chylomicron remnant clearance

The process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


positive regulation by host of viral process

A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


maintenance of location in cell

Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


intermediate-density lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a intermediate-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


negative regulation of triglyceride metabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


regulation of amyloid-beta clearance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.


positive regulation of amyloid-beta clearance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.


regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


positive regulation of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood-brain barrier.


positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.


regulation of cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.


regulation of amyloid fibril formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.


positive regulation of amyloid fibril formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.


regulation of behavioral fear response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.


chylomicron remnant

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A lipoprotein particle that is derived from a mature chylomicron particle by the removal of triglycerides from the chylomicron core by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of surface components. It characteristically contains apolipoprotein E (APOE) and is cleared from the blood by the liver.


multivesicular body, internal vesicle

A membrane-bounded vesicle wholly contained within a multivesicular body.


A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that typically contains APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of 1.006-1.019 g/ml and a diameter of between 25-30 nm. IDL particles are found in blood and are formed by the delipidation of very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). IDL particles are removed from blood by the liver, following binding to the APOE receptor, or are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL).


chylomicron

A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues.


lipoprotein particle

A spherical particle containing non-covalently associated proteins and lipids. Examples are plasma lipoprotein particles which transport lipids in the blood or lymph.


APOA2_HUMAN Apolipoprotein A-II (sprot)

An apolipoprotein A-II that is encoded in the genome of human.


lipase inhibitor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.


phospholipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption.


negative regulation of cholesterol transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.


diacylglycerol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


negative regulation of lipase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


negative regulation of cholesterol import

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.


negative regulation of cholesterol transporter activity

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.


APOC1_HUMAN Apolipoprotein C-I (sprot)

An apolipoprotein C-I that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


plasma lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a plasma lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the esterification of cholesterol by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).


negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


APOC2_HUMAN Apolipoprotein C-II (sprot)

An apolipoprotein C-II that is encoded in the genome of human.


lipoprotein lipase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid within a lipoprotein.


positive regulation of triglyceride catabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.


positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.


chylomicron remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a chylomicron, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.


positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.


positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


positive regulation of phospholipid catabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


APOC3_HUMAN Apolipoprotein C-III (sprot)

An apolipoprotein C-III that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of triglyceride catabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.


negative regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


FIBA_HUMAN Fibrinogen alpha chain (sprot)

A fibrinogen alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


induction of bacterial agglutination

Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.


blood coagulation, common pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of events leading from the formation of activated factor X to the formation of active thrombin, the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin, and the formation of cleaved fibrin into a stable multimeric, cross-linked complex.


fibrinogen complex

A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.


FIBB_HUMAN Fibrinogen beta chain (sprot)

A fibrinogen beta chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to leptin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.


FIBG_HUMAN Fibrinogen gamma chain (sprot)

A fibrinogen gamma chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a platelet to attain its fully functional state. A platelet is a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.


MBP_HUMAN Myelin basic protein (sprot)

A myelin basic protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.


MYP2_HUMAN Myelin P2 protein (sprot)

A myelin P2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACHA_HUMAN Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity

Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.


acetylcholine binding

Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


musculoskeletal movement

The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system.


acetylcholine-gated channel complex

A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.


GLPA_HUMAN Glycophorin-A (sprot)

A glycophorin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


ankyrin-1 complex

A complex composed of ANK1, RHCE, RHAG, SLC4A1, EPB42, GYPA, GYPB and AQP1, that functions in the stability and shape of the erythrocyte membrane in human.


B3AT_HUMAN Band 3 anion transport protein (sprot)

A band 3 anion transport protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


monoatomic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.


monoatomic anion transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic anion, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are negatively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


pH elevation

Any process that increases the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


erythrocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate.


cortical cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


CRP_HUMAN C-reactive protein (sprot)

A C-reactive protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


virion binding

Binding to a virion, either by binding to components of the capsid or the viral envelope.


complement component C1q complex binding

Binding to a C1q complex, a component of the classical complement cascade.


choline binding

Binding to choline, the amine 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium.


opsonization

The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.


regulation of interleukin-8 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.


negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.


SAMP_HUMAN Serum amyloid P-component (sprot)

A serum amyloid P-component that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

The process in which a host organism decreases viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.


negative regulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.


negative regulation of viral process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.


negative regulation of exo-alpha-sialidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.


negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.


C1QA_HUMAN Complement C1q subcomponent subunit A (sprot)

A complement C1q subcomponent subunit A that is encoded in the genome of human.


complement component C1 complex

A protein complex composed of six subunits of C1q, each formed of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB, and tetramer of two C1QR and two C1QS polypeptide chains.


complement component C1q complex

A protein-containing complex composed of six subunits of each of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB. It is a subunit of the complement C1 complex. In addition to complement activation, C1q appears to have roles in homeostasis and cellular development, superoxide (O2-) production by neutrophils, blood coagulation and neurological synapse pruning.


C1QB_HUMAN Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B (sprot)

A complement C1q subcomponent subunit B that is encoded in the genome of human.


C1QC_HUMAN Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C (sprot)

A complement C1q subcomponent subunit C that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of macrophage differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.


CO9_HUMAN Complement component C9 (sprot)

A complement component C9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cell killing

Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.


other organism cell membrane

The cell membrane of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.


APOH_HUMAN Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (sprot)

A beta-2-glycoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


triglyceride transport

The directed movement of triglyceride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


platelet dense granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet dense granule.


A2GL_HUMAN Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (sprot)

A leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


keratinocyte migration

The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.


leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell

The attachment of a leukocyte to vascular endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.


FINC_HUMAN Fibronectin (sprot)

A fibronectin that is encoded in the genome of human.


The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.


negative regulation of monocyte activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte activation.


positive regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.


RET4_HUMAN Retinol-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A retinol-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


retinol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of retinol from one side of a membrane to the other. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


retinol transport

The directed movement of retinol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.


uterus development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


vagina development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


AMBP_HUMAN Protein AMBP (sprot)

A protein AMBP that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcium channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a calcium channel.


A1AG1_HUMAN Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (sprot)

An alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of immune system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.


An alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


pinocytosis

An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.


TTHY_HUMAN Transthyretin (sprot)

A transthyretin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ALBU_HUMAN Albumin (sprot)

An albumin that is encoded in the genome of human.


exogenous protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex from a different species, for example a pathogen molecule binding to a host protein.


enterobactin binding

Binding to enterobactin.


cellular response to calcium ion starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of calcium ions.


FETA_HUMAN Alpha-fetoprotein (sprot)

An alpha-fetoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


progesterone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


VTDB_HUMAN Vitamin D-binding protein (sprot)

A vitamin D-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


vitamin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a vitamin from one side of a membrane to the other.


calcidiol binding

Binding to calcidiol.


vitamin transmembrane transport

The process in which a vitamin is transported across a membrane. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


CXCL7_HUMAN Platelet basic protein (sprot)

A platelet basic protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


glucose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.


PLF4_HUMAN Platelet factor 4 (sprot)

A platelet factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


leukocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.


negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.


positive regulation of macrophage differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.


negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.


killing by host of symbiont cells

Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


CXL10_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity

Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.


regulation of T cell chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.


regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.


TFR1_HUMAN Transferrin receptor protein 1 (sprot)

A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transferrin receptor activity

Combining selectively with transferrin, and delivering transferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Transferrin is a major iron carrier protein in vertebrates.


iron ion transport

The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


response to iron ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.


response to manganese ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.


transferrin transport

The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of isotype switching

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.


TRFE_HUMAN Serotransferrin (sprot)

A serotransferrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ferric iron binding

Binding to a ferric iron ion, Fe(III).


iron chaperone activity

Directly binding to and delivering iron ions to a target protein.


regulation of iron ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cellular response to iron ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.


TRFL_HUMAN Lactotransferrin (sprot)

A lactotransferrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


membrane destabilizing activity

Binding to a membrane and increasing its permeability. This may lead to cell membrane lysis and cell content release.


antifungal humoral response

An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.


negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.


regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.


negative regulation by host of viral process

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


positive regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.


negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.


positive regulation of chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.


negative regulation of osteoclast development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.


HEMO_HUMAN Hemopexin (sprot)

A hemopexin that is encoded in the genome of human.


hemoglobin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemoglobin, including its uptake and utilization.


FRIL_HUMAN Ferritin light chain (sprot)

A ferritin light chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


autolysosome

A type of secondary lysosome in which a primary lysosome has fused with the outer membrane of an autophagosome. It is involved in the second step of autophagy in which it degrades contents with acidic lysosomal hydrolases.


intracellular ferritin complex

A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains.


FRIH_HUMAN Ferritin heavy chain (sprot)

A ferritin heavy chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


iron ion sequestering activity

Binding to an iron ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


MT2_HUMAN Metallothionein-2 (sprot)

A metallothionein-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to erythropoietin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus.


STAT_HUMAN Statherin (sprot)

A statherin that is encoded in the genome of human.


extracellular matrix constituent, lubricant activity

Functions as a lubricant for an extracellular matrix, such as a mucous membrane.


structural constituent of tooth enamel

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of tooth enamel.


hydroxyapatite binding

Binding to hydroxyapatite, the calcium phosphate mineral of formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found both in rocks of nonorganic origin and as a component of bone and dentin.


PRPC_HUMAN Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2 (sprot)

A salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRB2_HUMAN Basic salivary proline-rich protein 2 (sprot)

A basic salivary proline-rich protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMR3B_HUMAN Submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3B (sprot)

A submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


OSTCN_HUMAN Osteocalcin (sprot)

An osteocalcin that is encoded in the genome of human.


structural constituent of bone

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of bone.


response to vitamin K

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.


type B pancreatic cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.


regulation of bone resorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).


negative regulation of bone development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.


regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.


ESR1_HUMAN Estrogen receptor (sprot)

An estrogen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


TFIIB-class transcription factor binding

Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIB class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.


nuclear estrogen receptor activity

Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.


regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


prostate epithelial cord elongation

The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length.


prostate epithelial cord arborization involved in prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis

The branching morphogenesis process in which the prostate epithelial cords branch freely to create the structure of the prostate acini.


regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostate gland branching, the process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.


mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy

The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized as a part of pregnancy.


epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongation

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland branch epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the branch. The mammary gland branch differs from the bud in that it is not the initial curved portion of the outgrowth.


regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.


NU1M_HUMAN NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (sprot)

An NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NU2M_HUMAN NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 (sprot)

An NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NU3M_HUMAN NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 (sprot)

An NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NU4LM_HUMAN NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L (sprot)

An NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L that is encoded in the genome of human.


NU4M_HUMAN NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 (sprot)

An NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NU5M_HUMAN NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 (sprot)

An NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NU6M_HUMAN NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 (sprot)

An NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATP8_HUMAN ATP synthase protein 8 (sprot)

An ATP synthase protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)

All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins.


ANGI_HUMAN Angiogenin (sprot)

An angiogenin that is encoded in the genome of human.


diacylglycerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


tRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.


activation of phospholipase A2 activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2.


angiogenin-PRI complex

A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis.


FA11_HUMAN Coagulation factor XI (sprot)

A coagulation factor XI that is encoded in the genome of human.


serine-type aminopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


KLKB1_HUMAN Plasma kallikrein (sprot)

A plasma kallikrein that is encoded in the genome of human.


MMP1_HUMAN Interstitial collagenase (sprot)

An interstitial collagenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MIS_HUMAN Muellerian-inhibiting factor (sprot)

A Muellerian-inhibiting factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


preantral ovarian follicle growth

Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation.


urogenital system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Mullerian duct regression

The process in which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos.


anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of anti-Mullerian hormone to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


SLPI_HUMAN Antileukoproteinase (sprot)

An antileukoproteinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


modulation of process of another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.


TRGV3_HUMAN T cell receptor gamma variable 3 (sprot)

A T cell receptor gamma variable 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRGC2_HUMAN T cell receptor gamma constant 2 (sprot)

A T cell receptor gamma constant 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OPSB_HUMAN Short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OPSR_HUMAN Long-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A long-wave-sensitive opsin 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


photoreceptor activity

The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.


OPSG_HUMAN Medium-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A medium-wave-sensitive opsin (human) that is a translation product of the OPN1MW gene in human.


C4BPA_HUMAN C4b-binding protein alpha chain (sprot)

A C4b-binding protein alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.


regulation of opsonization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.


VTNC_HUMAN Vitronectin (sprot)

A vitronectin that is encoded in the genome of human.


cell adhesion mediated by integrin

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.


smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion

The binding of a smooth muscle cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.


rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.


A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to vitronectin.


HMDH_HUMAN 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (sprot)

A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase that is encoded in the genome of human.


hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP+ = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 NADPH.


coenzyme A binding

Binding to coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.


coenzyme A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.


CATA_HUMAN Catalase (sprot)

A catalase that is encoded in the genome of human.


aminoacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = a carboxylate + an L-amino acid.


catalase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


UV protection

Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.


response to inactivity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inactivity stimulus.


response to vitamin E

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.


cellular detoxification of hydrogen peroxide

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in a cell. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.


response to phenylpropanoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as the result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. A phenylpropanoid is any of secondary metabolites with structures based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.


catalase complex

A protein-containing complex that is capable of catalase activity.


RAF1_HUMAN RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (sprot)

A RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


activation of adenylate cyclase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.


insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.


ERBB2-ERBB3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB3 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3. ERBB3 also has impaired kinase activity and relies on ERBB2 for activation and signal transmission.


neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


death-inducing signaling complex assembly

A process of protein complex assembly in which the arrangement and bonding together of the set of components that form the protein complex is mediated by a death domain (DD) interaction, as part of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


TDT_HUMAN DNA nucleotidylexotransferase (sprot)

A DNA nucleotidylexotransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA nucleotidylexotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).


DNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.


PA21B_HUMAN Phospholipase A2 (sprot)

A phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


bile acid binding

Binding to a bile acid, a steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.


positive regulation of podocyte apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.


GBA1_HUMAN Lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase (sprot)

A lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


galactosylceramidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-galactose + N-acylsphingosine.


glucosylceramidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-glucose + N-acylsphingosine.


scavenger receptor binding

Binding to scavenger receptors, a family of proteins that are expressed on myeloid cells and are involved in the uptake of effete cellular components and foreign particles.


glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


steryl-beta-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesteryl-beta-D-glucoside + H2O = D-glucose + cholesterol.


glucosylceramide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


response to pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


pyramidal neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.


termination of signal transduction

The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.


lipid glycosylation

Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule.


lymphocyte migration

The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


response to thyroid hormone

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.


beta-glucoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-glucoside.


positive regulation of protein lipidation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.


positive regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy of the mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.


regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.


FUCO_HUMAN Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase (sprot)

A tissue alpha-L-fucosidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


alpha-L-fucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-L-fucoside + H2O = an alcohol + L-fucose.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


glycoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.


glycolipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).


PROC_HUMAN Vitamin K-dependent protein C (sprot)

A vitamin K-dependent protein C that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of coagulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.


ALDOA_HUMAN Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A (sprot)

A fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A that is encoded in the genome of human.


fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.


fructose binding

Binding to the D- or L-enantiomer of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-hex-2-ulose.


fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.


sperm head

The part of the late spermatid or spermatozoon that contains the nucleus and acrosome.


CYTB_HUMAN Cystatin-B (sprot)

A cystatin-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANXA1_HUMAN Annexin A1 (sprot)

An annexin A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phospholipase A2 inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of phospholipase A2.


neutrophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


regulation of leukocyte migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.


positive regulation of vesicle fusion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.


regulation of interleukin-1 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.


negative regulation of exocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.


granulocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.


neutrophil clearance

The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.


PDGFA_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (sprot)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit A that is encoded in the genome of human.


cell activation

A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell.


cell projection assembly

Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated a ligand binding to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFalpha) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by epithelial-mesenchymal signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the epithelial cells to the mesenchymal cells of the salivary gland.


embryonic lung development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


REL2_HUMAN Prorelaxin H2 (sprot)

A prorelaxin H2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


APOB_HUMAN Apolipoprotein B-100 (sprot)

An apolipoprotein B-100 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lipase binding

Binding to a lipase.


positive regulation of cholesterol storage

Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


mature chylomicron

A chylomicron that contains apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2), a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and has a mean diameter of 500 nm and density of 0.95g/ml. Mature chylomicron particles transport exogenous (dietary) lipids from the intestines to other body tissues, via the blood and lymph.


COL_HUMAN Colipase (sprot)

A colipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSF2_HUMAN Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (sprot)

A granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding

Binding to a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.


histamine secretion

The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.


neutrophil differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.


response to silicon dioxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silicon dioxide stimulus.


response to fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.


GCR_HUMAN Glucocorticoid receptor (sprot)

A glucocorticoid receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear glucocorticoid receptor activity

Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal within the cell trigger a change in cell activity or function.


regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.


glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a glucocorticoid hormone.


TFF1_HUMAN Trefoil factor 1 (sprot)

A trefoil factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRIO_HUMAN Major prion protein (sprot)

A PRNP gene translation product (human) that is encoded by the major prion protein open reading frame, as opposed to the alternate reading frame.


cellular response to copper ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.


glycosaminoglycan binding

Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor.


ATP-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex using energy from ATP hydrolysis.


cupric ion binding

Binding to a cupric ion, copper(2+).


negative regulation of protein processing

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.


negative regulation of interleukin-2 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.


negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.


dendritic spine maintenance

The organization process that preserves a dendritic spine in a stable functional or structural state. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.


regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.


negative regulation of dendritic spine maintenance

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.


negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.


inclusion body

A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.


SODM_HUMAN Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial (sprot)

A superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


detection of oxygen

The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process in which acetylcholine signaling causes vasodilation, resulting in a change in blood pressure.


response to selenium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.


intracellular oxygen homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of oxygen within a cell.


erythrophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an erythrophore cell. Erythrophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives them an orange to red appearance.


multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


response to magnetism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnetic stimulus.


cellular response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


negative regulation of membrane hyperpolarization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane hyperpolarization.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.


LCAT_HUMAN Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase (sprot)

A phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + a sterol = a sterol ester + 1-acylglycerophosphocholine.


sterol esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid.


platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid.


OAT_HUMAN Ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + a 2-oxo acid = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + an L-amino acid.


L-proline biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


KITH_HUMAN Thymidine kinase, cytosolic (sprot)

A thymidine kinase, cytosolic that is encoded in the genome of human.


thymidine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.


DNA synthesis involved in mitotic DNA replication

Any DNA biosynthetic process that is involved in mitotic DNA replication.


HRG_HUMAN Histidine-rich glycoprotein (sprot)

A histidine-rich glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


immunoglobulin binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin.


regulation of platelet activation

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.


positive regulation of blood vessel remodeling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel remodeling.


negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.


MYCN_HUMAN N-myc proto-oncogene protein (sprot)

An N-myc proto-oncogene protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAS_HUMAN Proto-oncogene Mas (sprot)

A G-protein coupled receptor MAS that is encoded in the genome of human.


angiotensin receptor activity

Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.


angiotensin type II receptor activity

An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gi protein coupling and cGMP (NO) generation, and may also act via additional signaling mechanisms.


response to gonadotropin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.


LV743_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 7-43 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV7-43 gene in human.


THY1_HUMAN Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein (sprot)

A Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of cellular extravasation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.


heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.


negative regulation of neuron projection regeneration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.


regulation of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


neuronal cell body membrane

The plasma membrane of a neuron cell body - excludes the plasma membrane of cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


An alpha-1B-glycoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


HG2A_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


cytokine receptor activity

Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


macrophage migration inhibitory factor binding

Binding to the cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor.


MHC class II protein binding, via antigen binding groove

Binding to the antigen binding groove of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.


nitric-oxide synthase binding

Binding to nitric-oxide synthase.


negative regulation of peptide secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by macrophage migration inhibitory factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive thymic T cell selection

The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.


negative thymic T cell selection

The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens.


protein trimerization

The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.


positive regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.


macrophage migration inhibitory factor receptor complex

A protein complex that binds macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Comprises CD74 and CD44 cell surface proteins.


NOS2-CD74 complex

A protein complex comprising nitric oxide synthase 2 and CD74. This stable complex formation is thought to prevent CD74 degradation by caspases.


CD3D_HUMAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain (sprot)

A CD3 delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


K2C6B_HUMAN Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6B (sprot)

A keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6B that is encoded in the genome of human.


K2C1_HUMAN Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 (sprot)

A keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S100B_HUMAN Protein S100-B (sprot)

A protein S100-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


RAGE receptor binding

Binding to a RAGE receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products.


VWF_HUMAN von Willebrand factor (sprot)

A von Willebrand factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


hemostasis

The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.


Weibel-Palade body

A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses.


SHBG_HUMAN Sex hormone-binding globulin (sprot)

A sex hormone-binding globulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


SEMG1_HUMAN Semenogelin-1 (sprot)

A semenogelin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


insemination

The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.


coagulation

The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.


positive regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


PRP1_HUMAN Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1 (sprot)

A basic salivary proline-rich protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TBB4A_HUMAN Tubulin beta-4A chain (sprot)

A tubulin beta-4A chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


internode region of axon

An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath.


G3P_HUMAN Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sprot)

A glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group to a sulphur atom within a cysteine residue of a protein.


peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation

Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another.


ARLY_HUMAN Argininosuccinate lyase (sprot)

An argininosuccinate lyase that is encoded in the genome of human.


argininosuccinate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine.


arginine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


ammonia assimilation cycle

The pathway by which ammonia is processed and incorporated into a cell. In an energy-rich (glucose-containing), nitrogen-poor environment, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase form an ammonia assimilatory cycle, in which ammonia is incorporated into L-glutamate to form L-glutamine, which then combines with alpha-ketoglutarate to regenerate L-glutamate. This ATP-dependent cycle is essential for nitrogen-limited growth and for steady-state growth with some sources of nitrogen.


KV116_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-16 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1-16 gene in human.


KVD39_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-39 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1D-39 gene in human.


KV311_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-11 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV3-11 gene in human.


TVB79_HUMAN T cell receptor beta variable 7-9 (sprot)

A T cell receptor beta variable 7-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TVA29_HUMAN T cell receptor alpha variable 29/delta variable 5 (sprot)

A T cell receptor alpha variable 29/delta variable 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HLAA_HUMAN HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain (sprot)

An MHC class I histocompatibility antigen A alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD8 receptor binding

Binding to a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes.


T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


positive regulation of memory T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.


positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.


Golgi medial cisterna

The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae).


DPB1_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen beta chain DPB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HSP1_HUMAN Sperm protamine P1 (sprot)

A sperm protamine P1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRM2_HUMAN Protamine-2 (sprot)

A protamine-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cadmium ion binding

Binding to a cadmium ion (Cd).


ERBB2_HUMAN Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (sprot)

A receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA polymerase I core binding

Binding to a RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.


ErbB-3 class receptor binding

Binding to the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3.


ERBB3:ERBB2 complex

A heterodimeric complex between the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 and a ligand-activated receptor ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3.


WNT1_HUMAN Proto-oncogene Wnt-1 (sprot)

A proto-oncogene Wnt-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


spinal cord association neuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


diencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.


central nervous system morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


cerebellum formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development

A developmental process occurring after the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


astrocyte-dopaminergic neuron signaling

Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from an astrocyte to a dopaminergic neuron.


neuron fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


Spemann organizer formation

Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.


positive regulation of dermatome development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.


NTRK1_HUMAN High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (sprot)

A high affinity nerve growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


GPI-linked ephrin receptor activity

Combining with a GPI-anchored ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.


neurotrophin p75 receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin p75 receptor.


nerve growth factor receptor activity

Combining with nerve growth factor (NGF), to prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity.


programmed cell death involved in cell development

The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.


olfactory nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.


nerve growth factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mechanoreceptor differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


response to hydrostatic pressure

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.


Sertoli cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.


CPNS1_HUMAN Calpain small subunit 1 (sprot)

A calpain small subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium.


calpain complex

A calcium-dependent protease complex that processes its substrate by limited proteolysis rather than degrading it. In some cases limited proteolysis is required for the activation of its substrate.


P53_HUMAN Cellular tumor antigen p53 (sprot)

A cellular tumor antigen p53 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition

Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.


histone deacetylase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of histone deacetylase.


ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity

An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.


T cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.


B cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.


negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.


viral process

A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.


glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate

The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, via canonical glycolysis, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.


positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


mitochondrial DNA repair

The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.


negative regulation of helicase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a helicase.


negative regulation of glial cell proliferation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.


positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.


positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.


cellular response to UV-C

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.


cellular response to actinomycin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.


positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


negative regulation of mitophagy

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.


regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.


negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate.


negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pentose-phosphate shunt.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


germ cell nucleus

The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.


MT1A_HUMAN Metallothionein-1A (sprot)

A metallothionein-1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1E_HUMAN Metallothionein-1E (sprot)

A metallothionein-1E that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1F_HUMAN Metallothionein-1F (sprot)

A metallothionein-1F that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMYP_HUMAN Pancreatic alpha-amylase (sprot)

An alpha-amylase 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


alpha-amylase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units.


chloride ion binding

Binding to a chloride ion (Cl-).


carbohydrate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


polysaccharide digestion

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested polysaccharides into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


HSPB1_HUMAN Heat shock protein beta-1 (sprot)

A heat shock protein beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein kinase C inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF-activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.


positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.


CP1A1_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 1A1 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 1A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into arachidonic acid and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol or related substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a flavonoid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3'-hydroxyflavonoid + NADP+ + H2O.


vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.


estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: estrogen + donor-H2 + O2 = 16-alpha-hydroxyestrogen + H2O.


estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: estrogen + donor-H2 + O2 = 2-hydroxyestrogen + H2O.


long-chain fatty acid omega-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl-long-chain fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy-long-chain fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].


hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activity

A hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate <=> an oxoicosatetraenoate + H2O.


long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an (omega-1)-ethyl long-chain fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = an (omega-1)-hydroxy-long-chain fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase.


lipid hydroxylation

The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid.


porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


ethylene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.


coumarin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.


response to iron(III) ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus.


insecticide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving insecticides, chemicals used to kill insects.


dibenzo-p-dioxin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds.


epoxygenase P450 pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.


omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds initially by omega-hydroxylation.


REL1_HUMAN Prorelaxin H1 (sprot)

A prorelaxin H1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYSY_HUMAN Thymidylate synthase (sprot)

A thymidylate synthase that is encoded in the genome of human.


thymidylate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = 7,8-dihydrofolate + thymidylate.


dTMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).


dTTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.


uracil metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.


tetrahydrofolate interconversion

The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.


developmental growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.


intestinal epithelial cell maturation

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.


CY24B_HUMAN Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain (sprot)

A cytochrome b-245 heavy chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


superoxide-generating NAD(P)H oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-.


respiratory burst

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia.


response to aldosterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldosterone stimulus.


cellular response to L-glutamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-glutamine stimulus.


NADPH oxidase complex

A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2.


RPN1_HUMAN Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase subunit 1 (sprot)

A dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.