beta3-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta3-adrenergic receptors.


egg activation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.


positive regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-nona-2,4-dienoate + H2O = butyrate + 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H+.


amylosucrase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = D-fructose + 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


response to paraquat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paraquat stimulus.


transforming growth factor beta activation

The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.


oxidative RNA demethylation

The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.


regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.


positive regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


ribonuclease F activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA precursor into two, leaving 5'-hydroxy and 3'-phosphate groups.


modified amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.


response to thyroid hormone

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-isopropylacetanilide + 1/2 O2 = acetanilide + acetone.


regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.


gibberellin A9,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A9 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> gibberellin A51 + succinate + carbon dioxide.


argininosuccinate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.


butirosin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butirosin.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + H+(out) = sucrose(in) + H+(in).


L-lysine catabolic process using lysine 6-aminotransferase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including alpha-aminoadipate; in this pathway, L-lysine is converted to 2-aminoadipate-6-semialdehyde by lysine 6-aminotransferase.


intracellular chemical homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within a cell.


regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.


intermediate filament binding

Binding to an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


positive regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of mating type switching

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching.


vitamin binding

Binding to a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


phthiocerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phthiocerol, a lipid-based 1,3-glycol consisting of (3S,4R)-3-methoxy-4-methylnonacosane having (9R)- and (11S)-hydroxy substituents.


axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by nitric oxide.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


novobiocin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving novobiocin, a coumarin antibiotic produced by the bacterium Gyrasestreptomyces spheroides, that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


mesonephric renal vesicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.


2,4-dichloroaniline reductive dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichloroaniline + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 4-chloroaniline + HCl.


endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.


phosphatidylcholine flippase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


cellular response to cisplatin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.


type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.


regulation of ductus arteriosus closure

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ductus arteriosus closure.


long-chain fatty acid [acyl-carrier-protein] ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


glucose 1-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 1-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-1.


activated T cell autonomous cell death

A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen via the accumulation of pro-apoptotic gene products and decrease in anti-apoptotic gene products.


monoatomic cation homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic cations within an organism or cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.


tyrosine biosynthetic process, by oxidation of phenylalanine

The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


regulation of maltotriulose transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltotriulose transport.


Catalysis of the reaction adenylyl-molybdopterin + molybdate = molybdenum cofactor + AMP.


latrotoxin receptor activity

Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


type IV hypersensitivity

An inflammatory response driven by T cell recognition of processed soluble or cell-associated antigens leading to cytokine release and leukocyte activation.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + H+ + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate = NADP+ + 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate.


regulation of male germ cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.


type II interferon receptor activity

Combining with interferon-gamma (a type II interferon) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


eggshell chorion gene amplification

Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster.


positive regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.


negative regulation of phospholipid efflux

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.


response to arachidonic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arachidonic acid stimulus.


histone H3K9me2/H3K9me3 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


regulation of embryonic pattern specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.


dethiobiotin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of dethiobiotin from one side of a membrane to the other.


maturation of 4.5S rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 4.5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 4.5S rRNA molecule.


embryonic morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.


AMP transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


citrazinate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: citrazinate + H2O = cis-aconitamide.


maintenance of ciliary planar beating movement pattern

Any process involved in maintaining the planar beating pattern of ciliary movement pattern. Connection between the outer doublets and the central pair via the radial spokes constrains ciliary movement to the planar beating pattern. Cilia that lack this connection, such as those in the embryonic node or Kupfer's vesicle, display radial movement.


histone methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


TDP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.


protein-phycourobilin linkage

The linkage of the chromophore phycourobilin to phycoerythrins.


regulation of immune system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.


paramyosin filament assembly or disassembly

The formation or disassembly of a filament composed of paramyosin molecules.


synaptic transmission, cholinergic

The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


cellular metabolic compound salvage

Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.


rRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity

Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.


regulation of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier.


positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.


sulfur amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III + benzoyl-CoA = 10-deacetylbaccatin III + CoA.


electron transfer activity

Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


primary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical such as ATP hydrolysis, redox energy and photon energy.


neuron migration involved in dendrite retrograde extension

The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite.


detection of hydrogen ion

The series of events in which a hydrogen ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.


RNA trimethylguanosine cap binding

Binding to the trimethylguanosine (m(3)(2,2,7)-GTP) group located at the 5' end of some RNA molecules. Such trimethylated cap structures, generally produced by posttranscriptional modification of a 7-methylguanosine cap, are often found on snRNAs and snoRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II, but have also be found on snRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. They have also been found on a subset of the mRNA population in some species, e.g. C. elegans.


negative regulation of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.


acrolein reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acrolein + NADPH + H+ <=> propanal + NADP.


D-lysine transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: aminodeoxyfutalosinate + H2O <=> dehypoxanthine futalosine + adenine.


virus baseplate assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus baseplate.


FMN catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of FMN, riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate), a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.


axial mesodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an axial mesoderm cell.


epothilone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epothilone, a drug obtained from the myxobacteria Sporangium cellulosum that interferes with cell division. Some epothilones are being studied as treatments for cancer.


male genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized.


response to cocaine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.


imaginal disc-derived genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized from the genital imaginal disc.


cytolysis in another organism

The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.


tricyclene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate(3-) <=> tricyclene + diphosphoric acid.


P-type monovalent copper transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Cu+(out).


melanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


negative regulation of receptor localization to synapse

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F420 + 2 H+ = 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + reduced coenzyme F420.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-zeatin + UDP-D-glucose = O-beta-D-glucosyl-trans-zeatin + H+ + UDP.


positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.


corneocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.


FMN adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + FMN = diphosphate + FAD.


rhombomere 6 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 6 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


cellular response to topoisomerase inhibitor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a topoisomerase inhibitor stimulus.


S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing thymine at position U54 of a transfer RNA. This occurs in most Gram-negative bacteria, some archae, and eukaryotes.


aspyridone A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspyridone A.


T-helper cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.


acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate.


anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor

The oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrogen (N2) in the absence of oxygen, using nitrite (NO2) as the electron acceptor. It is suggested that hydroxylamine and ammonium are combined to yield hydrazine, which is subsequently oxidized to N2.


ergosteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergosteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside.


negative regulation of cyclase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.


zymogen activation in another organism

The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form in another organism.


deoxycytidyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the insertion of a dCMP residue opposite a template abasic site in DNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphonopyruvate + 2 H+ = CO2 + phosphonoacetaldehyde.


protein neddylation

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.


antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a polysaccharide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.


inositol 1-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + myo-inositol = 1D-1-O-methyl-myo-inositol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


protein depalmitoylation

The removal of palymitoyl groups from a lipoprotein.


lymph node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


sulcatone reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + sulcatol = H+ + NADH + sulcatone.


camalexin binding

Binding to camalexin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(phosphonooxy)-threonine + NAD+ = 2-amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate + NADH + H+.


epithelium migration

The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) + N-terminal L-arginyl-[protein] = H+ + N-terminal L-leucyl-L-arginyl-[protein] + tRNA(Leu). Can also transfer the leucyl residue on an N-terminal L-lysyl residue.


neural precursor cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.


trans assembly of SL-containing precatalytic spliceosome

Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the SL RNA and the pre-mRNA to be joined, as well as all the spliceosomal snRNPs involved in trans leader splicing. Formation of the trans leader spliceosome brings together the quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and the complex of the U2 snRNP with the splice site of the pre-mRNA.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


organomercury catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organomercury compounds, any organic compound containing a mercury atom.


manoyl oxide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-hydroxycopalyl diphosphate = (13R)-manoyl oxide + diphosphate.


adenosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


pyridine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor.


maintenance of alignment of postsynaptic density and presynaptic active zone

The process by which alignment between postsynaptic density and presynaptic active zone is maintained.


embryo sac central cell differentiation

The process in which the two uncellularized polar nuclei cellularize, fuse and acquire the specialized features of a mononucleate diploid central cell.


trigeminal sensory nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal sensory nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of determination of dorsal identity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.


metanephric juxtaglomerular apparatus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate.


regulation of cell adhesion involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis

The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a blood vessel endothelial cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis.


arginine catabolic process to proline via ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline, via ornithine.


negative regulation of lipid transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.


formaldehyde assimilation

The pathways in which formaldehyde is processed and used as a carbon source for the cell.


negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.


positive regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hypersensitive response in a plant.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).


glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + sn-glycerol 1-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + H+ + NADH.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethylpentanoyl-CoA = 2,4,4-trimethylpent-2-enoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


positive regulation of iron export across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of export of iron ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->4)-alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-6-methylthiohexanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O <=> H+ + 2-(4'-methylthio)butylmalate + coenzyme A.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene + H2O + NADP+ = 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene + H+ + NADPH.


hypoglossal nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the hypoglossal nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.


low voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


regulation of olfactory learning

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of olfactory learning. Olfactory learning is any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.


regulation of ATP:ADP antiporter activity

Any process that modulates the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter.


intranuclear rod assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an intranuclear rod.


latent virus replication

Any process required for latent viral replication in a cell.


diacetylchitobiose deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (GlcNac2) + H2O = acetate + 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcN-GlcNAc).


calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).


neutrophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 15-alpha-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.


2-iminobutanoate deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+).


choriogonadotropin hormone receptor activity

Combining with the choriogonadotropin hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of developmental vegetative growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental vegetative growth.


chemoattraction of branchiomotor axon

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


prostaglandin-D synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin D(2).


negative regulation of heart rate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP-L-fucose = N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->6)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine + GDP + H+.


disruption of host I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

Any process that interferes with host NF-kappaB-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


response to (R)-carnitine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an (R)-carnitine stimulus.


response to pulsatile fluid shear stress

Any response to fluid shear stress where the fluid is flowing across a solid surface with periodic variations. For example, the endothelium in straight parts of the artery tree is subjected to pulsatile shear stress with a significant forward direction, which is believed to be an important physiological stimulus enhancing vessel compliance and conferring anti-thrombotic, anti-adhesive, and anti-inflammatory effects.


Catalysis of 5-taurinomethyluridine in tRNA + a [protein]-S-sulfanylcysteine + ATP + a reduced electron acceptor = a 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine in tRNA + a [protein]-L-cysteine + AMP + an oxidized electron acceptor + diphosphate + H+.


(S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + H2O + O2 = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H2O2.


cell fate determination

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment that occurs after cell fate specification,  in which a cell is irreversibly committed to a cellular developmental fate which is heritable on cell division.


The series of molecular signals initiated by erythropoietin (EPO) binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of glial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.


capsanthin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of capsanthin.


high-affinity IgM receptor activity

Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


homomethionine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homomethionine, a non-protein amino acid synthesized from methionine via chain elongation.


The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP.


ERAD pathway

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


negative regulation of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.


constitutive protein ectodomain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs constantly, regardless of environmental conditions or demands.


axonemal dynein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.


ureidoglycolate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-ureidoglycolate + H2O + 2 H+ = CO2 + glyoxylate + 2 NH4.


mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


cellular response to cobalamin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalamin (vitamin B12) stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate + O2 = H+ + (Z)-4-(2-hydroxy-5-sulfonatophenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate.


mesonephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.


aspartate ammonia-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.


cerebellar granule cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.


response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


organophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.


1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate.


D-ribose 5-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose 5-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + coniferyl aldehyde = H+ + coniferaldehyde glucoside + UDP.


reproductive blastospore formation

The formation of a spore following the marked enlargement of part of a cell before separation by a septum. Blastospores are a type of asexual spore found in some fungi, most notably the class Glomeromycota.


regulation of bone development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.


L-dopa O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopa + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3-O-methyldopa + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


regulation of NK T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.


regulation of programmed necrotic cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.


colanic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, fucose and glucuronic acid residues.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine + CoA.


neuroinflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


negative regulation of gastric emptying

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of any gastric emptying process, the process in which the liquid and liquid-suspended solid contents of the stomach exit through the pylorus into the duodenum.


Catalysis of the reaction: (3E)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate = 2-carboxybenzaldehyde + pyruvate.


arogenate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arogenate = L-phenylalanine + H2O + CO2.


RNA sequestering activity

Binding to a specific RNA molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals that forms a pathway of communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus and initiates cellular changes in response to changes in mitochondrial function.


primary sex determination, germ-line

The transmission of information about sexual status, from the initial general determination, to signals specific to the germ-line.


DCT cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a distal convoluted tubule cell.


trachea submucosa development

The progression of the trachea submucosa over time from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea submucosa is made up of the glands and elastic tissue that lie under the mucosa in the trachea.


positive regulation of myoblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


heart valve development

The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol + NADP+ = 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H+ + NADPH.


non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

Any non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + scytalone = NADPH + H+ + 1,3,6,8-naphthalenetetrol.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.


response to kainic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a kainic acid stimulus.


carbohydrate derivative transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling.


regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.


meiotic anaphase I

The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis I.


single fertilization

The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.


linoleate 8R-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + linoleate = (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.


phosphatidylcholine desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: An oleoyl-[glycerolipid] + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = a linoleoyl-[glycerolipid] + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O.


hepatocyte growth factor production

The appearance of hepatocyte growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


L-threonine catabolic process to glycine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form to form 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate, which is subsequently converted to glycine.


oxidized pyrimidine nucleobase lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.


regulation of embryonic development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.


glutathione derivative catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione derivative.


envenomation resulting in vasodilation in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with resultant vasodilation of blood vessels, usually causing a reduction in blood pressure, in the bitten/stung organism.


interphase mitotic telomere clustering

The process whereby the mitotic telomeres are gathered together during, or prior to, attachment to the nuclear envelope.


AUU codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUU codon.


formation of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition

The assembly of a symbiotic cellular or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of heart growth

Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.


pronuclear envelope synthesis

Synthesis and ordering of the envelope of pronuclei.


extraction of mislocalized protein from mitochondrial outer membrane

The removal of a mislocalized protein from the mitochondrial outer membrane.


central tolerance induction to nonself antigen

Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the central lymphoid organs.


xanthine DNA N-glycosylase activity

DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated guanine (xanthine).


meiosis II cell cycle phase

A meiotic cell cycle phase that occurs after meiosis I (the first meiotic nuclear division).


ochratoxin A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ochratoxin A.


anterior lateral line neuromast cupula development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line neuromast cupula over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cupula is secreted by mantle cells and the ciliary bundles of all of the hair cells of the neuromast are embedded in it. The cupula provides a mechanical linkage between the hair cells and the external hydrodynamic environment. The cupula of superficial neuromasts grows continuously, while the height of the cupula of canal neuromasts is limited by canal diameter.


alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.


strombine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = glycine + H+ + NADH + pyruvate.


organic phosphonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonates, any organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Metabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and cellotetraose, releasing cellobiose from the non-reducing ends of the chains.


mannogen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannogen, a mannose-containing polysaccharide that is a major energy reserve in Leishmania.


regulation of cartilage condensation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cartilage condensation.


phytochromobilin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytochromobilin, the linear tetrapyrrole chromophore required for plant phytochrome photoactivity.


tooth placode formation

The developmental process in which the tooth placode forms. A tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud.


interleukin-18 production

The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


T cell tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by T cells.


2-desacetyl-2-hydroxyethyl bacteriochlorophyllide a dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-desacetyl-2-hydroxyethyl bacteriochlorophyllide a = bacteriochlorophyllide a + 2 H+.


2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: quercetin-3-glucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-) <=> quercetin-3-gentiobioside + UDP.


bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate = 2-oxohept-3-enedioate + CO2.


modulation by symbiont of indole acetic acid levels in host

The alteration by an organism of the levels of indole acetic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.


generation of mature 3'-end of 5S rRNA generated by RNA polymerase III

The removal of extra uridine residues from the 3' end of a 5S pre-rRNA generated by transcription by RNA polymerase III to generate the mature 3'-end.


tRNA N2-guanine methylation

The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N2 position of guanine.


13-prostaglandin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)H + H+ -> 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin + NAD(P)+. This reaction is the reduction of 15-keto-prostaglandin.


NAD+-histone H2BE18 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ADP-ribose groups to the glutamate-18 residue of histone H2B (or an equivalent residue).


olfactory receptor activity

Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell.


fructosyl-amino acid oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: fructosyl-amino acid + O2 = corresponding amino acid + glucosone + H2O2.


regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.


amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.


red or far-red light photoreceptor activity

The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 660-730nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.


alpha-copaene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate <=> alpha-copaene + diphosphoric acid.


calcium ion sensor activity

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of calcium ions (Ca2+).


mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation

The migration of mesodermal cells during gastrulation to help establish the multilayered body plan of the organism.


regulation of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration.


ABC-type tungstate transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + tungstate(in) = ADP + phosphate + tungstate(out).


lateral mesodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a lateral mesoderm cell.


regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.


trigeminal nerve maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.


endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


stress-activated MAPK cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays a signal; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.


amine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


negative regulation of testicular blood vessel morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis in the testicle.


nociceptin receptor activity

Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


cellular response to ionomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ionomycin stimulus.


RNA 5'-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the 5'-gamma-phosphate in an RNA molecule.


positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.


pollen-pistil interaction

The interaction between a pollen grain and pistil.


sensory organ boundary specification

The process in which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.


rhamnogalacturonan endolyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a rhamnogalacturonan type I <=> [rhamnogalacturonan I oligosaccharide]-alpha-L-rhamnose + 4-deoxy-4,5-unsaturated D-galactopyranosyluronate-[rhamnogalacturonan I oligosaccharide].


regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


mRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation

Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.


oxoacid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


teichoic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of teichoic acid, any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues.


swim bladder morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the swim bladder is generated and organized. The swim bladder is used by some fishes to maintain buoyancy and may function in addition as a sound producing organ, a sound receptor, and a respiratory organ.


Binding to beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-Glc.


D-octopine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N2-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-L-arginine + NAD+ + H2O = L-arginine + pyruvate + NADH.


lipoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


UDP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.


renal vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system.


transketolase activity

Catalysis of the reversible transfer of a 2-carbon ketol group (CH2OH-CO-) from a ketose phosphate donor to an aldose phosphate acceptor.


response to leukemia inhibitory factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


embryonic pelvic fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion.


plastid fission

The creation of two or more plastids by division of one plastid. A plastid is any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA.


cellular response to electrical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.


regulation of cell shape

Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.


neural fold folding

The process of folding the neuroepithelium around the medial hinge point to create the neural elevations, and around the lateral hinge points to produce convergence of the folds.


cytoplasmic actin-based contraction involved in forward cell motility

The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell in the direction that has been defined as the front of the cell.


luteal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a luteal cell. Large luteal cells develop from granulosa cells. Small luteal cells develop from theca cells.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide, an acylanide herbicide widely used to protect corn, onion, cabbage, rose bushes, and ornamental plants.


histone arginine N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N-methyl-arginine.


positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.


peptide lactyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (L-lysyl-[protein] + lactoyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + N(6)-lactoyl-L-lysyl-[protein].


myosin light chain kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myosin-light-chain = ADP + myosin-light-chain phosphate.


cellular response to chloramphenicol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chloramphenicol stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 30-hydroxy-beta-amyrin + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> 11alpha,30-dihydroxy-beta-amyrin + H2O + NADP.


eosinophil activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


lactosylceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.


positive regulation of copper ion transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + 3-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-4-one = carbon monoxide + N-formylanthranilate.


anaerobic ethylbenzene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.


L-carnitine CoA-transferase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate + L-carnitinyl-CoA and 4-trimethylammoniobutanoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate + L-carnitinyl-CoA.


response to food

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.


type I interferon production

The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


cellular response to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine stimulus.


blastocyst development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.


ADP-riboxanase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginyl-[protein] + NAD+ = ADP-riboxanated L-argininyl-[protein] + H+ + NH4(+) + nicotinamide.


proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as F-type ATPase), a two-sector ATPase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in bacterial plasma membranes.


morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H2O = N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + H+.


ribulokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L(or D)-ribulose = ADP + L(or D)-ribulose 5-phosphate.


ATP-dependent diacylglycerol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + ATP = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + ADP + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene = 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene.


ecdysis, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle

The shedding of the old collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle fragments during the molting cycle. Examples of this process are found in invertebrates.


mRNA cap binding complex binding

Binding to a mRNA cap binding complex.


regulation of lipid storage

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


amino acid catabolic process to alcohol via Ehrlich pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.


methanol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + methanol = H2O2 + formaldehyde.


protein trimerization

The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.


regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.


L-arabinose catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


positive regulation of dopamine secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.


rhombomere morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.


inductive cell migration

Migration of a cell in a multicellular organism that, having changed its location, is required to induce normal properties in one or more cells at its new location. An example of this would be the distal tip cells of Caenorhabditis elegans.


oxidative phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


brassinolide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + castasterone + NADPH + O2 <=> brassinolide + NADP + H2O.


biological regulation

Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.


salicin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of salicin (saligenin-beta-D-glucopyranoside), a glucoside of o-hydroxybenzylalcohol, from one side of a membrane to the other.


phenanthrene 1,2-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene + O2 + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + phenanthrene-1,2-oxide.


protein localization to spore cell wall

A process in which a protein is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a spore cell wall.


neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any neurotransmitter receptor activity that is involved in regulating the concentration of calcium in the presynaptic cytosol.


pH-gated chloride channel activity

A gated channel activity that enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens in response to a change in pH.


plasmacytoid dendritic cell chemotaxis

The movement of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.


cellular response to organonitrogen compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


regulation of thymocyte aggregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte aggregation.


flavanone 4-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-flavan-4-ol + NADP+ = (2S)-flavanone + NADPH.


regulation of anthocyanin catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anthocyanin catabolic process.


delphinidin 3-O-glucoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase (vanilloyl-glucose dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside + 1-O-vanilloyl-beta-D-glucose <=> delphinidin 3,7-di O-beta-D-glucoside + vanillate + H+.


membrane macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule destined to form part of a membrane in a cell.


NAD-dependent protein lipoamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-N6-lipoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + H2O + NAD+ = 2''-O-lipoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


sensory organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


D-allose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.


neural crest-derived cardiac fibroblast cell fate commitment

The commitment of neural crest cells to a cardiac fibroblast fate and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac fibroblast cells. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.


response to anticoagulant

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anticoagulant stimulus.


regulation of activin secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell.


cell-cell signaling involved in kidney development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.


thick ascending limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thick ascending limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thick ascending limb is the last part of the loop of Henle. Its thick, mitochondria-rich epithelium characterizes the outer medulla, and is responsible for very avid active salt transport. At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule.


detection of electrical stimulus involved in magnetoreception

The series of events that contribute to magnetoception in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. The stimulus is in the form of an induced electric field resulting from movement in a magnetic field.


ganglion morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized.


lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.


retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide

Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by nitric oxide.


positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.


modulation by symbiont of host Rho protein signal transduction

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction in its host organism.


peptidyl-threonine O-acetylation

The acetylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-acetyl-L-threonine.


response to pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


deacetylisoipecoside synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deacetylisoipecoside + H2O = dopamine + secologanin.


peptidyl-lysine demalonylation

The process of removing a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from an malonylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.


detoxification of copper ion

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion.


determination of wing disc primordium

Allocation of embryonic cells to the wing disc founder populations, groups of cells that are committed to contribute to the formation of a wing imaginal disc.


glycosyl compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.


post-translational protein modification

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.


Golgi apparatus mannose trimming

Any protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation that takes place in the Golgi apparatus.


acrosome reaction

The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.


skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.


modulation by virus of host catalytic activity

The process in which a virus effects a change in host enzyme activity.


L-2-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(1-) + a (2S)-2-hydroxycarboxylate <=> NADH(2-) + H+ + a 2-oxo carboxylate.


oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.


formation of structure involved in a symbiotic process

The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-glutamate + CoA + H+.


positive regulation of axial mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axial mesoderm cell fate determination.


transforming growth factor beta production

The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3.


regulation of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting.


response to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid stimulus.


Toll signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.


homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


2,5-diamino-6-ribitylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + H2O = 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)uracil + ammonia.


plant-type cell wall loosening involved in abscission

Any plant-type cell wall loosening that is involved in abscission.


apoptotic chromosome condensation

The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.


negative regulation of keratinocyte migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylene-3-methylsuccinate = dimethylmaleate.


2-hydroxyglutarate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glyoxylate + H2O + propanoyl-CoA = 2-hydroxyglutarate + CoA + H+.


regulation of smooth muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.


positive regulation of salivary gland formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

Any process that induces the formation of the salivary gland field by means of the secretion of a signal by a mesenchymal cell and its reception and interpretation by an epithelial cell resulting in it adopting the identity of a salivary gland bud cell.


curcumin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the polyphenol, curcumin.


hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NAD+ <=> 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADH.


protein localization to microtubule plus-end

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at a microtubule plus-end.


negative regulation of natural killer cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.


perturbation by symbiont of host actin cytoskeleton

The process in which an organism effects a change that impairs the structure or function of the host actin cytoskeleton. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


alginate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-D-mannuronate + alginate(n) = GDP + alginate(n+1).


peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptide-L-methionine + H2O + thioredoxin disulfide = peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the R enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A.


UFM1 activating enzyme activity

Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier UFM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.


regulation of leaf morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leaf morphogenesis.


negative regulation of actin filament severing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament severing.


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in salivary gland branching

The process in which a salivary epithelial cord bifurcates at its end.


isoursodeoxycholate 7-beta-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oate + NAD+ = 3beta-hydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-oate + H+ + NADH.


lanosterol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + lanosterol = CoA + lanosterol ester.


disruption of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont organism interferes with calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


nitrous-oxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 cytochrome c + nitrogen = 2 reduced cytochrome c + nitrous oxide.


ERBB4-EGFR signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals transmitted by a heterodimeric complex of the tyrosine kinase receptors EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor/ERBB1) and ERBB4. The pathway begins with binding of a ligand to either cell surface receptor, or the dimeric receptor complex, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation.


lysine N-acetyltransferase activity, acting on acetyl phosphate as donor

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + L-lysine = phosphate + N6-acetyl-L-lysine.


muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.


protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).


propanediol channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of propanediol (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


haloperoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: R-CH + a halogen + H2O2 = R-C-halogen + H2O.


secondary alcohol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary alcohol.


somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors of jawless fish

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) of jawless fish.


amino acid sensor activity

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of an amino acid.


negative regulation of mitotic spindle elongation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle elongation.


positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.


undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol.


tolerance induction to tumor cell

A process of tolerance induction which leads to immunological tolerance of a tumor.


cortisol sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + cortisol = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + cortisol 21-sulfate + H+.


B cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.


AAG codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAG codon.


isocitrate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate = glyoxylate + succinate.


modulation of blood coagulation in another organism

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation in another organism. Blood coagulation is the sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.


calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) combining with a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor on the surface of the target cell. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.


neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.


satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process that initiates skeletal muscle satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.


alpha-glucan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.


pigment biosynthetic process involved in pigment granule maturation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, contributing to the process in which a membrane-bounded organelle develops into a pigment granule. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state.


mating plug formation

The deposition of a plug of sperm or other gelatinous material into the opening of the vulva by a male at the termination of copulation. Probably acts to prevent subsequent matings by other males.


vascular process in circulatory system

A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.


response to 3-methylcholanthrene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 3-methylcholanthrene stimulus.


JUN kinase kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues in a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of a subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which signal in response to cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) is a dual-specificity protein kinase kinase and requires activation by a serine/threonine kinase JUN kinase kinase kinase.


DNA-binding transcription repressor activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets.


embryonic hemocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the embryonic head mesoderm acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.


pyridoxine 5-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxine + acceptor = isopyridoxal + reduced acceptor.


Catalysis of the reaction: chenodeoxycholoyltaurine + H2O = chenodeoxycholate + taurine.


gibberellin A12, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity (gibberellin A15-forming)

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A12 + O2 + 2-oxoglutarate <=> gibberellin A15 + carbon dioxide + succinate.


negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).


atrazine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving atrazine, a triazine ring-containing compound, widely used as a herbicide.


positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization to extracellular region

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway by the directed movement of a Wnt protein within the extracellular region.


acetoin racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-acetoin = (R)-acetoin.


regulation of glycine import across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycine import into a cell.


Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl (systematic name, tetradecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on a cysteine residue of a protein molecule in the reaction: tetradecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-tetradecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].


purine nucleosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a N-D-ribosylpurine + H2O = a purine + D-ribose.


16:0 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol desaturase activity

Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into an unsaturated 16-carbon fatty acid in a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecule.


noradrenergic neuron differentiation involved in brainstem development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem.


negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.


1-penten-3-one reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-penten-3-one + NADPH + H+ <=> 1-pentan-3-one + NADP.


epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.


Catalysis of the reaction: 16-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone = H2O + 16-dehydroprogesterone.


nickel incorporation into nickel-iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide

The incorporation of nickel into a nickel-iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide, found in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.


positive regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


CTP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.


dense core granule localization

Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + D-alanine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + 2-methylserine.


4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate + 2 reduced ferredoxin.


larval salivary gland boundary specification

Determination in a larval organism of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.


cell adhesion involved in biofilm formation

The attachment of a cell to a solid substrate, via cell adhesion molecules, contributing to the formation of a biofilm.


antisense RNA transcription

The synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.