preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle

The first nine mitotic division cycles of the insect embryo, during which the dividing nuclei lie deep in the interior of the egg and divide nearly synchronously. This is the first phase of the syncytial period where nuclei divide in a common cytoplasm without cytokinesis.


D-amino-acid dehydrogenase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + acceptor = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + reduced acceptor.


Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the addition of a terminal nucleotide to an RNA molecule in the absence of a nucleic acid template.


myristoyl-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myristic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + myristoyl-CoA.


xylulose catabolic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.


hindgut morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.


regulation of lipid localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate + 2 H+.


3-hydroxyphenyl propionate:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 3-hydroxyphenyl propionate(out) + H+(out) = 3-hydroxyphenyl propionate(in) + H+(in).


norepinephrine-mediated vasodilation

A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.


3'-5' RNA helicase activity

Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 3' to 5' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.


beta-catenin destruction complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a beta-catenin destruction complex.


epigallocatechin 3-gallate binding

Binding to epigallocatechin 3-gallate, a compound that is a gallic acid ester of a catechin.


facial nerve maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the facial nerve to attain its fully functional state. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


mesonephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.


lipid A phosphate methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the 1-phosphate group of lipid A.


petromyzonol sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + 5alpha-cholane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrol = 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5alpha-cholan-24-yl sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H+.


glucose uniporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) = glucose(in).


positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.


metanephric cap morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric cap are generated and organized. The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.


negative regulation of negative chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + diphosphate = O-phospho-L-serine + H+ + phosphate.


epidermal growth factor receptor activity

Combining with an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


leukotriene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


benzylsuccinate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: fumarate + toluene = 2-benzylsuccinate.


3-dehydroquinate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate = 3-dehydroquinate + phosphate.


fibroblast proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.


brassinosteroid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects.


xyloglucan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.


regulation of leaflet formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leaflet formation.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of response to gamma radiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to gamma radiation.


leading edge cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.


chemosensory jump behavior

The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to a chemical substance.


lincomycin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lincomycin.


positive regulation of eating behavior

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.


solanidine glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + solanidine = H+ + gamma-chaconine + UDP.


response to ether

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.


glucuronate-2-sulfatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.


regulation of tyramine signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tyramine signaling pathway.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-amino-3-isothiazolinone, five-membered saturated heterocyclic ring structures containing a sulfur and a nitrogen in the 1-position and 2-positions respectively.


regulation of monooxygenase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase.


lactaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = (S)-lactate + NADH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylarsenous acid + R2S-CH3 = trimethylarsine oxide + R2SH.


tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process from glycine and succinyl-CoA

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next, from other compounds, including glycine and succinyl-CoA.


noradrenergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + H2O.


glycerol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which glycerol is converted into glycerone and NAD+ or NADP is reduced.


extrasynaptic signaling via GABA

Cell-cell signaling that starts with the activation of extrasynaptic GABA receptors in neurons through binding of ambient gamma-aminobutyric acid present in the extracellular fluid.


negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in some heart process.


guard mother cell differentiation

The process in which a meristemoid acquires the specialized features of a guard mother cell.


negative regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.


low-density lipoprotein particle mediated signaling

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle.


imidazole N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1H-imidazole + acetyl-CoA = N-acetylimidazole + CoA.


cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment

Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.


protein-phosphocysteine-D-sorbitol-phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + D-sorbitol(out) = protein cysteine + D-sorbitol-1-phosphate(in).


galactitol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.


regulation of cell migration involved in somitogenic axis elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that contributes to somitogenic axis elongation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate + H2O = biphenyl-2-ol + sulfite.


very long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a very long-chain fatty acid residue. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.


positive regulation of single-species biofilm formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichlorophenol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3,5-dichlorocatechol + NADP+ + H2O.


cuticle development involved in chitin-based cuticle molting cycle

The synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based non-cellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


vascular endothelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


positive regulation of killing of cells of another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.


cytoskeleton polarization involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the polarization of cytoskeletal structures in a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte. This process results in the oriented division of the cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + dolichyl phosphate = UDP + dolichyl beta-D-glucosyl phosphate.


cellular response to methotrexate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methotrexate stimulus. Methotrexate is 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, a folic acid analogue that is a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.


nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrate + NAD(P)H + H+.


peptidyl-lysine myristoylation

The myristoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-myristoyl-L-lysine.


tRNA U4 sulfurtransferase

Catalyzes the reaction: ATP + [ThiI sulfur-carrier protein]-S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + uracil in tRNA + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster <=> AMP + diphosphate + 4-thiouracil in tRNA + [ThiI sulfur-carrier protein]-L-cysteine + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster.


RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.


2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid + 1/2 O2 = glyoxylate + 2,4,5-trichlorophenol.


regulation of light-activated channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity.


cellular response to strigolactone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a strigolactone stimulus.


regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.


regulation of the force of heart contraction by cardiac conduction

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.


posterior midgut invagination

Formation of a cup-shaped invagination at the posterior end of the embryo, bringing the posterior midgut and hindgut primordia into the interior.


erythrocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.


endocrocin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving endocrocin.


peptidyl-glutamic acid modification

The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid.


ureter smooth muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of placenta blood vessel development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.


eye pigment metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.


salutaridine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-reticuline + [reduced NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 -> salutaridine + [oxidized NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O.


plant septum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


tartrate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tartrate from one side of a membrane to the other. Tartrate is the anion of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, one of the aldaric acids. The L(+) enantiomer occurs widely in plants, especially in grape juice, and in fungi and bacteria.


demethylkotanin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving demethylkotanin.


cellular response to trichostatin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.


iris morphogenesis

The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.


telencephalon cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 6,7-dihydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole.


symmetric cell division

Cell division in which both daughter cells are of the same type.


peptide cross-linking via 4'-(L-tryptophan)-L-tryptophyl quinone

The cross-linking of a tryptophan residue to tryptophyl quinone to form 4'-(L-tryptophan)-L-tryptophyl quinone, a cofactor found at the active site of methylamine dehydrogenase.


maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium

Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.


gliotoxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine gliotoxin, a poisonous substance produced by some species of fungi.


regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell.


positive regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway in another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway, in a different organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + oxaloacetate = L-aspartate + glyoxylate.


modulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.


epithelial cell maturation involved in salivary gland development

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the salivary gland to attain its fully functional state.


DNA ligation involved in DNA repair

The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA repair.


oligosaccharide binding

Binding to an oligosaccharide, a molecule with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil.


cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis

The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.


Ral protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ral family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


blood microparticle formation

The cellular component organization process in which microparticles bud off from a parent cell. A microparticle is a phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell.


histone H3K79 trimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl79-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl79-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of up to three methyl group to the lysine residue at position 79 of the histone H3 protein, producing H3K79me3.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal

Any process which increases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.


regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.


toxin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


chitin localization

A process in which chitin is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


fucokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-fucose + ATP = beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


L-cysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


penicillin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. Penicillins are produced naturally during the growth of various microfungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus.


RNA dihydrouridine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA-uracil + NAD(P)+ = RNA-dihydrouridine + NAD(P)H + H+.


behavioral response to ether

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ether stimulus.


modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

Rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that contribute to the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.


hydrogen dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2 + NAD+ = H+ + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + hydrogen sulfide + O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Cys) = L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) + phosphate.


positive regulation of leaf development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leaf development.


gibberellin A12 16alpha,17 epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A12 + O2 + H+ + NAD(P)H <=> 16alpha, 17-epoxy gibberellin A12 + H2O + NAD(P).


regulation of resting membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + dolichol = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyldolichol.


nicotinamide mononucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of nicotinamide mononucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Nicotinamide mononucleotide is a ribonucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-n-glycosidic linkage with the c-1 position of d-ribose. It is a constituent of NAD and NADP.


negative regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.


nicotinate N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinate = N-methylnicotinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


regulation of renal output by angiotensin

The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.


beta-alanine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.


peptidyl-cysteine S-carbamoylation

The carbamoylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine.


formimidoylglutamate deiminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate + H2O = N-formyl-L-glutamate + NH3.


sno(s)RNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).


Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication.


alkanesulfonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of alkanesulfonate from one side of a membrane to the other.


linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate.


ecdysis, chitin-based cuticle

The shedding of the old chitin-based cuticlar fragments during the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


epithelial structure maintenance

A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.


N6-methyl-(d)ATP hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction N6-methyl-(d)ATP + H2O = N6-methyl-(d)AMP + diphosphate + H+.


flap endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.


negative regulation of mammary gland involution

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland involution.


regulation of protein complex stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.


isooctane monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: isooctane + 1/2 O2 = 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol.


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-pimara-9(11),15-diene + diphosphate.


tracheal pit formation in open tracheal system

Formation of the tracheal pits, the first tube-like structures to form in the open tracheal system. Once cells are determined to their tracheal cell fate, the tracheal pits arise by invagination of each ectodermal cluster of tracheal placode cells, between 5 and 7 hours after egg laying. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


mitotic M phase

A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


oxaloacetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.


bicellular tight junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.


heme A biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme A, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.


precorrin-3B synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADH + O2 + precorrin-3A = H2O + NAD+ + precorrin-3B.


lipid droplet localization to prospore membrane leading edge

Any process in which a lipid droplet is transported to, or maintained to the prospore membrane leading edge.


carbohydrate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: bisdiphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = diphospho-1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + phosphate.


positive regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.


inulin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inulin.


hindlimb morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.


phaseollidin hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phaseollidin hydrate = H2O + phaseollidin.


chemoattraction of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube in response to an attractive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


guanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.


1,8-cineole synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate(3-) + H2O <=> 1,8-cineole + diphosphoric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteinyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + S-methyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].


carbon monoxide binding

Binding to carbon monoxide (CO).


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.


evasion of host immune response via modulation of host antigen processing and presentation

Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating the host's antigen processing or presentation pathways, e.g. by blocking any stage in MHC class II presentation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


entry into diapause

The dormancy process that results in entry into diapause. Diapause is a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated characteristics of this form of dormancy include reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail. Once initiated, only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state, and this characteristic is essential in distinguishing diapause from hibernation.


regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


interferon-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by type II interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type II interferon is also known as interferon-gamma.


dUMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUMP, deoxyuridine (5'-)monophosphate.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.


Catalysis of the reaction: luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = luteolin-7-O-gentiobioside + UDP + H+.


Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of xylogalacturonate by cleavage of the alpha-(1,4)-linkage. Xylogalacturonate (XGA) is composed of a chain of alpha-(1,4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues with beta-D-xylose substituted at the O3 position.


inulin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inulin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + NADP+ = bis-gamma-glutamylcystine + H+ + NADPH.


pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate = 2 H2O + H+ + phosphate + pyridoxine 5'-phosphate.


pigment metabolic process involved in developmental pigmentation

The chemical reactions and pathways involving biological pigments e.g. melanin, occurring as part of the development of an organ or organism.


aspartate racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = D-aspartate.


transposition

Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.


modulation by virus of host process

The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.


N-acetylgalactosamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. N-acetylgalactosamine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose, is the n-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.


positive regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine.


phosphotransferase activity, for other substituted phosphate groups

Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).


negative regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.


lipoate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + (+)-delta-cadinene + NADPH + O2 <=> 8-hydroxy-(+)-delta-cadinene + NADP + H2O.


hydroxylamine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxylamine + O2 = H2O + H+ + nitrite.


acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


non-tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor activity

Combining with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of tyrosine kinase activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = vinylacetyl-CoA + H2O.


regulation of teliospore formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or over-wintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs.


regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.


synaptic membrane adhesion to extracellular matrix

The binding of a synaptic membrane to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.


long tract gene conversion

A gene conversion process in which a segment of more than 1000 base pairs is transferred from the donor to the acceptor.


pentose catabolic process to butyrate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentose to butyrate.


base J metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving base J (beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil), a hypermodified thymidine residue found in the genome of kinetoplastid parasites. This modified base is localized primarily to repetitive DNA, namely the telomeres, and is implicated in the regulation of antigenic variation. The base is synthesized in a two-step pathway. Initially, a thymidine residue in DNA is hydroxylated by a thymidine hydroxylase (TH) to form the intermediate hydroxymethyluracil, which is then glucosylated to form base J.


kinetoplast DNA replication

The process of doubling of the number of maxicircles and minicircles and distribution of the progeny into two daughter networks, which are identical to the parent kinetoplast DNA network.


CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, a substance composed of the acidic sugar 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate.


cellular response to arachidonic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arachidonic acid stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 7 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = cobalt-precorrin 8 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + CO2.


determination of left/right asymmetry in diencephalon

The establishment of the diencephalon with respect to the left and right halves.


4-hydroxy-L-threonine aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-L-threonine <=> glycolaldehyde + glycine.


spheroidene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spheroidene.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ADP + 2 H+.


cellular response to nitrite

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrite stimulus.


enamel mineralization

The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited in tooth enamel.


negative regulation of copper ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.


negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


protein-glycine ligase activity, initiating

Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of a glycine residue to the gamma-carboxyl group(s) of one or more specific glutamate residues on a target protein.


granulosa cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a granulosa cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a granulosa cell fate.


positive regulation of renal albumin absorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.


negative regulation of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion.


GA20 2,3-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A20 + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> gibberellin A5 + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


lysosomal lumen pH elevation

Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.


thermomorphogenesis

The suite of morphological and architectural changes in an organism induced by high ambient temperatures, below the heat-stress range.


positive regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord.


lamina terminalis formation

The process in which the anterior-most portion of the neural axis is formed by closure of the anterior neuropore.


peptide mating pheromone maturation involved in positive regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion

The formation of a mature peptide mating pheromone by proteolysis and/or modification of a peptide precursor, occurring in the context of conjugation with cellular fusion.


maintenance of blood-brain barrier

Maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, thus ensuring specific regulated transport of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into the brain, and out of the brain into the blood circulation.


tRNA seleno-modification

The substitution of a selenium atom for a sulfur atom in a ribonucleotide in a tRNA molecule.


chromatin-protein adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a nucleosome, to establish or maintain the chromatin localization of the protein, or protein complex.


cellular response to oscillatory fluid shear stress

Any response to oscillatory fluid shear stress that occurs at the level of a cell.


dimethylallyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethylallyl diphosphate.


response to aromatase inhibitor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aromatase inhibitor stimulus.


mRNA N6-methyladenosine dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the oxidative demethylation of N6-methyladenosine RNA, with concomitant decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate and releases oxidized methyl group on N6-methyladenosine as formaldehyde.


protein-containing complex localization to centriolar satellite

A protein-containing complex localization by which the complex is transported to, or maintained in, the centriolar satellite.


regulation of endothelial cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation.


negative regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.


response to progesterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.


response to diosgenin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diosgenin stimulus.


deUFMylase activity

A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves UFM1 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


ESCRT III complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an ESCRT III complex.


cell migration involved in heart jogging

The orderly movement of a cell of the myocardium from one site to another that will contribute to heart jogging.


negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in ureteric bud branching

The process in which a ureteric bud bifurcates at its end.


negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.


positive regulation of anterior head development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anterior head development.


thiocyanate peroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: thiocyanate (SCN-) + hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) + 2 H2O. Catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of thiocyanate.


floppase activity

Catalysis of the movement of a lipid from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


regulation of neutrophil aggregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil aggregation.


negative regulation of membrane depolarization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.


indoleacetic acid conjugate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole-3-acetic acid conjugate, a form of indoleacetic acid covalently bound to another molecule.


pre-B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.


vitamin K metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Na+(out) = K+(in) + Na+(in).


positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling involved in cellular response to salt stress

Any positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling that is involved in cellular response to salt stress.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phenylalanine(out) + H+(out) = phenylalanine(in) + H+(in).


response to quetiapine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a quetiapine stimulus.


hydrogen generation via nitrogenase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of H2 (dihydrogen) which involve a nitrogenase activity as one of the steps. This process is observed in cyanobacteria.


positive regulation of chromosome separation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.


interleukin-1 alpha production

The appearance of interleukin-1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


low-affinity secondary active ammonium transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


(3R)-(E)-nerolidol synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O <=> (3R,6E)-nerolidol + diphosphoric acid.


glucose 1-phosphate phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into glucose 1-phosphate to produce glucose bisphosphate.


sialate:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sialate(out) + cation(out) = sialate(in) + cation(in).


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of xyloglucan side chains so as to remove unsubstituted D-xylose residues attached to the glucose located at the non-reducing terminus.


allene-oxide cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z,13S,15Z)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate.


mast cell mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.


camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.


N',N'',N'''-triacetylfusarinine C metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N',N'',N'''-triacetylfusarinine C.


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


negative regulation of acetylcholine uptake

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell.


dGTP biosynthetic process from dGDP

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate.


regulation of stem cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


regulation of response to nutrient levels

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.


negative regulation of response to ethanol

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to ethanol.


periclinal cell division

A cell division process where the division plane is parallel to the surface of the organ. It creates a new cell layer or cell file.


beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a beta-catenin destruction complex into its constituent components.


oximinotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(hydroxyimino)propanoate + acetone = acetone oxime + pyruvate.


cell-cell junction maintenance

The maintenance of junctions between cells.


maltose epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose = beta-maltose.


modulation by symbiont of host small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction in its host organism.


microtubule polymerization based movement

The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization.


ectodermal cell fate specification

The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an ectoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


positive regulation of dehydroepiandrosterone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dehydroepiandrosterone secretion.


fucose binding

Binding to fucose, the pentose 6-deoxygalactose.


cellular response to Thyroid stimulating hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulus.


polyvinyl-alcohol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: polyvinyl alcohol + O2 = oxidized polyvinyl alcohol + H2O2.


glycine N-choloyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + glycocholate.


cellular response to nitroglycerin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitroglycerin stimulus.


4-hydroxyproline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline. The presence of hydroxyproline is essential to produce stable triple helical tropocollagen, hence the problems caused by ascorbate deficiency in scurvy. This unusual amino acid is also present in considerable amounts in the major glycoprotein of primary plant cell walls.


negative regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to pH

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to pH.


white fat cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of white fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population.


myoblast fusion involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts, after migrating to the site of injury, fuse into existing damaged fibers or fuse to myotubes to form new fibers, as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


negative regulation of macrophage antigen processing and presentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: shikimate(out) + H+(out) = shikimate(in) + H+(in).


positive regulation of gastrulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.


transdifferentiation

The conversion of a differentiated cell of one fate into a differentiated cell of another fate without first undergoing cell division or reversion to a more primitive or stem cell-like fate.


2-deoxystreptamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-deoxystreptamine.


thymic T cell selection

The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus.


leukocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.


trachea cartilage morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage in the trachea are generated and organized.


xanthan lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: xanthan = oligosaccharide with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enuronosyl end + pyruvylate mannose. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of the terminal beta-D-mannosyl-beta-D-1,4-glucuronosyl linkage of the side-chain of the polysaccharide xanthan, leaving a 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enuronosyl group at the terminus of the side-chain.


B cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen

B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to the B cell receptor.


inductive mesenchymal-endodermal cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an endodermal cell changing the fate of the endodermal cell.


beta1-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta1-adrenergic receptors.


rhombomere 8 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 8 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


all-trans-geranyl-geranyl diphosphate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH = dihydrogeranylgeranyl-PP + NADP.


negative regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.


membrane bending

A membrane organization process resulting in the bending of a membrane.


regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.


cyclopentanone monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyclopentanone + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 5-valerolactone + H2O + NADP+.


cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


zeatin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zeatin, 2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.


EGF-domain serine glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-L-serine <=> UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + (15S)-15-hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate = NAD(P)H + H+ + 15-oxo-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate.


small ribosomal subunit rRNA binding

Binding to small ribosomal subunit RNA (SSU rRNA), a constituent of the small ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 18S rRNA.


evasion by virus of host restriction-modification system

Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus evades the DNA restriction modification system of its host. Some viruses encode their own methyltransferase in order to protect their genome from host restriction enzymes. Others directly inhibit restruction enzymes while some use unusual bases in their genome to avoid restriction.


response to molybdenum starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of molybdenum.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methylthio-2-oxopentanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O <=> H+ + 2-(3-methylthiopropyl)malate + coenzyme A.


gluconate 5-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-fructose(out) + Na+(out) = D-fructose(in) + Na+(in).


GGG codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GGG codon.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-Serine + Selenohomocysteine => L-Selenocystathionine + H2O.


regulation of androstenedione secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androstenedione secretion.


nucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


iodotyrosine deiodinase activity

Catalyzes the reaction: 2 iodide + L-tyrosine + 2 NADP+ = 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + H+ + 2 NADPH. Note that this activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 3-deiodination. 3-bromo-L-tyrosine and 3-chloro-L-tyrosine can also be used as substrates.


vistamycin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vistamycin.


adhesion of symbiont to host cell surface via host membrane cholesterol

The attachment of a symbiont to its host by binding to cholesterol on the host cell surface. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin.


S-glycoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.


membrane repolarization during Purkinje myocyte action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.


DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription

A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription.


mechanoreceptor differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


eclosion rhythm

The timing of the emergence of the adult fly from its pupal case, which usually occurs at dawn.


P-type cobalt transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cobalt(out) = ADP + phosphate + cobalt(in).


axillary shoot meristem initiation

A developmental process that results in the initiation of an axillary shoot meristem. An axillary shoot meristem is a shoot meristem formed in the axil of a leaf.


lactaldehyde reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.


vanillin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods.


chenodeoxycholate 7-alpha-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: chenodeoxycholate + NAD+ = 7-oxolithocholate + H+ + NADH.


asymmetric neuroblast division

The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.


response to tert-butyl hydroperoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) stimulus.


negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal + NADP+ = 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate + H+ + NADPH.


benzoyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoyl-CoA.


mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.


twitch skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The twitch skeletal muscle responds to neurostimulations with a contraction followed by a relaxation.


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-phenyllactate + [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-{[(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propyl phosphonato]oxy}phosphonate = (R)-3-phenyllactoyl-CoA + trans-cinnamate.


ADP-ribosylglutamate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + H2O = L-glutamyl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.


AUC codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUC codon.


Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside betaine + 4-coumaryl-CoA + H+ <=> cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(E)-4-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside) + coenzyme A.


negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.


gap junction hemi-channel activity

A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.


establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.


peptidyl-arginine methylation, to asymmetrical-dimethyl arginine

The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.


cellular response to leptomycin B

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptomycin B stimulus.


cerebellum formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


presynaptic cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton.


cyanamide hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: urea = cyanamide + H2O.


dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+ = (+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+.


ureter smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.


negative regulation of endocardial cushion cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocardial cushion cell differentiation.


directional locomotion

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis.


nitroimidazole metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitroimidazoles, imidazole derivatives with a nitro group attached to one ring.


macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of hyphopodium formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont hyphopodium formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.


exon-exon junction complex binding

Binding to an exon-exon junction complex, a protein complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.


regulation of jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway.


Catalysis of the reaction: cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA + H2O = 6-hydroxycyclohex-1-enecarbonyl-CoA.


positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxymethylsalicylaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 4-hydroxymethylsalicylate + NADH + 2 H+.


cardiac muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


xanthone-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xanthone-containing compound.


regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to neutral pH

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to neutral pH.


regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.


positive regulation of hemostasis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.


phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)H + H+. In the reverse reaction, a mixture of GDP-D-rhamnose and its C-4 epimer is formed.


anticlinal cell division

A cell division process where the division plane is perpendicular to the surface of the organ. It adds cells to the existing cell layer or cell file.


T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


L-phenylalaine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-phenylalanine + O2 = 3-phenylpyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+).


L-fuconate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuconate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-fuconate + H2O.


antibiotic metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.


Catalysis of the reaction: deethylsimazine + H2O = N-ethylammeline + chloride + H+.


cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mammary gland, from its initial state to the mature structure.


cellular response to lipoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoic acid stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + a beta-sitosterol = UDP + O-glucosyl-beta-sitosterol.


cellular response to alkaloid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.


secondary branching, open tracheal system

Sprouting of secondary branches in an open tracheal system. These form from the tips of primary branches and are formed by individual cells that roll up into unicellular tubes. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


mRNA methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.


anther septum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anther septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The anther septum is a thin partition or stretch of cells that are present in the anther dehiscence zone.


guanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.


mitochondrial RNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.


negative regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.


regulation of auxin polar transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auxin polar transport.


apical ectodermal ridge formation

The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


pyrimidine nucleoside salvage

Any process that generates a pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


NAD+- protein-lysine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + N(6)-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence processing

The removal of the signal peptide from a nascent protein during cotranslational membrane targeting.


Catalysis of the reaction: estradiol-17alpha 3-D-glucuronoside + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 17alpha-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-estradiol 3-D-glucuronoside + H+ + UDP.


pancreatic A cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic A cell and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.


regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to homogentisic acid.


deoxyribonuclease II activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 3'-phosphodinucleotide and 3'-phosphooligonucleotide end products.


purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


methylgalactoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of methylgalactoside from one side of a membrane to the other. Methylgalactoside is a compound in which the H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.


mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.


organic heteropentacyclic compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic heteropentacyclic compound.


proton motive force dependent protein transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the transfer of proteins from one side of a membrane to the other. Transportation is dependent on pH gradient across the membrane.


cell wall organization involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

A process of cell wall organization that contributes to conjugation with cellular fusion.


Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.


phosphorylase kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ATP + 2 phosphorylase b = 4 ADP + phosphorylase a.


positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.


Golgi membrane coat protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of priming complexes to form a coat on a Golgi membrane. Priming complexes associate laterally and additional coat proteins are recruited from the cytosol to the forming coat. Cargo proteins diffuse into the budding site and become trapped by their interactions with the coat.


Delta12-linoleate epoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine + NADPH + O2 <=> 1-palmitoyl-2-vernoloyl-phosphatidylcholine + NADP + H2O.


lymphocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


protein glucuronylation

The modification of a protein by amino acid glucuronylation, the addition of a glucuronate group, the uronic acid derived from glucose.


regulation of oomycete sporangium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oomycete sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiate, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which is laterally flagellated.


light-activated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic ion by a channel that opens in response to a light stimulus.


GDP-mannose biosynthetic process from fructose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose from fructose-6-phosphate.


vesicle targeting to fusome

The recruitment of vesicles to the fusome. The vesicles become the fusome tubule network and are necessary for the assembly of the fusome.


regulation of trypanothione biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trypanothione biosynthetic process.


turning behavior

Fine-tuning the spatial position of an organism in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of an organism in the direction of a food source.


response to N-phenylthiourea

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a N-phenylthiourea stimulus.


catalase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.


phenylboronic acid monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phenylboronic acid + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = phenol + B(OH)3.


naphtho-gamma-pyrone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of naphtho-gamma-pyrone.


dGTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


rhombomere formation

The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.


diol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.


regulation of spindle checkpoint

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


Sertoli cell fate commitment

The process in which the cellular identity of Sertoli cells is acquired and determined.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development

A developmental process occurring after the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


CENP-A eviction from euchromatin

A chromatin remodeling process in which CENP-A is removed from euchromatin regions to prevent neocentromere formation.


atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the atrial cardiomyocyte communicating with an AV node cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


negative regulation of fumigaclavine C biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fumigaclavine C biosynthetic process.


asparaginyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + aspartyl-tRNA(Asn) + ATP = L-glutamate + asparaginyl-tRNA(Asn) + phosphate + ADP.


The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).


Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA precursor + CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CC end + 2 diphosphate.


stele development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stele over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stele is the central column of primary vascular tissue in the root and any tissue that it surrounds.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribitol 5-phosphate + NAD(P)+ = D-ribulose 5-phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+.


negative regulation of border follicle cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of border follicle cell migration.


somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes

Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.


response to heparin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.


cellular response to alkyl hydroperoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkyl hydroperoxide stimulus. Alkyl hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH, where the substituent is an alkyl group.


N-glycan diversification

The generation, in the Golgi apparatus, of side chain diversity from high mannose Man5GlcNAc2-Asn N-glycans by specific glycosyltransferases and glycosidases.


regulation of cell diameter

Any process that modulates the diameter of a cell, the length of a line segment that crosses through the center of a circular section through a cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + benzene-1,2,4-triol = maleylacetate.


diencephalon morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the diencephalon are generated and organized. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.


putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine via N-carbamoylputrescine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, from other compounds, including arginine, via the intermediate N-carbamoylputrescine; in this pathway, arginine is converted to agmatine, and agmatine is converted to putrescine in two single enzymatic steps.


5'-deoxyadenosine deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'deoxyadenosine + H2O = 5'deoxyinosine + NH3.


negative regulation of macrophage migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.


inferior olivary nucleus formation

The process that gives rise to the inferior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.


negative regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport.


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl stimulus.


recruitment of 3'-end processing factors to RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex

The process in which proteins required for 3'-end transcript processing become associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 3' end of a transcript.


steryl deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from an acetylated sterol.


ecgonone methyl ester metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecgonone methyl ester.


regulation of establishment of bipolar cell polarity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of bipolar cell polarity. Bipolar organization is the organization that is a mirror image along an axis from a plane.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


mast cell secretory granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a mast cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.


response to iron ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.


regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal norepinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of norepinephrine released by nerve endings.


regulation of myotome development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.


positive regulation of tissue remodeling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.


response to platelet-derived growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.


lactaldehyde reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + propane-1,2-diol = (S)-lactaldehyde + H+ + NADPH.


dorsal closure, leading edge cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a leading edge cell, the dorsal-most cells of the epidermis that migrates during dorsal closure.


regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.


response to linoleic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a linoleic acid stimulus.


11-hydroxythromboxane B2 dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: thromboxane B2 + NAD+ = 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 + NADH + H+.


spermidine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + putrescine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermidine.


disruption by virus of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of STAT1 activity

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a JAK-STAT signal cascade in a host organism by reducing the activity of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1).


protein deglycosylation involved in glycoprotein catabolic process

The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein that contributes to the breakdown of a glycoprotein.


negative regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.


modulation of receptor activity in another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the activity of a receptor in a second organism.


4-chloro-allylglycine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chloro-L-lysine + AH2 + O2 = A + formaldehyde + H2O + L-2-amino-4-chloropent-4-enoate + NH4(+).


retrograde trans-synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.


protein complex oligomerization

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


rhombomere 3 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 3 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


NAD-dependent histone H3K56 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.


ABC-type thiamine transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + thiamine(out) = ADP + H+ + phosphate + thiamine(in).


regulation of glutamatergic neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic neuron differentiation.


negative thymic T cell selection

The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens.


negative regulation of interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of dendritic spine development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


rhodopsin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.


penile erection

The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.


IgE receptor activity

Combining with an immunoglobulin of the IgE isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


linoleate 11-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11S,12Z)-11-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + sinapoyl aldehyde = H+ + sinapaldehyde glucoside + UDP.


regulation of seed dormancy process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of seed dormancy process.


adenohypophysis development

The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


NADH-dependent peroxiredoxin activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroperoxide + H+ + NADH = an alcohol + H2O + NAD+.


positive regulation of cell wall organization or biogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall organization or biogenesis.


GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = formate + 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate.


thrombocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis.


perturbation of plasma membrane integrity in another organism

The disruption of the cell membrane of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of the membrane.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + HCO3-(out) = Na+(in) + HCO3-(in).


vitamin A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.


Malpighian tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the Malpighian tubule are generated and organized. This process takes place entirely during the embryonic phase. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dihydroflavodoxin + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycine = 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + flavodoxin semiquinone + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycin-2-yl radical.


fatty acid derivative metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acid derivative.


CCA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCA codon.


actin filament branching

The formation of daughter actin filament branches at an angle on the sides of preexisting mother filaments.


suppression by virus of host viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of MAVS activity

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces a viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in a host organism by reducing the activity of host MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). MAVS is a signal transducer that lies downstream of the viral RNA receptors MDA-5 and RIG-I to coordinate host innate immune responses.