immune response in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue

An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids.


protein polyglutamylation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.


cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.


mucociliary clearance

The respiratory system process driven by motile cilia on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract by which mucus and associated inhaled particles and pathogens trapped within it are moved out of the airways.


EPPI_HUMAN Eppin (sprot)

An eppin that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.


SYF2_HUMAN Pre-mRNA-splicing factor SYF2 (sprot)

A pre-mRNA-splicing factor SYF2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic organ development

Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


CBX7_HUMAN Chromobox protein homolog 7 (sprot)

A chromobox protein homolog 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGM3L_HUMAN Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 (sprot)

A protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-[protein] + L-lysyl-[protein] = [protein]-L-lysyl-N(6)-5-L-glutamyl-[protein] + NH4+. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links.


TBX18_HUMAN T-box transcription factor TBX18 (sprot)

A T-box transcription factor TBX18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of SA node cell action potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.


sinoatrial node cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to sinoatrial (SA) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into SA node cells. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.


ureter development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.


EOMES_HUMAN Eomesodermin homolog (sprot)

An eomesodermin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


cardioblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


cerebral cortex regionalization

The regionalization process that results in the creation of areas within the cerebral cortex that will direct the behavior of cell migration and differentiation as the cortex develops.


mesendoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues.


cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.


mesodermal to mesenchymal transition involved in gastrulation

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition process in which a mesodermal cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell as part of the process of gastrulation.


NCTR2_HUMAN Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 2 (sprot)

A natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TBX6_HUMAN T-box transcription factor TBX6 (sprot)

A T-box transcription factor TBX6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of neuron maturation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.


somite rostral/caudal axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.


ONEC2_HUMAN One cut domain family member 2 (sprot)

An one cut domain family member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.


epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


endocrine pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.


peripheral nervous system neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


mesenchymal stem cell migration

The orderly movement of a mesenchymal stem cell from one site to another.


positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.


A formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate = tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + 2 H+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NH4.


folic acid-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.


histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formamide

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formamide.


histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formate.


ITGBL_HUMAN Integrin beta-like protein 1 (sprot)

An integrin beta-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBLN4_HUMAN EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2 (sprot)

An EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


elastic fiber assembly

Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.


aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.


regulation of collagen fibril organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.


positive regulation of collagen fibril organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.


negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.


microfibril

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.


elastic fiber

An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.


SG1D1_HUMAN Secretoglobin family 1D member 1 (sprot)

A secretoglobin family 1D member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SG1D2_HUMAN Secretoglobin family 1D member 2 (sprot)

A secretoglobin family 1D member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LGI1_HUMAN Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (sprot)

A leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


BY55_HUMAN CD160 antigen (sprot)

A CD160 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


MHC class I protein complex binding

Binding to a class I major histocompatibility complex.


MHC class I receptor activity

Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


MHC class Ib receptor activity

Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.


activating MHC class I receptor activity

Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.


positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.


negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.


negative regulation of adaptive immune memory response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.


BMP15_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGSF6_HUMAN Immunoglobulin superfamily member 6 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin superfamily member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S1PR4_HUMAN Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4 (sprot)

A sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


activation of phospholipase C activity

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


RECK_HUMAN Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (sprot)

A reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs that is encoded in the genome of human.


metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of metalloendopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain and contain a chelated metal ion at their active sites which is essential to their catalytic activity.


regulation of establishment of blood-brain barrier

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of the blood-brain barrier, a selectively permeable structural and functional barrier that exists between the capillaries and the brain.


negative regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.


MBD3_HUMAN Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3 (sprot)

A methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


TOP3B_HUMAN DNA topoisomerase 3-beta-1 (sprot)

A DNA topoisomerase 3-beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA topoisomerase type I (single strand cut, ATP-independent) activity

Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle.


DNA topological change

The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


DNA topoisomerase III-beta-TDRD3 complex

A protein complex that has DNA topoisomerase type I and RNA topoisomerase activities.


TCL1B_HUMAN T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1B (sprot)

A T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


NUDT3_HUMAN Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 1 (sprot)

A diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


endopolyphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.


Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + phosphate.


inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + phosphate.


inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-bisdiphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 3-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.


5'-(N(7)-methyl 5'-triphosphoguanosine)-[mRNA] diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 5'-end (N2,N2,N7-trimethyl 5'-triphosphoguanosine)-ribonucleoside in mRNA + H2O = a 5'-end diphospho-ribonucleoside in mRNA + 2 H+ + N7-methyl-GMP. Can also use (N7-methyl 5'-triphosphoguanosine)-ribonucleoside in mRNA as a substrate.


5'-(N(7)-methylguanosine 5'-triphospho)-[mRNA] hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 5'-end (N7-methyl 5'-triphosphoguanosine)-ribonucleoside in mRNA + H2O = a 5'-end phospho-ribonucleoside in mRNA + N7-methyl-GDP + H+.


diadenosine polyphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.


diphosphoinositol polyphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.


RNA decapping

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of an RNA.


diadenosine hexaphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine hexaphosphate.


F107A_HUMAN Actin-associated protein FAM107A (sprot)

An actin-associated protein FAM107A that is encoded in the genome of human.


CH25H_HUMAN Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (sprot)

A cholesterol 25-hydroxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


cholesterol 25-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O.


response to type I interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


negative regulation of cholesterol metabolic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


negative regulation of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane.


AGR2_HUMAN Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog (sprot)

An anterior gradient protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of developmental growth

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.


positive regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.


DRC4_HUMAN Dynein regulatory complex subunit 4 (sprot)

A dynein regulatory complex subunit 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cilium movement involved in cell motility

Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.


positive regulation of protein localization to cilium

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.


regulation of microtubule binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.


APCL_HUMAN Adenomatous polyposis coli protein 2 (sprot)

An adenomatous polyposis coli protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lamellipodium membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a lamellipodium.


PTTG1_HUMAN Securin (sprot)

A securin that is encoded in the genome of human.


I18BP_HUMAN Interleukin-18-binding protein (sprot)

An interleukin-18-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-18 binding

Binding to interleukin-18.


BCL10_HUMAN B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (sprot)

A B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of lymphotoxin A production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.


positive regulation of mast cell cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.


kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


protein kinase B binding

Binding to protein kinase B, an intracellular kinase that is important in regulating glucose metabolism.


general transcription initiation factor binding

Binding to a general transcription initiation factor, a protein that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation.


negative regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.


immunoglobulin mediated immune response

An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.


response to food

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.


T cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


polkadots

A punctate, filamentous structure composed of Bcl10 that appears in the cytoplasm of T-cells shortly after T-cell receptor stimulation. Polkadots stands for Punctate Oligomeric Killing and Activating DOmains Transducing Signals.


CBM complex

A protein complex comprising Bcl10, MALT1 and a CARD domain-containing protein (CARD9, CARD10 or CARD11); plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation.


NDUBA_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPR17_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 17 (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of phosphatase activity

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


CX001_HUMAN Putative transmembrane protein CXorf1 (sprot)


HAND1_HUMAN Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 1 (sprot)

A heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic heart tube formation

The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.


cardiac left ventricle formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.


cardiac right ventricle formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.


mesenchyme development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.


CLPT1_HUMAN Putative lipid scramblase CLPTM1 (sprot)

A putative lipid scramblase CLPTM1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


ZBED1_HUMAN E3 SUMO-protein ligase ZBED1 (sprot)

An E3 SUMO-protein ligase ZBED1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein autosumoylation

The sumoylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.


MOC2B_HUMAN Molybdopterin synthase catalytic subunit (sprot)

A molybdopterin synthase catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


molybdopterin synthase activity

Catalysis of the conversion of precursor Z to molybdopterin, the final step in molybdopterin biosynthesis.


molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


molybdopterin synthase complex

A protein complex that possesses molybdopterin synthase activity. In E. coli, the complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two MoaD and two MoaE subunits.


TOM40_HUMAN Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 homolog (sprot)

A mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 that is encoded in the genome of human.


porin activity

Enables the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of a membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


NAPSA_HUMAN Napsin-A (sprot)

A napsin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


aspartic-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


membrane protein proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.


surfactant homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.


alveolar lamellar body

A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.


multivesicular body lumen

The volume enclosed by the outermost membrane of a multivesicular body.


PX11B_HUMAN Peroxisomal membrane protein 11B (sprot)

A peroxisomal membrane protein 11B that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAK4_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WNT11_HUMAN Protein Wnt-11 (sprot)

A protein Wnt-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


primary heart field specification

The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.


planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation.


Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).


adrenal gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.


paraxial mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


notochord morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.


convergent extension involved in axis elongation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contributing to the lengthening of the axis of an organism.


cloacal septation

The separation of the single opening of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, the cloaca, into multiple isolated openings during development.


lung-associated mesenchyme development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.


ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.


planar cell polarity pathway involved in gastrula mediolateral intercalation

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) contributing to the interdigitation of cells along the mediolateral axis during gastrulation.


negative regulation of cartilage development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


mesonephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.


positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


positive regulation of heart induction by negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway that positively regulates heart induction. Canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart induction is the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor production

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


DNAL4_HUMAN Dynein axonemal light chain 4 (sprot)

A dynein axonemal light chain 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CHK2_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


APBA3_HUMAN Amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein-binding family A member 3 (sprot)

An amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein-binding family A member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACL6A_HUMAN Actin-like protein 6A (sprot)

An actin-like protein 6A that is encoded in the genome of human.


neural retina development

The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


regulation of chromosome organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.


regulation of DNA strand elongation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.


positive regulation of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.


Ino80 complex

A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity.


CCNE2_HUMAN G1/S-specific cyclin-E2 (sprot)

A G1/S-specific cyclin-E2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GT4_HUMAN Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 (sprot)

A beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.


NSD2_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD2 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase NSD2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone H4K20 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H4 L-lysine (position 20) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H4 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 20). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein.


histone H3K36 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 36). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein.


histone H3K36 dimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of two methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 36 of histone H3, producing histone H3K36me2.


histone H3K36 trimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 36 of histone H3, producing histone H3K36me3.


membranous septum morphogenesis

The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.


atrial septum primum morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum primum is generated and organized.


atrial septum secundum morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum secundum is generated and organized.


regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.


HMHB1_HUMAN Minor histocompatibility protein HB-1 (sprot)

A minor histocompatibility protein HB-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CYB_HUMAN Cytochrome b (sprot)

A cytochrome b that is encoded in the genome of human.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: CoQH2 + 2 ferricytochrome c = CoQ + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.


electron transport coupled proton transport

The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from electron transport.


response to cobalamin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalamin (vitamin B12) stimulus.


response to glucagon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.


response to copper ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.


response to mercury ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.


response to hyperoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.


CYB5_HUMAN Cytochrome b5 (sprot)

A cytochrome b5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ADH1B_HUMAN All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH1B (sprot)

An all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


alcohol dehydrogenase activity, zinc-dependent

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of zinc.


ethanol oxidation

An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.


ADH1G_HUMAN Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (sprot)

An alcohol dehydrogenase 1C that is encoded in the genome of human.


alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.


LDHA_HUMAN L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain (sprot)

An L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


L-lactate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+.


pyruvate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.


oxidoreductase complex

Any protein complex that possesses oxidoreductase activity.


AL1A1_HUMAN Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (sprot)

An aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+.


androgen binding

Binding to an androgen, a male sex hormone.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + 2 H+.


glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (non-phosphorylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+.


3-deoxyglucosone dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-deoxyglucosone + H2O + NAD+ = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + 2 H+ + NADH.


gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.


fructosamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


maintenance of lens transparency

A homeostatic process in which the lens is maintained in a highly refractive, transparent state to allow for optimal focusing of light on the retina.


DHE3_HUMAN Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (sprot)

A glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+.


glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+.


glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADPH + H+.


NAD+ binding

Binding to the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.


leucine binding

Binding to 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


glutamate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


DYR_HUMAN Dihydrofolate reductase (sprot)

A dihydrofolate reductase that is encoded in the genome of human.


mRNA regulatory element binding translation repressor activity

Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide via direct binding (through a selective and non-covalent interaction) to nucleic acid.


dihydrofolate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.


sequence-specific mRNA binding

Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) of a specific nucleotide composition or a specific sequence motif.


glycine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


response to methotrexate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methotrexate stimulus. Methotrexate is 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, a folic acid analogue that is a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.


dihydrofolate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.


tetrahydrofolate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.


tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.


folic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


regulation of removal of superoxide radicals

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.


NB5R3_HUMAN NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (sprot)

An NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD(P)+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5).


AMP binding

Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


hemoglobin complex

An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group.


GSHR_HUMAN Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A glutathione reductase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


COX1_HUMAN Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (sprot)

A cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


respiratory chain complex IV

A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).


COX2_HUMAN Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (sprot)

A cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COX3_HUMAN Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (sprot)

A cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


respiratory chain complex IV assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms.


A phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin.


amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


tyrosine biosynthetic process, by oxidation of phenylalanine

The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


catecholamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


SODC_HUMAN Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (sprot)

A superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] that is encoded in the genome of human.


superoxide dismutase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 superoxide + 2 H+ = O2 + hydrogen peroxide.


protein phosphatase 2B binding

Binding to a protein phosphatase 2B.


response to superoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.


transmission of nerve impulse

The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.


removal of superoxide radicals

Any process, acting at the cellular level, involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance

The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


superoxide anion generation

The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.


hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


negative regulation of developmental process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


neurofilament cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.


relaxation of vascular associated smooth muscle

A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.


negative regulation of reproductive process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.


CERU_HUMAN Ceruloplasmin (sprot)

A ceruloplasmin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ferroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O.


FA8_HUMAN Coagulation factor VIII (sprot)

A coagulation factor VIII that is encoded in the genome of human.


OTC_HUMAN Ornithine transcarbamylase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An ornithine transcarbamylase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithine = phosphate + L-citrulline.


amino acid binding

Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


urea cycle

The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.


ornithine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


response to zinc ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.


citrulline biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.


monoatomic anion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic anions within an organism or cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.


response to biotin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotin stimulus.


ammonium homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.


F13A_HUMAN Coagulation factor XIII A chain (sprot)

A coagulation factor XIII A chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptide cross-linking

The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.


blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.


PNPH_HUMAN Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (sprot)

A purine nucleoside phosphorylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


inosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


urate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


purine nucleobase binding

Binding to a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton.


Catalysis of the reaction: purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.


guanosine phosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine + phosphate = guanine + D-ribose 1-phosphate.


deoxyinosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.


deoxyadenosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


purine ribonucleoside salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


IMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.


nicotinamide riboside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.


purine-containing compound salvage

Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.


dAMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).


HPRT_HUMAN Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (sprot)

A hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + diphosphate = hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.


purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


guanine salvage

Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


GMP salvage

Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


IMP salvage

Any process which produces inosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


hypoxanthine salvage

Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


AMP salvage

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from derivatives of it (either adenine, ADP or adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate) without de novo synthesis.


GMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


IMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving IMP, inosine monophosphate.


adenine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.


hypoxanthine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.


AATM_HUMAN Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.


oxaloacetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.


aspartate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


aspartate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


aspartate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


glutamate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


glutamate catabolic process to aspartate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including aspartate.


glutamate catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


ABL1_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of phospholipase C activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.


neuropilin binding

Binding to a member of the neuropilin family.


transitional one stage B cell differentiation

The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.


regulation of axon extension

Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.


regulation of microtubule polymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.


alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.


positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.


myoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


DNA conformation change

A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.


response to epinephrine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.


podocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a glomerular visceral epithelial cell.


positive regulation of establishment of T cell polarity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.


DN4 thymocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a DN4 thymocyte. A DN4 thymocyte is a CD4-,CD8- thymocyte that is also CD44-,CD25-.


protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule plus-end

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a cytoplasmic microtubule plus-end.


positive regulation of microtubule binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.


positive regulation of actin filament binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.


regulation of modification of synaptic structure

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of synaptic structure.


positive regulation of blood vessel branching

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.


activation of protein kinase C activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C.


EGFR_HUMAN Epidermal growth factor receptor (sprot)

An epidermal growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


epidermal growth factor receptor activity

Combining with an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.


salivary gland morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.


diterpenoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.


cerebral cortex cell migration

The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.


response to hydroxyisoflavone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.


negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


morphogenesis of an epithelial fold

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.


eyelid development in camera-type eye

The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.


response to UV-A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.


positive regulation of protein kinase C activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.


positive regulation of prolactin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin secretion.


negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.


multivesicular body, internal vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the multivesicular body internal vesicle.


Shc-EGFR complex

A protein complex that contains the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the adaptor protein Shc, and is involved in linking EGFR activation to the p21-Ras pathway.


MOS_HUMAN Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase mos (sprot)

A proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase mos that is encoded in the genome of human.


meiotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


regulation of meiotic nuclear division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.


establishment of meiotic spindle orientation

Any process that set the alignment of meiotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.


negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.


PGK1_HUMAN Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (sprot)

A phosphoglycerate kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphoglycerate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP + H+.


protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.


plasminogen activation

The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.


canonical glycolysis

The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


KAD1_HUMAN Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (sprot)

An adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion

The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.


LALBA_HUMAN Alpha-lactalbumin (sprot)

An alpha-lactalbumin that is encoded in the genome of human.


lactose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


THRB_HUMAN Prothrombin (sprot)

A prothrombin that is encoded in the genome of human.


thrombospondin receptor activity

Combining with thrombospondin and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of platelet activation

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.


regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


positive regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


fibrinolysis

A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.


negative regulation of proteolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


negative regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


positive regulation of lipid kinase activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.


positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


C1R_HUMAN Complement C1r subcomponent (sprot)

A complement C1r subcomponent that is encoded in the genome of human.


molecular sequestering activity

Binding to a specific molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


zymogen activation

The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.


HPT_HUMAN Haptoglobin (sprot)

A haptoglobin that is encoded in the genome of human.


hemoglobin binding

Binding to hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.


negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.


negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.


endocytic vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endocytic vesicle.


haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex

A protein complex formed by the stable binding of a haptoglobin to hemoglobin.


HPTR_HUMAN Haptoglobin-related protein (sprot)

A haptoglobin-related protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA9_HUMAN Coagulation factor IX (sprot)

A coagulation factor IX that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA10_HUMAN Coagulation factor X (sprot)

A coagulation factor X that is encoded in the genome of human.


CFAD_HUMAN Complement factor D (sprot)

A complement factor D that is encoded in the genome of human.


complement activation, alternative pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


PLMN_HUMAN Plasminogen (sprot)

A plasminogen that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein antigen binding

Binding to a protein antigen.


tissue remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.


positive regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


mononuclear cell migration

The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.


FA12_HUMAN Coagulation factor XII (sprot)

A coagulation factor XII that is encoded in the genome of human.


plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade

A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.


Factor XII activation

Any process that activates Factor XII (Hageman factor). Factor XII is a protein synthesized by the liver that circulates in an inactive form until it encounters collagen or basement membrane or activated platelets (as occurs at the site of endothelial injury). Factor XII then undergoes a conformational change (becoming factor XIIa), exposing an active serine center that can subsequently cleave protein substrates and activate a variety of mediator systems. Factor XII is a participant in the clotting cascade as well as the kinin cascade.


blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.


positive regulation of plasminogen activation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.


response to misfolded protein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.


UROK_HUMAN Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (sprot)

A urokinase-type plasminogen activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of signaling receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of plasminogen activation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.


negative regulation of plasminogen activation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.


smooth muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.


urokinase plasminogen activator signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by urokinase plasminogen activator binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


regulation of wound healing

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.


protein complex involved in cell-matrix adhesion

Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-matrix adhesion.


TPA_HUMAN Tissue-type plasminogen activator (sprot)

A tissue-type plasminogen activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


prevention of polyspermy

The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg.


CFAB_HUMAN Complement factor B (sprot)

A complement factor B that is encoded in the genome of human.


complement binding

Binding to a component or product of the complement cascade.


RENI_HUMAN Renin (sprot)

A renin that is encoded in the genome of human.


renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production

The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone.


drinking behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.


amyloid-beta metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP).


response to cGMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.


juxtaglomerular apparatus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure that lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function.


ADA_HUMAN Adenosine deaminase (sprot)

An adenosine deaminase that is encoded in the genome of human.


adenosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


inosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


adenosine deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3.


deaminase activity

Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing a substituted or nonsubstituted ammonia (NH3/NH2R).


2'-deoxyadenosine deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyadenosine + H2O = deoxyinosine + NH3.


positive regulation of germinal center formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.


mature B cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.


AMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


response to inorganic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.


positive regulation of heart rate

Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


purine nucleotide salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.


penile erection

The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.


amide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.


dATP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


adenosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


xanthine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.


leukocyte migration

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


negative regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


negative regulation of penile erection

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.


negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.


negative regulation of mucus secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.


cytoplasmic vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by a cytoplasmic vesicle.


ATP6_HUMAN ATP synthase subunit a (sprot)

An ATP synthase subunit a that is encoded in the genome of human.


proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)

All non-F1 subunits of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral membrane proteins.


CAH1_HUMAN Carbonic anhydrase 1 (sprot)

A vertebrate-type carbonic anhydrase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


arylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate.


hydro-lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of water.


cyanamide hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: urea = cyanamide + H2O.


CAH2_HUMAN Carbonic anhydrase 2 (sprot)

A vertebrate-type carbonic anhydrase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


positive regulation of cellular pH reduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.


secretion

The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.


regulation of intracellular pH

Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transmembrane transport.


ASSY_HUMAN Argininosuccinate synthase (sprot)

An argininosuccinate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human.


argininosuccinate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate.


toxic substance binding

Binding to a toxic substance, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems.


argininosuccinate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.


arginine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


response to mycotoxin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.


cellular response to ammonium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.


cellular response to oleic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oleic acid stimulus.


cellular response to amine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.


cell body fiber

A neuron projection that is found in unipolar neurons and corresponds to the region between the cell body and the point at which the single projection branches.


OAS1_HUMAN 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 (sprot)

A 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.


regulation of ribonuclease activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-27 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of IP-10 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.


ISK1_HUMAN Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (sprot)

A serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).


negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


regulation of acrosome reaction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.


cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.


positive regulation of pancreatic juice secretion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.


positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.


ANT3_HUMAN Antithrombin-III (sprot)

An antithrombin-III that is encoded in the genome of human.


A1AT_HUMAN Alpha-1-antitrypsin (sprot)

An alpha-1-antitrypsin that is encoded in the genome of human.


An alpha-1-antichymotrypsin that is encoded in the genome of human.


maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium

Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.


ANGT_HUMAN Angiotensinogen (sprot)

An angiotensinogen that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


type 2 angiotensin receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 angiotensin receptor.


regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin

The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.


regulation of renal output by angiotensin

The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.


maintenance of blood vessel diameter homeostasis by renin-angiotensin

The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.


renal system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP).


positive regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity

Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.


response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.


positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.


regulation of renal sodium excretion

Any process that modulates the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.


regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta1 activation.


positive regulation of gap junction assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.


positive regulation of CoA-transferase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.


An alpha-2-macroglobulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-8 binding

Binding to interleukin-8.


tumor necrosis factor binding

Binding to tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding

Binding to brain-derived neurotrophic factor.


nerve growth factor binding

Binding to nerve growth factor (NGF).


negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.


acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


response to carbon dioxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulus.


response to glucocorticoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


embryonic liver development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


CO3_HUMAN Complement C3 (sprot)

A complement C3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding

Binding to a C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor.


positive regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


positive regulation of activation of membrane attack complex

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.


complement receptor mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.


positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production

Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.


positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


oviduct epithelium development

The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct.


positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.


positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.