cannabis dependence

Physical and psychological dependence on the drug cannabis.


5-carbamoylmethyl uridine residue modification

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the addition of a 5-carbamoylmethyl group to a uridine residue in RNA.


synthetic cannabinoid

A class of cannabinoid that consists of synthetic analogs of the naturally occuring cannabinoids.


Heroin

A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.


Methamphetamine

A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.


Wls

A protein wntless homolog that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Diminished mental health

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A reduction in the subjective feeling of mental well being.


major depressive disorder

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An episode of depression lasting two or more weeks without an intervening episode of mania.


Cfi

A complement factor I that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


bodily fluid

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.


PDYN

A proenkephalin-B that is encoded in the genome of human.


Early chronotype

A tendency towards rising very early in the morning and going to bed early in the evening.


theophylline, salbutamol drug combination


Subsequent Relapse

The reemergence of a disorder as diagnosed by clinical and/or laboratory evidence following two or more documented periods of remission.


middle temporal sulcus

A groove or cleft that divides the outer surface of the temporal lobe running in the same direction but at a lower level to the superior temporal sulcus.


primary motor cortex

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The part of the cerebral cortex that receives projections from the motor thalamus and which projects to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex corresponds to Brodmann's area 4 (MM). The primary motor cortex, or M1, is located on the precentral gyrus and on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. Of the three motor cortex areas, stimulation of the primary motor cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement. http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter03.html.


dorsolateral prefrontal cortex layer 1

Most superficial layer of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC).


urine

Excretion that is the output of a kidney.


oculodentodigital dysplasia, autosomal recessive

Autosomal recessive form of oculodentodigital dysplasia.


A cytochrome P450 2D6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A kappa-type opioid receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


Pomc

A pro-opiomelanocortin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A sodium-dependent serotonin transporter that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


amphetamine abuse

Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.


digestive system disorder

A disease or disorder that involves the digestive system.


Tremor

An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.


Malaise

A feeling of general discomfort, weakness, or lack of health.


Hyperhidrosis

Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather.


anorexia nervosa

A disorder most often seen in adolescent females characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, a disturbance in body image, and, in postmenarcheal females, the development of amenorrhea.


HIV Seroconversion

An indication that HIV antibodies have developed and become detectable in the serum.


Respiratory insufficiency

Impairment of gas exchange within the lungs secondary to a disease process, neoplasm, or trauma, possibly resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, but not requiring intubation or mechanical ventilation. Patients are normally managed with pharmaceutical therapy, supplemental oxygen, or both.


Sedated

A state of a lowered level of consciousness.


Nausea

A sensation of unease in the stomach together with an urge to vomit.


Vomiting

Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions.


hepatitis

An active inflammatory process affecting the liver for more than six months. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune disorders, drugs, and metabolic disorders.


bipolar disorder

A disorder of the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Often these moods range and shift from periods of elation and energized behavior to those of hopelessness and depression.


post-traumatic stress disorder

An anxiety disorder precipitated by an experience of intense fear or horror while exposed to a traumatic (especially life-threatening) event. The disorder is characterized by intrusive recurring thoughts or images of the traumatic event; avoidance of anything associated with the event; a state of hyperarousal and diminished emotional responsiveness. These symptoms are present for at least one month and the disorder is usually long-term.


psychiatric disorder

A disorder characterized by behavioral and/or psychological abnormalities, often accompanied by physical symptoms. The symptoms may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of functioning. Representative examples include anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia.


infectious disease

A disorder directly resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, or parasitic agent in humans. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact.


cocaine dependence

A psychologically and socially impaired state, with or without physiological changes, that develops as a result of using cocaine and which leads to compulsive behaviors to acquire the substance.


Opioid-Induced Constipation

Constipation that results from, or follows, treatment with an opioid or opioid-containing medication.


psychotic disorder

An abnormal condition of the mind that involves a loss of contact with reality. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.


liver disorder

A disease involving the liver.


developmental disorder of mental health

A disease of mental health that occur during a child's developmental period between birth and age 18 resulting in retarding of the child's psychological or physical development.


echolocation

Echolocation is the method used by some animals (e.g. bats, dolphins and some whales) to determine the location of something by measuring the time it takes for an echo to return from it. These animals emit sound waves and listen for the echo, calculating the distance to the object from the time lapse between sound emission and the echo returning.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


operant conditioning

Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior.


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by Golgi

The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) out of the Golgi apparatus into the cytosol.


morphine receptor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Combining with morphine (17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diol), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


multidrug resistance-associated protein 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human ABCC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


indole alkaloid

An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.


beta-1 adrenergic receptor

A beta adrenergic receptor that is a translation product of the human ADRB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


eunicellin diterpenoid

Any diterpenoid based on a [8.4.0]tetradecane carbon skeleton. Also known as cladiellins, they are marine metabolites isolated from a variety of corals and octocorals.


blood plasma

The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.


A mu-type opioid receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


medial cortex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A medial cortical band overlaying the nucleus which acts as a landmark for contractile ring positioning and plays a role in cell cycle regulation.


Hypercapnia

Abnormally elevated blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level.


collection of basal ganglia

Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum.


mnb

A protein that is a translation product of the mnb gene in fruit fly.


agranular insular cortex

Agranular region of the insular cortex.


nitrofuran antibiotic

A member of the class of furans in which the furan ring is substituted by a nitro group and which also has significant antibiotic properties.


Cross Link

Any covalent linkage between two polymers or between two different regions of the same polymer.


Favorable response of weakness to acetylcholine esterase inhibitors

Improvement of muscle strength in response to administration of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor.


Type II cryptotia

A type of cryptotia associated with reduction in size of the antihelix and inferior crus that are affected.


epoxide hydrolase 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human EPHX1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


epoxy fatty acid

A heterocyclic fatty acid containing an epoxide ring as part of its structure.


urea herbicide

An herbicide which is primarily composed of urea (also known as carbamide).


Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4


mu-type opioid receptor isoform 2

A mu-type opioid receptor that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P42866-2 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


glycoprotein

A protein that includes at least one glycosylated residue.


A protein that is a translation product of the human ARRB2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


C-terminal proteinogenic amino-acid residue

Any C-terminal alpha-amino-acid residue derived from a proteinogenic amino acid.


Gene Variant Positive

An indication that gene variants were detected in a sample.


serotonergic agonist

An agent that has an affinity for serotonin receptors and is able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. Serotonin agonists are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine disorders.


local anaesthetic

Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.


orexin/hypocretin receptor type 1

An orexin receptor that is a translation product of the human HCRTR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Hypoventilation

A reduction in the amount of air transported into the pulmonary alveoli by breathing, leading to hypercapnia (increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide).


epoxy fatty acid anion

An epoxy monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of any epoxy fatty acid.


endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.


reproductive senescence

A life cycle stage during which the reproductive capacity and fitness of an organism declines.


cell death

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).


3-hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy group located beta- to the carboxylic acid group.


Hyperattenuation

Describes areas on an x-ray or CT scan that show up as brighter than surrounding tissues.


proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src

A proto-oncogene SRC-like tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the human SRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II chain

A protein with a core domain architecture consisting of a Protein kinase domain (Pfam:PF00069) and a C-terminal Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II Association (Pfam:PF08332) domain.


A phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ventral tegmental area

Unpaired midbrain region situated in the ventromedial portion of the reticular formation. The VTA is medial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus, and extends caudally from the posterior hypothalamus in the diencephalon. The VTA contains dopamine neurons that project to various limbic and cortical areas and is a critical component of the brain's reward circuitry.


foot rot

A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see dichelobacter nodosus). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)


Shakes

Unsteadiness or trembling movements of the whole body or a body part.


maytansinoid

Any member of the group of 19-membered lactams that is maytansine or structurally related to it. Maytansinoids have been isolated from members of the higher plant families Celastraceae, Rhamnaceae, and Euphorbiaceae, as well as some mosses and certain Actinomycetes, but the term is used to cover both naturally occurring compounds and their semisynthetic derivatives.


5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A

A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1 that is a translation product of the human HTR1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B

A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2 that is a translation product of the human HTR2B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Parasomnia

An undesirable physical event or experience that occurs during the process of falling asleep, while asleep, or when waking up from sleep.


Flat Affect

The absence of emotional expressiveness.


Sweet craving

Excessive desire to eat sweet foods.


EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor

An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of catechol O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6).


nociceptin receptor

An opioid receptor protein that is a translation product of the human OPRL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is nociceptin.


negative regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in another organism

Any process in which an organism negatively regulates the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.


Abnormal gastrointestinal motility

An anomaly of the muscular contractions that propel food though the gastrointestinal tract.


GNAS gene translation product

A protein that is a translation product of the human GNAS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


heart valve disorder

A disease involving the cardial valve.


tyrosine-protein kinase etk

A protein that is a translation product of the Escherichia coli K-12 etk gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Hapten

A substance that can act as an epitope for an antibody but that lacks immunogenicity unless coupled to a larger carrier molecule.


IgA heavy chain protein

An immunoglobulin heavy chain protein in which the constant region is encoded either by the IgA1 gene segment or the IgA2 gene segment.


sleep apnea syndrome

A disorder characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep.


hypocretin neuropeptide precursor

A protein that is a translation product of the human HCRT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer


A regulator of G-protein signaling 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A regulator of G-protein signaling 9 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Hepatocyte

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A parenchymal liver cell.


A cytochrome P450 3A4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A cytochrome P450 2D9 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


GLP1_CAEEL Protein glp-1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the glp-1 gene in worm.


D-glucose

A glucose with D-configuration.


methylpoly(ethylene glycol)-oly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)


Phenotypic variability

A variability of phenotypic features.


alpha-2A adrenergic receptor

An alpha-2 adrenergic receptor that is a translation product of the human ADRA2A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


semisynthetic derivative

Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.


Body Mass Index Finding

The result of a body mass index measurement.


leptin

A protein that is a translation product of the human LEP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


CRP

A C-reactive protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


self-resistance to endogenously produced metabolite

A process that reduces or removes the toxicity of an endogenously produced substance. Mechanisms of resistance to endogenously produced compounds include modification the compound, export, sequestration, or mutations in the target enzyme.


disease

A disease is a disposition to undergo pathological processes that exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism.


Premature birth

The birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks of gestational age.


bacterial infectious disease with sepsis

An infectious disease caused by bacteria causing sepsis.


Jaundice

Yellow pigmentation of the skin due to bilirubin, which in turn is the result of increased bilirubin concentration in the bloodstream.


visual processing part of nervous system


Visual Disturbance

An interference to normal eyesight.


Developmental Finding

Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to physical, emotional, behavioral, or social development.


developmental process

A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.


rapid-onset childhood obesity-hypothalamic dysfunction-hypoventilation-autonomic dysregulation syndrome

A very rare disorder that appears after the first year and a half of life in previously healthy children. It is characterized by rapid-onset weight gain, hypothalamic dysfunction, breathing abnormalities, and autonomic system dysregulation. The hypothalamic dysfunction manifestations include inability to maintain normal water balance, high prolactin levels, low thyroid, low cortisol, and early or late puberty. The breathing abnormalities include sleep apnea and alveolar hypoventilation, requiring ventilation support. The autonomic system dysregulation includes eye abnormalities, intestinal abnormalities, temperature dysregulation, and low heart rhythm. This disorder requires early recognition because it may lead to cardiorespiratory arrest. Up to 40% of the patients develop tumors of neural crest origin.


Ongur, Price, and Ferry (2003) prefrontal cortical partition scheme region


Emotional Distress

Disturbed mental state characterized by moodiness, irritability, agitation, anxiety, and/or depression resulting from physical or mental stress.


embryo

Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.


frontoparietal bone

An anuran dermal bone that usually is paired and roofs the braincase.


Breech presentation

A position of the fetus at delivery in which the fetus enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first.


end stage renal failure

Long-standing and persistent renal disease with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 15 ml/min.


chronic kidney disease

Impairment of the renal function secondary to chronic kidney damage persisting for three or more months.


endometriosis

The growth of functional endometrial tissue in anatomic sites outside the uterine body. It most often occurs in the pelvic organs.


Pelvic pain

Pain perceived in the area of the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones.


biomarker

A substance used as an indicator  of a biological state.


multicellular organismal process

Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.


Respiratory arrest

Cessation of breathing function.


ribonucleic acid

High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins.


LCT

A lactase/phlorizin hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Injection Site

The anatomic site at which a medication or a vaccine is injected.


HMGS

A protein that is a translation product of the HMGS gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.


Transient unilateral blurring of vision

Transient blurring of vision associated with the aura phase of migraine.


Bloating

Distention of the abdomen associated with a feeling of fullness.


Night sweats

Occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep.


A C-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A C-C chemokine receptor type 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1

A protein that is a translation product of the human CACNA2D1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


voltage-dependent calcium channel beta subunit-associated regulatory protein

A protein that is a translation product of the human CBARP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


sodium-activated potassium channel protein

A potassium channel protein that is activated by sodium. A sodium-activated potassium channel enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a sodium ion or ions.


An ephrin type-A receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2

A protein that is a translation product of the human CACNA2D2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Facial Pain

Painful sensation in the face.


LTA

A lymphotoxin-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


A C-C motif chemokine 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hyaline cartilage tissue

Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance.


A BMP receptor-regulated smad protein that is a translation product of the human SMAD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


smad5 isoform 1 phosphorylated form

A smad5 isoform 1 that includes at least one phosphorylated residue.


A runt-related transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha

A voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha that is a translation product of the human SCN8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Hypoxia, CTCAE

A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.


neuron-neuron synaptic transmission

The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.


graphene oxide

A single carbon layer of the graphite oxide structure.


bone morphogenetic protein 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human BMP1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


BMP signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps.


high voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


Stem cells

An unspecialized cell that has the capacity for reproduction through cell division and can be induced to differentiate into a tissue or organ specific cell.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5

A protein that is a translation product of the human EIF5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A serine/threonine-protein kinase 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit that is encoded in the genome of rat.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit

A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of a Protein kinase domain (Pfam:PF00069). Prototype members of this class are the catalytic subunit of PKA. Protein Kinase A (PKA) catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphate of ATP to Thr or Ser residues in a variety of protein substrates. The enzyme is composed of two subunit types: a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit. In the absence of cAMP, the two subunits are bound to each other and no catalysis can take place. In the presence of cAMP, the regulatory subunit binds cAMP, thus releasing the catalytic subunit.


ryanodine receptor 1

A ryanodine receptor that is a translation product of the human RYR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel protein

A cyclic nucleotide-regulated channel protein that has amino- and carboxyl-terminal intracellular domains separated by a domain (common with other ion channels) containing six transmembrane helices (S1-S6) in which the last two helices (S5 and S6) flank a loop, called the pore loop, which determines ion selectivity. The N terminus has a conserved domain that is also present in other voltage-gated potassium and sodium channels. The carboxyl-terminal region contains the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD). In addition, there is a structural element called the C-linker, the region connecting the CNBD to the S6 segment, which couples conformational changes in the ligand-binding domain to channel activation. Subunits combine to form the HCN channels. In common with CNG channels, HCN are cation channels that are modulated by cyclic nucleotide binding. Unlike CNG channels, HCN channels are voltage-gated, and are weakly selective for potassium. In contrast to most other voltage-gated channels, HCN channels open upon hyperpolarization and close at positive potential. HCN channels act as a pacemaker by regulating neuronal and cardiac firing rate, but also function as a regulator of membrane resting potential and resistance.


voltage-gated potassium channel protein

A potassium channel protein that has voltage-gated potassium channel activity. A voltage-gated potassium channel enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


P2X purinoceptor 4

A P2X receptor protein that is a translation product of the human P2RX4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia is a nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric-shock-like pain in parts of the face. The pain lasts a few seconds to a few minutes, and usually on only one side of the face. It can also cause muscle spasms in the face the same time as the pain. The pain may result from a blood vessel pressing against the trigeminal nerve (the nerve that carries pain, feeling, and other sensations from the brain to the skin of theface), as a complication of multiple sclerosis, or due to compression of the nerve by a tumor or cyst. In some cases, the cause is unknown. Treatment options include medicines, surgery, and complementary approaches.


Abnormal fear-induced behavior

An abnormal fear-induced behavior includes observable actions. This behavior is characterized by abnormal responses to fear or abnormal fear levels. Examples of such behavior include avoiding fear-inducing situations.


thienopyrimidine

A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.


A rodent-type Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor X1 that is encoded in the genome of rat.


hereditary thermosensitive neuropathy

Hereditary thermosensitive neuropathy is a rare, demyelinating, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by reversible episodes of ascending muscle weakness, paresthesias and areflexia triggered by a febrile episode, with or without pressure palsy.


excitatory postsynaptic potential

A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


Upper airway obstruction

Increased resistance to the passage of air in the upper airway.


Central apnea

Apnea resulting from depression of the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. There is a lack of respiratory effort rather than obstruction of airflow.


Hypoxemia

An abnormally low level of blood oxygen.


obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Cessation of air flow during sleep due to upper airway obstruction.


upper respiratory conduit

Any anatomical conduit which is part of the upper respiratory tract.


Rigidity

Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.


Peak Oxygen Consumption

The highest rate of oxygen consumption a subject reaches during an aerobic capacity test.


ventral striatum

A composite structure of the telencephalon that is defined in the striatopallidal system by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It includes the nucleus accumbens, the most ventral portions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, the rostrolateral portion of the anterior perforated substance, the islands of Calleja and a rostral subcommissural portion of substantia innominata. The boundary between the ventral striatum and dorsal striatum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance (Heimer-1995; adapted from Brain Info).


organic molecule

Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.


caffeine, codeine, acetaminophen, propyphenazone drug combination


Cigarette Smoke Exposure

Environmental, occupational or consumer-based exposure to airborne gases and particulates produced by direct or nearby use of a cigarette.


Marijuana Smoke Exposure

Environmental, occupational or consumer-based exposure to airborne gases and particulates produced by direct or nearby use of a vaporized or combusted product made from the leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant.


A disorder characterized by a marked pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is inconsistent with developmental level and clearly interferes with functioning in at least two settings (e.g. at home and at school). When present, the symptoms of hyperactivity are most often present before the age of 7 years. There are three recognized presentations or subtypes from most to least common: combined type, inattentive/distractible type, hyperactive/impulsive type.


dopaminergic agent

A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.


autism spectrum disorder

A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes autism, and Asperger syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.


Apcs

A serum amyloid P-component that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


conventional dendritic cell

Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high.


Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia

Episodes of ventricular tachycardia that have a sudden onset and ending.


A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


neuron remodeling

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.


Insomnia, CTCAE 5.0

A disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and/or remaining asleep.


insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and/or remaining asleep.


rhythmic process

Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.


synaptic transmission, GABAergic

The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


Locus

The position of a gene or a chromosomal marker on a chromosome; also, a stretch of DNA at a particular place on a particular chromosome. The use of locus is sometimes restricted to mean regions of DNA that are expressed.


Nocturnal hypoventilation

An abnormal reduction in alveolar ventilation occuring during sleep. This is characterized by a rise in arterial carbon dioxide.


neuronal PAS domain-containing protein 2

A protein that is a translation product of the human NPAS2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


diabetes mellitus

A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.


Nutlin

Nutlins (for Nutley inhibitors) are a family of cis-imidazoline analogues. They are MDM2 antagonists and are named after the location (Nutley) in which they were developed.


Purkinje cell

The output neuron of the cerebellar cortex.


Gait disturbance

The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk. In general, this can refer to neurological diseases but also fractures or other sources of pain that is triggered upon walking. However, in the current context gait disturbance refers to difficulty walking on the basis of a neurological or muscular disease.


Vasospasm

Narrowing of an artery due to constriction of the blood vessels.


accessory nerve fiber bundle

Fibers of the accessory nerve (11th cranial nerve) contained within the medulla.


spinal cord dorsal column

The wedge-shaped fiber bundle of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord that is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus; it is part of the ascending posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway that is important for well-localized fine touch and conscious proprioception.


adductor magnus

An adductor muscle that attaches to the pelvic bone and the femur. In humans, the adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the 'adductor magnesius portion', and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the 'hamstring portion'. The hamstring portion is not considered part of the hamstring group of muscles, but it is adjacent to it.[WP,generalized].


tibialis anterior

A muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki].


gluteus maximus

The largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles [WP,unvetted].


adductor hallucis muscle

The Adductor hallucis (Adductor obliquus hallucis) arises by two headsboblique and transverse and is responsible for adducting the big toe. It is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve. It evolved from the contrahens I muscle as Man's ancestors' thumbs and big toes became opposable.