intermembrane lipid transfer

The transport of lipids between membranes in which a lipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).


early endosome

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A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


POTB3_HUMAN POTE ankyrin domain family member B3 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the POTEB3 gene in human.


IGLC7_HUMAN Immunoglobulin lambda constant 7 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGLC7 gene in human.


B cell receptor signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


IgG immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgG immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


IgD immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgD immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


IgE immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgE immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


IgA immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component. An IgA immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


IgM immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


SHOT1_HUMAN Shootin-1 (sprot)

A shootin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


kinesin binding

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Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.


actin filament binding

Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.


substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension

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The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.


Ras protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


Cdc42 protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.


netrin-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a netrin protein to its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Netrins can act as chemoattractant signals for some cells and chemorepellent signals for others. Netrins also have roles outside of cell and axon guidance.


positive regulation of axon extension

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.


cytoplasmic actin-based contraction involved in cell motility

The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell from one place to another.


endoplasmic reticulum polarization

The endoplasmic reticulum organization process that results in the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum being oriented in the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum polarization serves as a mechanism to compartmentalize cellular activities and to establish cell polarity.


actin filament bundle retrograde transport

A process of actin filament bundle distribution that results in the arrangement of actin filament bundles from the periphery toward the interior of the cell.


regulation of establishment of cell polarity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.


positive regulation of neuron migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.


microtubule

Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.


microtubule cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.


lamellipodium

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


filopodium

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.


growth cone

The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.


cell leading edge

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.


perikaryon

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.


axonal growth cone

The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon.


perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.


microtubule associated complex

Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule.


DHR12_HUMAN Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 12 (sprot)

A dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SC5AA_HUMAN Sodium/mannose cotransporter SLC5A10 (sprot)

A sodium/glucose cotransporter 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-mannose(out) + Na+(out) = D-mannose(in) + Na+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-fructose(out) + Na+(out) = D-fructose(in) + Na+(in).


hexose transmembrane transport

The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


fructose transmembrane transport

The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.


mannose transmembrane transport

The process in which mannose is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Mannose is the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.


sodium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glucose transmembrane transport

The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane.


apical plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.


extracellular exosome

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.


TM223_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 223 (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 223 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial ribosome binding

Binding to a mitochondrial ribosome.


mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


mitochondrial inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.


DAPL1_HUMAN Death-associated protein-like 1 (sprot)

A death-associated protein-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


translation repressor activity

Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


translation initiation factor binding

Binding to a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


ribosome binding

Binding to a ribosome.


negative regulation of translation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


ribosome hibernation

A cellular process that results in the silencing of ribosomes in quiescent cells. Quiescence takes place when cells encounter unfavorable conditions and cease to grow in bacteria and yeast. It also takes place in some specialized cells in higher eukaryotes, such as eggs. Ribosomes in a hibernation state are kept silent via association with proteins with inhibitory and protective functions.


negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.


CIB4_HUMAN Calcium and integrin-binding family member 4 (sprot)

A calcium and integrin-binding family member 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SHSA3_HUMAN Protein shisa-3 homolog (sprot)

A protein shisa-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


TMM82_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 82 (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 82 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FEZF1_HUMAN Fez family zinc finger protein 1 (sprot)

A fez family zinc finger protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


negative regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


olfactory bulb development

The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.


forebrain anterior/posterior pattern specification

The creation of specific areas of progenitor domains along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing forebrain.


cell dedifferentiation

The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.


positive regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.


interneuron migration

The orderly movement of an interneuron from one site to another.


GXLT2_HUMAN Glucoside xylosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A glucoside xylosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UDP-xylosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group from UDP-xylose to an acceptor molecule.


Catalyzes the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-xylose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine <=> UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine.


O-glycan processing

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.


T120B_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 120B (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 120B that is encoded in the genome of human.


monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a monoatomic ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).


fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.


protein heterooligomerization

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


nuclear inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope.


TMM72_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 72 (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 72 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLRN2_HUMAN Clarin-2 (sprot)

A clarin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sensory perception of sound

The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.


auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.


stereocilium maintenance

The organization process that preserves a stereocilium in a stable functional or structural state.


stereocilium bundle

A bundle of cross-linked stereocilia, arranged around a kinocilium on the apical surface of a sensory hair cell (e.g. a neuromast, auditory or vestibular hair cell). Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.


stereocilium membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a stereocilium.


CC50C_HUMAN Cell cycle control protein 50C (sprot)

A cell cycle control protein 50C that is encoded in the genome of human.


macromolecule localization

Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


S66AL_HUMAN Putative uncharacterized protein SLC66A1L (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the SLC66A1L gene in human.


L-lysine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-lysine across a membrane.


RHG10_HUMAN Rho GTPase-activating protein 10 (sprot)

A Rho GTPase-activating protein 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTPase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.


regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.


endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.


CF119_HUMAN Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 119 (sprot)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 189 that is encoded in the genome of human.


acrosomal vesicle

A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.


sperm principal piece

The segment of the sperm flagellum where the mitochondrial sheath ends, and the outer dense fibers (ODFs) associated with outer axonemal doublets 3 and 8 are replaced by the 2 longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath (FS) which run the length of the principal piece and are stabilized by circumferential ribs. The principal piece makes up ~2/3 of the length of the sperm flagellum and is defined by the presence of the FS and of only 7 (rather than 9) ODFs which taper and then terminate near the distal end of the principal piece.


IRGM_HUMAN Immunity-related GTPase family M protein (sprot)

An immunity-related GTPase family M protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


G protein activity

A molecular function regulator that cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular processes. Intrinsic GTPase activity returns the G protein to its GDP-bound state. The return to the GDP-bound state can be accelerated by the action of a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).


protein kinase binding

Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.


protein-macromolecule adaptor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.


protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.


CARD domain binding

Binding to a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family.


BH3 domain binding

Binding to a BH3 protein domain, present in Bcl-2 family members. The BH3 domain is a potent death domain and has an important role in protein-protein interactions and in cell death.


autophagosome assembly

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.


positive regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.


inflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.


positive regulation of autophagy

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


protein destabilization

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.


negative regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


negative regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


positive regulation of macrophage activation

Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.


negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


regulation of protein-containing complex assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.


negative regulation of defense response to virus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.


negative regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.


defense response to Gram-negative bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


positive regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.


regulation of protein complex stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.


protein lipidation involved in autophagosome assembly

The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly.


CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade

The series of molecular signals in which calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity enabled by a CAMKK directly activates an AMPK. The cascade begins with calmodulin binding calcium which in turn binds CAMKK enabling its calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. The cascade ends with AMP-activated protein kinase activity.


protein-containing complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.


nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring as part of autophagy, the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


cellular response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


autophagosome maturation

Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling.


cellular response to virus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.


negative regulation of cGAS/STING signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cGAS/STING signaling pathway.


negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.


positive regulation of autophagosome maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.


positive regulation of mitophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.


positive regulation of xenophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.


positive regulation of lysosome organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.


autophagosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagosome, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered.


Golgi membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.


phagocytic cup

An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.


phagocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.


cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


F170A_HUMAN Protein FAM170A (sprot)

A protein FAM170A that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription by RNA polymerase II

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).


KR231_HUMAN Keratin-associated protein 23-1 (sprot)

A keratin-associated protein 23-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANO9_HUMAN Anoctamin-9 (sprot)

An anoctamin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a calcium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


phospholipid scramblase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism.


lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.


chloride transport

The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


establishment of localization in cell

Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.


calcium activated phosphatidylserine scrambling

The movement of a population of phosphatidylserine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.


calcium activated phosphatidylcholine scrambling

The movement of a population of phosphatidylcholine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.


calcium activated galactosylceramide scrambling

The movement of a population of galactosylceramide molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.


negative regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.


S22AN_HUMAN Solute carrier family 22 member 23 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 22 member 23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


monoatomic ion transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


transmembrane transport

The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


BICL2_HUMAN BICD family-like cargo adapter 2 (sprot)

A BICD family-like cargo adapter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


small GTPase binding

Binding to a small monomeric GTPase.


ODAM_HUMAN Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (sprot)

An odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of gene expression

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


biomineral tissue development

Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.


positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.


cell periphery

The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell,  encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.


mitotic spindle

A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules.


supramolecular fiber

A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.


F168B_HUMAN Myelin-associated neurite-outgrowth inhibitor (sprot)

A myelin-associated neurite-outgrowth inhibitor that is encoded in the genome of human.


PXDNL_HUMAN Probable oxidoreductase PXDNL (sprot)

A probable oxidoreductase PXDNL that is encoded in the genome of human.


endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks.


peroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a donor + a peroxide = an oxidized donor + 2 H2O.


lactoperoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 a phenolic donor + H2O2 = 2 a phenolic radical donor + 2 H2O.


response to oxidative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


cellular oxidant detoxification

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.


MEX3A_HUMAN RNA-binding protein MEX3A (sprot)

An RNA-binding protein MEX3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


HACL2_HUMAN 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 2 (sprot)

A 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.


thiamine pyrophosphate binding

Binding to thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases.


fatty acid alpha-oxidation

A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway.


TSN11_HUMAN Tetraspanin-11 (sprot)

A tetraspanin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ERIC2_HUMAN Glutamate-rich protein 2 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ERICH2 gene in human.


U2QL1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q-like protein 1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y = Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


CT202_HUMAN Uncharacterized protein C20orf202 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the C20orf202 gene in human.


NDUF8_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 8 (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.


SYCE3_HUMAN Synaptonemal complex central element protein 3 (sprot)

A synaptonemal complex central element protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


apoptotic process

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


synaptonemal complex assembly

The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.


reciprocal meiotic recombination

The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a single or double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity.


ectopic germ cell programmed cell death

Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.


positive regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.


positive regulation of developmental process

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


cell division

The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.


positive regulation of reproductive process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.


central element

A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements.


chromosome

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


IGS23_HUMAN Immunoglobulin superfamily member 23 (sprot)

An immunoglobulin superfamily member 23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


osteoclast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


PKHG3_HUMAN Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family G member 3 (sprot)

A pleckstrin homology domain-containing family G member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


actin binding

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.


regulation of cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


ELOV7_HUMAN Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7 (sprot)

An elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


fatty acid elongase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid (C-16 or longer) + 2-C = fatty acid (C-16 or longer with an additional 2-C unit). This reaction is the condensation step of the endoplasmic reticulum fatty acid elongation cycle.


unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.


fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid

Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain.


fatty acid elongation, polyunsaturated fatty acid

Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which two or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.


long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.


very long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a very long chain fatty acid, a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 22 or more carbons.


MT1DP_HUMAN Putative metallothionein MT1DP (sprot)


GG12C_HUMAN G antigen 12B/C/D/E (sprot)

A G antigen 12B/C/D/E that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRS38_HUMAN Serine protease 38 (sprot)

A serine protease MPN2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRCRL_HUMAN Soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D (sprot)

A soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D that is encoded in the genome of human.


fibronectin binding

Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.


scavenger receptor activity

Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, amyloid-beta fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).


extracellular matrix binding

Binding to a component of the extracellular matrix.


negative regulation of interleukin-8 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.


detection of bacterial lipoprotein

The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).


An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.


FSD2_HUMAN Fibronectin type III and SPRY domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A fibronectin type III and SPRY domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sarcoplasmic reticulum

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.


SPD2B_HUMAN SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2B (sprot)

An SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2B that is encoded in the genome of human.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.


SH2 domain binding

Binding to a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 5' positions.


skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).


eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.


superoxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.


heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


extracellular matrix disassembly

A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.


bone development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.


adipose tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.


podosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.


protein localization to membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


podosome

An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.


anchoring junction

A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.


CBAR1_HUMAN CBY1-interacting BAR domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A CBY1-interacting BAR domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phospholipid binding

Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


inner mitochondrial membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.


limb morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping.


positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.


membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.


membrane tubulation

A membrane organization process resulting in the formation of a tubular projection. This may face inwardly (as in tubular membrane invaginations) or outwardly (as in endosomal tubules).


centriole

A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.


mitochondrial crista

Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria.


ciliary transition zone

A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm.


ciliary base

Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.


ZBT7C_HUMAN Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 7C (sprot)

A zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 7C that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


MACD2_HUMAN ADP-ribose glycohydrolase MACROD2 (sprot)

An ADP-ribose glycohydrolase MACROD2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.


deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.


ADP-ribosylglutamate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + H2O = L-glutamyl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.


DNA damage response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.


brain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


response to bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.


purine nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


protein de-ADP-ribosylation

The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein.


peptidyl-glutamate ADP-deribosylation

The removal of ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylglutamate.


ZC12D_HUMAN Probable ribonuclease ZC3H12D (sprot)

A probable ribonuclease ZC3H12D that is encoded in the genome of human.


3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization

An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.


cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.


SRTM1_HUMAN Serine-rich and transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A serine-rich and transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.


FRMD3_HUMAN FERM domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A FERM domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cytoskeletal protein binding

Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).


PTPC1_HUMAN Protein tyrosine phosphatase domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A protein tyrosine phosphatase domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.


PIPSL_HUMAN Putative PIP5K1A and PSMD4-like protein (sprot)

A putative PIP5K1A and PSMD4-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


BCLA3_HUMAN BCLAF1 and THRAP3 family member 3 (sprot)

A BCLAF1 and THRAP3 family member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DYTN_HUMAN Dystrotelin (sprot)

A dystrotelin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCD78_HUMAN Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 78 (sprot)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 78 that is encoded in the genome of human.


skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.


cell projection organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


de novo centriole assembly involved in multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation

Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron-dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole, and occurring as part of multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.


sarcolemma

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.


deuterosome

A spherical, electron dense, cytoplasmic structure that is involved in de novo assembly of centrioles.


KV229_HUMAN Immunoglobulin kappa variable 2-29 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the IGKV2-29 gene in human.


HFM1_HUMAN Probable ATP-dependent DNA helicase HFM1 (sprot)

A probable ATP-dependent DNA helicase HFM1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nucleic acid binding

Binding to a nucleic acid.


ATP hydrolysis activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.


DNA duplex unwinding

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.


ZN320_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 320 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 320 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WDR27_HUMAN WD repeat-containing protein 27 (sprot)

A WD repeat-containing protein 27 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TM213_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 213 (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 213 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NBAS_HUMAN NBAS subunit of NRZ tethering complex (sprot)

An NBAS subunit of NRZ tethering complex that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNARE binding

Binding to a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein.


retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.


negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


Dsl1/NZR complex

A multisubunit tethering complex, i.e. a protein complex involved in mediating the initial interaction between vesicles and the membranes with which they fuse, that is involved in trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the ER. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the Dsl1p complex contains Dsl1p, Tip20p, and Sec39p.


SYTC2_HUMAN Threonine--tRNA ligase 2, cytoplasmic (sprot)

A threonine--tRNA ligase 2, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human.


threonine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) = AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr).


threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. The threonyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a threonine-accetping tRNA.


HEAT9_HUMAN Protein HEATR9 (sprot)

A protein HEATR9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TM218_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 218 (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 218 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TESP1_HUMAN Protein TESPA1 (sprot)

A protein TESPA1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


signaling receptor binding

Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


phospholipase binding

Binding to a phospholipase.


protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


COP9 signalosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a COP9 signalosome.


T cell differentiation in thymus

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


TCR signalosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TCR signalosome.


positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


COP9 signalosome

A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome.


TCR signalosome

A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology.


SMCO3_HUMAN Single-pass membrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A single-pass membrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HYKK_HUMAN Hydroxylysine kinase (sprot)

An aminoglycoside phosphotransferase domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hydroxylysine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine + GTP = 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine + GDP + 2 H+.


lysine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


HMX2_HUMAN Homeobox protein HMX2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein HMX2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


inner ear morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.


positive regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.


epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


stem cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


positive regulation of stem cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.


F234B_HUMAN Protein FAM234B (sprot)

A protein FAM234B that is encoded in the genome of human.


microtubule organizing center

An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.


MEIOC_HUMAN Meiosis-specific coiled-coil domain-containing protein MEIOC (sprot)

A meiosis-specific coiled-coil domain-containing protein MEIOC that is encoded in the genome of human.


double-strand break repair

The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


spermatid development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


oocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


metaphase chromosome alignment

A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


germline cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle

The process in which a germline cell switches cell cycle mode from mitotic to meiotic division.


chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle

A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.


CCD66_HUMAN Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 66 (sprot)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 66 that is encoded in the genome of human.


microtubule bundle formation

A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.


retina homeostasis

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception

The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


regulation of protein localization to cilium

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.


photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.


photoreceptor inner segment

The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.


centriolar satellite

A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.


Flemming body

A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge.


TYW5_HUMAN tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 5 (sprot)

A tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


tRNA binding

Binding to a transfer RNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + 7-[(3S)-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)]-wyosine37 in tRNAPhe = succinate + carbon dioxide + 7-(2-hydroxy-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-wyosine37 in tRNAPhe.


wybutosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


MBPHL_HUMAN Myosin-binding protein H-like (sprot)

A myosin-binding protein H-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


in utero embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


sarcomere

The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


myofilament

Any of the smallest contractile units of a myofibril (striated muscle fiber).


C144A_HUMAN Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 144A (sprot)

A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 144A that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcium oxalate binding

Binding to calcium oxalate, CaC2O4, a salt of oxalic acid. In animals, it may be excreted in urine or retained in the form of urinary calculi.


DEND3_HUMAN DENN domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A DENN domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


endosome to lysosome transport

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.


protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


TMM89_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 89 (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 89 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COLL1_HUMAN Colipase-like protein 1 (sprot)

A colipase-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


enzyme activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme.


digestion

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


DCD2B_HUMAN Doublecortin domain-containing protein 2B (sprot)

A doublecortin domain-containing protein 2B that is encoded in the genome of human.


FUCM_HUMAN Fucose mutarotase (sprot)

A fucose mutarotase that is encoded in the genome of human.


racemase and epimerase activity, acting on carbohydrates and derivatives

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a carbohydrate molecule.


L-fucose mutarotase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-L-fucose = beta-L-fucose.


fucose binding

Binding to fucose, the pentose 6-deoxygalactose.


fucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.


T131L_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 131-like (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 131-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


Wnt signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.


negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.


SSPO_HUMAN SCO-spondin (sprot)

A SCO-spondin that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


plasma membrane protein complex

Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.


OR2M5_HUMAN Olfactory receptor 2M5 (sprot)

An olfactory receptor 2M5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VWA8_HUMAN von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 8 (sprot)

A von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


peroxisome

A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.


SBNO1_HUMAN Protein strawberry notch homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein strawberry notch homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRA22_HUMAN PRAME family member 22 (sprot)

A PRAME family member 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRA27_HUMAN PRAME family member 27 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the PRAMEF27 gene in human.


LAMB4_HUMAN Laminin subunit beta-4 (sprot)

A laminin subunit beta-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


basement membrane

A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.


SIM30_HUMAN Small integral membrane protein 30 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the SMIM30 gene in human.


CPED1_HUMAN Cadherin-like and PC-esterase domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A cadherin-like and PC-esterase domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ISPD_HUMAN D-ribitol-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (sprot)

A D-ribitol-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribitol 5-phosphate + CTP = CDP-ribitol + diphosphate.


cytidylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a cytidylyl group to an acceptor.


isoprenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


protein O-linked mannosylation

The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.


F221A_HUMAN Protein FAM221A (sprot)

A protein FAM221A that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSAP_HUMAN Gamma-secretase-activating protein (sprot)

A protein pigeon that is encoded in the genome of human.


amyloid-beta binding

Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein.


regulation of proteolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.


trans-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


Z804B_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 804B (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 804B that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTPBA_HUMAN GTP-binding protein 10 (sprot)

A GTP-binding protein 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribosome biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


LRRD1_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat and death domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat and death domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WDR91_HUMAN WD repeat-containing protein 91 (sprot)

A WD repeat-containing protein 91 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and decreases the activity of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).


regulation of protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


early endosome to late endosome transport

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.


early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.


KLRG2_HUMAN Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 2 (sprot)

A killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


carbohydrate binding

Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


RAB19_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-19 (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rab-19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRS37_HUMAN Probable inactive serine protease 37 (sprot)

A probable inactive serine protease 37 that is encoded in the genome of human.


binding of sperm to zona pellucida

The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.


germ cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.


cell migration

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.


protein maturation

Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


regulation of protein processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, a protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


positive regulation of fertilization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.


positive regulation of acrosome reaction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.


DEN11_HUMAN DENN domain-containing protein 11 (sprot)

A DENN domain-containing protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRIFN_HUMAN Grifin (sprot)

A grifin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CC14C_HUMAN Dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14C (sprot)

A dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14C that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMIP7_HUMAN Protein SPMIP7 (sprot)

A spermatogenesis-associated protein 48 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MBLC1_HUMAN Metallo-beta-lactamase domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A metallo-beta-lactamase domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.


histone mRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.


mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.


positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


PM2P1_HUMAN Putative postmeiotic segregation increased 2-like protein 1 (sprot)

A putative postmeiotic segregation increased 2-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity

A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, and initiates a signaling response, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


mismatch repair

A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.


mismatch repair complex

Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


O2A25_HUMAN Olfactory receptor 2A25 (sprot)

An olfactory receptor 2A25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GRD2I_HUMAN Delphilin (sprot)

A delphilin that is encoded in the genome of human.


long-term synaptic depression

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the decrease in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.


regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels

Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.


regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol.


postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse

An excitatory synapse formed by the parallel fibers of granule cells synapsing onto the dendrites of Purkinje cells.


postsynaptic density, intracellular component

A network of proteins adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane forming an electron dense disc. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize neurotransmitter receptors in the adjacent membrane, such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


cerebellar granule cell to Purkinje cell synapse

A synapse of a granule cell fiber onto the dendrites of a Purkinje cell in cerebellum.


MTMRB_HUMAN Myotubularin-related protein 11 (sprot)

A myotubularin-related protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SH321_HUMAN SH3 domain-containing protein 21 (sprot)

An SH3 domain-containing protein 21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EFCB5_HUMAN EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 5 (sprot)

An EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EME2_HUMAN Probable crossover junction endonuclease EME2 (sprot)

A probable crossover junction endonuclease EME2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


replication fork processing

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.


nuclear replication fork

The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


endodeoxyribonuclease complex

A protein complex which is capable of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


S35F4_HUMAN Solute carrier family 35 member F4 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 35 member F4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CFA90_HUMAN Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 90 (sprot)

An uncharacterized protein C5orf49 that is encoded in the genome of human.


axoneme

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.


PI4P2_HUMAN Putative phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha-like protein P2 (sprot)

A putative phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha-like protein P2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.


XIRP2_HUMAN Xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 (sprot)

An Xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


stress fiber

A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.


focal adhesion

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


alpha-actinin binding

Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.


ventricular septum development

The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.


cell-cell junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.


cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.


Z disc

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.


POTEF_HUMAN POTE ankyrin domain family member F (sprot)

A POTE ankyrin domain family member F that is encoded in the genome of human.


postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


cell cortex

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.


blood microparticle

A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids.


FITM1_HUMAN Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 (sprot)

A fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


triglyceride binding

Binding to a triester of glycerol.


diacylglycerol binding

Binding to a diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids.


CoA pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme A or its derivatives + H2O = 3',5'-ADP + 4'-phosphopantetheine.


positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


lipid droplet organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle.


lipid droplet formation

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a lipid droplet.


CL18A_HUMAN C-type lectin domain family 18 member A (sprot)

A C-type lectin domain family 18 member A that is encoded in the genome of human.


polysaccharide binding

Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


endosome

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.


VP37C_HUMAN Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37C (sprot)

A vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37C that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcium-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium.


macroautophagy

The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.


multivesicular body assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.


viral budding via host ESCRT complex

Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.


protein transport to vacuole involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.


membrane fission

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.


ESCRT I complex

An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.


ODAD3_HUMAN Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 3 (sprot)

An outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


determination of left/right symmetry

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


outer dynein arm assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.


cilium movement

The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.


flagellated sperm motility

The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm.


multicellular organism growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.


epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

The movement of cilia of epithelial cells of the Left Right Organizer (LRO), also referred to as the node in mouse or the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish, resulting in the leftward fluid flow across the LRO and generation or transport of a signal which determines asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.


determination of heart left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


cerebrospinal fluid circulation

The neurological system process driven by motile cilia on ependymal cells of the brain by which cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the sites of secretion to the sites of absorption. In ventricular cavities, the flow is unidirectional and rostrocaudal, in subarachnoid spaces, the flow is multi-directional.


regulation of cilium assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.


outer dynein arm docking complex

A complex which stabilizes the binding of and correctly positions the outer dynein arm complex along an A-tubule of the flagellar axoneme outer doublet microtubules.


CFA69_HUMAN Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 69 (sprot)

A cilia- and flagella-associated protein 69 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sperm axoneme assembly

The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.


sensory perception of smell

The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.


olfactory behavior

The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.


positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.


response to odorant

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.


sperm midpiece

The highly organized segment of the sperm flagellum which begins at the connecting piece and is characterized by the presence of 9 outer dense fibers (ODFs) that lie outside each of the 9 outer axonemal microtubule doublets and by a sheath of mitochondria that encloses the ODFs and the axoneme; the midpiece terminates about one-fourth of the way down the sperm flagellum at the annulus, which marks the beginning of the principal piece.


non-motile cilium

A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.


PSB11_HUMAN Proteasome subunit beta type-11 (sprot)

A proteasome subunit beta type-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


threonine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


proteasome core complex, beta-subunit complex

The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two inner rings of the proteasome core complex. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.


PSD1_HUMAN PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuron projection development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


regulation of ARF protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction.


cleavage furrow

The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.


ruffle membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle.


dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.


KRBA1_HUMAN Protein KRBA1 (sprot)

A protein KRBA1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RGSL_HUMAN Regulator of G-protein signaling protein-like (sprot)

A regulator of G-protein signaling protein-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


AN34B_HUMAN Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 34B (sprot)

An ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 34B that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDES1_HUMAN Plasmanylethanolamine desaturase 1 (sprot)

A plasmanylethanolamine desaturase that is encoded in the genome of human.