.


pyruvate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.


pyruvate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of pyruvate across a membrane.


PINL_HUMAN Putative PIN1-like protein (sprot)


COPT1_HUMAN High affinity copper uptake protein 1 (sprot)

A high affinity copper uptake protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


copper ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of copper (Cu) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


silver ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of silver (Ag) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


copper ion import

The directed movement of copper ions into a cell or organelle.


plasma membrane copper ion transport

The directed movement of copper ions across the plasma membrane.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


silver ion transmembrane transport

The directed movement of silver ion across a membrane.


COPT2_HUMAN Protein SLC31A2 (sprot)

A probable low affinity copper uptake protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


copper ion transmembrane transport

The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane.


regulation of copper ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.


MRP3_HUMAN ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 (sprot)

An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + xenobiotic(in) = ADP + phosphate + xenobiotic(out).


glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a glucuronosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate.


ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + glutathione S-conjugate(in) -> ADP + phosphate + glutathione S-conjugate(out).


ABC-type bile acid transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(in) + ATP + H2O -> bile acid(out) + ADP + phosphate.


ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + inorganic anion(out) = ADP + phosphate + inorganic anion(in).


icosanoid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of icosanoids from one side of a membrane to the other.


ABC-type transporter activity

Primary active transporter characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains and two transmembrane domains. Uses the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.


xenobiotic transmembrane transport

The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


bile acid and bile salt transport

The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glucuronoside transport

The directed movement of glucuronosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate.


leukotriene transport

The directed movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups.


MRP4_HUMAN ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4 (sprot)

An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


prostaglandin secretion

The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring, from a cell or a tissue.


guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) from one side of a membrane to the other.


purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+.


glutathione transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, from one side of a membrane to the other.


platelet degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.


glutathione transmembrane transport

A process in which glutathione is transported across a membrane.


cAMP transport

The directed movement of cyclic AMP (cAMP), into, out of or within a cell.


guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport

The process in which a guanyl nucleotide is transported across a membrane.


external side of apical plasma membrane

The leaflet the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


MRP5_HUMAN ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 (sprot)

An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.


carbohydrate derivative transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.


purine nucleotide transport

The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


heme transmembrane transport

The process in which heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cGMP transport

The directed movement of cyclic GMP (cGMP), into, out of or within a cell.


folate transmembrane transport

The process in which a folic acid, or one of its derivatives (dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, methylene-tetrahydrofolate or methyl-tetrahydrofolate) is transported across a membrane.


MPPD1_HUMAN Metallophosphoesterase domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A metallophosphoesterase domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCL25_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 25 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCR10 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR10 chemokine receptor.


RPA34_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA34 (sprot)

A DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA34 that is encoded in the genome of human.


rRNA transcription

The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.


RNA polymerase I transcription regulator complex

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


TLR3_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 3 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


double-stranded RNA binding

Binding to double-stranded RNA.


microglial cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


hyperosmotic response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


detection of virus

The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


type III interferon production

The appearance of type III interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.


positive regulation of type III interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.


cellular response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


inflammatory response to wounding

The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


necroptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered.


endolysosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.


MSH4_HUMAN MutS protein homolog 4 (sprot)

A MutS protein homolog 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mismatched DNA binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.


female gamete generation

Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.


synaptonemal complex

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.


recombination nodule

An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes.


P4HA2_HUMAN Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2 (sprot)

A prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.


SIA8E_HUMAN Alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 8E (sprot)

An alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 8E that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.


sialyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of sialic acid to an acceptor molecule, typically the terminal portions of the sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides) or to the N- or O-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins.


glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


CCL16_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 16 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chemoattractant activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.


cell communication

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


MAGB2_HUMAN Melanoma-associated antigen B2 (sprot)

A melanoma-associated antigen B2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAGB3_HUMAN Melanoma-associated antigen B3 (sprot)

A melanoma-associated antigen B3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAGB4_HUMAN Melanoma-associated antigen B4 (sprot)

A melanoma-associated antigen B4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TEX28_HUMAN Testis-specific protein TEX28 (sprot)

A testis-specific protein TEX28 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAN5_HUMAN Calpain-5 (sprot)

A calpain-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLYG2_HUMAN Glycogenin-2 (sprot)

A glycogenin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


glycogenin glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + glucosylglycogenin.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + a glucosyl-glycogenin = (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-glucosyl glucogenin + UDP + H+.


RGS16_HUMAN Regulator of G-protein signaling 16 (sprot)

A regulator of G-protein signaling 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


PA2GX_HUMAN Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 (sprot)

A group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lysophospholipid transport

The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetate.


phospholipase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.


phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + H2O = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + a fatty acid. This reaction removes the fatty acid attached to the sn2-position. Substrates include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, choline plasmalogen and phosphatides.


calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction requires Ca2+.


production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


phosphatidylserine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


fertilization

The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).


low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.


phosphatidylcholine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


intestinal stem cell homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of intestinal stem cells within a population of cells.


regulation of macrophage activation

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.


erythrocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes.


phosphatidylcholine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


phosphatidic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.


arachidonic acid secretion

The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.


platelet activating factor catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of platelet activating factor, 2-O-acetyl-1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


positive regulation of arachidonic acid secretion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.


negative regulation of cholesterol efflux

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.


YKT6_HUMAN Synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 (sprot)

A synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (systematic name, hexadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].


apical dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.


basal dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the basal pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, basal dendrites are either on the same side of the soma as the axon, or project toward the axon.


GSC2_HUMAN Homeobox protein goosecoid-2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein goosecoid-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSI1_HUMAN Insulin-induced gene 1 protein (sprot)

An insulin-induced gene 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


oxysterol binding

Binding to oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol.


triglyceride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


cholesterol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


SREBP signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription.


cellular response to sterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.


SREBP-SCAP complex retention in endoplasmic reticulum

Any process in which the SREBP-SCAP complex is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. The SREBP-SCAP complex is formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). In the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed. In the presence of sterols, the complex binds ER-resident proteins such as INSIG, which retain the complex in the ER.


middle ear morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).


negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.


cranial suture morphogenesis

The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.


negative regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.


negative regulation of cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into a COPII-coated vesicle.


SREBP-SCAP-Insig complex

A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and an Insig protein (Insig-1 or Insig-2) in the ER membrane.


NUP42_HUMAN Nucleoporin NUP42 (sprot)

A nucleoporin NUP42 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARPC5_HUMAN Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 (sprot)

An actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RPB4_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 (sprot)

A DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA polymerase II, core complex

RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


CLOCK_HUMAN Circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput (sprot)

A circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


photoperiodism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.


cellular response to ionizing radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.


CFLAR_HUMAN CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (sprot)

A CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator that is encoded in the genome of human.


death receptor binding

Binding to a member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).


skeletal muscle tissue development

The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.


regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.


skeletal myofibril assembly

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.


cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.


cellular response to estradiol stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


cellular response to nitric oxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.


positive regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.


negative regulation of myoblast fusion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.


positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.


negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.


positive regulation of hepatocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.


death-inducing signaling complex

A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor, and may control the activation of caspases 8 and 10.


CD95 death-inducing signaling complex

A protein complex formed upon binding of Fas/CD95/APO-1 to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1, procaspase-8/10 and c-FLIP in addition to the ligand-bound receptor.


ripoptosome

A protein complex whose core components are the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 (also called RIP1 and RIP3). Formation of the ripoptosome can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.


FGF10_HUMAN Fibroblast growth factor 10 (sprot)

A fibroblast growth factor 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


positive regulation of urothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.


lung epithelium development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.


bud outgrowth involved in lung branching

The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth.


fibroblast growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2).


metanephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


organ induction

The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.


mesonephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.


endothelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.


blood vessel remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.


metanephros morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.


salivary gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.