A C-C chemokine receptor type 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


osteoarthritis

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity.


Joint Involvement

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A finding indicating the spread of cancer to a joint.


cartilage tissue

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.


Increased Osteoid

An increase in the amount of unmineralized bone matrix as compared to a standard or norm.


subchondral region of epiphysis

The bone region of the epiphysis that provides underlying mechanical and physiological support for the cartilage of joint articular surfaces.


beta-nerve growth factor

A neurotrophin that is a translation product of the human NGF gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


capsaicinoid

A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.


C/C-C motif small inducible chemokine

A protein with core architecture consisting of a Small cytokines (intecrine/chemokine), interleukin-8 like (Pfam:PF00048) domain.


inflammatory macrophage

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity.


articular system

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body.


Optic Nerve Injuries

Injury to the optic nerve.


Low Grade Dysplasia

A subjective characterization of the phenomenon of dysplasia, based on microscopic examination of the architectural and/or cytological changes in a tissue sample, that is determined to be low.


aggrecan core protein

A protein that is a translation product of the human ACAN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


ADAMTS-like protein 4

A protein that is a translation product of the human ADAMTSL4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


ADAMTS-like protein 5

A protein that is a translation product of the human ADAMTSL5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


matrilysin

A protein that is a translation product of the human MMP7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


sensory neuron of dorsal root ganglion

A sensory neuron of the dorsal root ganglia that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.


A C-C motif chemokine 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A Toll-like receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Knee pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the knee.


Pain insensitivity

Inability to perceive painful stimuli.


A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


bone marrow cavity

The medullary cavities of the bones where bone marrow is stored.


synovial membrane of synovial tendon sheath

Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons. Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa.


cruciate ligament of knee

One of a pair of ligaments arranged like a letter X.[1] They occur in several joints of the body, such as the knee. In a fashion similar to the cords in a toy Jacob's ladder, the crossed ligaments stabilize the joint while allowing a very large range of motion[WP].


Toll-like receptor

A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of a signal peptide, an extracellular domain with multiple Leucine rich repeat (Pfam:PF13855) domain (LRR), a cysteine-rich region, a single-pass transmembrane domain and a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail containing a TIR domain (Pfam:PF01582).


pain receptor cell

The peripheral receptor for pain. Includes receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All mammalian nociceptors are free nerve endings.


pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to activate a plant innate immune response. PAMP-triggered immunity PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptide receptor

A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human QRFPR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


nociceptor nerve ending

A peripheral terminal of a peripheral, afferent sensory pain receptor cell that is sensitive to injury or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. The nociceptor nerve ending innervates target tissue and transduces noxious stimuli to the central nervous system via some axon(s).


immature innate lymphoid cell

An innate lyphoid cell with an immature phenotype.


analgesic

An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.


complex regional pain syndrome

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare neurologic disease painful progressive condition that corresponds to a group of disorders characterized by a disproportionate spontaneous or stimulus-induced pain, accompanied by a variably mixed myriad of autonomic and motor disorders including symptoms such as swelling, allodynia, skin blood supply and trophic disturbances. CRPS most often affects one of the arms, legs, hands, or feet and usually occurs after an injury or trauma to that limb.


mucosal type mast cell

Mast cell subtype that contains only the serine protease trypase in its granules. These cells are primarily found in mucosal tissue, such as intestinal mucosa and alveoli. They depend upon T-cells for development of phenotype.


Afferent neuron

An afferent neuron that converts environmental stimuli into electrical impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system.


osteoarthritis susceptibility 1

Any osteoarthritis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the FRZB gene.


Pain

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.


Chronic pain

Persistent pain, usually defined as pain that has lasted longer than 3 to 6 months.


NGF

A beta-nerve growth factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


A developmentally-regulated GTP-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


F4/80-positive adipose macrophage

An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive.


A protein that is a translation product of the PERK1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.


28 kDa heat- and acid-stable phosphoprotein

A protein that is a translation product of the human PDAP1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A protein that is a translation product of the human IL6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A protein Wnt-3a that is encoded in the genome of human.


A protein Wnt-10a that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


catenin beta-1

A protein that is a translation product of the human CTNNB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


calcitonin gene-related peptide 1

A CALCA gene translation product that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P06881-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


dorsal root ganglion

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain. (MSH) * ganglion found on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of the unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. (CSP).


P2X purinoceptor 3

A P2X receptor protein that is a translation product of the human P2RX3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV1 that is encoded in the genome of rat.


sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha

A voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha that is a translation product of the human SCN7A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


spinal cord

Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO).


A cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


leukotriene anion

A eicosanoid anion that is the conjugate base of a leukotriene.


A cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


dermatitis

An inflammatory process affecting the skin. Signs include red rash, itching, and blister formation. Representative examples are contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.


Neural Pathways

The route in which a nerve impulse travels through a series of linked axons to connect different regions within the central nervous system or to convey information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain.


Neurons

Any of the conducting cells of the nervous system. A typical neuron consists of a cell body, containing the nucleus and the surrounding cytoplasm (perikaryon); several short radiating processes (dendrites); and one long process (the axon), which terminates in twiglike branches (telodendrons) and may have branches (collaterals) projecting along its course.


nonsynovial joint

Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis.


innate immune response

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


Neuropathic Pain

Chronic pain caused by damage to nerve fibers.  It is usually associated with tissue injury.


peripheral nervous system

A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


dorsal horn of spinal cord

The pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO].


macrophage

A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.


neuropeptide S

A protein that is a translation product of the human NPS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Inflammation

A finding of a localized protective response resulting from injury or destruction of tissues. Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. In the acute phase, inflammation is characterized by the signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Histologically, inflammation involves a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins; and leukocyte migration into the site of inflammation.


chronic pain syndrome

Chronic form of disorder involving pain.


molecule

Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.


An anthrax toxin receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ion channel protein

A channel protein that has ion channel activity. An ion channel enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


G-protein coupled receptor

A protein that has G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activity. Each GPCR consists of a single polypeptide with an extracellular N-terminus, an intracellular C-terminus and seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TM1-TM7) linked by three extracellular loops (ECL1-ECL3) and three intracellular loops (ICL1-ICL3). GPCRs function as part of a heterotrimeric complex to transmit an extracellular signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein via the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit.


An opsin-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


spontaneous synaptic transmission

The low level of synaptic transmission that occurs via spontaneous neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft in the absence of a presynaptic action potential.


neurological pain disorder

A nervous system disorder that has pain as a major feature.


Abnormal nervous system electrophysiology

An abnormality of the function of the electrical signals with which nerve cells communicate with each other or with muscles as measured by electrophysiological investigations.


type 2 diabetes mellitus

A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.


layer of synovial tissue

A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO].


sensory system

Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.


synovitis

Inflammation of a synovial membrane.


neuroinflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


obesity disorder

A disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat.


NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase

A protein that is a translation product of the human POR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


mature microglial cell

A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation.


Triggered by physical trauma

Applies to a sign or symptom that is provoked or brought about by exposure to a trauma (injury to tissue).


Stress

The negative mental, emotional, and physical reactions that occur when environmental stressors are perceived as exceeding the individual's adaptive capacities.


depressive disorder

A melancholy feeling of sadness and despair.


opioid analgesic

A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.


Suicide Attempt, CTCAE

A disorder characterized by self-inflicted harm in an attempt to end one's own life.


opioid abuse

A substance abuse that involves the recurring use of opioid drugs despite negative consequences.


alcohol

A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.


Irritability

A proneness to anger, i.e., a tendency to become easily bothered or annoyed.


prefrontal cortex

The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.nnThis brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.nnThe most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes).nnMany authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. - definition adapted from Wikipedia.


hemoglobin subunit

A protein that is a translation product of the human HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBD, HBE1, HBG1, HBG2, HBM, HBQ1, or HBZ genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or semi-orthologs thereof.


Declarative memory loss

Impaired ability to remember facts and events.


Sleep abnormality

An abnormal pattern in the quality, quantity, or characteristics of sleep.


mood disorder

A cognitive disorder a disturbance in which the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.


substance abuse

The use of a drug for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed.


arthritic joint disease

An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain.


diacylglycerol lipase-beta

A protein that is a translation product of the human DAGLB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


inflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.


cocaine abuse

Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.


anterior cingulate cortex

The frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a collar form around the corpus callosum. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex. Wikipedia:File:Gray727.svg.


hippocampal field

A part or parts of the hippocampus that have a particular function.


Cocaine

A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.


regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


Biochemical Evidence of Disease

An indication that biochemical markers of a disease are present.


mRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).


neonatal abstinence syndrome

A constellation of neurobehavioral features observed in a neonate following antenatal exposure to drugs including opioids, benzodiazepines, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.


Allodynia

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.


C-C motif chemokine 2

An eotaxin-like cytokine that is a translation product of the human CCL2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 phosphorylated 1

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 phosphorylated form in which the phosphorylation occurs at the TxY motif that activates the MAP kinases.


sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemias are chronic hemolytic diseases that may induce three types of acute accidents: severe anemia, severe bacterial infections, and ischemic vasoocclusive accidents (VOA) caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells obstructing small blood vessels and capillaries. Many diverse complications can occur.


mast cell

A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development.


neuritis

A neuropathy arising from inflammation of one or more nerves.


spinal neuromere

A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord.


antigenic variation

Any process involved in the biological strategy of changing antigenic determinants on the surface that are exposed to another organism's immune system.


Expected Adverse Event

Any adverse event associated with a medical product or procedure, whose nature and severity have been previously observed, identified in nature, severity, or frequency, and documented in the investigator brochure, investigational plan, protocol, current consent form, scientific publication, or in other relevant and reliable document. The old term Side Effect is retired and should not be used.


proteinase-activated receptor 2

A proteinase-activated receptor that is a translation product of the human F2RL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is activated by trypsin and trypsin-like proteinases, which cleave the mature peptide, exposing a new amino end. The six new N-terminal residues act as a tethered ligand that induces activity.


migraine disorder

A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.


trigeminal nerve

Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).


mesothelial cell of dura mater

A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater.


meningeal branch of spinal nerve

Branch of spinal nerve that innervates the structures of the vertebral column.


compound 48/80

R1, R2 = H or CH2OH; n is normally between 1 and 10. An alternating copolymer resulting from the condensation of N,O-dimethyltyramine with formaldehyde. It is a potent histamine releasing agent, primarily from mast cells, with subsequent depletion of tissue histamine.


lysophospholipid (S1P) receptor

An LPAR1/S1PR1-like lysophospholipid receptor that is a translation product of the human S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4, or S1PR5 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof. The active form binds sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effects on most types of cells and tissues.


central nervous system

The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.


A mu-type opioid receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


A delta-type opioid receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A D(2) dopamine receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


Bdnf

A brain-derived neurotrophic factor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A voltage-gated potassium channel KCNG2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A voltage-gated potassium channel KCNC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A protein cornichon homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


An amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Rgma

A repulsive guidance molecule A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


kappa-type opioid receptor

An opioid receptor protein that is a translation product of the human OPRK1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is dynorphin.


hemisphere part of cerebellar anterior lobe

A multi-tissue structure that is part of a anterior lobe of cerebellum and is part of a cerebellar hemisphere.


pallidum

Part of what are called the basal ganglia of the brain which consist of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum.


breast

The upper ventral region of the torso of an organism.


melanoma

A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain.


Pregnant

Observed to be or have been pregnant.


cancer

A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas (adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas), Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.


lung

Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.


Death NOS, CTCAE

Death that cannot be attributed to a CTCAE term associated with Grade 5.


L-phenylalanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine  by a heteroatom.


A transcriptional activator MN1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


alcohol dependence

Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol.


anxiety disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety.


dura mater

Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections.


BDNF

A brain-derived neurotrophic factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


Back pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the back.


future brain

The embryonic precursor of the brain.


oligodendrocyte

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.


myelin assembly

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.


regional part of brain

Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia.


Self-mutilation

Deliberate harm to one's body resulting in tissue damage, without a conscious intent to die.


Impaired ability to shift attention

A behavioral abnormality whereby a person is unable to move freely from one situation, activity or aspect of aa problem to another as circumstances demand. Key aspects of shifting include the ability to make transitions, problem solve flexibly, switch or alternate attention, and change focus from one mind-set or topic to another. Mild deficits in the ability to shift compromise the efficiency of problem solving, whereas more severe difficulties are reflected in perseverative behaviors. Sometimes this is described as being rigid or inflexible.


G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Combining with an opioid (any narcotic derived from or resembling opium), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome

A common disorder noted with jaw movement. It may be caused by malocclusion, repetitive use injury, trauma or arthritis. It is more prevalent among females between their second and fourth decades. Clinical signs include preauricular pain, temporomandibular joint clicking (as the mandibular condyle slips from the articulation made with the capsular disk and temporal bone) and restriction of jaw motion. Clinical course is typically benign but may progress to associated headaches, ear and neck pain, tinnitus and dislocation of temporomandibular joint. Prognosis is favorable as a majority of cases will respond to conservative management.


COMT

A catechol O-methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Post-Operative Pain

A sensation of discomfort secondary to surgery.


brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].


behavior

The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.


Genetic Finding

A laboratory test result that indicates the status of a molecular genetic or cytogenetic event in a pathologic process.


mu-type opioid receptor

An opioid receptor protein that is a translation product of the human OPRM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands are beta-endorphin and enkephalins.


vasculature

An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face.


cortex

Outermost layer of an organ[WP].


forebrain meninges

A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition].


acid-sensing ion channel protein

A ligand-gated ion channel protein that has acid-sensing ion channel activity. An acid-sensing (aka proton-gated) ion channel opens when an extracellular proton has been bound by the channel complex, and enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion.


delta-type opioid receptor

An opioid receptor protein that is a translation product of the human OPRD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands are enkephalins.


Acute Pain

A sensation of discomfort or distress that has a severe or rapid onset.


hepatobiliary neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma, bile duct adenoma, and gallbladder lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma.


Geosmin

The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.


Tendon pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to a tendon.


Chronic Disease

A disease condition that persists over a significant span of time.


Flare-up

A sudden worsening of a condition.


5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A

A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2 that is a translation product of the human HTR2A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


diphenhydramine, zolpidem, lorazepam drug combination


Recurrent respiratory infections

An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections as manifested by a history of recurrent respiratory infections.


Low back pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the lower back.


A proteinase-activated receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Nppb

A natriuretic peptides B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


An interleukin-31 receptor A that is encoded in the genome of human.


benzodiazepine

A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.


Surgical Finding

A finding or observation that is made during surgery.


ACE

An angiotensin-converting enzyme that is encoded in the genome of human.


female organism

Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.


aggregate regional part of brain

A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF].


Intraoperative Complication

A disease or disorder that occurs during the course of a surgical procedure.


mental disorder

A disease that has its basis in the disruption of mental process.


Neck pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the neck.


response to pheromone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.


extension

The posterior elongated region of the yolk cell that forms during the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.


sleep

Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.


umbilical cord

The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta.


amphetamines

Amines that constitute a class of central nervous system stimulants based on the structure of the parent amphetamine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.


hepatitis C virus infection

A viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus.


alcohol-related disorders

Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.


cerebellar vermis

A subregion of the cerebellar cortex, consisting of the most medial zone of the cerebellar cortex, stradding the midline. May be continuous with the lateral cerebellar hemispheres in some areas of the cerebellum, e.g., dorsally, or separated by deeper fissures in others (e.g., ventrally).


oxylipin

Any member of the group of bioactive lipids made by oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.


epoxide

Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.


A proteinase-activated receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sensory perception of pain

The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.


statin (synthetic)

A statin which does not occur naturally and which is not obtained by chemical transformation of a naturally occurring statin.


Ribosomes

Ribosomes are small organelles composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 80 some different proteins. rRNA is synthesized in the nucleolus and the ribosomal subunits are assembled there from rRNA and imported cytoplasmic made proteins. Once assembled, the subunits pass through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where they take part in protein synthesis. Some ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and can be recruited to a polyribosomal structure when a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand is to be translated into a cytoplasmic protein. Other ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum where the protein is formed within the interior to the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins are destined for secretion, storage or incorporation into membranes.


Adverse Event Attribution to Product or Procedure

A specific identifiable level (defined qualitatively or quantitatively) of probability of adverse event being caused or associated with the product or procedure administration to a patient.


brain injury

Acute and chronic (see also brain INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and brain STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.


Limb undergrowth

Limb shortening because of underdevelopment of one or more bones of the extremities.


Mandibular pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the mandible.


nonanoyl amido caproylacid oxybenzenesulfonate


Abdominal pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the abdomen.


substance dependence

The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.


musculoskeletal system disorder

A disease involving the musculoskeletal system.


MTB1_LYSSH Type II methyltransferase M.BspRI (sprot)

A DNA restriction-modification methylase that is a translation product of the bspRIM gene in Lysinibacillus sphaericus.


Blood Pressure Finding

A test result that reports the diastolic and systolic pressure of the blood.


Fetal Heart Rate

The number of fetal cardiac beats per minute.


heroin dependence

Physical and psychological dependence on the drug heroin.


Suicidal ideation

Frequent thoughts about or preoccupation with killing oneself.


HLA-C

An MHC class I histocompatibility antigen C alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


luciferase-like monooxygenase

A protein that is a translation product of the Escherichia coli K-12 yhbW gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


An X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0

A protein that is a translation product of the human HNRNPD gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


T

A T-box transcription factor T that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Addictive behavior

When an activity, substance, object, or behavior becomes a major focus of a person's life, excluding other activities, or has begun to harm the individual or others physically, mentally, or socially, it can be considered addictive behavior. A person can become addicted or compulsively engaged with anything.


infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers (endocardium) and valves. This condition is sometimes called 'endocarditis,' although it is important to distinguish it from non-infective endocarditis. IE is caused bybacteria, fungi, or other germs invading the bloodstream and attaching to the heart. IE can damagethe heart and cause serious and sometimes fatal complications. It can develop quickly or slowly depending on what type of germ is causing it and whether there is an underlying heart problem. Common symptoms of IE are fever and other flu-like symptoms, but signs and symptoms can vary. It can also cause problems in many other parts of the body besides the heart. IE is typically treated with antibiotics for several weeks; some individuals may need heart surgery to repair or replace heart valves or remove infected heart tissue.


cardiovascular disorder

A disease involving the cardiovascular system.


Progressive

Applies to a disease manifestation that increases in scope or severity over the course of time, i.e., that worsens with age.


collagenous dermal stroma

A layer of collagen fibrils present in the imature integument in an acellular subepidermal space. At first, the fibrils are all oriented in the same direction, later they form the complex plywood-like structure that is characteristic of the dermal deep region. Le Guellec et al, 2004.


enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine.


tolerance induction in gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).


inflammatory bowel disease

A spectrum of small and large bowel inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. It includes Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and colitis of indeterminate type.


tryptophan derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tryptophan  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tryptophan  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tryptophan residues.


neutrophil elastase

A trypsin that is a translation product of the human ELANE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Additional Medication Required

Patient required additional medication or additional dose of existing medication.


Breast Milk

Milk produced by female mammals for the purpose of feeding their young.


Neurodevelopmental delay

Neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) refers to delays in the maturation of the brain and central nervous system; infants and young children with NDD may experience delays in the development of one or more skills including gross motor abilities, fine-motor coordination, language abilities and ability to solve increasingly complex problems.


protein CbrA

A protein that is a translation product of the Escherichia coli K-12 cbrA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


maturity-onset diabetes of the young

MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young) is a rare, familial, clinically and genetically heterogeneous form of diabetes characterized by young age of onset (generally 10-45 years of age) with maintenance of endogenous insulin production, lack of pancreatic beta-cell autoimmunity, absence of obesity and insulin resistance and extra-pancreatic manifestations in some subtypes.


collagen alpha-3(IV) chain

A collagen type IV alpha chain that is a translation product of the human COL4A3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


bone marrow failure syndrome

A familial or acquired bone marrow failure syndrome.


collagen type IV alpha chain

A collagen alpha chain that is a translation product of the human COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, or COL4A6 genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof.


C3 anaphylatoxin

A complement C3 alpha chain that corresponds to the N-terminal portion after proteolytic cleavage of complement C3 alpha chain by C3 convertase. Example: UniProtKB:P01024, 672-748.


cartilaginous projection

Anatomical projection that is composed of cartilage tissue.


intervertebral disk degenerative disorder

Any disease of a degenerative nature that affects the intervertebral disk.


Terrien marginal degeneration

A distinct marginal thinning of the cornea which causes high degree of against-the-rule astigmatism


BMF

A Bcl-2-modifying factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


musculature of back

Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition].


Gc

A vitamin D-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Increased adipose tissue

An increase in adipose tissue mass by hyperplastic growth (increase in the number of adipocytes) or by hypertrophic growth (increase in the size of adipocytes occurring primarily by lipid accumulation within the cell).


Musculoskeletal Pain

Pain that originates in the bones, muscles, tendons or ligaments.


Metabolic Response

An evaluation of the metabolic response of the disease to the therapy.


chemical substance

A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.


digestive tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


Birth history

Information about the delivery and health status at birth typically elicited as a part of the past medical history.


Musculoskeletal Finding

Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory rest results related to the muscles and bones.


Mabi

A protein that is a translation product of the Mabi gene in fruit fly.


zoster sine herpete

Herpes zoster but without eruption of vesicles. Patients exhibit the characteristic pain minus the skin rash, sometimes making diagnosis difficult.


immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response.


immune organ

An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition].


A signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


transcriptional regulatory protein CreB

A protein that is a translation product of the Escherichia coli K-12 creB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding

An electrocardiographic tracing demonstrating intermittent atrial fibrillation in the presence of sinus rhythm, junctional rhythm, or an atrial paced rhythm.


neurotrophic keratopathy

Neurotrophic keratopathy is a rare degenerative disease of the cornea characterized by reduction or loss of corneal sensitivity that can be asymptomatic or present with red-eye and, during the early stages of the disease, a minor decrease in visual acuity. It eventually leads to loss of vision.


Nightmare

A disturbing dream that occurs during rapid eye movement sleep and results in feelings of strong terror, fear, distress, or anxiety.


Headache

Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.


Stomach Cramp

An involuntary muscular contraction in the stomach. Often, this cramp is spasmodic and can be uncomfortable.


Ocular pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the eye.


Prominent corneal nerve fibers

Abnormal prominence of the corneal nerve fibers.


nervous system injury

Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.


Symptom

Subjective evidence of disease perceived by the patient.


cluster

A cluster is a number of metal centres grouped close together which can have direct metal bonding interactions or interactions through a bridging ligand, but are not necessarily held together by these interactions.


A protein that is a translation product of the human IL18 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


opiorphin prepropeptide

A protein that is a translation product of the human OPRPN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


nucleus accumbens

A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. (caudoputamen in rodent) and continuous with these structures. There is no distinct boundary between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate/putamen, but in rodents, it can be identified by its lack of traversing fiber bundles in comparison to the dorsal striatum. Its principle neuron is the medium spiny neuron. Together with the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the nucleus accumbens forms the striatum.


LTAS_STAAM Lipoteichoic acid synthase (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ltaS gene in Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Mu50.


Intoxication

Disturbances in psychophysiological functions and responses as a result of administration or ingestion of a psychoactive substance.


cholera enterotoxin subunit A

A protein that is a translation product of the Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. N16961 ctxA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


influenza

An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system.


B cell

A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B cell mediated immunity.


CD4-positive helper T cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions.


ESCHERICHIA COLI HEAT-LABILE ENTEROTOXIN


Aberrant Clonal Plasma Cell Population

A population of plasma cells which display atypical morphological features, an abnormal immunophenotypic profile, and molecular genetic characteristics of clonality (monoclonality).


bone marrow

The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones.


outer-membrane lipoprotein carrier protein

A protein that is a translation product of the Escherichia coli K-12 lolA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


IgA1 heavy chain protein, membrane-bound isoform

An IgA1 heavy chain protein that is a translation product of some mRNA polyadenylated at a site 3' to the membrane exons.


immunoglobulin heavy constant mu

A protein that is a translation product of the human IGHM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion

The group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.


sympathetic ganglion

A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.


WLL-vs

A dipeptide that is L-tryptophyl-L-leucinamide in which the N-terminal amino group has been converted to the corresponding (morpholin-4-yl)acetamide and in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen of the C-terminal amide has been replaced by a (1E)-5-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)hex-1-en-3-yl group. It is a selective proteasome inhibitor.


Stiff skin

An induration (hardening) of the skin


apolipoprotein A-I-binding protein

A protein that is a translation product of the human NAXE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Toll-like receptor 4

A Toll-like receptor that is a translation product of the human TLR4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


microglial cell

A central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.


TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


brain inflammatory disease

An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the brain.


Gliosis

Gliosis is the focal proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system.


spinal cord injury

Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).


microglial cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


anti-voltage-gated calcium channel autoantibody


cenpe.S

A centromere-associated protein E that is encoded in the genome of frog.


mitogen-activated protein kinase

A protein that is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that responds to extracellular stimuli (mitogens) and regulates cellular activities such as gene expression, mitosis, differentiation, and cell survival/apoptosis. The activated form phosphorylates target substrates on Ser or Thr residues followed by a proline. A distinguishing feature is the conserved sequence TxY.


jerky protein

A protein that is a translation product of the human JRK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


methyl ketone

A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).


lactoylglutathione lyase

A protein that is a translation product of the human GLO1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


transient receptor potential cation channel TRPA1

A transient receptor potential cation channel TRPA that is a translation product of the human TRPA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


adenylate cyclase type 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human ADCY1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3

A protein that is a translation product of the human RAPGEF3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1

A NOTCH protein that is a translation product of the human NOTCH1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


atherosclerosis

Build-up of fatty material and calcium deposition in the arterial wall resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the arterial lumen.


acute lung injury

A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (pulmonary edema) rich in neutrophils, and in the absence of clinical heart failure. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).


potassium channel subfamily T member 1

A potassium channel subfamily T that is a translation product of the human KCNT1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


trigeminal ganglion

The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve.


afferent neuron

A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.


Endosomes

A membrane bound cytoplasmic compartment that drives molecular traffic between the plasma membrane and lysosome.


A substance-P receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.


GABAergic neuron

A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter


central amygdaloid nucleus

The output region of the amygdala responsible for controlling responses (Phelps & LeDoux, 2005, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 16242399).


parafascicular nucleus

Part of the posterior (caudal) intralaminar group of thalamic nuclei, located medial to the centromedian nucleus and ventral to the dorsomedial nuclei, that is associated with the limbic and associative striatum.


LDH 1.5-10 x N or hCG (mIu/ml) 5,000-50,000 or AFP (ng/ml) 1,000-10,000. N indicates the upper limit of normal for the LDH assay. (AJCC 7th ed.)


photoinhibition

The mechanism by which high light intensity inhibits photosynthesis through inactivation of the D1 protein of photosystem II.


glial cell

A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.


Likely Inflammatory Activity

A finding of metabolic activity at the primary or nodal sites that is greater than liver uptake, but can be attributed to inflammation activity.


sphingolipid

Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone.


glutamate receptor 1

An ionotropic glutamate receptor protein that is a translation product of the human GRIA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


glutamate receptor 2

An ionotropic glutamate receptor protein that is a translation product of the human GRIA2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


NRCAM

A neuronal cell adhesion molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


nucleic acid aptamer

An aptamer that is a nucleic acid species engineered to bind to various molecular targets such as small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, cells, tissues and organisms.


probable G-protein coupled receptor 160

A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human GPR160 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A probable G-protein coupled receptor 160 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CARTPT

A cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor

A calcitonin receptor protein that is a translation product of the human CALCRL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1

A protein that is a translation product of the human SIRT1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II chain that is a translation product of the human CAMK2A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


histone H3

A core histone that is a translation product of one of the H3 gene variants. It is a core histone and contains a copy of the Histone (Pfam:PF00125) domain at its C-terminus.


crush syndrome

A medical condition characterized by major shock and renal failure after a crushing injury to skeletal muscle.


A methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron

A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects axons locally rather than distantly.


Gene Feature

The structural elements that comprise a gene or transcription unit. Gene structures include the transcription initiation site, the protein coding sequences, intervening sequences, and the transcription termination or polyadenylation sites as well as the regulatory elements (enhancers, silencers, and the promoter) that lie outside the boundaries of the transcribed unit.


Peripheral Nerve Infection, CTCAE

A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the peripheral nerves.


Toll-like receptor 7

A Toll-like receptor that is a translation product of the human TLR7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


transcription factor NF-kappa-B subunit

A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of a Rel homology domain (RHD) (Pfam:PF00554), an IPT/TIG domain (Pfam:PF01833), six copies of the Ankyrin repeat (Pfam:PF00023), a Death domain (Pfam:PF00531) and a C-terminal PEST region.


metabotropic glutamate receptor 2

A metabotropic glutamate receptor protein that is a translation product of the human GRM2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


tibia

The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape].


germinal center

A collection of activated B cells at the center of a secondary follicle, formed after B cells become activated and migrate to the center.


T follicular helper cell

A CD4-positive, CXCR5-positive, CCR7-negative alpha-beta T cell located in follicles of secondary lymph nodes that is BCL6-high, ICOS-high and PD1-high, and stimulates follicular B cells to undergo class-switching and antibody production.


IgM heavy chain protein

An immunoglobulin heavy chain protein in which the constant region is encoded by the IgM gene segment.


ketal

An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.


Motor Deficit

Loss of movement function.


Infantile Lesion

A benign or malignant lesion that occurs in infancy.


messenger RNA

An RNA molecule that transfers the coding information for protein synthesis from the chromosomes to the ribosomes mRNA is formed from a DNA template by transcription. It may be a copy of a single gene or of several adjacent genes (polycistronic mRNA). On the ribosome, the sequence is converted into the programmed amino acid sequence through translation.


transient receptor potential channel protein

A voltage-gated ion channel protein that is a translation product of the human TRPC1, TRPM1, TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPP1 or TRPML1 gene, paralogs thereof, 1:1 orthologs thereof, a semi-ortholog thereof, or pro-orthologs thereof.


acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha

A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein that is a translation product of the human CHRNA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


potassium channel protein

A voltage-gated ion channel protein that has potassium channel activity. A potassium channel enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


voltage-gated sodium channel protein

A voltage-gated ion channel protein that has voltage-gated sodium channel activity. A voltage-gated sodium channel enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


antigen 43

A protein that is a translation product of the Escherichia coli K-12 flu gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


neuroma

A tumor that grows from a nerve or is composed of nerve cells and nerve fibers.


A cyclin-dependent kinase 5 that is encoded in the genome of fruit fly.


caspase-9 subunit p35

A caspase-9 that corresponds to the N-terminal portion after removal of the propeptides. Example: UniProtKB:P55211-1, ?-315.


A protein that is a translation product of the PER29 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.


voltage-gated calcium channel protein

A voltage-gated ion channel protein that has voltage-gated calcium channel activity. A voltage-gated calcium channel enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


synaptophysin

A protein that is a translation product of the human SYP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2

A protein that is a translation product of the human DPYSL2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


neuropeptide Y receptor type 1

A neuropeptide Y receptor that is a translation product of the human NPY1R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands are neuropeptides Y and YY.


An acrosomal protein SP-10 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


adenosine A1 receptor agonist

An agonist at the A1 receptor.


cyclic ketal

A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


mature astrocyte

A mature astrocyte that is capable of producing cytokines.


immature microglial cell

An immature microglial cell with a ramified morphology.


mature calcitonin

An immature calcitonin that has been amidated by peptidylglycine amidating monooxygenase, which removes the C-terminal glycine in the process. Example: UniProtKB:P01258-1, 85-116, Pro-116, MOD:00104.


CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte

A classical monocyte that is CD14-positive, CD16-negative, CD64-positive, CD163-positive.


cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3 isoform 1

A cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3 that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P18847-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


ankle joint

A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons.


type A synovial cell

A synovial cell that is macrophage-like, characterized by surface ruffles or lamellipodia, plasma membrane invaginations and associated micropinocytotic vesicles, Golgi apparatus and little granular endoplasmic reticulum.


legumain

A protein that is a translation product of the human LGMN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the tumor and the lymph nodes status.


fan Martinotti neuron

A Martinotti neuron that has axons that form a fan-like plexus.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase type 1

A protein that is a translation product of the yeast TPK1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


serine/threonine-protein kinase D1

A protein kinase D that is a translation product of the human PRKD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A protein that is a translation product of the human ARRB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A C-C chemokine receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MHC-II-positive classical monocyte

Gr1-high monocyte that has a MHC-II receptor complex.


mononuclear cell

A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.


Genetic Target

The nucleotide or amino acid within the genetic location of interest that is to be compared to the subject's test result. (BRIDG)


complex regional pain syndrome type 1

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) is a form of complex regional pain syndrome in which the pain is disproportionate to any known inciting event and is characterized by continuous pain, allodynia, or hyperalgesia as well as edema, coloration (changes in skin blood flow), or abnormal sudomotor activity in the region of pain. Onset of CRPS1 symptoms may occur within a few days to a month after an injury or trauma to the affected limb.


wormian bone-multiple fractures-dentinogenesis imperfecta-skeletal dysplasia

Skeletal dysplasia with wormian bone-multiple fractures-dentinogenesis imperfecta is a skeletal disorder, reported in three patients to date, characterized clinically by multiple fractures, wormian bones of the skull, dentinogenesis imperfecta and facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, periorbital fullness). Although the signs are very similar to osteogenesis imperfecta, characteristic cortical defects in the absence of osteopenia and collagen abnormalities are considered to be distinctive. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1999.


complement C5

A protein that is a translation product of the human C5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1

A C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor that is a translation product of the human C5AR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is C5a anaphylatoxin.


Rho

A rhodopsin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mesenchymal stem cell

A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.


An interleukin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of opioid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of opioid receptor signaling pathway.


T cell

A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


immune system

Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies.


effector-mediated suppression of host innate immune response

A process mediated by a molecule secreted by a symbiont that results in the suppression of a host innate immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Numb-like protein

A protein that is a translation product of the human NUMBL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


clathrin light chain A

A protein that is a translation product of the human CLTA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


sodium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


Heat intolerance

The inability to maintain a comfortable body temperature in warm or hot weather.


tetrahydroxyflavan

Any hydroxyflavan containing 4 hydroxy groups.


Fos

A protein c-Fos that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Oral Pain

Painful sensation in the mouth, tongue, or lips.


transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV4

A transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV that is a translation product of the human TRPV4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The functional subunits are ion-selective calcium permeant cation channel probably involved in osmotic sensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Activation by exposure to hypotonicity within the physiological range exhibits an outward rectification.


transient receptor potential cation channel TRPM8

A transient receptor potential channel protein that is a translation product of the human TRPM8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. TRPM8 is a member of the subfamily M of the transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPs). In common with other TRPs, these proteins have amino- and carboxyl-terminal intracellular domains separated by a domain containing six transmembrane helices (S1-S6) in which the last two helices (S5 and S6) flank a loop, called the pore loop, which determines ion selectivity.TRPM8 forms a nonselective cation channel that is activated by cold and by menthol and other substances that produce the sensation of coolness. These channels exhibit voltage-dependance and regulation by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).


trigeminal nuclear complex

The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP].


stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.


Lymphadenopathy

Enlargment (swelling) of a lymph node.


peripheral neuropathy

A disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. It manifests with pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cancer, and drugs.


parathyroid hormone

A protein that is a translation product of the human PTH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


TGF-beta 1

A TGF-beta that is a translation product of the human TGFB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor

A parathyroid hormone receptor that is a translation product of the human PTH1R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


zinc finger autosomal protein

A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Zfa gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


lumbar dorsal root ganglion

The group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the lumbar vertebrae.


eating behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.


Cancer-Associated Pain

Pain associated with cancer or its diagnosis or treatment.


A transient receptor potential cation channel TRPA1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


tissue-resident macrophage

A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.


colitis

Inflammation of the colon.


colon endothelial cell

A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels.


regulatory T cell

A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.


cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3

A protein that is a translation product of the human ATF3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Neuroinflammation

Activation of the brain's innate immune system in response to an inflammatory challenge and is characterized by a host of cellular and molecular changes within the brain.


A phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A protein that is a translation product of the human FTO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Hemorrhage

The flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel.


Diclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.


methyladenine

Any member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing a single methyl substituent.


YTH domain-containing family protein 2

A protein that is a translation product of the human YTHDF2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


CALCA

A calcitonin (human), isoforms 1 and 2.


islet amyloid polypeptide

A protein that is a translation product of the human IAPP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


pro-adrenomedullin

A protein that is a translation product of the human ADM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial

A protein that is a translation product of the human MCU gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


mitochondrial fission factor

A protein that is a translation product of the human MFF gene, a 1:1 ortholog thereof, or pro-orthologs thereof.


Mitochondria

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Mitochondria contain distinctive ribosomes, transfer RNAs, amino acyl t-RNA synthetases, and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus for many essential messenger RNAs. Mitochondria consist of two sets of membranes, a smooth continuous outer coat and an inner membrane arranged in tubules or more often in folds that form platelike double membranes (cristae). Mitochondria are the principal energy source of the cell and contains the cytochrome enzymes of terminal electron transport and the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP.


Adm

A pro-adrenomedullin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Ctrc

A chymotrypsin-C that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human GNB1L gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


inactive serine protease RAMP

A protein that is a translation product of the human PAMR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


sensory ganglion

The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.


epidermal cell

An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).


vertebral endplate

Either of the the top and bottom portions of the vertebral bodies that interface with the vertebral discs. It is composed of a layer of thickened cancellous bone.


skeleton

Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.


sensory nerve

A nerve that transmits from sensory receptors on the surface of the body to the central nervous system.


PRL

A prolactin that is encoded in the genome of human.


melanotropin

A pro-opiomelanocortin proteolytic cleavage product that represents a mature hormone peptide that stimulates pigment dispersion, such as alpha-MSH in mammalian melanocytes.


Oromandibular dystonia

A kind of focal dystonia characterized by forceful contractions of the face, jaw, and/or tongue causing difficulty in opening and closing the mouth and often affecting chewing and speech.


glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1

An ionotropic glutamate receptor protein that is a translation product of the human GRIN1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


CTSS

A cathepsin S that is encoded in the genome of human.


head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from any of the following anatomic sites: lip and oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and salivary glands.


Ctss

A cathepsin S that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


trigeminal sensory nucleus

The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. The nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom in humans): * The mesencephalic nucleus * The chief sensory nucleus (or pontine nucleus or main sensory nucleus or primary nucleus) * The spinal trigeminal nucleus[WP].


masseter muscle

Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by masseteric nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and attaches to mandible and zygomatic arch.


immune system released activating agent unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

An immune system released activating agent (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at the position equivalent to Tyr-102 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:B2CXA1. UniProtKB:B2CXA1, Tyr-102, PR:000026291.


interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 phosphorylated form (mouse)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 phosphorylated form in mouse.


neurofibromin proteolytic cleavage product

A neurofibromin that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage.


AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2

A protein that is a translation product of the human AP2A2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


inflammatory disease

A disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the anatomical structure.


sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO].


parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia[GO].


dentate gyrus mossy fiber

Distinctive, unmyelinated axons produced by dentate gyrus granule cells.


astrocyte

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury.


substance-P receptor isoform 1

A substance-P receptor that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P25103-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


spike train

A series of sequential, propagated action potentials occurring in a single cell.


sumoylated protein

A protein that includes at least one sumoylated lysine.


A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


nitroglycerol

A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.


nanoparticle

A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure.


mitophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy.


EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor

An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98).


microvillous olfactory receptor neuron

An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a knob that bears numerous microvilli.


neurotensin receptor type 2

A neurotensin receptor that is a translation product of the human NTSR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. This receptor has a low affinity for neurotensin compared with neurotensin receptor 1 and neurotensin binding is selectively blocked by levocabastine.


A voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 that is encoded in the genome of rat.


enterocyte of colon

A columnar cell of the colon that is part of the colonic epithelium.


colon epithelial cell

Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.


A protein that is a translation product of the human DNM2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


Schwann Cells

A supporting cell of the peripheral nervous system that aids the growth, development, function, maintenance and repair of peripheral nerves. Myelinating Schwann cells form the myelin sheath around large diameter axons while non-myelinating Schwann cells bundle together portions of several unmyelinated smaller diameter axons and may also play a role in the formation and maintenance of synaptic connections in the neuromuscular junction.


nitrohydrocarbon

A C-nitro compound that is a hydrocarbon in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by nitro groups.


reactive oxygen species

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) combining with a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor on the surface of the target cell. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers.


opiate dependence

Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids.


congenital insensitivity to pain with hyperhidrosis


CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

A subset of T-lymphocytes that express the CD8 surface glycoprotein and bind epitopes that are part of class I histocompatibility molecules. CD8-positive T-lymphocytes include cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.


A protein that is a translation product of the human IL13 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Interleukin-13 is a pleiotropic cytokine which may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses. It inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and synergises with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. The sequences of IL-4 and IL-13 are distantly related.


T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 2

A protein that is a translation product of the mouse Timd2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


oxytocin receptor

A vasopressin/oxytocin receptor that is a translation product of the human OXTR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is oxytocin.


peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP14

A protein that is a translation product of the human FKBP14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


congenital insensitivity to pain-hypohidrosis syndrome

A hereditary sensory neuropathy characterized by congenital insensitivity to pain and decreased sweating and tear production that has material basis in homozygous mutation in the PRDM12 gene on chromosome 9q34.


A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

A protein that is a translation product of the human NFE2L2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


central medial nucleus

A small cell group in the interthalamic adhesion of the thalamus that occupy the midline region of the internal medullary lamina, between the left and right paracentral nuclei.


Photophobia

Excessive sensitivity to light with the sensation of discomfort or pain in the eyes due to exposure to bright light.


Impaired tactile sensation

A reduced sense of touch (tactile sensation). This is usually tested with a wisp of cotton or a fine camel's hair brush, by asking patients to say 'now' each time they feel the stimulus.


cerebellum

Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].


CTRC

A chymotrypsin-C that is encoded in the genome of human.


Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor A1

A Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor A that is a translation product of the mouse Mrgpra1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. RF-amide-related peptides are reported to be the preferred ligands.


Unilateral cleft lip

A non-midline cleft of the upper lip on one side only.


cholecystokinin receptor

A rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor that is a translation product of the human CCKAR or CCKBR genes, 1:1 orthologs thereof, or a semi-ortholog thereof. The active form binds cholecystokinin (CCK).


interleukin-18 receptor 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human IL18R1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


A probable G-protein coupled receptor 85 that is encoded in the genome of human.


urinary bladder

Distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP].


Neurogenic bladder

A type of bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic damage. Neurogenic bladder can be flaccid or spastic. Common manifestatios of neurogenic bladder are overflow incontinence, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and retention.


interstitial cystitis

A rare chronic debilitating urogenital disease characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain.


overactive bladder

Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. urinary incontinence may or may not be present.


head and neck carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.


autonomic nerve

The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa.


ARSB

An arylsulfatase B that is encoded in the genome of human.


oral cavity carcinoma

A carcinoma arising in the oral cavity. Most oral cavity carcinomas are squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue, buccal mucosa, or gums. Less frequent morphologic variants include mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.


Orofacial action-specific dystonia induced by speech


guanidinium salt

An organic salt in which the cation has the structure (RN)2C=N(+)R2.


Tumor Pain

A painful sensation caused by the tumor growth.


Nisch

A nischarin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


An ETS-related transcription factor Elf-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Fus

An RNA-binding protein FUS that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


brain hypoxia - ischemia

A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ischemia) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ischemic attack, transient; brain infarction; brain edema; coma; and other conditions.


cerebral palsy

A group of disorders affecting the development of movement and posture, often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, and behavior. It results from damage to the fetal or infant brain.


tract of spinal cord

An axon tract that is part of a spinal cord.


14-3-3 protein gamma

A 14-3-3 protein that is a translation product of the human YWHAG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


mitogen-activated protein kinase 6

A protein that is a translation product of the human MAPK6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


cAMP-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


interoceptor

A sensory receptor that detects stimulus within the body. Examples of stimuli that would be detected by interoceptors include blood pressure and blood oxygen level.


nervous system

The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].


metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.


sensory perception of mechanical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


bone remodeling

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.


Bone pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to bone.


A high affinity nerve growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


D-tyrosine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


A protein that is a translation product of the human DNM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


An AAK1 gene translation product (human), isoforms h1 and h2.


noggin sequence variant G189C (human)

A noggin (human) that has a Cys residue at the position equivalent to Gly-189 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q13253. UniProtKB:Q13253, Gly-189, CHEBI:29950.


HIV infectious disease

An infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.


Transcript Variant Negative

An indication that variant transcripts were not detected in a sample.


Drug Exposure

Contact with drug.


substance-related disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which include disorders related to the taking of a drug of abuse (including alcohol, prescribed medications and recreational drugs).


endocrine process

The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.


hormone

Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.


CAST

A calpastatin that is encoded in the genome of human.


Panic attack

A sudden episode of intense fear in a situation where there is no danger or apparent cause.


tetracyclic antidepressant

An antidepressant whose molecular structure consists of four ring-like structures in a T-shape.


Psychotic episodes

Periods of time during which an individual experiences significant disturbances in their thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behavior, resulting in a loss of touch with reality. These episodes are hallmark features of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and certain forms of bipolar disorder.


Depression, CTCAE

A disorder characterized by melancholic feelings of grief or unhappiness.


male organism

Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.


Adverse Event Attributed to Disease

An indication that an adverse event is causally related to the natural history of disease.


alcohol abuse

The use of alcoholic beverages to excess, either on individual occasions ("binge drinking") or as a regular practice.