negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


gamma-aminobutyric acid import

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a cell or organelle.


phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


renal phosphate ion absorption

A renal system process in which phosphate ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.


import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


transport across blood-brain barrier

The directed movement of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) through the blood-brain barrier.


regulation of renal phosphate excretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.


TERT_HUMAN Telomerase reverse transcriptase (sprot)

A telomerase reverse transcriptase that is encoded in the genome of human.


telomerase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.


telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity

Catalysis of the extension of the 3' end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. Cannot initiate a chain de novo; uses the RNA subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex as its template.


RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); uses an RNA template, i.e. the catalysis of RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time.


telomerase RNA binding

Binding to the telomerase RNA template.


Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the addition of a terminal nucleotide to an RNA molecule in the absence of a nucleic acid template.


telomere maintenance

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.


RNA-templated transcription

The synthesis of an RNA transcript from an RNA template.


telomere maintenance via telomerase

The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


DNA strand elongation

The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.


positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.


siRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional small interfering RNA (siRNA). Includes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. May also include amplification of the siRNA by RNA-directed RNA polymerase.


positive regulation of hair cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.


positive regulation of glucose import

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.


response to cadmium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.


positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.


establishment of protein localization to telomere

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.


replicative senescence

A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.


siRNA transcription

The transcription of a small interfering RNA from an RNA template.


positive regulation of miRNA transcription

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.


positive regulation of transdifferentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transdifferentiation.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.


negative regulation of cellular senescence

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


telomerase holoenzyme complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits.


telomerase catalytic core complex

The minimal catalytic core of telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition.


nuclear telomere cap complex

A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.


RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

A protein complex that possesses RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.


TERT-RMRP complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that has RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity, and is composed of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the non-coding RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP).


OVOL1_HUMAN Putative transcription factor Ovo-like 1 (sprot)

A putative transcription factor Ovo-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.


negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


skin development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


keratinocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.


meiotic cell cycle phase transition

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next meiotic cell cycle phase.


negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.


H17B6_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 (sprot)

A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


catalytic activity

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.


androsterone dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol + NADP+ = 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one + H+ + NADPH.


testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol = 17-beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one + NADH + H+.


androgen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


androgen catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.


brexanolone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of brexanolone.


CHK1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone H3T11 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3-threonine (position 11) + ATP = histone H3-phosphothreonine (position 11) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the threonine residue at position 11 of histone H3.


DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.


inner cell mass cell proliferation

The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.


regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.


peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


signal transduction in response to DNA damage

A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.


mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint

A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


positive regulation of cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the cytosine DNA methylation.


negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.


regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis.


negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition

A cell cycle process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.


cellular response to caffeine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.


apoptotic process involved in development

Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.


negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.


condensed nuclear chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.


replication fork

The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


TR10B_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAIL receptor activity

Combining with the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic cell death.


defense response to tumor cell

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism.


GBRD_HUMAN Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta (sprot)

A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


synaptic transmission, GABAergic

The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane.


GABA-ergic synapse

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.


GABA-A receptor complex

A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor).


MEIS2_HUMAN Homeobox protein Meis2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Meis2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to mechanical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.


pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


response to growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.


ZN213_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 213 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 213 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FPGT_HUMAN Fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (sprot)

A fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (human), isoforms 2, 5, and 6.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate + GTP + H+ = diphosphate + GDP-beta-L-fucose.


TPP1_HUMAN Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 (sprot)

A tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


serine-type peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


tripeptidyl-peptidase activity

Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide.


lysophosphatidic acid binding

Binding to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid derivative that acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors.


peptide binding

Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.


sulfatide binding

Binding to sulfatide, also known as 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4, or sulfated galactocerebroside. Sulfatide is a class of sulfoglycolipid, which are glycolipids that contain a sulfate group.


peptide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.


protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the telomeric region of a chromosome.


lysosomal protein catabolic process

Any cellular protein catabolic process that takes place in a lysosome.


GNB5_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


G-protein gamma-subunit binding

Binding to a G-protein gamma subunit.


dopamine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


light adaption

The ability of a photoreceptor to adjust to varying levels of light.


negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.


dark adaptation

The process by which the rods of the retina gradually become fully responsive to dim light when no longer exposed to bright light.


GTPase activator complex

A protein complex which is capable of GTPase activator activity.


TCRG1_HUMAN Transcription elongation regulator 1 (sprot)

A transcription elongation regulator 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription elongation factor activity

A molecular function that stimulates the elongation properties of the RNA polymerase during the elongation phase of transcription. A subclass of transcription elongation factors enable the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, while another class rescue stalled RNA polymerases.


ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding

Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme such as ubiquitin conjugating enzyme.


negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


NDC80_HUMAN Kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog (sprot)

A kinetochore protein NDC80 that is encoded in the genome of human.


centrosome duplication

The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


cyclin binding

Binding to cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis.


kinetochore adaptor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings the kinetochore and another molecule into contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.


mitotic sister chromatid segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


establishment of mitotic spindle orientation

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I.


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.


skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.


attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in mitosis.


kinetochore organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


Ndc80 complex

An essential outer kinetochore complex involved in the attachment of microtubule ends to the chromosomes during mitosis.


outer kinetochore

The region of a kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.


KIF3C_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF3C (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF3C that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRP1_HUMAN Neuropilin-1 (sprot)

A neuropilin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor activity

Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


semaphorin receptor activity

Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


cytokine binding

Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.


branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.


cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis.


outflow tract septum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.


axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


motor neuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


facial nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


trigeminal nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.


vestibulocochlear nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.


branchiomotor neuron axon guidance

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuronal migration to the hypothalamus

The directional movement of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone producing neuron from the nasal placode to the hypothalamus.


regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.


cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.


endothelial cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


ventral trunk neural crest cell migration

The movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube, travelling ventrally through the anterior half of each sclerotome. Trunk neural crest cells that remain in the sclerotome form the dorsal root ganglia containing the sensory neurons. Trunk neural crest cells that continue more ventrally form the sympathetic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, and the nerve clusters surrounding the aorta.


neuropilin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


VEGF-activated neuropilin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a hepatocyte growth factor receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.


negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.


artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.


axon extension involved in axon guidance

The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


positive chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.


positive regulation of cytokine activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.


axonogenesis involved in innervation

The neurite development process that generates a long process of a neuron, as it invades a target tissue.


regulation of vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in salivary gland branching

The process in which a salivary epithelial cord bifurcates at its end.


angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis

Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


coronary artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of coronary arteries are generated and organized. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscle.


retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.


renal artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.


sympathetic ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


trigeminal ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.


sensory neuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.


motor neuron migration

The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.


sympathetic neuron projection extension

Long distance growth of a single sympathetic neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


sympathetic neuron projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a sympathetic neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


basal dendrite development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a basal dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


basal dendrite arborization

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic tree are generated on the basal neuron side and organized into dendritic branches.


positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.


neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development

Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.


protein localization to early endosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an early endosome.


facioacoustic ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


dorsal root ganglion morphogenesis

The developmental process by which a dorsal root ganglion is generated and organized.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


neurofilament

A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.


sorting endosome

A multivesicular body surrounded by and connected with multiple tubular compartments with associated vesicles.


semaphorin receptor complex

A stable binary complex of a neurophilin and a plexin, together forming a functional semaphorin receptor.


TNPO2_HUMAN Transportin-2 (sprot)

A transportin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNF11_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding

Binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.


osteoclast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.


monocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.


canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, also known as the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway is  mainly stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, antigen ligands, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).


calcium-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.


tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.


positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.


osteoclast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


paracrine signaling

The transfer of information from one cell to another, where the signal travels from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell by passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid. The signaling cell and the receiving cell are usually in the vicinity of each other.


positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


positive regulation of bone resorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.


positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from a cell.


calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.


positive regulation of fever generation by positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion

Any process that increases the rate or extent of fever generation via positive regulation of the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.


TNFSF11-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade via TNFSF11-mediated signaling

Any TNFSF11-mediated signaling process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


positive regulation of osteoclast development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.


APOL1_HUMAN Apolipoprotein L1 (sprot)

An apolipoprotein L1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lipoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


cytolysis by host of symbiont cells

The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle

A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver.


high-density lipoprotein particle

A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process.


HS3S1_HUMAN Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (sprot)

A heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.


glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification

The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.


GDF8_HUMAN Growth/differentiation factor 8 (sprot)

A growth/differentiation factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to gravity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.


positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


skeletal muscle atrophy

A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.


negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.


skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.


myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


response to muscle activity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.


ovulation cycle process

A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


response to testosterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.


muscle cell cellular homeostasis

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.


response to electrical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.


cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation.


negative regulation of satellite cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell differentiation.


negative regulation of myoblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.


UN13B_HUMAN Protein unc-13 homolog B (sprot)

A protein unc-13 homolog B that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of synaptic vesicle priming

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.


synaptic vesicle priming

A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane.


acrosomal vesicle exocytosis

The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.


cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.


positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). IPSP is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


neuronal dense core vesicle exocytosis

The secretion of molecules (e.g. neuropeptides, insulin-related peptides or neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine) contained within a neuronal dense core vesicle by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of a neuron in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels.


terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


presynaptic active zone

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.


SH21B_HUMAN SH2 domain-containing protein 1B (sprot)

An SH2 domain-containing protein 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


leukocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.


TR10C_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C that is encoded in the genome of human.


RPC1_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC1 (sprot)

A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.


RNA polymerase III complex

RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


TAAR5_HUMAN Trace amine-associated receptor 5 (sprot)

A trace amine-associated receptor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


trimethylamine receptor activity

Combining with the biogenic amine trimethylamine to initiate a change in cell activity.


sensory perception of chemical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


RASM_HUMAN Ras-related protein M-Ras (sprot)

A Ras-related protein M-Ras that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPLX1_HUMAN Complexin-1 (sprot)

A complexin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


regulation of exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic active zone membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane.


regulation of exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles into the postsynaptic membrane.


calyx of Held

The terminal specialization of a calyciferous axon which forms large synapses in the mammalian auditory central nervous system.


A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 3, and a complexin (or orthologs thereof).


PHX2A_HUMAN Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2A (sprot)

A paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


noradrenergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.


somatic motor neuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


oculomotor nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.


trochlear nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the trochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.


locus ceruleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.


midbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).


regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.


sympathetic nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.


dopaminergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.


CAN9_HUMAN Calpain-9 (sprot)

A calpain-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSN4_HUMAN Tetraspanin-4 (sprot)

A tetraspanin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


antigen binding

Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.


PSA7_HUMAN Proteasome subunit alpha type-7 (sprot)

A proteasome subunit alpha type-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proteasome core complex

A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex.


proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex

The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two outer rings of the proteasome core complex. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.


RGRF2_HUMAN Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (sprot)

A Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


long-term synaptic potentiation

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.


SCAM3_HUMAN Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3 (sprot)

A secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPE1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


manganese ion binding

Binding to a manganese ion (Mn).


detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


PPE2_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 2 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Hsp70 protein binding

Binding to a Hsp70 protein, heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size.


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.


regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


regulation of JUN kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


PAHX_HUMAN Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal (sprot)

A phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


ferrous iron binding

Binding to a ferrous iron ion, Fe(II).


carboxylic acid binding

Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + phytanoyl-CoA = 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA + CO2 + succinate.


2-oxoglutarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.


isoprenoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


2-oxobutyrate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2.


methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain.


TR13B_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B that is encoded in the genome of human.


OPLA_HUMAN 5-oxoprolinase (sprot)

A 5-oxoprolinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxo-L-proline + ATP + 2 H2O = L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


FFAR1_HUMAN Free fatty acid receptor 1 (sprot)

A free fatty acid receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


bioactive lipid receptor activity

Combining with a bioactive lipid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. A bioactive lipid is a lipid for which changes in lipid levels result in functional consequences in a variety of cellular processes.


phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).


negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


response to fatty acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.


ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of an ion channel.


FFAR3_HUMAN Free fatty acid receptor 3 (sprot)

A free fatty acid receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mucosal immune response

An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.


positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.


positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.


regulation of norepinephrine secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.


negative regulation of blood pressure

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased.


regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.


regulation of hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.


cellular response to fatty acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.


regulation of peptide hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.


AIM2_HUMAN Interferon-inducible protein AIM2 (sprot)

An interferon-inducible protein AIM2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.


activation of innate immune response

Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.


pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.


positive regulation of defense response to virus by host

Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.


T cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


regulation of behavior

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.


neuron cellular homeostasis

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.


pyroptosis

A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18.


AIM2 inflammasome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the AIM2 inflammasome complex.


pyroptosome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pyroptosome complex.


positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


AIM2 inflammasome complex

An inflammasome complex that consists of AIM2, ASC, and caspase-1. AIM2 is a member of the HN-200 protein family that appears to be the sensor of cytosolic double-stranded DNA.


ZNT4_HUMAN Probable proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A4 (sprot)

A probable proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of zinc (Zn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


zinc ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a zinc II ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


zinc export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of zinc ions from a cell, into the extracellular region.


BACH1_HUMAN Transcription regulator protein BACH1 (sprot)

A transcription regulator protein BACH1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ligand-activated transcription factor activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand and that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets. Examples include the lac and trp repressors in E.coli and steroid hormone receptors.


BCKD_HUMAN [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase [lipoamide]] kinase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase [lipoamide]] kinase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


[3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) = ADP + 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphate.


amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


branched-chain amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.


mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.


IFIT3_HUMAN Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (sprot)

An interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


antiviral innate immune response

A defense response against viruses mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


MGST3_HUMAN Glutathione S-transferase 3, mitochondrial (sprot)

A microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


leukotriene-C4 synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: leukotriene C(4) = glutathione + leukotriene A(4).


prostanoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.


leukotriene biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


GEMI2_HUMAN Gem-associated protein 2 (sprot)

A gem-associated protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


spliceosomal complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.


negative regulation of RNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.


SMN complex

A protein complex that contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and Unrip proteins; the complex is found in the cytoplasm and in nuclear Gems, and is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and in pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus.


Gemini of coiled bodies

Nuclear bodies frequently found near or associated with Cajal bodies (also called coiled bodies or CBs). Gemini of coiled bodies, or 'gems', are similar in size and shape to CBs, and often indistinguishable under the microscope. Unlike CBs, gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs); they contain a protein called survivor of motor neurons (SMN) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis. Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis, and to play a role in the etiology of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).


spliceosomal complex

Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.


SMN-Sm protein complex

A protein complex formed by the association of several methylated Sm proteins with the SMN complex; the latter contains the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and at least eight additional integral components, including the Gemin2-8 and unrip proteins; additional proteins, including galectin-1 and galectin-3, are also found in the SMN-SM complex. The SMN-Sm complex is involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm.


T4S5_HUMAN Transmembrane 4 L6 family member 5 (sprot)

A transmembrane 4 L6 family member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRF6_HUMAN Interferon regulatory factor 6 (sprot)

An interferon regulatory factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


keratinocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.


cell development

The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place.


limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.


mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland.


KLF11_HUMAN Krueppel-like factor 11 (sprot)

A krueppel-like factor 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to peptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.


WNT9A_HUMAN Protein Wnt-9a (sprot)

A protein Wnt-9a that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


iris morphogenesis

The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.


cornea development in camera-type eye

The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.


embryonic skeletal joint development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.


WNT9B_HUMAN Protein Wnt-9b (sprot)

A protein Wnt-9b that is encoded in the genome of human.


co-receptor binding

Binding to a coreceptor. A coreceptor acts in cooperation with a primary receptor to transmit a signal within the cell.


branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.


regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.


regulation of asymmetric cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.


male genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


response to retinoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.


regulation of tube size

Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes.


embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


kidney rudiment formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a kidney rudiment from unspecified parts. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis

The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


collecting duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.


establishment of planar polarity involved in nephron morphogenesis

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the shaping of a nephron.


metanephric tubule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule.


mesonephric duct formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric duct. A mesonephric duct is a tube that drains the mesonephros.


negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.


midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron.


TX1B3_HUMAN Tax1-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A Tax1-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of protein localization to cell surface

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.


GIPC1_HUMAN PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 (sprot)

A PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


myosin binding

Binding to a myosin; myosins are any of a superfamily of molecular motor proteins that bind to actin and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments.


glutamate secretion

The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.


endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


positive regulation of melanin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.


cellular response to interleukin-7

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-7 stimulus.


vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.


dendritic shaft

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.


LIN7A_HUMAN Protein lin-7 homolog A (sprot)

A protein lin-7 homolog A that is encoded in the genome of human.


L27 domain binding

Binding to a L27 domain of a protein. L27 is composed of conserved negatively charged amino acids and a conserved aromatic amino acid. L27 domains can assemble proteins involved in signaling and establishment and maintenance of cell polarity into complexes by interacting in a heterodimeric manner.


inner ear development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


PCD17_HUMAN Protocadherin-17 (sprot)

A protocadherin-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


adult behavior

Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


synaptic membrane adhesion

The attachment of presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


presynaptic active zone assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynaptic active zone. The presynaptic active zone is a specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.


regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.


IKKB_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (sprot)

An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IkappaB kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + IkappaB protein = ADP + IkappaB phosphoprotein.


transferrin receptor binding

Binding to a transferrin receptor.


stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.


peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.


cortical actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.


toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 3.


negative regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.


regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.


negative regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.


IkappaB kinase complex

A trimeric protein complex that phosphorylates inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) proteins. The complex is composed of two kinase subunits (alpha and beta) and a regulatory gamma subunit (also called NEMO). In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to inhibitory IKB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


RGS13_HUMAN Regulator of G-protein signaling 13 (sprot)

A regulator of G-protein signaling 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


RGS12_HUMAN Regulator of G-protein signaling 12 (sprot)

A regulator of G-protein signaling 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TIM23_HUMAN Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim23 (sprot)

A mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex

The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that typically transports proteins that possess a matrix-targeting N-terminal presequence. The TIM23 complex contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor.


FSCN2_HUMAN Fascin-2 (sprot)

A fascin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HAT1_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase type B catalytic subunit (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase type B catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone.


histone H4K12 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 12) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 12).


internal protein amino acid acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.


subtelomeric heterochromatin formation

The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.


NCTR3_HUMAN Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 (sprot)

A natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a cell, leading to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.


cell recognition

The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


UB2L6_HUMAN Ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 (sprot)

A ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ISG15 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y = Y-ISG15 + X, where both X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 are covalent linkages.


ubiquitin binding

Binding to ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.


ISG15-protein conjugation

The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein.


CSKP_HUMAN Peripheral plasma membrane protein CASK (sprot)

A peripheral plasma membrane protein CASK that is encoded in the genome of human.


guanylate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP.


negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.


GMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


GDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.


negative regulation of wound healing

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


calcium ion import

The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


positive regulation of calcium ion import

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


negative regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


nuclear lamina

The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane.


PLD2_HUMAN Phospholipase D2 (sprot)

A phospholipase D2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phospholipase D activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.


N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D activity

Catalysis of the release of N-acylethanolamine from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to generate N-acylethanolamine (NAE).


phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.


EREG_HUMAN Proepiregulin (sprot)

A proepiregulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.


female meiotic nuclear division

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.


mRNA transcription

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.


ovulation

The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.


ERBB2-EGFR signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and EGFR. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as EGFR.


ERBB2-ERBB4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB4 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB4. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB4.


ERBB4-ERBB4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4, followed by ligand-induced homodimerization of ERBB4 and transmission of the signal into the cell by the homodimeric ERBB4 complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


luteinizing hormone signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


response to peptide hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.


positive regulation of DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.


primary follicle stage

The stage in oogenesis when a single layer of cuboidal follicle cells surrounds the oocyte. The oocyte nucleus is large.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.


clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle.


TFEC_HUMAN Transcription factor EC (sprot)

A transcription factor EC that is encoded in the genome of human.


cellular response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


QCR8_HUMAN Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 (sprot)

A cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c

The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.


subthalamus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subthalamus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subthalamus is the anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis.


pons development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.