beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.


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Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + an N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-L-threonine-[glycoprotein] <=> N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide + a [protein]-L-threonine.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + an N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-L-serine-[glycoprotein] <=> N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide + a [protein]-L-serine.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + an N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-[glycoprotein] <=> N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide + a [glycoprotein]-(L-serine/L-threonine).


N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process

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The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


ADCY9_HUMAN Adenylate cyclase type 9 (sprot)

An adenylate cyclase type 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

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An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


VINEX_HUMAN Vinexin (sprot)

A vinexin that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


HNRPQ_HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (sprot)

A heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.


positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.


CRD-mediated mRNA stability complex

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A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the coding region instability determinant (CRD). In human, it may consist of IGF2BP1, HNRNPU, SYNCRIP/HNRNPQ, YBX1, and DHX9.


mCRD-mediated mRNA stability complex

A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the major coding region instability determinant (mCRD) by bridging the mCRD domain and the poly(A) tail of the mRNA. In human, it consists of CSDE1, HNRPD, PABPC1, PAIP1 and SYNCRIP.


histone pre-mRNA 3'end processing complex

A ribonucleoprotein that binds to specific sites in, and is required for cleavage of, the 3'-end of histone pre-mRNAs. The complex contains the U7 snRNP and additional proteins, including the stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) and the exonuclease 3'hExo/Eri-1.


GAIT complex

A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.


TPST1_HUMAN Protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase 1 (sprot)

A protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + protein tyrosine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + protein tyrosine-O-sulfate.


peptidyl-tyrosine sulfation

The sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine.


PRP17_HUMAN Pre-mRNA-processing factor 17 (sprot)

A pre-mRNA-processing factor 17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic brain development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


B4GT3_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.


B4GT4_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UDP-galactosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule.


lactosylceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.


membrane lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.


4EBP3_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of translational initiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


RNBP6_HUMAN Ran-binding protein 6 (sprot)

A Ran-binding protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CRBL2_HUMAN cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-like 2 (sprot)

A cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TDRD6_HUMAN Tudor domain-containing protein 6 (sprot)

A tudor domain-containing protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEMF_HUMAN Ribosome quality control complex subunit NEMF (sprot)

A serologically defined colon cancer antigen 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribosomal large subunit binding

Binding to a large ribosomal subunit.


alpha-aminoacyl-tRNA binding

Binding to an alpha-aminoacyl-tRNA.


nuclear export

The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.


rescue of stalled ribosome

A process of translational elongation that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and results in freeing the ribosome from the stalled translation complex.


CAT tailing

The C-terminal elongation of 60S-anchored stalled nascent polypeptide chains with untemplated alanine and threonine tails (CAT tails). CAT tails participate in the recognition of stalled nascent chains by the ribosome quality control sytem.


ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide encoded by an aberrant message and associated with a stalled ribosome. Degradation is initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the ribosome-associated protein.


cytosolic ribosome

A ribosome located in the cytosol.


RQC complex

A multiprotein complex that forms a stable complex with large ribosomal subunits (60S in eukaryotes and 50S in prokaryotes) containing stalled polypeptides and triggers their degradation (ribosomal quality control). In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Rkr1p, Tae2p, Rqc1p, Npl4p and Ufd1p proteins.


PSPN_HUMAN Persephin (sprot)

A persephin that is encoded in the genome of human.


glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding

A growth factor that binds selectively and non-covalently to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptors.


CIDEA_HUMAN Lipid transferase CIDEA (sprot)

A cell death activator CIDE-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


temperature homeostasis

A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.


negative regulation of cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.


response to stilbenoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to a stilbenoid. Stilbenoids are secondary products of heartwood formation in trees that can act as phytoalexins. Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones.


negative regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.


lipid droplet fusion

The process by which a single lipid droplet is created from the fusion of two or more lipid droplets.


GMDS_HUMAN GDP-mannose 4,6 dehydratase (sprot)

A GDP-mannose 4,6 dehydratase that is encoded in the genome of human.


GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose + H2O.


NADP+ binding

Binding to the oxidized form, NADP+, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.


GDP-mannose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


'de novo' GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271).


FOXD2_HUMAN Forkhead box protein D2 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein D2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NMT2_HUMAN Glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycyl-peptide = CoA + N-tetradecanoylglycyl-peptide.


Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.


The myristoylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-myristoyl-glycine.


regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.


intracellular transport of virus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.


CCNT1_HUMAN Cyclin-T1 (sprot)

A cyclin-T1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.


7SK snRNA binding

Binding to a 7SK small nuclear RNA (7SK snRNA).


molecular condensate scaffold activity

Binding and bringing together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to organize as a molecular condensate.


regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


cyclin/CDK positive transcription elongation factor complex

A transcription elongation factor complex that facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD domain of the large subunit of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme. Contains a cyclin and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.


P-TEFb complex

A dimeric positive transcription elongation factor complex b that comprises a cyclin-dependent kinase containing the catalytic subunit, Cdk9, and a regulatory subunit, cyclin T.


GREM1_HUMAN Gremlin-1 (sprot)

A gremlin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


signal transduction by p53 class mediator

An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.


morphogen activity

Acts as a trigger for a pattern specification process when present at a specific concentration within a gradient.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.


positive regulation of receptor internalization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.


embryonic limb morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.


negative regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


negative regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.


determination of dorsal identity

Determination of the identity of part of an organism or organ where those parts are of the type that occur in the dorsal region. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


ureteric bud formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud.


negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.


positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.


positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.


negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.


positive regulation of signaling receptor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.


BUB1B_HUMAN Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta (sprot)

A mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.


PLOD3_HUMAN Multifunctional procollagen lysine hydroxylase and glycosyltransferase LH3 (sprot)

A multifunctional procollagen lysine hydroxylase and glycosyltransferase LH3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine = UDP + procollagen 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine.


endothelial cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.


collagen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


vasodilation

An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.


basement membrane assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.


IF4E2_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 2 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA 7-methylguanosine cap binding

Binding to a 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II.


negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.


ISK4_HUMAN Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 4 (sprot)

A serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCNT2_HUMAN Cyclin-T2 (sprot)

A cyclin-T2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


early viral transcription

The first phase of viral transcription that occurs after entry of the virus into the host cell, but prior to viral genome replication. It involves the transcription of genes for non-structural proteins, and for lytic viruses, the early gene products are involved in establishing control over the host cell.


late viral transcription

The transcription of the final group of viral genes of the viral life cycle, following middle transcription, or where middle transcription doesn't occur, following early transcription. Involves the transcription of genes encoding structural proteins.


TLR5_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 5 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-1 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-1 receptor.


toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 5.


TLR2_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 2 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


detection of triacyl bacterial lipopeptide

The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.


detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.


cellular response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


cellular response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


Toll-like receptor binding

Binding to a Toll-like protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


triacyl lipopeptide binding

Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.


peptidoglycan binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


leukotriene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


microglia development

The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


central nervous system myelin formation

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.


positive regulation of interleukin-18 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.


toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


nitric oxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


negative regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


cellular response to bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


Toll-like receptor 1-Toll-like receptor 2 protein complex

A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2).


Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 protein complex

A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6).


GFRA3_HUMAN GDNF family receptor alpha-3 (sprot)

A GDNF family receptor alpha-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


axon guidance receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular messenger and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to results in a change in cellular activity involved in axon guidance.


DIAP1_HUMAN Protein diaphanous homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein diaphanous homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of microtubule-based process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.


regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.


cellular response to histamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.


SEP15_HUMAN Selenoprotein F (sprot)

A selenoprotein F that is encoded in the genome of human.


thioredoxin peroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + hydrogen peroxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O.


selenium binding

Binding to a selenium (Se) ion.


sperm DNA condensation

The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication.


'de novo' post-translational protein folding

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent folding of newly formed polypeptides or folding intermediates of polypeptides that have exited the ribosome and/or have been stabilized and transferred by other chaperone proteins. This process could involve several cycles of ATP hydrolysis.


TSN1_HUMAN Tetraspanin-1 (sprot)

A tetraspanin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSN2_HUMAN Tetraspanin-2 (sprot)

A tetraspanin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


oligodendrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.


axon development

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


myelin sheath

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.


TSN3_HUMAN Tetraspanin-3 (sprot)

A tetraspanin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AP180_HUMAN Clathrin coat assembly protein AP180 (sprot)

A clathrin coat assembly protein AP180 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


EXOC3_HUMAN Exocyst complex component 3 (sprot)

An exocyst complex component 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UD19_HUMAN UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (sprot)

A UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


flavone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone).


cellular glucuronidation

The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.


flavonoid glucuronidation

The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.


xenobiotic glucuronidation

The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion.


PDE8A_HUMAN High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A (sprot)

A high affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


cAMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


KLH41_HUMAN Kelch-like protein 41 (sprot)

A kelch-like protein 41 that is encoded in the genome of human.


myofibril assembly

Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.


pseudopodium assembly

The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.


regulation of myoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


LMX1B_HUMAN LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta (sprot)

A LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLIN3_HUMAN Perilipin-3 (sprot)

A perilipin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lipid droplet disassembly

The disaggregation of a lipid particle into its constituent components.


FAIM3_HUMAN Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 3 (sprot)

A Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


polymeric immunoglobulin binding

Binding to a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes.


IgM binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of the IgM isotype.


high-affinity IgM receptor activity

Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells

The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other.


humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


Fc receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin to an Fc receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.


regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


Fc receptor-mediated immune complex endocytosis

An endocytosis process mediated by the Fc receptor for the purpose of delivery of antigen-bound immunoglobulin to an intracellular compartment where the antigen can be processed and loaded onto MHC molecules. This process selectively targets antigens for presentation by MHC class II or cross-presentation by MHC class I.


MOT2_HUMAN Monocarboxylate transporter 2 (sprot)

A monocarboxylate transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pyruvate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of pyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


lactate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lactate from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.


plasma membrane lactate transport

The directed movement of lactate across a plasma membrane.


RAD1_HUMAN Cell cycle checkpoint protein RAD1 (sprot)

A cell cycle checkpoint protein RAD1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


double-stranded DNA 3'-5' DNA exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.


meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint, that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.


checkpoint clamp complex

Conserved heterotrimeric complex of PCNA-like proteins that is loaded onto DNA at sites of DNA damage.


REV3L_HUMAN DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit (sprot)

A DNA polymerase zeta catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


error-prone translesion synthesis

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.


zeta DNA polymerase complex

A heterodimeric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes error-prone DNA synthesis in contexts such as translesion synthesis and double-stranded break repair. First characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are Rev3p and Rev7p; a third protein, Rev1p, is often associated with the polymerase dimer.


JAK2_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction.


interleukin-12 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-12 receptor.


type 1 angiotensin receptor binding

Binding to a type 1 angiotensin receptor.


histone H3Y41 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3-tyrosine (position 41) + ATP = histone H3-phosphotyrosine (position 41) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the tyrosine residue at position 41 of histone H3.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding

Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.


insulin receptor substrate binding

Binding to an insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, an adaptor protein that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex.


peptide hormone receptor binding

Binding to a receptor for a peptide hormone.


enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to amine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.


axon regeneration

The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage.


mineralocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by mineralocorticoid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.


programmed cell death induced by symbiont

Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes after interaction with a symbiont (defined as the smaller of two, or more, organisms engaged in symbiosis, a close interaction encompassing mutualism through parasitism). This can be triggered by direct interaction with the organism, for example, contact with penetrating hyphae of a fungus; or an indirect interaction such as symbiont-secreted molecules.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-12 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cellular response to interleukin-3

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-5 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


collagen-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-3 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. GM-CSF binds to a heterodimer receptor (CSF2R) consisting of an alpha ligand-binding subunit, and a common beta subunit that is shared with other cytokine receptors.


positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


activation of Janus kinase activity

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.


post-translational protein modification

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.


regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.


regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via JAK-STAT.


positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.


positive regulation of NK T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.


type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.


growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.


positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


mammary gland epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.


positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-35 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of growth factor dependent skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta.


positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.


regulation of postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway.


positive regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.


extrinsic component of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor complex

The heterodimeric receptor for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.


interleukin-12 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-12 and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin and its two receptor subunits as well as optional additional kinase subunits.


interleukin-23 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-23 and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin and its two receptor subunits as well as optional additional kinase subunits.


MAFK_HUMAN Transcription factor MafK (sprot)

A transcription factor MafK that is encoded in the genome of human.


CST8_HUMAN Cystatin-8 (sprot)

A cystatin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANM3_HUMAN Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3 (sprot)

A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the addition of a methyl group to either of the unmethylated terminal nitrogen atoms (also called omega nitrogen) in peptidyl-arginine to form an omega-N-G-monomethylated arginine residue. The reaction is S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [protein]-L-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [protein]-Nomega-methyl-L-arginine.


protein-arginine omega-N asymmetric methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the same terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that was previously methylated, resulting in asymmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylated arginine residues.


negative regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.


MUSC_HUMAN Musculin (sprot)

A musculin that is encoded in the genome of human.


cardiac conduction system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.


PEX10_HUMAN Peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 (sprot)

A peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IMA7_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-7 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


entry of viral genome into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex via importin

Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the viral genome passes through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using the cellular importin transport machinery.


positive regulation of viral life cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.


SRPX2_HUMAN Sushi repeat-containing protein SRPX2 (sprot)

A sushi repeat-containing protein SRPX2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hepatocyte growth factor binding

Binding to a hepatocyte growth factor.


cell motility

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.


YPEL1_HUMAN Protein yippee-like 1 (sprot)

A protein yippee-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UGDH_HUMAN UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (sprot)

A UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 NAD+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 3 H+ + 2 NADH + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.


UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


protein hexamerization

The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.


TPST2_HUMAN Protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase 2 (sprot)

A protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABCC9_HUMAN ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 (sprot)

An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATP-activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by ATP. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force.


sulfonylurea receptor activity

Combining with sulfonylurea, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).


action potential

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.


cardiac conduction

Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.


cardiac muscle cell contraction

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.


potassium ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


inward rectifying potassium channel

A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.x subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SURx subunit stimulates channel activity.


potassium ion-transporting ATPase complex

Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in). It is a high affinity potassium uptake system. The E. coli complex consists of 4 proteins: KdpA is the potassium ion translocase, KdpB is the ATPase, and KdpC and KdpF seem to be involved in assembly and stabilization of the complex.


LPXN_HUMAN Leupaxin (sprot)

A leupaxin that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


CTND1_HUMAN Catenin delta-1 (sprot)

A catenin delta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.


zonula adherens

A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.


presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component

A specialized region below the presynaptic membrane, characterized by electron-dense material, a specialized cytoskeletal matrix and accumulated (associated) synaptic vesicles.


catenin complex

Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.


NCKX1_HUMAN Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 1 (sprot)

A sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcium, potassium:sodium antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).


response to light intensity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.


calcium ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


outer membrane

The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.


ICMT_HUMAN Protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase (sprot)

A protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein C-terminal carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of a carboxyl group at the C-terminal of a protein.


protein C-terminal S-isoprenylcysteine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester.


C-terminal protein methylation

The methylation of the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylhomocysteine; the L-enantiomer is formed from S-adenosylmethionine and is a strong inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-mediated methylation reactions. It can be cleaved to form adenosine and homocysteine.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt.


CC14B_HUMAN Dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14B (sprot)

A dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14B that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAGC1_HUMAN Melanoma-associated antigen C1 (sprot)

A melanoma-associated antigen C1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL9_HUMAN 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (sprot)

An 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lysophospholipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + H2O = glycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.


serine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.


phosphatidyl phospholipase B activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2O + a phosphatidylcholine = sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 2 H+ + 2 a carboxylate.


antibacterial humoral response

An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


cardiolipin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.


cardiolipin acyl-chain remodeling

Remodeling the acyl chains of premature (de novo synthesized) cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate mature cardiolipin containing high-levels of unsaturated fatty acids.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.


platelet activating factor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.


EIF1B_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1b (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1b that is encoded in the genome of human.


HCN1_HUMAN Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 (sprot)

A potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


intracellular cAMP-activated cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


voltage-gated sodium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


intracellular cAMP-activated cation channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, to regulate the presynaptic membrane potential.


retinal cone cell development

Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.


general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process

The set of behavioral processes that occur as part of the general adaptation syndrome, the response of the body to a strong, stressful stimulus.


HCN channel complex

A cation ion channel with a preference for K+ over Na+ ions, which is activated by membrane hyperpolarization, and consists of a tetramer of HCN family members. Some members of this family (HCN1, HCN2 and HCN4) are also activated when cAMP binds to their cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD). Channel complexes of this family play an important role in the control of pacemaker activity in the heart.


SNX2_HUMAN Sorting nexin-2 (sprot)

A sorting nexin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


insulin receptor binding

Binding to an insulin receptor.


leptin receptor binding

Binding to a leptin receptor.


lamellipodium morphogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level and in which the structure of a lamellipodium is organized.


retromer, tubulation complex

The dimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be peripherally associated with the membrane. This dimeric complex is responsible for remodeling endosomal membranes to form a tube-structure to which cargo molecules are selected for recycling. The budding yeast complex comprises Vps5p and Vps17p, and may contain multiple copies of a Vps5p/Vps17p dimer. The mammalian complex contains SNX1 or SNX2 dimerized with SNX5 or SNX6.


GALR3_HUMAN Galanin receptor type 3 (sprot)

A galanin receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.


CYTIP_HUMAN Cytohesin-interacting protein (sprot)

A cytohesin-interacting protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


HPGDS_HUMAN Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (sprot)

A glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D synthase that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of male germ cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.


DPM1_HUMAN Dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase subunit 1 (sprot)

A dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GPI anchor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


dolichol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.


Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl phosphate D-mannose + protein = dolichyl phosphate + O-D-mannosylprotein.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + dolichyl phosphate = GDP + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate.


alcohol binding

Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.


dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.


protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine

The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.


protein mannosylation

The addition of a mannose residue to a protein acceptor molecule.


A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively.


USO1_HUMAN General vesicular transport factor p115 (sprot)

A general vesicular transport factor p115 that is encoded in the genome of human.


secretory granule localization

Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi.


regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.


Z354A_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 354A (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 354A that is encoded in the genome of human.


FMO6_HUMAN Putative dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 6 (sprot)


hypotaurine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + hypotaurine + NADPH + O2 = H2O + NADP+ + taurine.


S19A2_HUMAN Thiamine transporter 1 (sprot)

A thiamine transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


folic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from one side of a membrane to the other. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.


folic acid transport

The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


pyridoxine transport

The directed movement of pyridoxine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


thiamine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.


RT14_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS14m (sprot)

A 28S ribosomal protein S14, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


TOM1_HUMAN Target of Myb1 membrane trafficking protein (sprot)

A target of Myb1 membrane trafficking protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination of the target protein.


clathrin heavy chain binding

Binding to a clathrin heavy chain.


myosin VI binding

Binding to a class VI myosin. The myosin VI heavy chain has a single IQ motif in the neck and a tail region with a coiled coil domain followed by a unique globular domain, a unique insertion that enables myosin VI to move towards the pointed or minus end of actin filaments.


substrate localization to autophagosome

The localization process by which an autophagic substrate is delivered to a forming autophagosome.


autophagosome-lysosome fusion

The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vesicles containing cytoplasmic material, fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.


regulation of endosome organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.


TBX19_HUMAN T-box transcription factor TBX19 (sprot)

A T-box transcription factor TBX19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRA10_HUMAN PRAME family member 10 (sprot)

A PRAME family member 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRAM4_HUMAN PRAME family member 4 (sprot)

A PRAME family member 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRAM2_HUMAN PRAME family member 2 (sprot)

A PRAME family member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNRC1_HUMAN Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C-like 1 (sprot)

A heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRA11_HUMAN PRAME family member 11 (sprot)

A PRAME family member 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2B1K_HUMAN Histone H2B type 1-K (sprot)

A histone H2B type 1-K that is encoded in the genome of human.


innate immune response in mucosa

Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.


F262_HUMAN 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 (sprot)

A 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP = beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


fructose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.


glucose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


lactate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.


carbohydrate phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


CCD22_HUMAN Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 22 (sprot)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB

The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.


PQBP1_HUMAN Polyglutamine-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A polyglutamine-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuronal ribonucleoprotein granule

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli.


PAGE4_HUMAN P antigen family member 4 (sprot)

A P antigen family member 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TI17B_HUMAN Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim17-B (sprot)

A mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim17-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRAF2_HUMAN PRA1 family protein 2 (sprot)

A PRA1 family protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DKC1_HUMAN H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit DKC1 (sprot)

An H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


pseudouridine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA uridine = RNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in an RNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.


box H/ACA snoRNA binding

Binding to a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA.


enzyme-directed rRNA pseudouridine synthesis

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine during ribosome biogenesis where the enzyme specifies the site that becomes pseudouridylated without using a guide RNA.


scaRNA localization to Cajal body

A process in which a small Cajal body-specific RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.


telomerase RNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of telomerase RNA (TERC) molecules.


positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to telomere

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to telomere.


positive regulation of protein localization to Cajal body

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to Cajal body.


regulation of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.


positive regulation of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.


box H/ACA snoRNP complex

A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the nucleolus.


box H/ACA scaRNP complex

A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the Cajal body of the nucleoplasm. In higher eukaryotes, box H/ACA RNP located in Cajal bodies mediate pseudouridylation of spliceosomal snRNAs.


box H/ACA telomerase RNP complex

A box H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the RNA component of vertebrate telomerase, the enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. This ribonucleoprotein complex is a structural box H/ACA RNP, which does not have the catalytic pseudouridylation function shared by the majority of H/ACA RNPs present in the cell.


CAC1F_HUMAN Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F (sprot)

A voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F that is encoded in the genome of human.


IF2P_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.


ZG16_HUMAN Zymogen granule membrane protein 16 (sprot)

A zymogen granule membrane protein 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


suppression of symbiont entry into host

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.


mucus layer

An extracellular region part that consists of a protective layer of mucus secreted by epithelial cells lining tubular organs of the body such as the colon or secreted into fluids such as saliva. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins (i.e. highly glycosylated mucin proteins) and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes.


TRI13_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM13 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S = X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


negative regulation of viral transcription

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.


suppression of viral release by host

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.


GAS7_HUMAN Growth arrest-specific protein 7 (sprot)

A growth arrest-specific protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EDF1_HUMAN Endothelial differentiation-related factor 1 (sprot)

An endothelial differentiation-related factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding

Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIID complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.


KIN17_HUMAN DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 (sprot)

A DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DIAP2_HUMAN Protein diaphanous homolog 2 (sprot)

A protein diaphanous homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SH21A_HUMAN SH2 domain-containing protein 1A (sprot)

An SH2 domain-containing protein 1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


humoral immune response

An immune response mediated through a body fluid.


natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


MMP20_HUMAN Matrix metalloproteinase-20 (sprot)

A matrix metalloproteinase-20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of enamel mineralization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.


G37L1_HUMAN G-protein coupled receptor 37-like 1 (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor 37-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.


DNJA2_HUMAN DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 2 (sprot)

A DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein refolding

The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.


BRD4_HUMAN Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

A bromodomain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + phosphorylated RNA polymerase II.


RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain binding

Binding to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. The CTD is comprised of repeats of a heptapeptide with the consensus sequence YSPTSPS. The number of repeats varies with the species and a minimum number of repeats is required for RNAP II function.


P-TEFb complex binding

Binding to a P-TEFb complex.


CUTA_HUMAN Protein CutA (sprot)

A protein CutA that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to metal ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.


OPHN1_HUMAN Oligophrenin-1 (sprot)

An oligophrenin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cerebral cortex neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.


cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation

The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.


maintenance of postsynaptic specialization structure

A process which maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins in the presynaptic specialization.


RAMP1_HUMAN Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (sprot)

A receptor activity-modifying protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activity

Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) to initiate a change in cell activity.


amylin receptor activity

Combining with amylin to initiate a change in cell activity.


calcitonin gene-related peptide binding

Binding to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).


receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.


positive regulation of protein glycosylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


amylin receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by amylin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) combining with a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor on the surface of the target cell. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers.


CGRP receptor complex

A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signalling receptor complex recognized by calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP).


RAMP2_HUMAN Receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (sprot)

A receptor activity-modifying protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


adrenomedullin receptor activity

Combining with adrenomedullin to initiate a change in cell activity.


adrenomedullin binding

Binding to adrenomedullin (AM).


vasculogenesis

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.


adrenomedullin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular adrenomedullin combining with a dimeric adrenomedullin receptor on the surface of the target cell.


positive regulation of vasculogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.


adrenomedullin receptor complex

A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signalling receptor complex which is capable of adrenomedullin receptor activity.


RAMP3_HUMAN Receptor activity-modifying protein 3 (sprot)

A receptor activity-modifying protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


cross-receptor inhibition within G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer

Inhibition of one protomer of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimer by the associated subunit. For example, agonist activation of one cytokine receptor can prevent activation of its associated cytokine receptor subunit.


positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling

Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.


positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

An G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.


amylin receptor complex 3

A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 3. Amylin receptor complex 3 (AMY3) also serves as a receptor for the amyloid-beta complex. Ligand binding to AMY3 results in increased cytosolic calcium ion levels and in activation on multiple intracellular signalling pathways.


SHOX2_HUMAN Short stature homeobox protein 2 (sprot)

A short stature homeobox protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sinoatrial valve development

The progression of the sinoatrial valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cardiac right atrium morphogenesis

The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized.


mesenchymal cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.


cardiac pacemaker cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.


regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.


NSMA_HUMAN Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 (sprot)

A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+.


phosphoric diester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.


sphingomyelin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


TBL1X_HUMAN F-box-like/WD repeat-containing protein TBL1X (sprot)

An F-box-like/WD repeat-containing protein TBL1X that is encoded in the genome of human.


B4GT2_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lactose synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + D-glucose = UDP + lactose.


CATL2_HUMAN Cathepsin L2 (sprot)

A cathepsin L2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.


HUS1_HUMAN Checkpoint protein HUS1 (sprot)

A checkpoint protein HUS1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PFD1_HUMAN Prefoldin subunit 1 (sprot)

A prefoldin subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP1RB_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PPP1R11 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PPP1R11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KCJ13_HUMAN Inward rectifier potassium channel 13 (sprot)

An inward rectifier potassium channel 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNH1_HUMAN Ribonuclease H1 (sprot)

A ribonuclease H1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA-DNA hybrid ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids to 5'-phosphomonoesters.


CTNS_HUMAN Cystinosin (sprot)

A cystinosin that is encoded in the genome of human.


L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in).


amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


grooming behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.


negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


L-cystine transport

The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


renal glucose absorption

A renal system process in which glucose is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.


melanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


regulation of melanin biosynthetic process

Any process that alters the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.


renal water absorption

A renal system process in which water is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.


proximal tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a proximal tubule are generated and organized. The proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.


renal albumin absorption

A renal system process in which albumin is taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron.


brush border assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of adjacent microvilli through the formation of Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion links between them, forming a brush border.


positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.


melanosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome.


NBN_HUMAN Nibrin (sprot)

A nibrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA double-strand break processing

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.


telomeric 3' overhang formation

The formation of the single stranded telomeric 3' overhang, a conserved feature that ranges in length from 12 nt in budding yeast to approximately 500 nt in humans.


positive regulation of telomere maintenance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


positive regulation of kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


homologous recombination

A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.


isotype switching

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of DNA at the site of a stalled replication fork that contributes to replication fork processing.


negative regulation of telomere capping

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.


Mre11 complex

Trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity; involved in meiotic recombination, DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the complex comprises Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p; complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins orthologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins.


nuclear inclusion body

An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered.


BRCA1-C complex

A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, CtIP and Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (M/R/N) complex, and binds to DNA at DNA damage sites. BRCA1-C binding ta damaged DNA is required for DNA damage-induced Chk1 phosphorylation and the G2/M transition checkpoint.


chromosomal region

Any subdivision of a chromosome along its length.


NOL3_HUMAN Nucleolar protein 3 (sprot)

A nucleolar protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mRNA splice site recognition

Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum

The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.


negative regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in an apoptotic process.


KERA_HUMAN Keratocan (sprot)

A keratocan that is encoded in the genome of human.


SCN2B_HUMAN Sodium channel subunit beta-2 (sprot)

A sodium channel subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a ventricular cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


response to pyrethroid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pyrethroid stimulus. Pyrethroids are a group of growth regulators, analogous to insect juvenile hormones, that interfere with the development of insect larvae and are used in the control of insects that are harmful in the adult stage.


membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

The process in which cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.


voltage-gated sodium channel complex

A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.


DTNB_HUMAN Dystrobrevin beta (sprot)

A dystrobrevin beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


inhibitory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


MCE1_HUMAN mRNA-capping enzyme (sprot)

An mRNA-capping enzyme that is encoded in the genome of human.


mRNA guanylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + (5')pp-Pur-mRNA = diphosphate + G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA; G(5')ppp-Pur-mRNA is mRNA containing a guanosine residue linked 5' through three phosphates to the 5' position of the terminal residue.


polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = polynucleotide + phosphate.


RNA guanylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of an RNA molecule.


inorganic triphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + inorganic triphosphate = diphosphate + phosphate.


mRNA 5'-phosphatase activity

A 5'-end triphospho-[mRNA] + H2O = a 5'-end diphospho-[mRNA] + H+ + phosphate.


FCG3B_HUMAN Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B (sprot)

A low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


IgG binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype.


LIRA1_HUMAN Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 1 (sprot)

A leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LIRB3_HUMAN Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 3 (sprot)

A leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LIRB5_HUMAN Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 5 (sprot)

A leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABCB7_HUMAN Iron-sulfur clusters transporter ABCB7, mitochondrial (sprot)

An iron-sulfur clusters transporter ABCB7, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABC-type iron-sulfur cluster transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + iron-sulfur cluster(in) = ADP + phosphate + iron-sulfur cluster(out).


intracellular iron ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron ions within a cell.


iron ion transmembrane transport

A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of heme biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme.


iron-sulfur cluster export from the mitochondrion

The directed movement of iron sulfur clusters from inside the mitochondrion into the cytosol by crossing the inner mitochondrial membrane.


positive regulation of iron-sulfur cluster assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iron-sulfur cluster assembly.


MITF_HUMAN Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (sprot)

A microphthalmia-associated transcription factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


melanocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.


camera-type eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.


regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


melanocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a melanocyte, the main structural component of the epidermis.