fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number, epimerase pathway

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on even-numbered carbons are degraded. In this pathway, the intermediate 2,4-dienoyl-CoA is converted to cis-2-enoyl-CoA through one more cycle of the core beta-oxidation pathway. Cis-2-enoyl-CoA cannot be completely degraded via the core beta-oxidation pathway because hydratation of cis-2-enoyl-CoA yields D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, which is not a substrate for 3-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Cis-2-enoyl-CoA must enter the so-called epimerase pathway, which involves converting D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by 3-hydroxylacyl-CoA epimerase or by two stereo-specific enoyl-CoA hydratases. L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA then returns to the core beta-oxidation pathway. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The trimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N,N-trimethylserine.


response to nitrate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrate stimulus.


extracellular matrix-granule cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation

The process that mediates the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to granule cell precursors resulting in a decrease in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.


cell proliferation involved in neural plate elongation

The process of expansion of cell numbers in the neural plate due to cell division of progenitor cells preferentially in the rostrocaudal direction, resulting in the elongation of the tissue.


negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.


craniofacial suture closure

The process of fusing together the edges of a craniofacial suture.


rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by the excitation of rhodopsin by a photon, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


negative regulation of cholesterol transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


structural molecule activity conferring elasticity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell, providing elasticity and recoiling.


peptidoglycan cross-bridge peptide endopeptidase activity

A peptidoglycan endopeptidase activity that acts on a peptidoglycan cross-bridge.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-mannosamine + 2 NAD+ + H2O = UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-mannosaminuronate + 2 NADH + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose = 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + H+ + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-talose + NAD(P)+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-talose + NAD(P)H + H+.


anther wall tapetum formation

The process that gives rise to the anther wall tapetum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The anther wall tapetum is a layer of cells that provides a source of nutrition for the pollen grains as they mature.


positive regulation of crystal cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.


(deoxy)adenylate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dAMP = ADP + dADP.


camphene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate <=> (-)-camphene + diphosphoric acid.


chorismate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.


meiotic drive

A biological process that results in the unequal transmission of alleles, haplotypes, or chromosomes from a parental genome to gametes. In the absence of meiotic drive, the two copies of each gene or chromosome in a diploid organism are transmitted to offspring with equal probability, whereas meiotic drive results in overrepresentation of the driving allele among the surviving products of meiosis.


synaptic target recognition

The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets signals produced by potential target cells, with which it may form synapses.


perturbation of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathway

Any process in which the symbiont alters a host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


RNA strand annealing activity

An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded RNA molecule.


DIMBOA glucoside beta-D-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-DIMBOA glucoside + H2O = H+ + DIMBOA + beta-D-glucose.


cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.


meiotic cell cycle phase

One of the distinct periods or stages into which the meiotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.


cellular response to ozone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus.


endosperm cellularization

The separation of the multi-nucleate endosperm into individual cells. In many plant species, the endosperm that nurtures the embryo in the seed initially develops as a syncytium. This syncytial phase ends with simultaneous partitioning of the multi-nucleate cytoplasm into individual cells, a process referred to as cellularization.


RNA 3' uridylation

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: taurine(out) + Na+(out) = taurine(in) + Na+(in).


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-N-debenzoyltaxol + benzoyl-CoA = H+ + paclitaxel + coenzyme A.


alcohol-forming long-chain fatty acyl-CoA reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 NADPH = a long-chain primary fatty alcohol + CoA + 2 NADP+. A long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


neural crest formation

The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.


response to interleukin-8

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus.


regulation of leaf formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leaf formation.


sorbose reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucitol + NADP+ = L-sorbose + H+ + NADPH. The reaction may occur, to a minor extent, in the reverse direction.


L-glutamate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


de novo centriole assembly via blepharoplast

A de novo centriole assembly process observed in multi-ciliated sperm cells of some primitive land plants, and where centrioles are formed from a blepharoplast, ultimately giving rise to multiple cilia on the sperm surface.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + trans-zeatin <=> H+ + trans-zeatin-7-N-glucoside + UDP.


negative regulation of cell budding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell budding.


monoatomic anion:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).


eggshell formation

Construction of the eggshell, a product of the somatic follicle cell epithelium and a structure that supports the egg in a hostile environment, minimizing water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration.


radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


interleukin-4 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-4 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


metanephric capsule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric capsule are generated and organized. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.


farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate.


positive regulation of formation of structure involved in a symbiotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.


positive regulation of membrane hyperpolarization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane hyperpolarization.


negative regulation of arginase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.


phenylacetone monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + O2 + phenylacetone = benzyl acetate + H2O + NADP+.


endocardial cushion cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cushion cell.


modulation by symbiont of host process

The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.


histone H2A deubiquitinase activity

A histone deubiquitinase that cleaves ubiquitin from a histone H2A protein to which it is conjugated.


regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.


malonyl-CoA synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: malonate + ATP + coenzyme A = malonyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.


transition between slow and fast fiber

The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.


double stranded viral RNA replication

A viral genome replication process where the template genome is double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Genomic dsRNA is first transcribed into single-stranded (ss) mRNA, which is then replicated to ds-genomic RNA.


gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.


genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host signal transduction pathway

A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a host signal transduction pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-xylose + [(1->4)-beta-D-xylan](n) = UDP + [(1->4)-beta-D-xylan](n+1).


chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

The elongation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of chondroitin sulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-erythrose 4-phosphate + H2O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate + phosphate.


protein O-GlcNAcylation via threonine

The glycosylation of a protein by addition of N-acetylglucosamine via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-N-acetylglucosamine-L-threonine.


leukotriene A4 catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leukotriene A4.


cellular response to actinomycin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine, forming homocysteine and then methionine.


vacuolar sequestering of sodium ion

The process of transporting sodium ions into, and confining within, a vacuole.


positive regulation of iridophore differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation.


plantlet formation on parent plant

The process in which a new plantlet develops from a meristem on the plant body. As part of this process, when the plantlet is large enough to live independently, the physical connection between the new plantlet and the main plant is severed.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine.


phenanthrene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon used in explosives and in the synthesis of dyes and drugs. Although phenanthrene is not mutagenic or carcinogenic, it has been shown to be toxic to marine diatoms, gastropods, mussels, crustaceans, and fish.


beta-alanyl-dopamine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl dopamine + H2O = dopamine + beta-alanine.


regulation of response to pullulan

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to pullulan.


Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.


negative regulation of cGAS/STING signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cGAS/STING signaling pathway.


antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis

Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis.


follicular dendritic cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mesangial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


Catalysis of the reaction: 8'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-8'-al + O2 <=> all-trans-retinal + 2,6-dimethylocta-2,4,6-trienedial.


DNA replication proofreading

Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity.


suppression by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


tRNA-dihydrouridine17 synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 5,6-dihydrouracil17 in tRNA + NAD(P) = H+ + a uracil17 in tRNA + NAD(P)H.


regulation of ethylene-activated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.


regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.


apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

The apoptotic process in cells in the bone marrow.


negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + oxalyl-CoA = CO2 + formyl-CoA.


response to xylene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xylene stimulus.


scavenger receptor activity

Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, amyloid-beta fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).


irritable aggressive behavior

Aggressive behavior induced by frustration and directed against an available target.


regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


inhibitory synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inhibitory synapse.


MHC class II protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.


negative regulation of renal amino acid absorption

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renal amino acid absorption.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate = glycolaldehyde + pyruvate.


fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, odd number

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on odd-numbered carbons are degraded. In this pathway, a cis-3-enoyl-CoA is generated by the core beta-oxidation pathway, and then converted to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, which can return to the core beta-oxidation pathway for complete degradation. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


positive regulation of response to G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling.


acetate CoA-transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.


extracellular matrix-dependent thymocyte migration

The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development, dependent on extracellular matrix components including fibronectin, collagen and laminin.


L-cysteine catabolic process to taurine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine into other compounds, including taurine.


regulation of penicillinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of a penicillin to yield a substituted beta-amino acid derivative.


response to vitamin B3

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B3 stimulus.


lactose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lactose from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactose is a disaccharide 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, and constitutes roughly 5% of the milk in almost all mammals.


archaetidylserine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-digeranylgeranylglycerol + L-serine = archaetidylserine + CMP.


glycerol dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol = 3-hydroxypropanal + H2O.


stipule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stipule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A stipule is one of (usually) a pair of appendages at the bases of leaves in many broad-leaved angiosperms.


CoA carboxylase activity

Catalysis of the joining of a carboxyl group to a molecule that is attached to CoA, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


pole plasm oskar mRNA localization

Any process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.


methionine gamma-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine = methanethiol + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate.


FAT10 transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of FAT10 from one protein to another via the reaction X-FAT10 + Y = Y-FAT10 + X, where both X-FAT10 and Y-FAT10 are covalent linkages.


neuromast hair cell differentiation involved in neuromast regeneration

Differentiation of new neuromast sensory hair cells to replace those lost or destroyed by injury.


4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzoyl-CoA + oxidized ferredoxin + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + reduced ferredoxin.


uronic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.


dCMP kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dCMP = ADP + dCDP.


ureter maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.


positive regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.


ladanein 6-O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ladanein + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> H+ + salvigenin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


negative regulation of erythrocyte clearance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.


camera-type eye photoreceptor cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a light-responsive receptor in a camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.


maltodextrin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of maltodextrin, any polysaccharide of glucose residues in beta-(1,4) linkage, from one side of a membrane to the other.


creatine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.


glutamate binding

Binding to glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


cholesterol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA.


defense response to nematode

A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.


mesangial cell-matrix adhesion

The binding of a mesangial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. A mesangial cell is a cell that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney.


protein K27-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.


lipooligosaccharide binding

Binding to lipooligosaccharide. Lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are the major glycolipids expressed on mucosal Gram-negative bacteria.


apoptotic process involved in heart valve morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.


B cell affinity maturation

The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen.


thyroid gland epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of thyroid gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of the thyroid gland epithelial cell population.


fatty acid synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADPH + 2n H+ = long-chain fatty acid + n+1 CoA + n CO2 + 2n NADP+.


regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous synaptic transmission.


protein localization to cell leading edge

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.


Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->2)-glucosidic linkages in (1->2)-beta-D-glucans.


diorcinol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diorcinol.


positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.


histone succinyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + histone = CoA + succinyl-histone.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


histone H2BK5 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).


8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP) + H2O = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine phosphate (8-oxo-dGMP) + diphosphate. 8-oxo-dGTP is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis causing transversion mutations. 8-oxo-dGTPase hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to its monophosphate form to prevent the misincorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into cellular DNA.


galactitol 2-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: galactitol + NAD+ = D-tagatose + H+ + NADH.


regulation of odontogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate = tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate.


glucoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.


thorax and anterior abdomen determination

Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.


ecdysone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.


metanephric part of ureteric bud development

The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros.


2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + CoA + 2-keto-isovalerate = NADH + CO2 + isobutyryl-CoA.


proline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


soft palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.


leukotriene C4 gamma-glutamyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: leukotriene C4 + a standard alpha amino acid = leukotriene D4 + an (gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid.


DNA methylation on adenine

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to N-6 of adenine in a DNA molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose + H2O = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + glycoprotein phospho-D-mannose.


regulation of extraocular skeletal muscle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.


dimethylglycine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylglycine + H2O + O2 = formaldehyde + H2O2 + sarcosine.


histone H3K14 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 14 of the histone H3 protein.


negative regulation of amine transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of protein kinase D signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase D signaling.


response to differentiation-inducing factor 2

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pentan-1-one stimulus.


acyl carrier activity

Binding an acyl group and presenting it for processing or offloading to a cognate enzyme. Covalently binds the acyl group via a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group and mediates protein-protein interactions with the enzyme conferring specificity. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) presents substrates to enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or in polyketide secondary metabolite biosynthesis.


negative regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.


negative regulation of fever generation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of fever generation.


GSI anchor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylsphingolipidinositol (GSI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The sphingolipid group is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via a ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GSI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


vitamin E binding

Binding to a vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.


retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the conversion of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.


postsynaptic density protein 95 clustering

The clustering process in which postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) molecules are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. PSD-95 is mostly located in the post synaptic density of neurons, and is involved in anchoring synaptic proteins.


protein-phosphocysteine-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + N,N'-diacetylchitobiose(out) = protein cysteine + N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphate(in).


choline catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


carbamoyl phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.


hypoxanthine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


sphingolipid binding

Binding to a sphingolipid, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.


regulation of mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress.


negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


threonine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.


suppression by virus of host apoptotic process

Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication.


positive regulation of tRNA export from nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA export from nucleus.


positive regulation of myofibroblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.


cardiac ventricle morphogenesis

The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.


trimethylenediamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trimethylenediamine.


glucokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.


chlorophyll a biosynthetic process via geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of chlorophyll a, via the intermediate geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a.


Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to the 3-hydroxy group of a quercetin molecule.


interferon-omega production

The appearance of interferon-omega due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


negative regulation of cellular response to phosphate starvation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to phosphate starvation.


alpha-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha-adrenergic receptors.


Sertoli cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.


nucleotide receptor activity

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.


B cell adhesion

The attachment of a B cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


rhombomere 6 morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 6 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


regulation of adaptive immune memory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.


negative regulation of cyanophore differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyanophore differentiation.


tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.


nucleolar chromatin organization

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of nucleolar chromatin.


L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene-trans-11,12-dihydrodiol = 11,12-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


positive regulation of metanephric podocyte development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development.


The trimethylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-L-alanine.


protein heterotrimerization

The formation of a protein heterotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.


enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH + H+.


phenanthrene dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthrene.


regulation of lipid transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.


negative regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine.


cell migration to the midline involved in heart development

The orderly movement of a cell toward the midline that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.


ecgonine methyl ester metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecgonine methyl ester.


hexose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


histone H3K4 dimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of two methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 4 of histone H3, producing histone H3K4me2.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + desulfoglucotropeolin = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + glucotropeolin + H+.


nephron tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.


energy homeostasis

Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.


establishment of epithelial cell planar polarity

The specification and formation of the polarity of an epithelial cell along the plane of the epithelial tissue.


response to wortmannin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a wortmannin stimulus.


prostaglandin-F synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = NADPH + H+ + (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + 2 an ubiquinol = 2 H2O + 2 an ubiquinone.


4-coumarate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-coumarate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + 4-coumaroyl-CoA.


extracellularly glutamate-gated chloride channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.


response to interleukin-3

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.


karyogamy involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange

During sexual reproduction, the creation of a single nucleus from two nuclei as a result of fusing the nuclear envelopes that surround each nuclei. This takes place following the mutual exchange of one of the two nuclei produced by the mitosis that follows the second meiotic nuclear division. This occurs in ciliated protozoans such as Tetrahymena.


protein localization to M-band

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the M band. The M band is the midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere.


IgG receptor activity

Combining with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


trachea gland development

The progression of a trachea gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Trachea glands are found under the mucus of the trachea and secrete mucus, and agents that help protect the lung from injury and infection.


formation by host of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from symbiont

The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + an N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-L-threonine-[glycoprotein] <=> N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide + a [protein]-L-threonine.


nucleoside monophosphate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate.


atrioventricular valve formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.


anaerobic electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynaphthalene + O2 = 2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-8-carboxychromene.


erythrocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.


angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis

Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


peptide crotonyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: crotonyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-crotonyl-lysine-peptide.


indoleacetic acid amide conjugate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate, a form of indoleacetic acid covalently bound to an amino acid or polypeptide through an amide bond.


positive regulation of memory T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.


telomere-telomerase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere-telomerase complex.


sensory perception of pain

The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.


regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.


tryptophan catabolic process to acetyl-CoA

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-9R,10R-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + NAD+ = NADH + H+ + 9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene.


histone butyryltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butyryl-CoA + histone = CoA + butyryl-histone.


trichome differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a trichome cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


protein-coenzyme A linkage

The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and coenzyme A.


transport of virus in host, cell to cell

The transport of a virus between adjacent cells in a multicellular organism.


beta-cryptoxanthin hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-cryptoxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = zeaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.


positive regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate binding

Binding to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate.


pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + H+ + O2 + pyruvate = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + H2O2.


N-feruloylglycine deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-feruloylglycine + H2O = ferulate + glycine.


cyanidin 3-O-[2''-O-(xylosyl)-6''-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside] 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-[2''-O-xylosyl) 6''-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> cyanidin 3-O-[2''-O-(xylosyl)-6''-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside] 5-O-glucoside + UDP + H+.


positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.


actinorhodin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving actinorhodin.


negative regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.


sulfide oxidation, using siroheme sulfite reductase

A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by siroheme sulfite reductase.


basophil differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell.


lipid droplet fusion

The process by which a single lipid droplet is created from the fusion of two or more lipid droplets.


cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cob(I)alamin + hydrogen cyanide + NADP+ = cyanocob(III)alamin + H+ + NADPH.


cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


positive thymic T cell selection

The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.


acinar cell differentiation

The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.


C4 photosynthesis

The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in the mesophyll cells to make a 4-carbon acid which is immediately converted to malic acid. The malic acid is then passed across to the bundle sheath cells where it is broken down again to pyruvic acid and CO2. The acid is passed back to the mesophyll cells to be used again, while the CO2 is fed into the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) and converted into sugar and starch.


phosphodiesterase decapping endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the removal of the cap from an unmethylated 5'-end capped RNA resulting in the release of the entire cap structure (GpppN) and a 5' monophosphorylated RNA.


lipid tube assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as they fuse or undergo fission.


intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of component parts from a filament.


zeatin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrozeatin + NADP+ = H+ + NADPH + zeatin.


dihydropteroate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine diphosphate + 4-aminobenzoate = diphosphate + dihydropteroate.


negative regulation of stomach fundus smooth muscle contraction

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of any stomach fundus smooth muscle contraction.


negative regulation of eosinophil differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.


L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA via saccharopine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate saccharopine.


cAMP receptor activity

Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation.


locus ceruleus formation

The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.


positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.


dIMP salvage

Any process which produces a dIMP from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


P-type cadmium transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cd2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Cd2+(out).


Spemann organizer formation at the embryonic shield

Formation of the specialized region of the embryonic shield of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the teleost body plan.


protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum tubular network

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.


alcohol sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + an alcohol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an alkyl sulfate.


Se-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the selenium atom of an acceptor molecule.


regulation of female pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in females.


hypoglossal nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the hypoglossal nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.


lagging strand elongation

The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended in a net 3' to 5' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.


sigma factor antagonist activity

The function of binding to a sigma factor and stopping, preventing or reducing the rate of its transcriptional activity.


histone H4K deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone H4 L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone H4.


negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.


autophagosome-lysosome fusion

The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vesicles containing cytoplasmic material, fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.


regulation of prostaglandin-E synthase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.


negative regulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission

Any process in which a symbiont organism decreases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse, in its host organism.


histone monoubiquitination

The modification of histones by addition of a single ubiquitin group.


griseofulvin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of griseofulvin, an important antifungal drug that has been in use for a long time for treating dermatophyte infections.


umbilical cord development

The process whose specific outcome is the development of the umbilical cord, from its formation to the mature structure. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a monoterpenol = CoA + a monoterpenol acetate ester.


angiotensin type I receptor activity

An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C followed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ signaling, and may act via additional signaling mechanisms.


response to leucine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.


ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.


NADP+ binding

Binding to the oxidized form, NADP+, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.


detoxification of iron ion

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of iron ion. These include transport of iron away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of iron ion.


carnosine N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carnosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anserine + H+.


selenotransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a selenium-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


isoprenoid biosynthetic process via mevalonate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoprenoid via mevalonate.


isopentadecanoic acid binding

Binding to isopentadecanoic acid.


embryonic pattern specification

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.


jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.


reuteran biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reuteran, a soluble glucan polymer with mainly alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkages and significant amounts of alpha-(1->6) and alpha-(1->4,6) glucosidic linkages.


negative regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.


cellular response to immobilization stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.


negative regulation of L-glutamine import across plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamine import into a cell.


cyanide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration.


response to disaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.


dormancy process

A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.


regulation of erythrocyte aggregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte aggregation.


peripheral B cell deletion

The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of peripheral tolerance induction and B cell selection.


hydroxymalonate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymalonate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + oxomalonate.


2,3-dihydroxy DDT 1,2-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxy DDT + O2 = 6-oxo-2-hydroxy-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,8,8,8-tetrachloroocta-2E,4E-dienoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + quercetin 3-sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H+ + quercetin 3,4'-disulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + ATP + H2O + imidazol-4-ylacetate = 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazol-4-ylacetate + ADP + diphosphate + 2 H+ + phosphate.


macrophage antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a macrophage expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + CTP = CDP-D-glucose + diphosphate.


immune complex formation

The process that gives rise to an immune complex. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution. Examples are the clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody, precipitation of a toxin after an antibody binds to it, and clumping of viral particles as a result of antibody binding to the virus.


negative regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


germarium-derived cystoblast division

The four rounds of incomplete mitosis undergone by a cystoblast to form a 16-cell cyst of interconnected cells within a germarium. Within the cyst, one cell differentiates into an oocyte while the rest become nurse cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


peptide cross-linking via 3'-(1'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-tyrosine to form a 3'-(1'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate = 3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate.


cross bridge cycling involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which cross bridges are broken and reformed during filament sliding as part of the regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction.


adenosylhomocysteinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenosine + L-homocysteine.


lsiRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional long small interfering RNA (lsiRNA). lsiRNAs are class of siRNAs 30 to 40 nt in length. lsiRNAs are induced by pathogen infection or under specific growth conditions.


loop of Henle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The loop of Henle is a nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.


cumulus cell differentiation

The process in which a subpopulation of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte acquires the specialized features of an ovarian cumulus cell.


protein linear polyubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is added to a protein.


positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition

Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.


histone H3K36 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 36).


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-6-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate.


glyphosate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glyphosate + OH- = glyoxylate + aminomethylphosphonic acid + H+ + 2 e-.


lipoamidase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of the amide bond to release lipoic acid from a lipoylated protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol + UDP-D-glucose = (25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-yl beta-D-glucoside + H+ + UDP.


flavonol 3-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + quercetin = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H+ + quercetin 3-sulfate.


aggregation of unicellular organisms

The clustering together of unicellular organisms in suspension form aggregates.


1,2-dichloroethene reductive dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dichloroethene + 2 H+ + 2 e- = HCl + vinyl chloride.


regulation of amino acid transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


galactosylceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


contact inhibition

The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal, resulting in the cessation of cell growth or proliferation.


11-deoxycortisol binding

Binding to 11-deoxycortisol.


positive regulation of G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to MI phase of the meiotic cell cycle.


regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.


CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.


phytoene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phytoene.


podocyte cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.


smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in prostate glandular acinus development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the prostate glandular acinus.


establishment or maintenance of polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.


epicardium-derived cardiac endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which an epicardial cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.


neopullulanase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of pullulan to panose (6-alpha-D-glucosylmaltose).


coumarin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.


cellular response to vitamin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.


molting cycle process

A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.


valine decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + H+ = 2-methylpropanamine + CO2.


dipeptidyl-peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.


modulation by symbiont of host cell motility

Modulation of host cell motility by a symbiont of that host.


cell proliferation in hindbrain ventricular zone

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain region that is adjacent to the ventricular cavity.


prostaglandin F receptor activity

Combining with prostaglandin F (PGF (2-alpha)) to initiate a change in cell activity.


seminal clot liquefaction

The reproductive process in which coagulated semen becomes liquid following ejaculation, allowing the progressive release of motile spermatozoa.


neutrophil activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


regulation of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division.


p-cymene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving p-cymene, 1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene, one of the alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons found in volatile oils from over 100 plants.


modulation by host of viral RNA-binding transcription factor activity

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a viral RNA-binding transcription factor.


peptide cross-linking via L-cysteine oxazolinecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl cysteine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue.


polyol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.


chemoattraction involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration

The creation and reception of signals that result in the migration of interneuron precursors up a concentration gradient towards the olfactory bulb.


aldehyde decarbonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a C(n) aldehyde = C(n-1) alkane + CO.


pyrimidine nucleobase salvage

Any process that generates pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine organic nitrogenous bases, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.


delta 3-trans-hexadecenoic acid phosphatidylglycerol desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:3-3-16:0-phosphatidylglycerol = 1-18:3-3-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + 2 H+. This reaction is the formation of a trans double bond between carbon 3 and carbon 4 (counting from the carboxyl end) of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol.


The acetylation of a glutamine residue in protein to form the N5-methyl-L-glutamine derivative. The occurrence of this modification has not been confirmed. Its annotation in sequence databases is either due to the misidentification of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, or to inappropriate homolog comparisons when proteolytic modification is more probable.


recombination within rDNA repeats

Genetic recombination within the DNA of the genes coding for ribosomal RNA.


cerebellar cortex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + H+ = 4-cresol + CO2.


methylglyoxal metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.


(deoxy)nucleoside phosphate kinase activity, GTP as phosphate donor

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-phosphate + GTP = a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + GDP.


N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) cytidylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + Neu5Gc = diphosphate + CMP-Neu5Gc.


very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA (C22 - C24) + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.


ribonuclease V activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of poly(A), forming oligoribonucleotides and ultimately 3'-AMP.


biotin binding

Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


rRNA cytidine N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + cytidine = CoA + N4-acetylcytidine. The cytidine is within the polynucleotide chain of an rRNA.


O-palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


detection of low humidity

The series of events in which low humidity is detected and converted into a molecular signal.


regulation of response to cytokinesis checkpoint signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to cytokinesis checkpoint signaling.


Gi/o-coupled serotonin receptor activity

Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gi/o subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gi/o subunit subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase and results in a decrease in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.


sinapoyl spermidine:sinapoyl CoA N-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to a nitrogen atom on a sinapoyl spermidine molecule resulting in the formation of a disinapoyl spermidine derivative.


positive regulation of renal phosphate excretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.


positive regulation of sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction.


response to muscle activity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.


determination of ventral identity

The regionalization process that results in the determination of the identity of part of an organism or organ where those parts are of the type that occur in the ventral region. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


alpha-patchoulene synthase activityy

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphoric acid + alpha-patchoulene.


cellularization

The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development.


regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a medium-chain trans-(2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A medium chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.


UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = UDP-alpha-D-galacturonate.


hypothalamus cell migration

The directed movement of a cell into the hypothalamus region of the forebrain.


positive regulation of macrophage apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.


Catalysis of the reaction: eugenol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + O-methyleugenol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


response to mercaptoethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercaptoethanol stimulus.


ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + AMP + 2 H+.


endocardial cushion morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.


cingulate gyrus development

The progression of the cingulate gyrus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cingulate gyrus is a ridge in the cerebral cortex located dorsal to the corpus callosum.


modulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity in another organism

Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a voltage-gated potassium channel in another organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: 10-desacetyltaxuyunnanin C + acetyl-CoA = CoA + taxuyunnanin C.


negative regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.


necroptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered.


anterior lateral line ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line ganglion develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.


regulation of sulfur utilization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization.


RNA replication

The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of RNA.


regulation of flower development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


cold acclimation

Any process that increases freezing tolerance of an organism in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures.


processes downstream of sex determination signal

The sex determination processes that take place after the initial transmission of the sexual phenotype to specific information pathways.


cellular response to Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine stimulus.


positive regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the postsynaptic cytosol.


trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = dihydroxyferuloyl-sinapoyl spermidine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


regulation of appetite

Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.


flight

Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through the air, usually by means of active wing movement.


Catalysis of the reaction: (3Z)-phycocyanobilin + oxidized ferredoxin = biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin.


ergosterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds. It is the most important of the D provitamins and is converted to vitamin D2 on irradiation with UV light.


biofilm matrix organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a biofilm matrix.


L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose + NADP+ = L-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NADPH + H+.


modulation by virus of host autophagy

Any process in which a virus effect a change in the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavon-7-olate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3,3'-dimethylquercetin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


menthone dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-(2S,5R)-menthone + NAD+ = (5R)-menth-2-enone + NADH + H+.


neuroblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.


ribonuclease T2 activity

Catalysis of the two-stage endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.


sulfite dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sulfite + 2 ferricytochrome c + H2O = sulfate + 2 ferrocytochrome c.


positive regulation of cyanophore differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyanophore differentiation.


regulation of heart induction

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of heart induction. Heart induction is the close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.


voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

Any voltage-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + polypeptide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide. This reaction is the modification of serine or threonine residues in polypeptide chains by the transfer of a N-acetylgalactose from UDP-N-acetylgalactose to the hydroxyl group of the amino acid; it is the first step in O-glycan biosynthesis.


negative regulation of cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal transition

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal transition.


positive regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway.


spike train

A series of sequential, propagated action potentials occurring in a single cell.


positive regulation of activation-induced cell death of T cells

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation-induced cell death of T cells.


quinine 3-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + O2 + quinine = 3-hydroxyquinine + H2O + NADP+.


sorbitol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sorbitol from one side of a membrane to the other. Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of glucose.


Catalysis of the reaction: ethyl (S)-3-hydroxyhexanoate + NADP+ = ethyl 3-oxohexanoate + H+ + NADPH.


adonirubin 3-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adonirubin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3S,3'S-astaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,4E)-6-(2-aminophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate + H2O <=> H+ + anthranilate + (2E)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate.


O-glycan processing, core 6

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 6 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)-GalNAc.


response to angiotensin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.


fructoselysine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructoselysine, a fructose molecule containing a lysine group in place of a hydroxyl group.


dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate in the cis-configuration to form dehydrodolichyl diphosphate.


negative regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins.


neural keel formation

The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.


cellular response to inositol starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of inositol.


androecium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the androecium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + cysteamine = S-acetylcysteamine + CoA.


2-deoxyglucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a 2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside = 2-deoxy-D-glucose + an alcohol.


peptidyl-cysteine sulfation

The sulfation of peptidyl-cysteine to form S-sulfo-L-cysteine.


amino acid catabolic process via Ehrlich pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols or carboxylic acids containing one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives, sometimes referred to as fusel acids, may be produced instead of alcohols.


6-hydroxycineole metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 6-hydroxycineole (6-hydroxy-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane), a hydrocarbon with the formula C10H18O2.


negative regulation of aggregation involved in sorocarp development

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of aggregation involved in sorocarp development. Aggregation involved in sorocarp development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the aggregate over time, from its formation to the point when a slug is formed. Aggregate development begins in response to starvation and continues by the chemoattractant-mediated movement of cells toward each other. The aggregate is a multicellular structure that gives rise to the slug.


imaginal disc-derived leg morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a leg derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


extracellular matrix assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.


positive regulation of acylglycerol transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acylglycerol transport.


response to tetrahydrofolate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrahydrofolate stimulus.


negative regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.


glutamine synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+ = ADP + H+ + L-glutamine + phosphate.


myo-inositol hexakisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.


cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-glucose + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n) = GDP + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n+1).


asialoglycoprotein receptor activity

Receiving an asialoglycoprotein, and delivering the asialoglycoprotein into the cell via endocytosis. An asialoglycoprotein is a plasma glycoproteins from which the terminal sialic acid residue on their complex carbohydrate groups has been removed. The asialoglycoprotein receptor recognizes the terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine units of the asialoglycoprotein, the receptor-ligand complex is internalized and transported to a sorting organelle where disassociation occurs before the receptor is recycled to the cell membrane.


positive regulation of ephrin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ephrin receptor signaling pathway.


pollen exine formation

The formation of the pollen exine. The reticulate pollen wall pattern consists of two layers, exine and intine.


negative regulation of developmental growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.


methanol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methanol, CH3-OH, a colorless, flammable, mobile, poisonous liquid, widely used as a solvent.


endosulfan diol hydrolyase (cyclizing) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan diol = endosulfan ether + H2O.


regulation of asexual reproduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asexual reproduction.


positive regulation of asymmetric cell division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.


pseudouridylate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + uracil = H2O + pseudouridine 5'-phosphate.


atrial septum intermedium morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum intermedium is generated and organized.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + 4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.


Catalysis of the reaction: (DNA)-3'-diphospho-5'-guanosine + H2O = (DNA)-3'-phosphate + GMP.


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.


regulation of aldosterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.


negative regulation of defense response to virus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.


response to interleukin-11

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-11 stimulus.


phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein].


follicle cell of egg chamber development

The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


ABC-type indole transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + indole(in) = ADP + phosphate + indole(out).


allulose 6-phosphate 3-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-allulose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.


eye pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the eye.


glycerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


regulation of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.


structural constituent of synapse-associated extracellular matrix

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix of the perisynaptic space (the extracellular space adjacent to the synapse) and the synaptic cleft.


endochitinase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, endochitinases cleave randomly within the chitin chain.