TRANSPORT AND GOLGI ORGANIZATION PROTEIN 1 HOMOLOG


endoplasmic reticulum exit site

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An endoplasmic reticulum part at which COPII-coated vesicles are produced.


Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.


nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network

The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.


organelle subcompartment

A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle.


organelle membrane

A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.


cellular anatomical entity

A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.


organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.


membrane

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.


intracellular organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


intracellular anatomical structure

A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.


cytoplasm

The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment

A distinct region of the endoplasmic reticulum.


endomembrane system

A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.


membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.


endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).


endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.


Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

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endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

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The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


cellular localization

A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.


macromolecule localization

Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


transport

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.


nitrogen compound transport

The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


vesicle-mediated transport

A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.


protein secretion

The controlled release of proteins from a cell.


cellular process

Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.


Golgi vesicle transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.


establishment of protein localization

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.


protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


localization

Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.


establishment of protein localization to extracellular region

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.


organic substance transport

The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.


cellular macromolecule localization

Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.


establishment of localization

Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.


secretion

The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.


protein transport

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


establishment of localization in cell

Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.


intracellular transport

The directed movement of substances within a cell.


protein localization to extracellular region

Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.


export from cell

The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.


secretion by cell

The controlled release of a substance by a cell.


ZINC FINGER MIZ DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN


ZINC FINGER MIZ DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1


ZINC FINGER MIZ DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2


transcription coregulator activity

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A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.


transcription regulator activity

A molecular function that controls the rate, timing and/or magnitude of gene transcription. The function of transcriptional regulators is to modulate gene expression at the transcription step so that they are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.


transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.


catalytic activity

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.


SUMO transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y = Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages.


ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S = X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


aminoacyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


catalytic activity, acting on a protein

Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.


nuclear receptor coactivator activity

A transcription coactivator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.


transcription coactivator activity

A transcription coregulator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coactivators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.


peptidyl-lysine modification

The modification of peptidyl-lysine.


protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal

A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.


macromolecule modification

The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.


regulation of DNA-templated transcription

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.


macromolecule metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.


protein sumoylation

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.


regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.


organonitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.


protein modification process

The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).


peptidyl-amino acid modification

The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.


regulation of RNA biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.


regulation of RNA metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.


primary metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.


regulation of biological process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.


regulation of primary metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.


regulation of cellular biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.


regulation of macromolecule metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


nitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.


regulation of cellular process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.


regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


regulation of biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.


biological regulation

Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.


regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.


protein modification by small protein conjugation

A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.


regulation of metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


regulation of cellular metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.


organic substance metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.


extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


extracellular space

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.


extracellular matrix

A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.


external encapsulating structure

A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.


cell periphery

The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell,  encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.


peptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


molecular function regulator activity

A molecular function regulator regulates the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. Examples of molecular function regulators include regulatory subunits of multimeric enzymes and channels. Mechanisms of regulation include allosteric changes in the target and competitive inhibition.


peptidase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


enzyme inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.


endopeptidase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.


endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase.


molecular function inhibitor activity

A molecular function regulator that inhibits or decreases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.


enzyme regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.


cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.


regulation of proteolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


negative regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


negative regulation of biological process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.


regulation of protein metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.


negative regulation of peptidase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


negative regulation of endopeptidase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


negative regulation of metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


negative regulation of protein metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.


negative regulation of proteolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.


negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.


regulation of molecular function

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.


negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.


regulation of endopeptidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


regulation of peptidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


negative regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.


negative regulation of molecular function

Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.


regulation of coagulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.


positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


negative regulation of multicellular organismal process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.


regulation of wound healing

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


regulation of biological quality

Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.


regulation of multicellular organismal process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.


regulation of response to external stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.


negative regulation of coagulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.


negative regulation of response to stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.


regulation of response to stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


regulation of body fluid levels

Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.


regulation of response to wounding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.


regulation of response to stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.


negative regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


negative regulation of response to external stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.


SODIUM-DEPENDENT PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1


inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon.


secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


inorganic anion transmembrane transport

The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane.


transmembrane transport

The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


inorganic ion transmembrane transport

The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane.


inorganic anion transport

The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


Golgi cisterna

Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.


Golgi apparatus

A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.


Golgi cis cisterna

The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER.


Golgi stack

The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.


cis-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


Golgi apparatus subcompartment

A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of the Golgi apparatus.


cellular component assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.


cellular component biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.


Golgi organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.


cell cycle process

The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


endomembrane system organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.


cellular component organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


organelle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


cellular component organization or biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


microtubule-based process

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


organelle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


cell cycle

The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.


cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.


Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway-Gi alpha and Gs alpha mediated pathway


DYSLEXIA-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KIAA0319-LIKE PROTEIN


intracellular vesicle

Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.


cytoplasmic vesicle

A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.


vesicle

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.


plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.


cell differentiation

The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.


cellular developmental process

A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.


system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.


neurogenesis

Generation of cells within the nervous system.


anatomical structure development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


neuron migration

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.


multicellular organism development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


developmental process

A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.


multicellular organismal process

Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.


cell motility

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.


generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.


nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.


cell migration

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.


Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathway


electron transfer activity

Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


proton transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.


active monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other.


inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.


oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.


aerobic respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.


cellular respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).


respiratory electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


generation of precursor metabolites and energy

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.


oxidative phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.


ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP.


cellular metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds

The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 5-5-RELATED


NON-FUNCTIONAL T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 17-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 7-2-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 7-4-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 6-8-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 6-2-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA CHAIN MC.7.G5-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 10-1-RELATED


NON-FUNCTIONAL T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 7-3-RELATED


NON-FUNCTIONAL T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 23-1-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR BETA VARIABLE 12-3-RELATED


response to stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.


signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.


cellular response to stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cell communication

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


signaling

The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.


POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE NUCLEOTIDYLTRANSFERASE 1, MITOCHONDRIAL


cytosol

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.


mitochondrion

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.


catalytic activity, acting on RNA

Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.


nuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.


exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.


nucleotidyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.


catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid

Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid.


hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.


transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.


3'-5' exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' end.


exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end.


RNA nuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.


negative regulation of gene expression

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


cellular aromatic compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.


heterocycle catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).


RNA metabolic process

The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


mitochondrial gene expression

The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.


RNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.


gene expression

The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.


nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.


mRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


organic cyclic compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.


mRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.


RNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


organic substance catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.


cellular catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.


heterocycle metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).


macromolecule catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


mitochondrial RNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.


RNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule.


cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.


mitochondrial RNA processing

The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.


nucleic acid metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.


aromatic compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.


organic cyclic compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound.


nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


protein binding

Binding to a protein.


G protein-coupled receptor binding

Binding to a G protein-coupled receptor.


binding

The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


signaling receptor binding

Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


localization within membrane

Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.


membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.


protein localization to membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


protein targeting

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


establishment of protein localization to membrane

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.


protein targeting to membrane

The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


intracellular protein transport

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


protein insertion into membrane

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a biological membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.


system process

A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.


detection of stimulus

The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.


nervous system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.


sensory perception of chemical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


response to chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.


sensory perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


bounding membrane of organelle

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle.


endosome

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.


late endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.


early endosome

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.


endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.


extrinsic component of membrane

The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.


cytoplasmic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.


late endosome

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.


kinase regulator activity

Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


regulation of phosphate metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.


regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.


cytosolic transport

The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.


regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.


regulation of transferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


early endosome to late endosome transport

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.


regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.


regulation of kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


VOLTAGE AND LIGAND GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 4


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 3


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 8


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 5


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 2


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 1


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 6


POTASSIUM VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNEL SUBFAMILY H MEMBER 7


monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the energy-independent passage of monoatomic cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.


potassium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


voltage-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.


monoatomic ion gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.


voltage-gated potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


channel activity

Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules.


voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


passive transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.


gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.


metal ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


salt transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other.


monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a monoatomic ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).


ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


ligand-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


delayed rectifier potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and inactivation is slow.


metal ion transport

The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


inorganic cation transmembrane transport

A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


monoatomic cation transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


monoatomic ion transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


monoatomic cation transmembrane transport

The process in which a monoatomic cation is transported across a membrane. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


potassium ion transport

The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of heart contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


action potential

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.


regulation of system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.


regulation of blood circulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.


regulation of heart rate

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 INHIBITOR POTENTIATED BY PROTEIN KINASE C


PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 14D


PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 14B


PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 14C


PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 14A


phosphatase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.


protein phosphatase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a protein phosphatase.


phosphatase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase.


protein phosphatase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase.


protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.


response to external biotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.


response to external stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.


immune system process

Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.


response to biotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.


response to stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


defense response to other organism

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.


immune response

Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.


response to other organism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.


biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms

Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.


innate immune response

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


defense response

Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CALCIUM CHANNEL TYPE A SUBUNIT ALPHA-1


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 10 SUBUNIT ALPHA


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT L-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1C


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 11 SUBUNIT ALPHA


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 1 SUBUNIT ALPHA


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 5 SUBUNIT ALPHA


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT L-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1S


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 7 SUBUNIT ALPHA-RELATED


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT T-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1G


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT T-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1H


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT R-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1E


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT L-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1F


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 2 SUBUNIT ALPHA-RELATED


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT L-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1D


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT N-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1B


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT T-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1I


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 4 SUBUNIT ALPHA


SODIUM CHANNEL PROTEIN TYPE 8 SUBUNIT ALPHA


VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT P/Q-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT ALPHA-1A


voltage-gated calcium channel complex

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.


membrane protein complex

Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.


protein-containing complex

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.


monoatomic ion channel complex

A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective monoatomic ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.


plasma membrane protein complex

Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.


transporter complex

A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


transmembrane transporter complex

A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.


calcium channel complex

An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass.


cation channel complex

An ion channel complex through which cations pass.


somatodendritic compartment

The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.


neuronal cell body

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


cell body

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.


Beta2 adrenergic receptor signaling pathway


calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


calcium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


calcium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


calcium ion transport

The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


import into cell

The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.


trans-synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.


chemical synaptic transmission

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


anterograde trans-synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.


synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.


cell-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.


signaling receptor activity

Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.


molecular transducer activity

A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.


G protein-coupled receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


transmembrane signaling receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 1-8-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN LAMBDA VARIABLE 2-14-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN LAMBDA VARIABLE 3-19-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 1-13-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 2-40-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 2-30-RELATED


NON-FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINN KAPPA VARIABLE 1-37-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 3-15-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 1-16-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN LAMBDA VARIABLE 1-40-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 3-20-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 6-21-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN LAMBDA VARIABLE 1-44-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR ALPHA VARIABLE 38-2/DELTA VARIABLE 8


NON-FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 6D-41-RELATED


IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 2-24-RELATED


NON-FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA VARIABLE 1D-42-RELATED


T CELL RECEPTOR ALPHA VARIABLE 14/DELTA VARIABLE 4


NON-FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LAMBDA VARIABLE 11-55-RELATED


immunoglobulin production

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


production of molecular mediator of immune response

The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


COMPLEMENT COMPONENT-RELATED SUSHI DOMAIN-CONTAINING


COMPLEMENT COMPONENT RECEPTOR 1-LIKE PROTEIN


SUSHI, VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR TYPE A, EGF AND PENTRAXIN DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1


regulation of immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.


leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.


T cell mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.


lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.


negative regulation of immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.


adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.


regulation of immune effector process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.


adaptive immune response

An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).


regulation of complement activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.


regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.


regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.


regulation of immune system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.


negative regulation of immune system process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.


regulation of adaptive immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.


immune effector process

Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.


NA(+)/H(+) EXCHANGE REGULATORY COFACTOR NHE-RF1


NA(+)/H(+) EXCHANGE REGULATORY COFACTOR NHE-RF4


NA(+)/H(+) EXCHANGE REGULATORY COFACTOR NHE-RF3-RELATED


NA(+)/H(+) EXCHANGE REGULATORY COFACTOR NHE-RF2


plasma membrane region

A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.


apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


apical plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.


molecular adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.


protein-macromolecule adaptor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.


protein localization to plasma membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


protein localization to cell periphery

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery.


ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED  ATM -RELATED


DNA-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT


nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.


SAGA-type complex

A histone acetyltransferase complex that acetylates nucleosomal histones H2B, H3, or H4 and is required for the expression of a subset of Pol II-transcribed genes. This complex includes the acetyltransferases GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, several proteins of the ADA, SGF and SPT families, and several TBP-associate proteins (TAFs).


peptidase complex

A protein complex which is capable of peptidase activity.


histone acetyltransferase complex

A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity.


acetyltransferase complex

A protein complex which is capable of acetyltransferase activity.


protein-DNA complex

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.


catalytic complex

A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity.


chromatin

The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.


NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex

A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60).


transferase complex

A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).


A protein-containing complex located intracellularly.


Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.


non-membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.


protein acetyltransferase complex

A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule.


chromosome

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


SAGA complex

A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that deubiquitinates H2A and/or H2B. This complex is organized into several functional submodules: a structural core including the activator binding module and consisting of ADA1 or a homolog, members of the SPT and TAF protein families as well as promotor recruitment factor TRRAP/TRA1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module consisting of GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, ADA2, ADA3/NGG1, and SGF29 or homologues thereof, a histone deubiquitinase (DUB) module consisting of ATXN7/SGF73, ATXN7L3/SGF11, ENY2/SUS1 and USP22/UBP8 or homologues thereof, and in some taxa a splicing module consisting of SF3B3 and SF3B5 or homologues thereof (not in fungi). In budding yeast also contains Spt8 which distinguishes it from SAGA-like (SLIK) complex (GO:0046695).


phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).


protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.


telomere organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


negative regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.


phosphorus metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).


telomere maintenance

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.


phosphate-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.


cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.


DNA damage response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.


signal transduction in response to DNA damage

A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.


phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.


intracellular signal transduction

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.


negative regulation of cellular process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.


negative regulation of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


regulation of cell cycle phase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.


negative regulation of cell cycle phase transition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.


protein phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.


regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.


DNA integrity checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes.


chromosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.


regulation of cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


cellular response to stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


DNA metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.


DNA repair

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.


double-strand break repair

The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.


negative regulation of cellular metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


regulation of catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


TOR signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.


regulation of autophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


negative regulation of cellular catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.


regulation of macroautophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


negative regulation of autophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


regulation of cellular catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.


negative regulation of macroautophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


negative regulation of catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


GTPase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.


carbohydrate derivative binding

Binding to a carbohydrate derivative.


nucleotide binding

Binding to a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.


purine ribonucleotide binding

Binding to a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


small molecule binding

Binding to a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.


ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.


purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding

Binding to a purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.


ribonucleotide binding

Binding to a ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


purine nucleotide binding

Binding to a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.


organic cyclic compound binding

Binding to an organic cyclic compound, any molecular entity that contains carbon arranged in a cyclic molecular structure.


nucleoside phosphate binding

Binding to nucleoside phosphate.


hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.


heterocyclic compound binding

Binding to heterocyclic compound.


hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.


anion binding

Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.


GTP binding

Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


ion binding

Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.


defense response to bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.