type IIb hypersensitivity

An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.


guanine binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to guanine.


ferredoxin-nitrite reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NH3 + 2 H2O + 6 oxidized ferredoxin = nitrite + 6 reduced ferredoxin + 7 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)H + H+.


cinnamic acid ester biosynthetic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.


lymph gland crystal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized larval lymph gland-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a crystal cell. Crystal cells are a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.


ATP-dependent protein-DNA complex displacement activity

An activity that displaces proteins or protein complexes from DNA, sometimes in a 'wire stripping' fashion, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


D-glutamyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction:  D-glutamate + D-glutamine = gamma-D-glutamyl-D-glutamate + NH4+. Can also transfer additional glutamyl residues to a peptide, extending the polypeptide chain.


Catalysis of the reaction: quercetin-7-olate + UDP-D-galactose <=> quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside + UDP(3-) + H+.


cadinene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cadinene.


retroviral integrase activity

Catalysis of the covalent insertion of double-stranded retroviral DNA into host DNA. Proceeds by an endonucleolytic cleavage at each 3'-OH extremity of the viral genome, named 3'-processing, followed by a strand transfer reaction leading to the insertion of the processed viral DNA into the target DNA by a trans-esterification mechanism.


actin-dependent intracellular transport of virus towards nucleus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using actin filaments.


nicotine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.


response to defenses of other organism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of another organism.


urea carboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + urea = ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate + urea-1-carboxylate.


cell-to-cell migration by invasive hypha

The directional movement of a hyphal filament from one host cell to another. This process involves the clearance of plant-derived plasmodesmal occlusion materials, cytoskeleton based constriction of invasive hypha to traverse plasmodesmata. Septins and F-actin are reorganized into an hourglass shape at the point of maximum hyphal constriction.


tryptophan 2'-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + O2 = 3-indoleglycolaldehyde + CO2 + NH3.


regulation of carbon utilization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of carbon utilization.


low-affinity ferric iron ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Fe2+(out) = Fe2+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-secoisolariciresinol + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> (+)-secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside + UDP + H+.


pronephric proximal tubule development

The progression of the pronephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros.


molybdenum incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster

The incorporation of molybdenum into an iron-sulfur cluster.


monodictyphenone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monodictyphenone.


N-terminal peptidyl-glycine acetylation

The acetylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetylglycine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6C-glucosyl-2-hydroxynaringenin <=> isovitexin-7-olate + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-dichlorophenylcarboximide + OH- = (3,5-dichlorophenylurea)acetate.


trochlear nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the trochlear nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.


histone H3-R2 demethylation

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 2 of the histone.


regulation of entry into reproductive diapause

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.


spermidine:caffeoyl CoA N-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a caffeoyl group to a nitrogen atom on the spermidine molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: (3,5-dichlorophenylurea)acetate + OH- = 3,5-dichloroaniline + N-carboxyglycine.


positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


ferricrocin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ferricrocin, a cyclic hexapeptide siderophore with the structure Gly-Ser-Gly-(N5-acetyl-N5-hydroxyornithine)3.


2-chloroacrylate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-chloropropanoate + NADP <=> 2-chloroacrylate + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-N-formylaminovinylacetate + H2O = gamma-aminovinylacetate + HCOOH.


dihydropterin deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydropterin + H2O = 7,8-dihydrolumazine + NH3.


renal system vasculature morphogenesis

The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.


positive regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.


glycolytic process through fructose-1-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose into pyruvate through a fructose-1-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.


regulation of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.


regulation of small intestinal transit

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any small intestinal transit process, the migration of ingested material along the length of the small intestine.


ABC-type nitrate transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + nitrate(out) = ADP + phosphate + nitrate(in).


endoplasmic reticulum disassembly

The disaggregation of an endoplasmic reticulum into its constituent components.


L-arabinonate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate + H2O.


2-nitropropane metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-nitropropane, a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, fruity odor. 2-nitropropane is used principally as a solvent and chemical intermediate. As a solvent, it is used in inks, paints, adhesives, varnishes, polymers, and synthetic materials. It is a feedstock for the manufacture of 2-nitro-2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.


regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.


substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling

The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions.


aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic alcohol + NADP+ = an aromatic aldehyde + NADPH.


antimonite secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of antimonite from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


classical arabinogalactan protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein, which is composed of a group of core protein containing Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly as the major amino acid constituents, and the C-terminus is GPI anchored.


protein localization to cell wall

The process of directing proteins towards the cell-wall.


lipoprotein modification

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid or lipid residues occurring in a lipoprotein, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


Catalysis of the reaction: 13-hydroxylupanine + 2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA = 13-(2-methylcrotonoyloxy)lupanine + CoA.


hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death

Programmed cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


protein succinylation

The modification of a protein by the addition of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) to an amino acid residue.


programmed cell death in response to retinoic acid

Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes and occurring as a result of a retinoic acid.


positive regulation of filamentous growth

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.


lactam metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactams, any cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


transketolase or transaldolase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an aldehyde or ketonic group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


peptidyl-serine sulfation

The sulfation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-sulfo-L-serine.


CD4 biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions.


peregrinol diphosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction:peregrinol diphosphate = all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate + H2O.


hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation

The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.


negative regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.


metanephric intraglomerular mesangial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of intraglomerular glomerular mesangium cells in the metanephros by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Intraglomerular mesangial cells are specialized pericytes located among the glomerular capillaries within a renal corpuscle of a kidney. They are required for filtration, structural support and phagocytosis.


vagus nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to a vascular smooth muscle cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.


regulation of mature B cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.


glyoxal biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glyoxal.


cyanophycin synthetase activity

Catalysis of the ATP-dependent polymerization of arginine and aspartate to multi-L-arginyl-poly-L-aspartic acid (cyanophycin; a water-insoluble reserve polymer).


negative regulation of CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase activity.


suppression by virus of host viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IKBKE activity

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces a host viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway by reducing the activity of host I-kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKBKE/IKK-epsilon/IKK-E).


regulation of chitin-based cuticle tanning

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chitin-based cuticular tanning.


positive regulation of backward locomotion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of backward locomotion.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4alpha-carboxy-5alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol + NAD(1-) <=> 5alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3-one + NADH(2-) + carbon dioxide.


pinene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = pinene + diphosphate.


modulation by virus of host gene expression

The process in which a virus effects a change in gene expression in its host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UDP + dolichyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl phosphate.


sorbose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sorbose from one side of a membrane to the other. Sorbose is the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose; L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.


intron homing

Lateral transfer of an intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron.


dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state.


T-helper 2 cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 2 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths, enhanced production of particular antibody isotypes, and pathological conditions such as allergy.


positive regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of outer hair cell apoptotic process.


plant-type cell wall cellulose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.


positive regulation of nuclear migration during mitotic telophase

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration during mitotic telophase.


mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannitol + NADP+ = D-fructose + H+ + NADPH.


adenyl nucleotide binding

Binding to an adenyl nucleotide, an adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.


positive regulation of amine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis.


callose localization

Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.


response to abiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.


trans-synaptic signaling by soluble gas, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of gaseous molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


pons maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.


positive regulation of juvenile hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of juvenile hormone.


hatching

The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate into two nucleotides.


proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S2 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride.


induction by symbiont of host programmed cell death

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


reduced coenzyme F420 dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methanophenazine + reduced coenzyme F420 = dihydromethanophenazine + coenzyme F420.


detection of carbon dioxide by vasomotor center

The process by a carbon dioxide stimulus is received and converted to a molecular signal by the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + trichlorophenol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + trichloroanisole.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylethanolamine = cardiolipin + ethanolamine.


cell wall glycoprotein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall glycoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound sugar residues.


carbamate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NH3 + CO2 = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate.


D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NAD+ = D-xylulose + NADH.


oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.


response to risperidone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a risperidone stimulus.


positive regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade.


priming of cellular response to stress

The process that enables cells to respond in a more rapid and robust manner than nonprimed cells to much lower levels of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.


descending aorta morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.


regulation of thermomorphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thermomorphogenesis.


histone H3-K36 methylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.


deoxyadenosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.


thymine binding

Binding to thymine.


His-Purkinje system cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to His-Purkinje cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into His-Purkinje cells. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.


positive regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.


sulfite reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen sulfide + acceptor + 3 H2O = sulfite + reduced acceptor.


galactoglucomannan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a galactoglucomannan.


suppression by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2 + 2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine = 2-dihydropentaprenyloxyphenazine.


progression of morphogenetic furrow involved in compound eye morphogenesis

The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.


induction by symbiont of host immune response

Any process in which a symbiont activates the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


reorganization of host cellular membranes to establish sites of replication

A process in which a virus triggers host intracellular membranes to be reorganized, forming membranous webs, which are thought to be the site of replication or certain viruses, for example the HPV virus.


xylonate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabinonate + H2O.


kojic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of kojic acid.


regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.


pancreas induction

The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the gut to change their fates and specify the development of the pancreas.


regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade.


negative regulation of Roundabout signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Roundabout signaling pathway.


alginic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).


diorcinol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diorcinol.


regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cis-N-methyl-(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine.


cellular response to alkane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkane stimulus.


dolichyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. In eukaryotes, these function as carriers of mono- and oligosaccharide residues in the glycosylation of lipids and proteins within intracellular membranes.


uredospore formation

The process which specific outcome is the formation of an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, produced in a structure called a uredinium; mostly found in the rust fungus.


lipid X metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipid X, 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-erythrose 4-phosphate + H2O + NAD+ = 4-phospho-D-erythronate + 2 H+ + NADH.


ABC-type phosphonate transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + phosphonate(out) = ADP + phosphate + phosphonate(in). A phosphonate is any salt, anion, or ester of phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2).


isovaleryl-CoA(4-) metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isovaleryl-CoA(4-).


regulation of trans-synaptic signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.


acetoacetic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH.


hepatic stellate cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of hepatic stellate cells, resulting in the expansion of a hepatic stellate cell population. Hepatic stellate cells are found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver, and are capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver.


Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP/AMP + mono/diphosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA.


branchiomotor neuron axon guidance in neural tube

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


arbuscular mycorrhizal association

A form of mutualism between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant, where hyphae of the fungus penetrate the plant cell wall and invaginate its cell membrane. Once inside, the fungus forms highly branched structures for nutrient exchange with the plant called arbuscules. Aids in the acquisition by the plant of nutrients such as phosphorus from the soil.


brassinosteroid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of brassinosteroids within an organism or cell.


response to raffinose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a raffinose stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


negative regulation of cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAPK cascade involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis.


interleukin-6 production

The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


negative regulation of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity.


mesonephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells in the mesonephros, resulting in the expansion of the population.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an Purkinje myocyte cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


2-oxobutyrate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypimelyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxopimelyl-CoA + H+ + NADH.


embryonic caudal fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion.


disruption by symbiont of host cell wall

A process carried out by a symbiont that breaks down the cell wall of its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


histone H2AK127 ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin molecule to histone 2A at the lysine-127 residue.


3-ketoglucose-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 3-dehydro-alpha-D-glucose = NADPH + alpha-D-glucose.


lysine-pyruvate 6-transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + pyruvate = L-alanine + L-allysine.


cellular response to biphenyl

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biphenyl stimulus.


histone demethylation

The modification of histones by removal of methyl groups.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 7-hydroxy-8-methoxycoumarin + H+.


carbohydrate-exporting ABC transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carbohydrate(in) -> ADP + phosphate + carbohydrate(out).


facial suture morphogenesis

The process in which any suture between facial bones is generated and organized.


regulation of Schwann cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration.


Catalysis of the reaction: <stereo>cis,trans</stereo>-4-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H2O + NAD+ = 2 H+ + maleylacetate + NADH.


response to high fluence blue light stimulus by blue high-fluence system

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a high fluence blue light stimulus by the blue high-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue high-fluence system responds to blue light at levels between 100 and 1000 micromols/m2.


ascending thin limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.


interleukin-24 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-24 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of heat dissipation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat dissipation.


positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.


positive regulation of membrane depolarization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.


Catalysis of the reaction: triferuloyl spermidine + NADPH + O2 = diferuloyl mono-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: an anthocyanin + UDP-D-glucose = an anthocyanin-5-O-glucoside + UDP.


motor neuron precursor migration involved in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve formation

The orderly movement of a motor neuron precursor cell that contributes to formation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.


polyamine acetylation

The modification of polyamines by addition of acetyl groups.


response to trehalose-6-phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trehalose-6-phosphate stimulus.


positive regulation of gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion.


Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.


response to dimethyl sulfoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dimethyl sulfoxide stimulus.


DNA methylation on cytosine within a CNG sequence

The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within a CNG sequence in a DNA molecule. N stands for any nucleotide.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.


regulation of sporangium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms.


cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule destined to form part of a cell wall.


organic hydroxy compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.


cerebellar granular layer formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


negative regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + N-formylmethanofuran + H+ = N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + methanofuran.


rhamnogalacturonan II backbone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the backbone structure of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. The back bone contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues.


endoplasmic reticulum cisternal network organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternal network. The ER cisternal network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with low curvature in cross-section.


histone H3-K23 acetylation

The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 23 of the histone.


negative regulation of heart growth

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: allantoin(out) + H+(out) = allantoin(in) + H+(in) by secondary active transport.


amylin receptor 2 signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular amylin, or another ligand, combining with an amylin receptor 2 (AMY2), a G protein-coupled receptor complex, on the surface of the target cell. The AMY2 signaling pathway can also be initiated by adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).


galactarate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of galactaric acid anion (galactarate) from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxybenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole.


nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


post-translational protein targeting to membrane, docking

The process in which the signal sequence of a translated protein binds to and forms a complex with the Sec complex.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose = 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose + H2O.


myosin filament disassembly

The disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.


hypophosphite dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hypophosphite + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = succinate + phosphite + CO2.


cyanidin 7-O-(6-O-(4-O-(glucosyl)-oxybenzoyl)-glucoside) acyltransferase (acyl-glucose dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-(6-O-(4-O-(glucosyl)-oxybenzoyl)-glucoside) + 1-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl-beta-D-glucose <=> cyanidin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-(6-O-(4-O-(6-O-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-glucosyl)-oxybenzoyl)-glucoside) + beta-D-glucose.


posterior Malpighian tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior Malpighian tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pair of posterior tubules arise from a ventrolateral region of the embryonic hindgut and project backwards through the body cavity. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which connects with the posterior part of the gut.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + H2O = 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + 4-methylaminobutyrate.


cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.


mesonephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the mesonephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = lactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + D-galactose.


4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase [NADPH] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H2O + NADP+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9-phenanthrol + UDP-glucuronate = 9-phenanthryl-beta-D-glucuronide + UDP.


nitroethane oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nitroethane + H2O + O2 = acetaldehyde + nitrite + H2O2.


Catalysis of the reaction: pryrole-2-carboxylate + H+ = pyrrole + CO2.


meiotic G2 phase

The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by meiosis.


protein-RNA complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline.


cell wall assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells.


asymmetric protein localization to new mitotic spindle pole body

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained to the new mitotic spindle pole body resulting in its being distributed asymmetrically.


pyridoxine binding

Binding to pyridoxine, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, a form of vitamin B6.


Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol 3-O-glucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> kaempferol-3-gentiobioside + UDP.


suppression of host defenses by symbiont

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host defense(s) by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of a host pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


beta-glucoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucoside.


negative regulation of central tolerance induction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.


negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.


vanillin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods and can be obtained as a by-product of the pulp and paper industry by the oxidative breakdown of lignin.


Catalysis of the reaction: vinylacetyl-CoA = (2E)-butenoyl-CoA.


regulation of bicoid mRNA localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which bicoid mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


negative regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.


cellular response to acetaldehyde

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetaldehyde stimulus.


sideretin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sideretin.


peptidoglycan-based cell wall organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall.


isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: biphenyl-2-ol + H+ + NADH + O2 = biphenyl-2,3-diol + H2O + NAD+.


positive regulation of ecdysone receptor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of any ecdysone receptor-mediated signaling pathway.


CCL2-activated CCR2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL2 to a C-C chemokine type 2 receptor (CCR2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


melanization of appressorium wall

The process in which melanin is produced in the appressorium of the symbiont. Melanization of the appressorium increases turgor pressure in the appressorium.


The glucuronylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative D-glucuronyl-N-glycine.


gerfelin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gerfelin.


protein polyamination

The modification of a protein amino acid by polyamination.


enniatin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enniatins, any of various cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics from Fusarium species that function as ionophores.


protein alkylation

The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.


tricetin O-methytransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tricetin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + 3'-O-methyltricetin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


regulation of cell development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


phenylacetate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + phenylacetate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + phenylacetyl-CoA.


positive regulation of cell migration in another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration in a second organism.


olfactory sociosexual communication

The use of external chemical cues called pheromones to send social and sexual information between members of the same species, leading to specific behavioral responses. Pheromones may be detected by two olfactory sensory circuits, the main olfactory pathway and the vomeronasal system.


guanyl deoxyribonucleotide binding

Binding to a guanyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


pheromone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.


histone H4-K20 dimethylation

The modification of histone H4 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.


glucuronoxylan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glucuronoxylan.


catechol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-dopa + O2 = 2 H2O + 2 L-dopaquinone. This reaction catalyzes exclusively the oxidation of catechols (i.e., o-diphenols) to the corresponding o-quinones.


(R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.


lysine decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H+ = cadaverine + CO2.


meiotic metaphase II

The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II.


phloretin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phloretin = H+ + phloretate + phloroglucinol.


protein deacylation

The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone, the gamma-lactone (5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2(5H)-one.


negative regulation of convergent extension involved in axis elongation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of convergent extension involved in axis elongation.


monocyte migration into blood stream

The movement of a monocyte from the bone marrow to the blood stream.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylpropanal oxime + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylpropanal O-methyloxime + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxyvalerate + NAD+ = 5-oxovalerate + NADH.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to a galactoside acceptor molecule, usually an N-glycan, to form an alpha(1,6)-fucosylated galactoside.


dTDP-galactose 6-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-D-galactose + 2 NADP+ + H2O = dTDP-D-galacturonate + 2 NADPH + 2 H+.


mitotic G2 phase

The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by mitosis.


appressorium maturation

The process in which specialized features of the symbiont appressorium are acquired post initiation, to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranose + 2-oxoglutarate = UDP-beta-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose + L-glutamate.


glutamin-(asparagin-)ase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-glutamine = NH3 + L-glutamate; and H2O + L-asparagine = NH3 + L-aspartate.


biotin carboxyl carrier protein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the biotin carboxyl carrier protein, a subunit of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.


Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + sugar(out) = protein cysteine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


N-terminal protein palmitoylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.


S-adenosylmethionine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


negative regulation of leucine import in response to ammonium ion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import as a result of an ammonium ion stimulus. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.


regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.


cytoplasmic alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase involved in cytoplasmic translation.


pinocembrin 2-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pinocembrin + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 2,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone + NADP + H2O.


regulation of RNA import into nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


enterobactin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.


(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + acceptor = 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate + reduced acceptor.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by neurotransmitter

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by a neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.


bacteriocin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a bacteriocin from one side of a membrane to the other.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic process.


regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry in the lateral mesoderm.


detection of carbohydrate stimulus

The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


excinuclease ABC activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid at sites flanking regions of damaged DNA to which the Uvr ABC excinuclease complexes bind.


deoxyguanosine salvage

Any process that generates deoxyguanosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


L-amino-acid alpha-ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an L-amino acid + an L-amino acid = ADP + phosphate + L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid.


monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.


1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybutanoate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + succinate semialdehyde.


gramicidin S metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving gramicidin S.


structural constituent of pupal chitin-based cuticle

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a pupa. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


positive regulation of circulating fibrinogen levels

Any process that increases the quantity of fibrinogen circulating in the bloodstream.


plasmatocyte differentiation

The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte. Plasmatocytes are a class of arthropod hemocytes important in the cellular defense response.


Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + H+.


oenocyte delamination

The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which an oenocyte splits off of an existing epithelial sheet.


phenylglyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + NAD+ + phenylglyoxylate = benzoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.


establishment of planar polarity involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros.


glutamine catabolic process to fumarate, using glutaminase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into fumarate, beginning with conversion of glutamine into glutamate catalyzed by the enzyme glutaminase (EC:3.5.1.2).


response to host immune response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


neural plate pattern specification

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


methionine catabolic process via 2-oxobutanoate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine, via the intermediate 2-oxobutanoate.


acyl-lysine deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-acyl-L-lysine = L-lysine + a carboxylate.


endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endothelial cell.


negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which a cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate.


prepupal development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prepupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prepupal stage is a life stage interposed between the larval and the pupal stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. The start of the pre-pupal stage is marked by pupariation, and the end is marked by pupation.


leucoanthocyanidin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leucoanthocyanidins, a class of colorless intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway of the pigmented flavonoids.


fluoride transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of fluoride from one side of a membrane to the other.


urethra epithelium development

The progression of the urethra epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate = N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.


anion binding

Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.


RNA adenosine-uridine insertion

The modification of an RNA molecule by insertion of an adenosine-uridine dinucleotide.


modulation by virus of host cell division

Any process where an infecting virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of its host's cell into daughter cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol = CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate.


4-methylthiopropyl glucosinolate S-oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methylthiopropyl-glucosinolate = 4-methylsulfinylpropyl-glucosinolate.


ribitol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribitol, a pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose.


negative regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.


aralkylamine dehydrogenase (azurin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aralkylamine + H2O + 2 oxidized [azurin] = an aromatic aldehyde + 2 H+ + NH4+ + 2 reduced [azurin].


progesterone 5beta- reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + progesterone + NADPH <=> 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione + NADP.


negative regulation of aconitate hydratase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.


purine deoxyribonucleoside binding

Binding to a purine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to deoxyribose.


FADH2 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.


negative regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.


aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any aspartic-type endopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


D-ribose 5-phosphate:D-fructose 6-phosphate transaldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 6-phosphate + D-ribose 5-phosphate <=> D-glycero-D-altro-octulose 8-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.


response to nitrite

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrite stimulus.


regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.


histone H4K16 propionyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + propionyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + histone H3 N6-propionyl-L-lysyl (position 16).


emboliform nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the emboliform nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


response to lipoprotein particle

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.


negative regulation of metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


T-helper 2 cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 2 cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,5 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.


bacterial-type flagellum-dependent swimming motility

Bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell through a liquid medium.


ionocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an ionocyte. Ionocytes are specialized epithelial cells that contribute to osmotic homeostasis.


structural constituent of peritrophic membrane

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the peritrophic membrane, a tubular sheath of cuticle that shields the epithelial cells of the midgut from the gut contents. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylsilanetriol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 2 H2O + formylsilanetriol.


bisphenol A catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bisphenol A, 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, a synthetic, aromatic organic compound used as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and in the manufacture of epoxy resins.


positive regulation of xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xenobiotic transmembrane export. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate + CoA.


catechol dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: catechol + O2 = a muconate.


MHC protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.


endonucleolytic cleaveage between LSU-rRNA and 4.5S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage between the LSU-rRNA and the 4.5S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.


UDP-glucose-glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein D-mannose + UDP-D-glucose = glycoprotein 6-(D-glucose-1-phospho)-D-mannose + UMP.


pyrogallol hydroxytransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene + 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene = 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene + 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene.


peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine

The modification of protein tyrosine to L-2',4',5'-topaquinone, characteristic of the active site of copper amine oxidases.


linuron hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linuron + H2O <=> N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine + carbon dioxide + 3,4-dichloroaniline.


amine-lyase activity

Catalysis of the release of amines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amine as a substrate.


phosphoribokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribose 1,5-diphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


class III/IV DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of an AP site 3' and 5' of the baseless site, generating a 3'-phosphate and a 5'-OH.


physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.


homogalacturonan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homogalacturonan, a pectidic polymer, characterized by a backbone of 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3.


juxtaglomerulus cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the juxtaglomerulus cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


NMN nucleosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + nicotinamide mononucleotide = D-ribose 5-phosphate + H+ + nicotinamide.


regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.


heart rudiment formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment.


catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid

Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid.


positive regulation of sporulation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


uridine nucleosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + uridine = ribofuranose + uracil.


determination of stimulus location

The determination of where on the body surface, within the body or in the environment a stimulus originates.


phenylmercury acetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenylmercury acetate, an organomercurial compound composed of a mercury atom attached to a benzene ring and an acetate group.


prostanoid receptor activity

Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity.


homomethionine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homomethionine, a non-protein amino acid synthesized from methionine via chain elongation.


flaviolin monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: flaviolin-2-olate + NADH + H+ + O2 <=> mompain + NAD + H2O.


regulation of spindle elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.


paraxial mesodermal cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a paraxial mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


bilirubin secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


negative regulation of osmolarity-sensing cation channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osmolarity-sensing cation channel activity.


Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-(1->4) bond in the backbone of a xyloglucan and transfers the xyloglucanyl segment on to O-4 of the non-reducing terminal glucose residue of an acceptor, which can be a xyloglucan or an oligosaccharide of xyloglucan.


threonine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


glucomannan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-glucose as single side-units.


Catalysis of the reaction: cyclooctat-9-en-5,7-diol + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> cyclooctatin + H2O + NADP.


suppression by symbiont of host programmed cell death

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


phosphoglucokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


formation of plant organ boundary

The regionalization process that specifies plant organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.


ATP:coenzyme F420 adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + factor gamma-F420-2 + H+ = coenzyme F390-A + diphosphate.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.


UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = UDP-L-iduronate.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).


gibberellin A25,oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A25 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> gibberellin A13 + succinate + carbon dioxide.


plant organ senescence

A plant organ developmental process during which a plant dismantles cellular components to reclaim the cellular building blocks and nutrients that have been deposited in the plant organs during growth.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose, an ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre of the heptose. ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose (also called ADP-L-beta-D-heptose or ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose) is a nucleotide-sugar precursor of the inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate.


histone H2AS121 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2A-serine (position 121) + ATP = histone H2A-phosphoserine (position 121) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 121 of histone H2A.


amino acid adenylylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase

Activation of an amino acid for incorporation into a peptide by a nonribosomal process, catalyzed by subunits of nonribosomal peptide synthase. The amino acid is adenylated at its carboxylate group (ATP-dependent) then transferred to the thiol group of an enzyme-bound phosphopantetheine cofactor.


ureter epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell in the urothelium. The urothelium is the epithelial tube of the ureter.


myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.


regulation of trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory epinephrine-norepinephrine

The process in which epinephrine-norepinephrine modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.


ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.


coenzyme A-peptidyl-cysteine covalent linking

The covalent linkage of coenzyme A and peptidyl-cysteine to form L-cysteine coenzyme A disulfide.


phenol, water dikinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phenol + MgATP + H2O = phenylphosphate + MgAMP + orthophosphate.


cycloartenol 4alpha-methyl oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cycloartenol + NADH + O2 + H+ <=> 4alpha-hydroxymethyl,4beta,14alpha-dimethyl-9beta,19-cyclo-5alpha-cholest-24-en-3beta-ol + NAD + H2O.


beta-lactam antibiotic metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a beta-lactam antibiotic, any member of a class of natural or semisynthetic antibiotics whose characteristic feature is a strained, four-membered beta-lactam ring. They include the penicillins and many of the cephalosporins.


cell adhesion involved in prostatic bud elongation

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the elongation of the primary prostatic bud.


compound eye corneal lens morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye corneal lens are generated and organized.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylsalicylaldehyde + NAD+ = 3-methylsalicylate + NADH + H+.


toxic metabolite repair

A cellular process that, through single- or multi-step enzymatic reactions, repairs toxic endogenous compounds, formed as by-products of primary metabolism, by converting them into useful metabolites.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


cellooligosaccharide binding

Binding to cellooligosaccharide.


regulation of heat generation

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation.


RNA guanosine-cytidine insertion

The modification of an RNA molecule by insertion of an guanosine-cytidine dinucleotide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-methionine = 2,3-dimethyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-homocysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran = 2 H+ + 2 e- + butyrolactone.


glucose catabolic process to pyruvate utilizing ADP

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the utilization of ADP in the initial kinase reactions.


adenosylselenohomocysteinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: Se-Adenosyl-L-selenohomocysteine + H2O => Adenosine + Selenohomocysteine.


caprolactam catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of caprolactam, hexahydro-2h-azepin-2-one, a cyclic amide of caproic acid.


RNA topoisomerase activity

Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual RNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in RNA.


L-propargylglycine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-2-amino-4-chloropent-4-enoate = chloride + H+ + L-propargylglycine.


cellular response to nonane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nonane stimulus.


alkanesulfonate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator.


pentachlorophenol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentachlorophenol, a chlorinated insecticide and fungicide used primarily to protect timber from fungal rot and wood boring insects. Pentachlorophenol is significantly toxic to mammals, plants, and many microorganisms.


nonphotochemical quenching

The process by which excess light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and not used to drive photosynthesis is emitted as heat. This process helps maintain the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage.


cellular catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.


thioester biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.


glomerular mesangial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular mesangial cell.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction involved in baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure

Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as part of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.


secondary active p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate is the anion of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamic acid.


regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-formylcytosine + succinate + CO2.


prolactin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving prolactin, a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that promotes lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = ubiquinol-n + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


IDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate.


cellular response to interleukin-2

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.


regulation of iodide transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iodide transport.


astaxanthin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving astaxanthin.


multicellular organism adhesion to substrate

The attachment of a multicellular organism to a surface or material.


regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation.


electron transporter, transferring electrons from cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II activity

Enables the directed movement of electrons from the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid + ATP + CoASH = trans-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoyl-CoA + AMP + PPi.


pullulan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pullulan, a neutral linear polysaccharide composed of repeating units of maltotriose joined by alpha-(1,6)-linkages.


eosinophil fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an eosinophil cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NADP+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADPH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.


ricinine nitrilase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + ricinine = NH3 + 3-carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone.


diiodotyrosine transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine = 3-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + L-glutamate.


negative regulation of anion channel activity by blue light

Any process in which blue light stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.


maintenance of protein location in cell cortex

A process in which a protein or protein complex is maintained in a specific location in the cell cortex.


negative regulation of toll-like receptor 21 signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of toll-like receptor 21 signaling pathway.


xylose catabolic process to ethanol

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylose, an aldopentose, where one of the resulting products is ethanol.


PSII associated light-harvesting complex II binding

Binding to a PSII associated light-harvesting complex II.


basidiospore formation

The process in which spores form outside a specialized end cell known as a basidium. Basidia are characteristic of the basidiomycete fungi (phylum Basidiomycota), and give rise to spores that each contain a haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis. The spores are usually attached to the basidium by short spikes called sterigmata (singular: sterigma). In most basidiomycetes there are four sterigmata (and four spores) to a basidium.


negative regulation of cardioblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation.


heteroduplex formation

The formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules.


regulation of wax biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of wax biosynthetic process.


hydroxylysine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: maltose(out) + H+(out) = maltose(in) + H+(in).


intermediate mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an intermediate mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to the C5 atom of the uridine residue at position 54 in a tRNA molecule. This occurs in most Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria.


tartrate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate + H+ = D-glycerate + CO2.


immune response in Peyer's patch

Immune response taking place in the Peyer's patch, nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine.


organic substance metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.


lysine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on superoxide radicals as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


envenomation resulting in modulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.


ferredoxin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferredoxin, any simple, nonenzymatic iron-sulfur protein that is characterized by having equal numbers of atoms of iron and labile sulfur. Iron and sulfur atoms are present in one or two clusters of two or four atoms of each.


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N1'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-N1'-histidino tetrairon tetrasulfide.


regulation of L-threonine import across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-threonine import into cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diaminopropionate + H2O = pyruvate + 2 NH3.


short nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a short nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb.


propionate metabolic process, methylcitrate cycle

The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionate that occur in the methylcitrate cycle.


Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-sesaminol 2-O-beta-D-gentiobioside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> (+)-sesaminol 2-O-beta-D-gentiotrioside + UDP + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + sphingosine = CMP + H+ + sphingosyl-phosphocholine.


exit from diapause

The dormancy process that results in exit from diapause. Diapause is a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated characteristics of this form of dormancy include reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail. Once initiated, only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state, and this characteristic is essential in distinguishing diapause from hibernation.


18-hydroxyoleate peroxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 18-hydroxyoleate + a lipid hydroperoxide <=> 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxystearate + a lipid alcohol.


(R)-limonene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (4R)-limonene + diphosphate.


positive regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (RS)-norcoclaurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (RS)-coclaurine.


positive regulation of response to propan-1-ol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to propan-1-ol.


phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.


interleukin-13 production

The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-arogenate = L-glutamate + prephenate.


negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate, generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


ferredoxin hydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.


encapsulation of foreign target

Events resulting in the formation of a multilayered cellular sheath surrounding an invader and thus preventing its development. This defense mechanism is often seen in insects in response to nematodes or parasitoids, which are too large to be phagocytosed by individual hemocytes. In some organisms the capsule is blackened due to melanization.


3-oxo-myristoyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxotetradecanoyl-CoA + H2O <=> 3-oxo-myristate + coenzyme A + H+.


response to sterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.


positive regulation of erythrocyte aggregation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte aggregation.


The formylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-formylglycine.


G1 phase

The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis.


positive regulation of teliospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or overwintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs.


negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape.


sucrose:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = sucrose(in) + monovalent cation(in).


histone H2A-K5 acetylation

The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.


sequoyitol galactinol:D-galactosylononitol galactosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-5-O-methyl-myo-inositol + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol <=> D-galactosylononitol + myo-inositol.


gastrulation involving germ band extension

A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements, including germ band extension, that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


regulation of imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification.


G protein-coupled glucose receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular glucose molecule and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


positive regulation of formation of radial glial scaffolds

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial cell scaffolds.


positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.


regulation of blood pressure by chemoreceptor signaling pathway

A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound interacting with a chemoreceptor resulting in a modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.


germacrene-A synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-(R)-germacrene A + diphosphate.


chitin-based cuticle sclerotization by protein cross-linking

The process of hardening of a chitin-based cuticle by protein cross-linking, and the incorporation of phenolic precursors. This mechanism of cuticle hardening occurs in insects and is usually accompanied by darkening of the cuticle.


regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.


distal stomach smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the distal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The distal stomach is composed of the lower body and antrum and develops strong peristaltic phasic contractions that increase in amplitude as they propagate toward the pylorus.


positive regulation of anther dehiscence

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anther dehiscence.


axonal defasciculation

Separation of axons away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle.


positive regulation of pupariation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of onset of pupariation.