amyloid-beta clearance

The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by mechanisms involving cell surface receptors.


complement-dependent cytotoxicity

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Cell killing caused by the membrane attack complex formed following complement activation.


complement-mediated synapse pruning

Synaptic pruning mediated by complement system signalling.


vertebrate eye-specific patterning

Early postnatal vertebrate developmental process, during which axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), transmitting overlapping inputs from both eyes, segregate into distinct eye-specific non-overlapping regions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus.


positive regulation of apoptotic cell clearance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.


CO5_HUMAN Complement C5 (sprot)

A complement C5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


membrane attack complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow.


TIMP1_HUMAN Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (sprot)

A metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing

The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared, as part of an inflammatory response.


negative regulation of endopeptidase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


cellular response to UV-A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.


negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.


negative regulation of metallopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.


CYTC_HUMAN Cystatin-C (sprot)

A cystatin-C that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of collagen catabolic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.


negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.


regulation of tissue remodeling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.


negative regulation of elastin catabolic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.


negative regulation of blood vessel remodeling

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.


CYTS_HUMAN Cystatin-S (sprot)

A cystatin-S that is encoded in the genome of human.


detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste

The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.


CYTN_HUMAN Cystatin-SN (sprot)

A cystatin-SN that is encoded in the genome of human.


CYTA_HUMAN Cystatin-A (sprot)

A cystatin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptidase inhibitor complex

A protein complex which is capable of peptidase inhibitor activity.


KNG1_HUMAN Kininogen-1 (sprot)

A kininogen-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


FOS_HUMAN Protein c-Fos (sprot)

A protein c-Fos that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.


conditioned taste aversion

A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus.


skeletal muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


cellular response to zinc ion starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of zinc ions.


response to corticosterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosterone stimulus. Corticosterone is a 21 carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type, produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In many species, corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel metabolism, immune reactions, and stress responses.


cellular response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.


cellular response to prolactin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prolactin stimulus.


transcription factor AP-1 complex

A heterodimeric transcription factor complex composed of proteins from the c-Fos, c-Jun, activating transcription factor (ATF) or JDP families. The subunits contain a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain that is essential for dimerization and DNA binding. Jun-Fos heterodimers bind preferentially to a heptamer consensus sequence (TPA responsive element (TRE)), whereas Jun-ATF dimers bind the cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) to regulate transcription of target genes.


MYC_HUMAN Myc proto-oncogene protein (sprot)

A c-myc protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


SCF ubiquitin ligase complex binding

Binding to a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex.


DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.


regulation of telomere maintenance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


protein-DNA complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.


negative regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation. Metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of metanephric cap mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. A metanephric cap mesenchymal cell is a mesenchymal cell that has condensed with other mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


Myc-Max complex

A transcription factor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Myc and Max.


RASN_HUMAN GTPase NRas (sprot)

A GTPase NRas that is encoded in the genome of human.


RASH_HUMAN GTPase HRas (sprot)

A GTPase HRas that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of phospholipase C activity

Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.


Schwann cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


oncogene-induced cell senescence

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oncogenic stress, such as the activation of the Ras oncogenic family.


positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.


GTPase complex

A protein complex which is capable of GTPase activity.


RASK_HUMAN GTPase KRas (sprot)

A GTPase KRas that is encoded in the genome of human.


forebrain astrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain, from initial commitment of the cell to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.


PDGFB_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (sprot)

A platelet-derived growth factor subunit B that is encoded in the genome of human.


superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.


platelet-derived growth factor binding

Binding to platelet-derived growth factor.


positive regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.


negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.


positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration resulting from the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.


cellular response to mycophenolic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycophenolic acid stimulus.


metanephric glomerular mesangial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.


positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.


platelet-derived growth factor complex

A protein complex consisting of two chains of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) subunits. PDGF dimers bind to PDGF receptors in the plasma membrane and induce receptor dimerisation and activation. PDGFs are involved in a wide variety of signalling processes. PDGFs are found in all vertebrates where at least 2 different chains (A and B) exist. In human (and other mammals), four types of PDGF chains (A, B, C, and D) are known which form five different dimers (AA, AB, BB, CC and DD).


LDLR_HUMAN Low-density lipoprotein receptor (sprot)

A low-density lipoprotein receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


low-density lipoprotein particle binding

Binding to a low-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle that is rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides, is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE, and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity

Combining with a very-low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the very-low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.


negative regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.


regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


plasma lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


lipoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


response to caloric restriction

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake.


negative regulation of astrocyte activation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.


cholesterol import

The directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.


receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process involved in intracellular cholesterol transport.


regulation of cholesterol metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


negative regulation of microglial cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.


positive regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.


PCSK9-LDLR complex

A protein complex consisting of the serine protease PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Interaction typically occurs through the epidermal growth factor-like repeat A (EGF-A) domain of the LDLR, and complex formation promotes degradation of the LDLR through the endosome/lysosome pathway.


EGF_HUMAN Pro-epidermal growth factor (sprot)

A pro-epidermal growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.


regulation of calcium ion import

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


TGFA_HUMAN Protransforming growth factor alpha (sprot)

A protransforming growth factor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


hepatocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.


TGFB1_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (sprot)

A TGF-beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of miRNA transcription

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.


type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a type III transforming growth factor beta receptor.


deubiquitinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a deubiquitinase.


negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.


heart valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.


ATP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of microglia differentiation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.


regulation of striated muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.


receptor catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.


regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.


regulation of blood vessel remodeling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.


response to cholesterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.


positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.


negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


positive regulation of vasculature development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.


positive regulation of primary miRNA processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.


NGF_HUMAN Beta-nerve growth factor (sprot)

A beta-nerve growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


nerve growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a nerve growth factor receptor.


GON1_HUMAN Progonadoliberin-1 (sprot)

A progonadoliberin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of ovarian follicle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.


ANF_HUMAN Natriuretic peptides A (sprot)

An atrial natriuretic factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


hormone receptor binding

Binding to a receptor for a hormone.


neuropeptide receptor binding

Binding to a neuropeptide receptor.


sodium ion export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


negative regulation of JUN kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.


positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.


NEU1_HUMAN Oxytocin-neurophysin 1 (sprot)

An oxytocin-neurophysin 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


neurohypophyseal hormone activity

The action characteristic of a neurohypophyseal hormone, any of a family of structurally and functionally related nonapeptides that are synthesized as part of a larger precursor molecule comprising a signal peptide, the nonapeptide hormone, and a neurophysin.


NEU2_HUMAN Vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin (sprot)

A vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin that is encoded in the genome of human.


V1A vasopressin receptor binding

Binding to a V1A vasopressin receptor.


V1B vasopressin receptor binding

Binding to a V1B vasopressin receptor.


maternal aggressive behavior

Aggressive behavior of a female to protect her offspring from a threat.


positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.


negative regulation of female receptivity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances.


positive regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.


positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.


multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


COLI_HUMAN Pro-opiomelanocortin (sprot)

A pro-opiomelanocortin that is encoded in the genome of human.


type 3 melanocortin receptor binding

Binding to a type 3 melanocortin receptor.


type 4 melanocortin receptor binding

Binding to a type 4 melanocortin receptor.


type 1 melanocortin receptor binding

Binding to a type 1 melanocortin receptor.


cellular pigmentation

The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.


regulation of glycogen metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.


positive regulation of oxytocin production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of oxytocin.


response to melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulus. The binding of any one of three melanocyte-stimulating hormones causes dispersal of melanosomes in melanophores of poikilothermic vertebrates.


PENK_HUMAN Proenkephalin-A (sprot)

A proenkephalin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


aggressive behavior

A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.


locomotory exploration behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.


G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


cellular response to vitamin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.


positive regulation of behavioral fear response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.


symmetric synapse

A synapse that lacks an electron dense postsynaptic specialization. In vertebtrates, these occur primarily on dendrite shafts and neuronal cell bodies and involve persynapses containing clusters of predominantly flattened or elongated vesicles and are typcially inhibitory.


chromaffin granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a chromaffin granule.


synaptic vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the synaptic vesicle membrane.


neuronal dense core vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by a neuronal dense core vesicle membrane.


PDYN_HUMAN Proenkephalin-B (sprot)

A proenkephalin-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLHA_HUMAN Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain (sprot)

A glycoprotein hormones alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


follicle-stimulating hormone activity

The action characteristic of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland. Upon receptor binding, FSH stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in the ovaries in females, and stimulates the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules to increase spermatogenesis.


positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by follicle-stimulating hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


negative regulation of organ growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.


follicle-stimulating hormone complex

A gonadotrophic glycoprotein hormone secreted, in mammals, by the anterior pituitary gland; consists of alpha and beta subunits, the latter of which confers hormonal specificity.


pituitary gonadotropin complex

A protein complex that is a protein hormone secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates. capable of regulating normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function.


TSHB_HUMAN Thyrotropin subunit beta (sprot)

A thyrotropin subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


FSHB_HUMAN Follitropin subunit beta (sprot)

A follitropin subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


progesterone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


Sertoli cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.


LSHB_HUMAN Lutropin subunit beta (sprot)

A lutropin subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRL_HUMAN Prolactin (sprot)

A prolactin that is encoded in the genome of human.


prolactin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the peptide hormone prolactin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


SOMA_HUMAN Somatotropin (sprot)

A somatotropin that is encoded in the genome of human.


prolactin receptor binding

Binding to a prolactin receptor.


positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.


growth hormone receptor complex

A receptor complex that consists of two identical subunits and binds growth hormone.


SOM2_HUMAN Growth hormone variant (sprot)

A growth hormone variant that is encoded in the genome of human.


CALC_HUMAN Calcitonin (sprot)

A calcitonin (human), isoforms 1 and 2.


calcitonin receptor binding

Binding to a calcitonin receptor.


artery vasodilation involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure

An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.


negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


THYG_HUMAN Thyroglobulin (sprot)

A thyroglobulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


hormone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


PTHY_HUMAN Parathyroid hormone (sprot)

A parathyroid hormone that is encoded in the genome of human.


macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor binding

Binding to a type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor.


hormone-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone, and which triggers the apoptotic signaling pathway in a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a hormone signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


positive regulation of signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


magnesium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.


positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


response to parathyroid hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.


response to fibroblast growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.


positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.


negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.


GLUC_HUMAN Pro-glucagon (sprot)

A pro-glucagon that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.


VIP_HUMAN VIP peptides (sprot)

A VIP peptides that is encoded in the genome of human.


prolactin secretion

The regulated release of prolactin, a peptide hormone that stimulates lactation, from secretory granules in the anterior pituitary.


SLIB_HUMAN Somatoliberin (sprot)

A somatoliberin that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.


growth hormone secretion

The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.


positive regulation of growth hormone secretion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.


growth hormone-releasing hormone activity

The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland.


growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding

Binding to a growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor.


adenohypophysis development

The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


PAHO_HUMAN Pancreatic polypeptide prohormone (sprot)

A pancreatic prohormone that is encoded in the genome of human.


NPY_HUMAN Pro-neuropeptide Y (sprot)

A neuropeptide Y that is encoded in the genome of human.


adult feeding behavior

Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


positive regulation of appetite

Any process that increases appetite.


INS_HUMAN Insulin (sprot)

An insulin gene translation product that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of acute inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.


regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.


regulation of transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.


negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.


nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling pathway

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by nitric oxide (NO) activating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, guanylyl cyclase activity, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell following activation by cGMP.


negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


regulation of protein secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


negative regulation of protein secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


positive regulation of respiratory burst

Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.


neuron projection maintenance

The organization process that preserves a neuron projection in a stable functional or structural state. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


negative regulation of feeding behavior

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.


IGF2_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor II (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor II that is encoded in the genome of human.


exocrine pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.


regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


embryonic placenta morphogenesis

The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized.


GAST_HUMAN Gastrin (sprot)

A gastrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNFB_HUMAN Lymphotoxin-alpha (sprot)

A lymphotoxin-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.


positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.


TNFA_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of interleukin-33 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-33 production.


negative regulation of signaling receptor activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.


positive regulation of synoviocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synoviocyte proliferation.


positive regulation of I-kappaB phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.


negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


death receptor agonist activity

Interacting with a death receptor such that the proportion of death receptors in an active form is increased. Ligand binding to a death receptor often induces a conformational change to activate the receptor.


chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual.


leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.


regulation of immunoglobulin production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.


negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.


response to fructose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.


negative regulation of heart rate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


negative regulation of lipid storage

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


sequestering of triglyceride

The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


positive regulation of fever generation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fever generation.


positive regulation of fractalkine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.


response to isolation stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lack of contact with other members of the same species.


response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


positive regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.


regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


positive regulation of translational initiation by iron

Any process involving iron that activates or increases the rate of translational initiation.


leukocyte tethering or rolling

Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection).


positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.


positive regulation of protein transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.


negative regulation of vascular wound healing

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.


negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.


cellular response to nicotine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.


positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


positive regulation of podosome assembly

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.


endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.


negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


negative regulation of bile acid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.


response to Gram-negative bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a Gram-negative bacterium.


negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.


positive regulation of superoxide dismutase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.


positive regulation of neutrophil activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.


positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.


response to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine stimulus.


response to gold nanoparticle

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gold nanoparticle stimulus.


positive regulation of blood microparticle formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation.


regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.


IFNA1_HUMAN Interferon alpha-1/13 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-1/13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNA2_HUMAN Interferon alpha-2 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


receptor signaling pathway via STAT

An intracellular signal transduction process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The STAT cascade begins with receptor activation followed by activation of STAT proteins by kinases. It proceeds through STA dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.


IFN10_HUMAN Interferon alpha-10 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNA7_HUMAN Interferon alpha-7 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN21_HUMAN Interferon alpha-21 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cytokine receptor binding

Binding to a cytokine receptor.


IFNA5_HUMAN Interferon alpha-5 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN14_HUMAN Interferon alpha-14 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN17_HUMAN Interferon alpha-17 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNB_HUMAN Interferon beta (sprot)

An interferon beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


type I interferon receptor binding

Binding to an interferon-type I receptor, a heterodimeric complex composed of an alpha subunit (IFNAR1) and a beta subunit (IFNAR2).


Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.


B cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.


negative regulation of Lewy body formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Lewy body formation.


IFNG_HUMAN Interferon gamma (sprot)

An interferon gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


type II interferon receptor binding

Binding to a type II interferon receptor. Type II interferon is also known as interferon-gamma.


positive regulation of interleukin-23 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


positive regulation of killing of cells of another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.


positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.


positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.


positive regulation of protein deacetylation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


neuroinflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


positive regulation of cellular respiration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.


negative regulation of tau-protein kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.


positive regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.


positive regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NMDA glutamate receptor activity.


positive regulation of core promoter binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.


positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.


IL1A_HUMAN Interleukin-1 alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-1 alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


fever generation

The heat generation process that results in a rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection.


intracellular sodium ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sodium ions within a cell.


response to ozone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus.


response to L-ascorbic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) stimulus.


positive regulation of neutrophil migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.


negative regulation of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier.


IL1B_HUMAN Interleukin-1 beta (sprot)

An interleukin-1 beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.


response to carbohydrate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.


negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


smooth muscle adaptation

Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.


positive regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.


negative regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


positive regulation of complement activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.


regulation of defense response to virus by host

Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism.


positive regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.


positive regulation of cell adhesion molecule production

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.


monocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.


positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.


negative regulation of gap junction assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.


positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.


EPO_HUMAN Erythropoietin (sprot)

An erythropoietin that is encoded in the genome of human.


erythropoietin receptor binding

Binding to an erythropoietin receptor.


negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.


The series of molecular signals initiated by erythropoietin (EPO) binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


hemoglobin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.


negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.


negative regulation of cation channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.


IL2RA_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-2 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-2 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of T cell tolerance induction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.


activation-induced cell death of T cells

A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-2 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.


regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


interleukin-2 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-2; comprises alpha, beta, and gamma subunits.


IGJ_HUMAN Immunoglobulin J chain (sprot)

An immunoglobulin J chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


hexameric IgM immunoglobulin complex

A circulating form of IgM consisting of a hexamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide.


IgA binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype.


glomerular filtration

The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein.


monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complexes linked through both direct disulfide bonds and through a disulfide binded monomer of J chain acting as a bridge. Each IgA monomer consists of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Dimeric IgA is sometimes complexed additionally with secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex

A polymeric IgA immunoglobulin complex that is complexed with one chain of secretory component (SC). Polymeric IgA is present in mucosal areas, having been transported via a transcytosis mechanism in mucosal epithelial cells relying on the polymeric Ig receptor, a portion of which then remains bound to the polymeric IgA as secretory component.


secretory dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex

A dimeric form of secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex.


pentameric IgM immunoglobulin complex

A circulating form of IgM consisting of a pentamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide.


KVD33_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-33 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1D-33 gene in human.


KV133_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-33 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1-33 gene in human.


KV139_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-39 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1-39 gene in human.


KV117_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-17 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1-17 gene in human.


KVD16_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-16 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1D-16 gene in human.


KV105_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-5 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1-5 gene in human.


KVD12_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 1D-12 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV1D-12 gene in human.


KVD40_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-40 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV2D-40 gene in human.


KVD28_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-28 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV2D-28 gene in human.


KV320_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-20 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV3-20 gene in human.


KV315_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 3-15 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV3-15 gene in human.


LV144_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 1-44 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV1-44 gene in human.


LV147_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 1-47 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV1-47 gene in human.


LV151_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 1-51 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV1-51 gene in human.


LV140_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 1-40 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV1-40 gene in human.


LV214_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 2-14 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV2-14 gene in human.


LV223_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 2-23 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV2-23 gene in human.


LV211_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 2-11 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV2-11 gene in human.


LV208_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 2-8 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV2-8 gene in human.


LV319_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 3-19 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV3-19 gene in human.


LV301_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 3-1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV3-1 gene in human.


LV325_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 3-25 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV3-25 gene in human.


LV327_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 3-27 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV3-27 gene in human.


LV657_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda variable 6-57 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLV6-57 gene in human.


CD4_HUMAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 (sprot)

A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


maintenance of protein location in cell

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


MHC class II protein complex binding

Binding to a class II major histocompatibility complex.


interleukin-16 binding

Binding to interleukin-16.


interleukin-16 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-16 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


MHC class II protein binding

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class II molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.


helper T cell enhancement of adaptive immune response

Positive regulation of an adaptive immune response mediated via cytokine production by helper T cell.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-15 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


T cell selection

The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.


positive regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


cellular response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


CD8A_HUMAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (sprot)

A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


antigen processing and presentation

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


TVBL3_HUMAN T cell receptor beta variable 12-3 (sprot)

A T cell receptor beta variable 12-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TVA84_HUMAN T cell receptor alpha variable 8-4 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the TRAV8-4 gene in human.


HV169_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1-69 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV1-69 gene in human.


HV146_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1-46 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV1-46 gene in human.


HV311_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-11 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-11 gene in human.


HV348_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-48 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-48 gene in human.


HV323_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-23 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-23 gene in human.


HV313_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-13 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-13 gene in human.


HV353_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-53 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-53 gene in human.


HV330_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-30 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-30 gene in human.


HV333_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-33 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-33 gene in human.


HV307_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-7 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-7 gene in human.


HV309_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-9 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV3-9 gene in human.


HV270_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 2-70 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV2-70 gene in human.


HV205_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 2-5 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV2-5 gene in human.


HV439_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-39 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV4-39 gene in human.


HV459_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-59 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGHV4-59 gene in human.


PIGR_HUMAN Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (sprot)

A polymeric immunoglobulin receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


polymeric immunoglobulin receptor activity

Combining with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor

The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.


IGKC_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa constant (sprot)

An immunoglobulin kappa constant that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAC_HUMAN T cell receptor alpha chain constant (sprot)

A T cell receptor alpha chain constant that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRBC1_HUMAN T cell receptor beta constant 1 (sprot)

A T-cell receptor beta chain C region that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHE_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHG1_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Fc-gamma receptor I complex binding

Binding to one or more specific sites on the Fc-gamma receptor I complex. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG.


Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.


IGHG2_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHG3_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHG4_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 4 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHM_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant mu that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHA1_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHA2_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 2 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IGHD_HUMAN Immunoglobulin heavy constant delta (sprot)

An immunoglobulin heavy constant delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


HLAB_HUMAN HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain (sprot)

An MHC class I histocompatibility antigen B alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAP binding

Binding to TAP protein, transporter associated with antigen processing protein. TAP protein is a heterodimeric peptide transporter consisting of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


regulation of interleukin-12 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.


regulation of interleukin-6 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.


protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


regulation of dendritic cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.


MHC class I protein complex

A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


HLAH_HUMAN Putative HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain H (sprot)

An MHC class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain H that is encoded in the genome of human.


beta-2-microglobulin binding

Binding to beta-2-microglobulin.


DRA_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain DRA that is encoded in the genome of human.


MHC class II receptor activity

Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


T cell receptor binding

Binding to a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells.


myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.


peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex

The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.


antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.


positive regulation of memory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell differentiation.


regulation of T-helper cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.


autolysosome membrane

A lipid bilayer that surrounds an autolysosome, a single-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is degraded.


MHC class II protein complex

A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.


DQA2_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain DQA2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DQA1_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 1 chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen alpha chain DQA1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DRB1_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen beta chain DRB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.


negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.


regulation of interleukin-10 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.


DQB1_HUMAN HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain (sprot)

An MHC class II histocompatibility antigen beta chain DQB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HBAZ_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit zeta (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit zeta that is encoded in the genome of human.


carbon dioxide transport

The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


oxygen transport

The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


HBD_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit delta (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


HBE_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit epsilon (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYG_HUMAN Myoglobin (sprot)

A myoglobin that is encoded in the genome of human.


oxygen carrier activity

Binding to oxygen and delivering it to an acceptor molecule or a specific location.


hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


CO1A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(I) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(I) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


tooth mineralization

The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.


collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


skin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


cellular response to vitamin E

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.


cellular response to fluoride

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoride stimulus.


collagen type I trimer

A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils.


CO2A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(II) chain (sprot)

A collagen type II alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


otic vesicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


collagen type XI trimer

A collagen heterotrimer containing type XI alpha chains in alpha1(XI)alpha2(XI)alpha3(XI) trimers; type XI collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


collagen type II trimer

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


CO3A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(III) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(III) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


layer formation in cerebral cortex

The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex.


transforming growth factor beta1 production

The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


limb joint morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.


negative regulation of immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.


collagen type III trimer

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


CO4A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


collagen type IV trimer

A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes.


CRYAA_HUMAN Alpha-crystallin A chain (sprot)

An alpha-crystallin A chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


CRYAB_HUMAN Alpha-crystallin B chain (sprot)

An alpha-crystallin B chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


tubulin complex assembly

The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer.


microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.


apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.


actin filament bundle

An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.


cardiac myofibril

A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.


K1C14_HUMAN Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 (sprot)

A keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


keratin filament binding

Binding to a keratin filament, an intermediate filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells.


hair cycle

The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


intermediate filament bundle assembly

The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.


K2C6A_HUMAN Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A (sprot)

A keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.


LMNA_HUMAN Prelamin-A/C (sprot)

A prelamin-A/C that is encoded in the genome of human.


establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.


regulation of protein localization to nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.


DNA double-strand break attachment to nuclear envelope

A process in which the DNA double-strand breaks are attached to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body, or iMTOCs.


lamin filament

Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C.


SPTA1_HUMAN Spectrin alpha chain, erythrocytic 1 (sprot)

A spectrin alpha chain, erythrocytic 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


spectrin-associated cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.


TNNC2_HUMAN Troponin C, skeletal muscle (sprot)

A troponin C, skeletal muscle that is encoded in the genome of human.


troponin complex

A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.


APOA1_HUMAN Apolipoprotein A-I (sprot)

An apolipoprotein A-I that is encoded in the genome of human.


apolipoprotein A-I receptor binding

Binding to an apolipoprotein A-I receptor.


phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase.


high-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding

Binding to a high-density lipoprotein receptor.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


glucocorticoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.


negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.


protein oxidation

The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation.


peptidyl-methionine modification

The modification of peptidyl-methionine.


blood vessel endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.


vitamin transport

The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


positive regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


negative regulation of cell adhesion molecule production

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.


triglyceride homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within an organism or cell.


positive regulation of cholesterol metabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


positive regulation of phospholipid efflux

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.


APOE_HUMAN Apolipoprotein E (sprot)

An apolipoprotein E that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


NMDA glutamate receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


metal chelating activity

The formation of bonds from two or more atoms within the same ligand to a metal atom in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding

Binding to a very-low-density lipoprotein receptor.


lipoprotein particle binding

Binding to a lipoprotein particle. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.


response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.


lipid transport involved in lipid storage

The directed movement of lipids into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.


long-chain fatty acid transport

The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.  A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


protein import

The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.


virion assembly

A late phase of the viral life cycle during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed.


positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.