positive regulation of maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape.


copalyl diphosphate synthase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = (+)-copalyl diphosphate.


HLA-E specific inhibitory MHC class Ib receptor activity

Combining with a MHC class Ib molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.


inhibitory MHC class Ib receptor activity

Combining with a MHC class Ib protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.


HLA-G specific inhibitory MHC class Ib receptor activity

Combining with a MHC class Ib molecule of the HLA-G subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.


jasmonoyl-leucine synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + ATP(4-) + a jasmonic acid <=> AMP(2-) + diphosphoric acid + a jasmonoyl-leucine.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.


phosphatidylinositol phosphate binding

Binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' position.


positive regulation of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene metabolic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene metabolic process.


regulation of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene metabolic process.


positive regulation of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene biosynthetic process.


regulation of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of 17-methylnonadec-1-ene biosynthetic process.


NF-kappaB p50/p65 complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A heterodimer of NF-kappa B p50 and p65 subunits.


melatonin binding

Binding to melatonin.


androsterone dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.


androsterone dehydrogenase (A-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD(P)+.


androsterone dehydrogenase (B-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The reaction is B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD(P)+.


regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance.


negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.


negative regulation of intracellular protein transport

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.


negative regulation of protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy.


negative regulation of protein targeting to vacuolar membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to vacuolar membrane.


negative regulation of protein export from nucleus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


negative regulation of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.


negative regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.


negative regulation of post-translational protein targeting to membrane, translocation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of posttranslational protein translocation through the ER membrane.


negative regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.


negative regulation of protein targeting to membrane

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


negative regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.


negative regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane.


snoRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at a type 2 RNA polymerase III promoter.


pollen tube reception

Interaction between the pollen tube, part of the male gametophyte, and the ovule, part of the female gametophyte, that results in the arrest of pollen tube growth, rupture of the pollen tube and the release of the sperm cells.


DNA topoisomerase IV complex

A heterodimeric enzyme, which in most bacterial species is composed of two subunits, ParC and ParE. Functions in chromosome segregation and can relax supercoiled DNA.


DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) complex

Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.


DNA gyrase complex

A bacterial type IIA topoisomerase that is unique in its function of introducing negative supercoils into DNA at the expense of ATP hydrolysis and is also capable of relaxing positive supercoils, an activity shared with topoisomerase IV. Typically, it is composed of two copies each of an A subunit (GyrA) and a B subunit (GyrB).


gravitaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to gravity.


negative gravitaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism away from the source of gravity.


positive gravitaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards the source of gravity.


Weibel-Palade body

A large, elongated, rod-shaped secretory granule characteristic of vascular endothelial cells that contain a number of structurally and functionally distinct proteins, of which the best characterized are von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin. Weibel-Palade bodies are formed from the trans-Golgi network in a process that depends on VWF, which is densely packed in a highly organized manner, and on coat proteins that remain associated with the granules. Upon cell stimulation, regulated exocytosis releases the contained proteins to the cell surface, where they act in the recruitment of platelets and leukocytes and in inflammatory and vasoactive responses.


zymogen granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule.


SHG alpha-glucan phosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogenphosphate + a plant soluble heteroglycan = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + a plant soluble heteroglycan.


protein pupylation

The process in which a Pup protein is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of Pup and the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.


sensory perception of slow pain

The series of events required for an organism to receive a slow pain stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Slow pain is often subjectively described as an aching or throbbing pain; in humans, the signals from a slow pain stimulus are perceived and relayed along unmyelinated C fibers to the central nervous system, reaching their target in about 1 second. Slow pain is often associated with tissue destruction.


deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that is independent of poly(A) tail shortening.


polyuridylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that has been modified by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues (polyuridylation) at the 3' end.


facial nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the facial nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing N-acetylmuramic residues.


NLRP1 inflammasome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a NLRP1 inflammasome complex.


natural killer cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a natural killer cell, a lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation.


negative regulation of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis.


regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway..


positive regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway.


regulation of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis.


positive regulation of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis.


all-trans-beta-apo-10'-carotenal cleavage oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 10'-apo-beta-carotenal + O2 <=> 13-apo-beta-carotenone + 4-methylocta-2,4,6-trienedial.


positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


positive regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.


leading edge of dendritic growth cone

That part of the dendritic growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.


type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a type II transforming growth factor beta receptor.


cytokine receptor binding

Binding to a cytokine receptor.


growth hormone receptor binding

Binding to a growth hormone receptor.


interleukin-13 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-13 receptor.


interleukin-20 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-20 receptor.


interleukin-11 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-11 receptor.


CX3C chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CX3C chemokine receptor.


granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding

Binding to a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.


XCR1 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a XCR1 chemokine receptor.


CCR6 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR6 chemokine receptor.


type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a type III transforming growth factor beta receptor.


prolactin receptor binding

Binding to a prolactin receptor.


interleukin-5 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-5 receptor.


type I interferon receptor binding

Binding to an interferon-type I receptor, a heterodimeric complex composed of an alpha subunit (IFNAR1) and a beta subunit (IFNAR2).


interleukin-17 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-17 receptor.


granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor binding

Binding to a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor.


interleukin-26 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-26 receptor.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 binding

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3.


CXCR6 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CXCR6 chemokine receptor.


oncostatin-M receptor binding

Binding to an oncostatin-M receptor.


CCR7 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR7 chemokine receptor.


interleukin-19 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-19 receptor.


type I transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor.


interleukin-2 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-2 receptor.


neurotrophin TRKB receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRKB receptor.


CCR2 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR2 chemokine receptor.


interleukin-7 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-7 receptor.


interleukin-25 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-25 receptor.


interleukin-1, type I receptor binding

Binding to a Type I interleukin-1 receptor.


stem cell factor receptor binding

Binding to a stem cell factor receptor (SCFR), a type III transmembrane kinase receptor.


interleukin-24 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-24 receptor.


interleukin-9 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-9 receptor.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.


CCR3 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR3 chemokine receptor.


CCR8 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR8 chemokine receptor.


interleukin-4 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-4 receptor.


CCR9 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR9 chemokine receptor.


neurotrophin TRKA receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRKA receptor.


type II interferon receptor binding

Binding to a type II interferon receptor. Type II interferon is also known as interferon-gamma.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding

Binding to a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.


ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor binding

Binding to a ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor.


interleukin-12 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-12 receptor.


interleukin-17E receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-17E receptor.


interleukin-22 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-22 receptor.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.


CXCR2 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CXCR2 chemokine receptor.


CXCR5 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CXCR5 chemokine receptor.


macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding

Binding to a macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.


interleukin-15 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-15 receptor.


interleukin-23 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-23 receptor.


interleukin-10 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-10 receptor.


interleukin-8 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-8 receptor.


CCR11 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR11 chemokine receptor.


neurotrophin TRK receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRK receptor.


interleukin-16 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-16 receptor.


interleukin-35 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-35 receptor.


interleukin-33 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-33 receptor.


CCR5 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR5 chemokine receptor.


CXCR1 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CXCR1 chemokine receptor.


CCR4 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR4 chemokine receptor.


CXCR3 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CXCR3 chemokine receptor.


erythropoietin receptor binding

Binding to an erythropoietin receptor.


interleukin-28 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-28 receptor.


CCR10 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR10 chemokine receptor.


chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a chemokine receptor.


leukemia inhibitory factor receptor binding

Binding to an leukemia inhibitory factor receptor.


interleukin-18 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-18 receptor.


interleukin-21 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-21 receptor.


CCR1 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR1 chemokine receptor.


CCR chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR chemokine receptor.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 binding

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1.


transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor.


neurotrophin TRKC receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRKC receptor.


neurotrophin p75 receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin p75 receptor.


interleukin-3 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-3 receptor.


CXCR4 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CXCR4 chemokine receptor.


interleukin-27 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-27 receptor.


interleukin-1, type II receptor binding

Binding to a Type II interleukin-1 receptor.


neurotrophin receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin receptor.


arylalkyl acylamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N-acetylarylalkylamine = acetate + arylalkylamine.


positive regulation of basophil differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.


epithelial cell maturation involved in prostate gland development

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the prostate gland to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


protein-phycobiliviolin linkage via S-phycobiliviolin-L-cysteine

The linkage of the chromophore phycobiliviolin to phycoerythrocyanin via S-phycobiliviolin-L-cysteine.


protein-phycobiliviolin linkage

The linkage of the chromophore phycobiliviolin to phycoerythrocyanin.


neuron migration involved in amphid sensory organ dendrite retrograde extension

The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite of a neuron in the amphid sensory organ.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to somitogenesis.


neutral amino acid, sodium:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = H+(out) + amino acid(in) + Na+(in).


metal cation:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: metal ion(in) + H+(out) = metal ion(out) + H+(in).


L-histidine, sodium:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + L-histidine(out) + Na+(out) = H+(out) + L-histidine(in) + Na+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Mn2+(in) + H+(out) = Mn2+(out) + H+(in).


L-glutamine, sodium:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na+(out) = H+(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na+(in).


Enables the transfer of zinc from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + Zn2+(in) = H+(in) + Zn2+(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).


sodium:proton antiporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a cardiac muscle cell membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out). This transfer contributes to the regulation of the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane potential.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Li+(in) + H+(out) = Li+(out) + H+(in).


L-asparagine, sodium:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + L-asparagine(out) + Na+(out) = H+(out) + L-asparagine(in) + Na+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + H+(out) = Ca2+(out) + H+(in).


negative regulation of membrane hyperpolarization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane hyperpolarization.


ABC-type manganese transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mn2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Mn2+(in).


D-galacturonate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-galacturonate, the D-enantiomer of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid.


D-galacturonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-galacturonate, the D-enantiomer of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid is a component of plant gums and bacterial cell walls.


D-galacturonate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-galacturonate, the D-enantiomer of galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid.


IgA binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype.


regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing

A process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs).


negative regulation of miRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.


negative regulation of primary miRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.


positive regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).


positive regulation of miRNA processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.


positive regulation of pre-miRNA processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.


positive regulation of primary miRNA processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.


DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.


positive regulation of barbed-end actin filament capping

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.


positive regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.


positive regulation of fibroblast migration

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.


positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell migration

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.


sperm end piece

The short tip of the sperm flagellum, adjacent to the sperm principal piece and furthest from the sperm head, which contains only the axoneme surrounded by the plasma membrane.


regulation of neutrophil activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.


negative regulation of neutrophil activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.


positive regulation of neutrophil activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.


positive regulation of establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of the localization of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a telomere.


regulation of establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of the localization of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a telomere.


negative regulation of establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of the localization of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a telomere.


response to L-glutamate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus.


cellular response to L-glutamate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-glutamate(1-) stimulus.


establishment of latency as a circular episome

A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a circular structure.


establishment of episomal latency

A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a distinct genetic entity.


establishment of latency as a linear episome

A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as linear structure.


peroxisome membrane class-1 targeting sequence binding

Binding to a class I peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane in a PEX19-dependent manner.


positive regulation of estrogen secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of estrogen secretion.


Toc complex

Protein translocon complex at the chloroplast outer membrane.


positive regulation of syringal lignin catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of syringal lignin catabolic process.


Kv4.3-KChIP1 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP1 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.3.


type IV site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site specific manner. Cleavage is dependent on the presence of a specific recognition site in the DNA which must be modified (e.g. methylated, hydroxymethylated, glucosyl-hydroxymethylated).


negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.


negative regulation of single-strand break repair via homologous recombination

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-strand break repair via homologous recombination.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves direct competition for interaction with a promoter binding site.


negative regulation of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity.


negative regulation of double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing.


negative regulation of exoribonuclease activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exoribonuclease activity.


negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation mediated by RNA polymerase I.


negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase I transcription

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase I transcription.


suppression by virus of host mRNA splicing

Any viral process that inhibits the splicing of host mRNA, thus reducing host protein production.


negative regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor catabolism

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the catabolism of a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


negative regulation of termination of DNA-templated transcription

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.


negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to nutrient levels

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.


negative regulation of mitotic recombination

Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.


negative regulation of snoRNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of snoRNA metabolic process.


negative regulation of DNA ligation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.


negative regulation of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere.


negative regulation of t-circle formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.


negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


mRNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules.


replication fork arrest at mating type locus

A process that impedes the progress of the DNA replication fork at natural replication fork pausing sites within the mating type locus.


negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.


negative regulation of endoribonuclease activity

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.


negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


negative regulation of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of NAD metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NAD metabolic process.


negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.


negative regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript mediated by RNA polymerase I.


RNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of RNA molecules.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.


negative regulation of reverse transcription

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reverse transcription.


negative regulation of error-prone translesion synthesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of error-prone translesion synthesis.


negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.


negative regulation of mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing

Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing. Suppression of recombination at replication forks is necessary to prevent template switching.


negative regulation of mitotic DNA replication initiation from late origin

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of firing from a late origin of replication involved in mitotic DNA replication.


negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.


negative regulation of telomere single strand break repair

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere single strand break repair.


negative regulation of nuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.


negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.


negative regulation of DNA ligase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


negative regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process.


carbon catabolite repression of transcription by galactose

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of galactose that leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


negative regulation of guanylate cyclase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.


negative regulation of mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome.


negative regulation of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation.


negative regulation of mRNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.


negative regulation of DNA endoreduplication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.


negative regulation of mRNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA catabolic process.


negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.


negative regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


telomerase RNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of telomerase RNA (TERC) molecules.


negative regulation of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing.


negative regulation of single strand break repair

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair.


negative regulation of miRNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.


negative regulation of DNA primase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.


negative regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.


negative regulation of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity.


negative regulation of type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of type III restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


negative regulation of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA.


negative regulation of lncRNA transcription

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of a lncRNA.


negative regulation of tRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA processing.


negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, meiosis-specific transcripts

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of selective degradation of meiosis-specific nuclear transcribed transcripts during vegetative growth, by a mechanism that requires determinant of selective removal (DSR) sequences in the targeted mRNAs and involves a YTH family protein.


negative regulation of DNA amplification

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA amplification.


negative regulation of snoRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of snoRNA processing.


negative regulation of telomeric loop disassembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric loop disassembly.


3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.


replication fork arrest at tRNA locus

A process that impedes the progress of the DNA replication fork at natural replication fork pausing sites within the eukaryotic tRNA transcription unit.


negative regulation of snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


negative regulation of ncRNA transcription associated with protein coding gene TSS/TES

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ncRNA transcription associated with protein coding gene TSS/TES.


negative regulation of RNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.


negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.


negative regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases.


negative regulation of DNA recombination at telomere

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the telomere.


negative regulation of exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exodeoxyribonuclease activity.


negative regulation of 'de novo' NAD biosynthetic process from tryptophan

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of 'de novo' NAD biosynthetic process from tryptophan.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.


inactivation of recombination (HML)

The inactivation of recombination at sequences around a mating type donor locus, with the consequence that the other donor is the only one available for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.


negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.


negative regulation of mRNA modification

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


negative regulation of type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of type I restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


negative regulation of double-strand break repair

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.


negative regulation of telomerase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an iron stimulus.


negative regulation of telomere capping

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.


negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.


negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


negative regulation of mating-type specific transcription, DNA-templated

Any mating-type specific process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cellular DNA-templated transcription.


nitrogen catabolite repression of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.


negative regulation of type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of type II restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


negative regulation of RNA splicing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.


negative regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.


negative regulation of siRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of siRNA processing.


negative regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron ion starvation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of iron ions.


negative regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.


negative regulation of mRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.


negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.


negative regulation of type IV site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of type IV restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


negative regulation of DNA recombination at centromere

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination at the centromere.


negative regulation of mismatch repair

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.


negative regulation of DNA demethylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.


replication fork arrest

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication by impeding the progress of the DNA replication fork. Replication fork arrest is one of the 'quality control' processes ensuring that DNA-dependent DNA replication occurs correctly. DNA replication fork arrest during DNA-dependent DNA replication is not known to occur outside of cases where a replication error needs to be prevented or corrected.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


negative regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.


negative regulation of miRNA transcription

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by a nonfermentable carbon source

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads to a decrease of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.


negative regulation of snRNA pseudouridine synthesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA pseudouridine synthesis.


negative regulation of DNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.


negative regulation of tRNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA metabolic process.


negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor localization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


negative regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.


negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.


negative regulation of nucleoside metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.


negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase V

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase V.


negative regulation of telomeric D-loop disassembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric D-loop disassembly.


negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription by RNA polymerase II

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes mediated by RNA polymerase II.


negative regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.


negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.


negative regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.


tRNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of tRNA molecules.


negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.


negative regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.


negative regulation of rRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.


CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).


negative regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in plasmid copy number maintenance

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of plasmid DNA replication that contributes to copy number maintenance.


negative regulation of mitotic DNA replication initiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication.


negative regulation of promoter clearance from RNA polymerase II promoter

A process that stops, prevents or reduces the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase II.


negative regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of a restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.


negative regulation of miRNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.


negative regulation of exonuclease activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.


carbon catabolite repression of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.


negative regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication.


negative regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.


negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.


negative regulation of transcription involved in meiotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription involved in the meiotic cell cycle.


negative regulation of tRNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA catabolic process.


replication fork arrest involved in DNA replication termination

A replication fork arrest process that contributes to the termination of DNA replication.


replication fork arrest at rDNA repeats

A process that impedes the progress of the DNA replication fork at natural replication fork pausing sites within the eukaryotic rDNA repeat spacer.


negative regulation of strand invasion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.


negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription.


nitrogen catabolite repression of transcription

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.


negative regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.


negative regulation of RNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.


negative regulation of ribonuclease activity

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.


negative regulation of antisense RNA transcription

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in meiotic cell cycle

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.


negative regulation of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via break-induced replication.


negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.


negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.


negative regulation of base-excision repair

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of base-excision repair.


negative regulation of DNA recombination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.


negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.


negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.


negative regulation of DNA methylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.


negative regulation of RNA polymerase III activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase III activity.


negative regulation of ribosomal protein gene transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to chemical stimulus

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a chemical stimulus.


carbon catabolite repression of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose

Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


negative regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases.


negative regulation of DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


carbon catabolite repression of transcription

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.


negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.


detection of salicylic acid stimulus

The series of events in which a salicylic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


response to salicylic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus.


cellular response to salicylic acid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus.


response to herbicide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a herbicide stimulus. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of plants.


osmosensory signaling MAPK cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.


osmosensory signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.


osmosensory signaling via phosphorelay pathway

The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a phosphorelay system.


osmosensory signaling pathway via Sho1 osmosensor

The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a Sho1 osmosensor system.


medulla oblongata formation

The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.


negative regulation of response to benzene

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to benzene.


regulation of response to benzene

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to benzene.


positive regulation of response to benzene

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to benzene.


calmodulin-activated 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+; this activity is activated by binding to calcium-bound calmodulin.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.


carbohydrate derivative catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.


chitobiose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any chitobiose, a family of compounds derived from chitin and based on the structure of D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-D-glucosamine.


hyaluronan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


peptidoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


glycosylceramide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


glycopeptide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycopeptides, a compound in which carbohydrate is covalently attached to an oligopeptide composed of residues of L and/or D-amino acids. The term usually denotes a product of proteolytic degradation of a glycoprotein but includes glycated peptide.


chondroitin sulfate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


amino sugar catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


butirosin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of butirosin.


anthocyanin-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.


proteoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


amino disaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino disaccharide, a disaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


gentamycin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gentamycin.


keratan sulfate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.


paromomycin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of paromomycin.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


deoxyribose phosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.


(-)-secologanin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (-)-secologanin.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate.


2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


glucosamine-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).


O-sialoglycoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of O-sialoglycoproteins, glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.


cuticle chitin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.


galactosylceramide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.


amylopectin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amylopectin.


glucuronoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.


galactosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.


cell wall chitin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.


ubiquitin-dependent glycoprotein ERAD pathway

An ERAD pathway whereby endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoproteins are targeted for degradation. Includes differential processing of the glycoprotein sugar chains, retrotranslocation to the cytosol and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A glycoprotein is a compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.


aminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


lincomycin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lincomycin.


ganglioside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


neomycin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neomycin.


S-glycoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.


D-tagatose 6-phosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a D-tagatose 6-phosphate.


ascospore wall chitin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ascospore wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of ascospores.


lipoteichoic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipoteichoic acid, which is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


lipopolysaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.


kanamycin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of kanamycin.


diacetylchitobiose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacetylchitobiose into simpler products.


diacetylchitobiose catabolic process to glucosamine and acetate

The pathway resulting in the breakdown of diacetylchitobiose into simpler products, including glucosamine and glucosamine. The catabolism proceeds by the deacetylation of diacetylchitobiose, producing acetate and GlcN-GlcNAc; the latter is cleaved to produce glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is then deacetylated to produce glucosamine (GlcN) and acetate.


aminoglycoside antibiotic catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.


ergosteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergosteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside.


N-acetylmannosamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


glycosyl compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosyl compound.


mannosamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.


mannoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mannoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.


teichoic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of teichoic acid, which is a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a polymer of glycerol-phosphate or ribitol-phosphate to which are attached glycosyl and D-alanyl ester residues.


galactolipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.


glycoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


heparin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


glycoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.


glycosphingolipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


lipooligosaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipooligosaccharide.


saponin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) group is a terpene or steroid and the sugar group is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection.


glucosylceramide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


glycolipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).


beta-glucoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-glucoside.


zeaxanthin bis(beta-D-glucoside) catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of zeaxanthin bis(beta-D-glucoside).


elastin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.


fructosamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


leaf papilla

A plant cell papilla that is part of a leaf papilla cell.


U12-type post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and the U12, U5 and U6atac snRNPs.


spliceosomal complex

Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.


U12-type prespliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the cooperative binding of the heterodimeric U11/U12 snRNP to the 5' splice site and the branch point sequence. The U12-type prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U11/U12 heterodimeric snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation.


U2-type spliceosomal complex

Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron that has canonical consensus sequences near the 5' and 3' ends.


precatalytic spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of a preassembled U5-containing tri-snRNP to the prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.


supraspliceosomal complex

Multicomponent complex of RNA and proteins that is composed of four active spliceosomes, termed native spliceosomes, connected to each other by the pre-mRNA. The supraspliceosome is the nuclear machine where the pre-mRNA processing takes place, like the 5'-end capping, 3'-end cleavage, splicing and editing.


U12-type precatalytic spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of the preassembled U4atac/U6atac.U5 tri-snRNP to the U12-type prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U11, U12 and U4atac/U6atac.U5 snRNPs.


U12-type post-spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the second splicing event and contains the spliced product, the excised intron, and three snRNPs, U5, U12 and U6atac.


U2-type post-spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the second splicing event and contains the spliced product, the excised intron, and three snRNPs, U5, U2 and U6.


U12-type catalytic step 2 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that contains the U12, U5 and U6atac snRNPs bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U12, U5 and U6atac snRNPs.


post-spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the second splicing event and contains the spliced product, the excised intron, and three snRNPs, including U5.


post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and three snRNPs, either U2 or U12, U5, and either U6 or U6atac.


prespliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site and the branch point sequence with specific snRNPs. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the bound snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation. Prespliceosome complexes are not active for splicing, but are instead an early step in the assembly of a spliceosomal complex.


commitment complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the U1 snRNP with the 5' splice site of an unspliced intron in an RNA transcript.


U2-type precatalytic spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the recruitment of the preassembled U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP to the prespliceosome. Although all 5 snRNPs are present, the precatalytic spliceosome is catalytically inactive. The precatalytic spliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1, U2 and U4/U6.U5 snRNPs.


catalytic step 1 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the two snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; three snRNPs including U5 remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.


catalytic step 2 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.


trans spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that forms during the addition of a specific spliced leader (SL) sequence to the 5'-end of a messenger RNA primary transcript, a process which occurs in a number of eukaryotic organisms, including trypanosomatid protozoans, euglenoids, nematodes, trematodes, and chordates.


U2-type prespliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site with the U1 snRNP, while the branch point sequence is recognized by the U2 snRNP. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation.


U2-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the U1 and U4 snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, and U5 and U6 snRNPs.


U12-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the U11 and U4atac snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; the U12, U5 and U6atac snRNPs remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U12, and U5 and U6atac snRNPs.


U2-type post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.


U2-type catalytic step 2 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that contains the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.


U12-type spliceosomal complex

Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron; the series of U12-type spliceosomal complexes is involved in the splicing of the majority of introns that contain atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site.


negative regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.


regulation of aplanospore formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell.


positive regulation of aplanospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell.


heme C biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.


ATP-dependent H2AZ histone chaperone activity

A histone chaperone that mediates the exchange of histone H2A-H2B dimer and histone H2AZ-H2B dimers in a nucleosome, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Some chaperones insert H2AZ-H2B dimers and remove H2A-H2B, while others do the opposite.


maltose transporting porin activity

Enables the transfer of maltose from one side of a membrane to the other. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen and starch. This transporter is a porin so enables the energy independent passage of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


insulin-like growth factor binary complex

A complex of two proteins, which in animals is 50kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and one of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), -2 (IGFBP-2), -4 (IGFBP-4) and -6 (IGFBP-6). The complex plays a role in growth and development.


regulation of telomeric loop disassembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric loop disassembly.


positive regulation of telomeric D-loop disassembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric D-loop disassembly.


positive regulation of telomeric loop disassembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric loop disassembly.


regulation of telomeric D-loop disassembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric D-loop disassembly.


positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.


GINS complex

A heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with replication origins, where it is required for the initiation of DNA replication, and with replication forks.


positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade via TNFSF11-mediated signaling

Any TNFSF11-mediated signaling process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


positive regulation of pheromone response MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a pheromone response MAPK cascade.


positive regulation of ERK5 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK5 cascade.


positive regulation of cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAPK cascade involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis.


positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.


positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in an increase in the rate or frequency of a MAPKKK cascade.


positive regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


tRNA A64-2'-O-ribosylphosphate transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphoribosyl group from 5'-phosphoribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate to position 64 of initiator tRNA.


female somatic sex determination

The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a female organism's soma.


proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and mediates proton transport across a membrane. The V0 complex consists of at least four different subunits (a,c,d and e); six or more c subunits form a proton-binding rotor ring.


plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane.


vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.


lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the lysosomal membrane.


chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population.


negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.


mycothiol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.


cellular response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


deoxyuridine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.