adaptive immune effector response

An adaptive immune response that involves one or more immune effector processes and takes place during the effector phase of the adaptive immune response.


8-hydroxy-dADP phosphatase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-hydroxy-dADP + H2O = 8-hydroxy-dAMP + phosphate.


anaphase

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The cell cycle phase, following metaphase, during which the chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle.


geranylgeranyl diphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate is unknown.


UTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.


plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature plasmacytoid dendritic cell contributing to an immune response.


susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


estrous cycle phase

The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the estrous cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The estrous cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.


regulation of multicellular organismal process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.


photoperiodism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.


glutamyl-tRNA reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate + NADP+ + tRNA(Glu) = L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: luteolin + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucosiduronate + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate + NAD+ = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + NADH.


negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.


positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.


embryonic cleavage

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


killing by virus of host cell during superinfection exclusion

The viral-killing of a host cell by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.


dopamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


disaccharide binding

Binding to a disaccharide. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


thymine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.


phenylpropanoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: baccatin III + (3R)-3-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-CoA = N-debenzoyl-(3'-RS)-2'-deoxytaxol + coenzyme A.


scopoletin glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: scopoletin + UDP-D-glucose = H+ + scopolin + UDP.


methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + H2O.


negative regulation of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.


cellular response to isolation stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lack of contact with other members of the same species.


allantoin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.


tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane

A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.


7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ chlorophyll a + 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2O.


CAC codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAC codon.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: (polyphosphate)n + AMP = (polyphosphate)n-1 + ADP.


oenocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oenocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.


disruption by virus of host cell wall peptidoglycan during virus entry

A process carried out by a virus that breaks down peptidoglycans in the cell wall of its host during viral entry.


positive regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.


2'-5'-RNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 2'-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.


chemokinesis

A response by a motile cell to a soluble chemical that involves an increase or decrease in speed (positive or negative orthokinesis) or of frequency of movement or a change in the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior (klinokinesis).


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)).


positive regulation of host-seeking behavior

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a very-long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


baroreceptor detection of arterial stretch

The series of events by which the change in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.


positive regulation of cholesterol import

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol import.


glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


fastigial nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fastigial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


envenomation resulting in modulation of blood pressure in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Q nucleoside precursor 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine, also known as 2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile or preQo.


mitochondrial membrane fission

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous mitochondrial membrane into two membranes and contributes to mitochondrial fission.


L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole, L-tryptophan-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole + L-serine = L-tryptophan + H2O.


tryptophan catabolic process to indole-3-acetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: anthranilate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = catechol + CO2 + NADP+ + NH3.


negative regulation of fertilization

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).


thymine dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: thymine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethyluracil + succinate + CO2.


strictosidine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3alpha(S)-strictosidine + H2O = secologanin + tryptamine.


diguanidinobutanase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-diguanidinobutane + H2O = agmatine + urea.


oligonucleotidase activity

Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of oligonucleotides to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates.


dATP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


structural constituent of albumen

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of albumen (also called egg white). Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo.


histone H3K9 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate.


dibenzothiophene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene + NAD+ = 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene + H+ + NADH.


isoflavone 3'-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: formononetin + NADPH + O2 = calycosin + NADP+ + H2O.


depsipeptide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively.


tungstate binding

Binding to tungstate.


Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidate + a sterol = a sterol ester + a lysophosphatidate.


regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.


dense core granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dense core granule. A dense core granule is a secretory organelle found in endocrine cells.


retinoic acid metabolic process in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the synthesis and degradation of retionic acid that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.


sterol sensor activity

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a sterol.


[citrate (pro-3S)-lyase] ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).


negative regulation of inositol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inositol biosynthetic process.


RNA-mediated DNA recombination

The reverse transcription of an RNA molecule followed by recombination between the resultant cDNA and its homologous chromosomal allele.


negative regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell.


pressure natriuresis

The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis).


organomercurial transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organomercurial compounds from one side of a membrane to the other. Organomercurial substances are any organic compound containing a mercury atom.


regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway.


brassinosteroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + kaempferol-3-rhamnoside <=> kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside + UDP.


D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NAD+ = D-ribulose + H+ + NADH.


farnesyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.


Schwann cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


negative regulation of cyclodextrin metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclodextrin metabolic process.


methionine decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + H+ = 3-methylthiopropanamine + CO2.


membrane raft assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.


asperthecin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans.


2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


O-glycan processing, core 8

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 8 O-glycan structure, Gal-alpha-(1->3)-GalNAc.


negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.


natural killer cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


regulation of hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N1-methylguanine37 in tRNAPhe = L-methionine + 5'-deoxyadenosine + carbon dioxide + H2O + 4-demethylwyosine37 in tRNAPhe.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


posterior mRNA localization involved in anterior/posterior axis specification

Any process in which a mRNA is transported to and maintained in the oocyte and/or syncytial embryo contributing to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.


pre-mRNA binding

Binding to a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule.


positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.


monocarboxylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).


citrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


violaceol I catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of violaceol I.


positive regulation of turning behavior involved in mating

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> indole-3-acetate + carbon dioxide + NADP + H2O.


rhombomere 2 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 2. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


anterior/posterior pattern specification, imaginal disc

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that rapidly develop into adult appendages during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


neuroblast division

The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


sno(s)RNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.


positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


synaptic vesicle budding

Evagination of a membrane to form a synaptic vesicle.


oxidative photosynthetic carbon pathway

The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).


peptide cross-linking via 3-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-aspartic acid

The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an aspartic acid residue to form 3-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-aspartic acid.


regulation of secondary cell septum biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary cell septum biogenesis.


cilium movement involved in cell motility

Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.


phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.


regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.


isovaleryl-CoA(4-) catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isovaleryl-CoA(4-).


membrane depolarization during Purkinje myocyte cell action potential

The process in which Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


melanocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.


regulation of reverse cholesterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reverse cholesterol transport.


alditol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.


glomerular parietal epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. These cells may also give rise to podocytes.


histone deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.


B cell homeostatic proliferation

The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.


non-classical arabinogalactan protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein where other amino acids besides Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly can be present and grouped into regions, such as a Cys-rich or Asn-rich domains.


cytoskeletal anchor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H+ = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.


viral RNA editing

The process by which bases in viral mRNA are chemically altered during viral transcription. This is usually the incorporation of 1 - 6 additional nucleotides, which shifts the reading frame, allowing the generation of different protein products or through a specific nucleotide change that eliminates the termination codon.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous polysaccharides, to remove successive maltotetraose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.


23S rRNA (guanine(2445)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


regulation of secondary growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary growth.


suppression by virus of host molecular function

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of a host protein.


aspartate 1-decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2.


regulation of timing of plant organ formation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plant organ formation at a consistent predetermined time point during development.


microtubule bundle maintenance

The organization process that preserves a microtubule bundle in a stable functional or structural state.


cellular response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


DNA replication termination

The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet.


negative regulation of prostaglandin-E synthase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.


carbon utilization

A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbon sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbon source and to transport and metabolize alternative carbon sources such as carbon dioxide or carbonic acid. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbon levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbon-containing substances, and ends when carbon is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


galactosylceramidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-galactose + N-acylsphingosine.


mannose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.


peptide cross-linking via 2-amino-3-isothiazolidinone-L-serine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl serine cross-link through a process of forming first an intermediate cysteine sulfenic acid by peroxide oxidation, followed by condensation with the alpha-amido of the following serine residue and the release of water.


positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


prolactin secreting cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.


aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.


cerebellar molecular layer development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar molecular layer nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.


leaf senescence

The last stage of leaf development during which programmed degradation of macromolecules and nutrient recycling take place.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.


clathrin coat assembly

The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.


poly(G) binding

Binding to a sequence of guanine residues in an RNA molecule.


pyrimidine nucleobase binding

Binding to a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton.


synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion

Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with an endosome.


opsonin receptor activity

Combining with an opsonin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of L-dopa biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process.


sex differentiation

The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.


L-altrarate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-altrarate.


Catalysis of the reaction: rhamnetin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


regulation of thymocyte migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration.


spermidine acetylation

The modification of spermidine by addition of acetyl groups.


carbon-oxygen lyase activity

Catalysis of the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond.


regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of Wnt signaling through beta-catenin that results in the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.


zinc ion sequestering activity

Binding to a zinc ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


negative regulation of intracellular sterol transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.


methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain.


peptidyl-histidine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-phosphohistidine, tele-phosphohistidine) or peptidyl-3'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-phosphohistidine, pros-phosphohistidine).


negative regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.


ammonia ligase activity

Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.


exosporium assembly

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation of an exosporium, the outermost layer of a bacterial endospore.


inosine nucleosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inosine + H2O = D-ribose + hypoxanthine.


odorant binding

Binding to an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.


negative regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.


regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.


vomilenine glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucose + vomilenine = H+ + raucaffricine + UDP.


cellular response to far red light

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.


glycosphingolipid deacylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids, releasing fatty acids to form the lyso-derivatives.


specification of animal organ identity

The regionalization process in which the identity of an animal organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


regulation of (R)-carnitine transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of (R)-carnitine transmembrane transport.


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.


outward migration of deep nuclear neurons

The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from their ventrolateral origin to a rostrodorsal region of the cerebellar plate.


plant-type cell wall cellulose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.


diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.


plastoquinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast.


leaflet formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a leaflet from unspecified parts. A leaflet is one of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf.


negative regulation of cardiac ventricle formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.


positive regulation of ornithine catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ornithine catabolic process.


choloylglycine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholan-24-oylglycine + H2O = 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholanate + glycine.


neutral, basic amino acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral/basic amino acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = neutral/basic amino acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


response to butan-1-ol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a butan-1-ol stimulus.


glycosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


ursolic aldehyde 28-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ursolic aldehyde + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> ursolic acid + NADP + H2O.


primary branching, open tracheal system

Formation of primary branches in the open tracheal system. These form from small groups of cells that migrate out at specific positions, organizing into tubes as they migrate. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


orbitofrontal cortex development

The progression of the orbitofrontal cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The orbitofrontal cortex is a cerebral cortex region located in the frontal lobe.


1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity (using a glucosylated glycogenin as primer for glycogen synthesis)

Catalysis of the reaction: a glucosylated glycogenin = a glycogen.


structural constituent of postsynaptic density

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic density.


cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta.


glucagon receptor activity

Combining with glucagon and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


negative regulation of germ cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.


response to maltose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a maltose stimulus.


dUTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.


gynoecium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gynoecium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gynoecium is the collective name for the carpels of a flower.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.


positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


negative regulation of iodide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iodide transport.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate.


regulation of progesterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.


thermoception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).


swimming behavior

The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of swimming. Swimming is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the water.


ammonia oxidation

The chemical reactions and pathways by which ammonia or ammonium is converted to molecular nitrogen or another nitrogen compound, with accompanying loss of electrons.


multicellular organismal reproductive process

The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.


netrin receptor activity

Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


isopentenyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.


mycotoxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.


glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity

Combining with glucagon-like peptide 1 and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


leukocyte activation-dependent arrest

The formation of an integrin-dependent strong adhesive bond between leukocytes and blood vessel endothelial cells which is dependent on prior activation of the leukocyte and leads to the firm attachment of the leukocyte to the endothelial surface, typically the third step in cellular extravasation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone + O2 = 4-hydroxybenzoate + formate + 2 H+.


regulation of trehalose metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trehalose metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-16:0-2-18:3-phosphatidylcholine + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


positive regulation of coagulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.


Wnt signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of a cell in the dorsal spinal cord that affects the rate of its division.


stromal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development

The process of transferring information from a stromal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted, as part of prostate gland development.


P granule assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a P granule.


regulation of lymphocyte activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.


plastid inner membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the inner membrane of a plastid.


negative regulation of collagen catabolic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.


beta-alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


definitive erythrocyte differentiation

Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.


pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.


chemoattraction of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme in response to an attractive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


oocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.


alginic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).


prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP+ = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH.


9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene desaturation to 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene

The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.


DNA (6-4) photolyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct (in DNA) = 2 pyrimidine residues (in DNA). Catalyzes the reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA.


stress-induced premature senescence

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to environmental factors such as hydrogen peroxide or X-rays.


mitochondrion morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mitochondrion are generated and organized.


wound healing involved in inflammatory response

The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.


Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + H2O = AMP + glucose-1-phosphate.


uridine to cytidine editing

The conversion of a uridine residue to cytosine in an RNA molecule by amination.


L-threonine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-threonine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-threonine is (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.


positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.


betaine aldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving betaine aldehyde.


copper incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster

The incorporation of copper into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


anthranilate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate).


trisaccharide binding

Binding to a trisaccharide. Trisaccharides are sugars composed of three monosaccharide units.


protein nitrosylation

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.


protein trans-autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of a residue on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.


cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an monoatomic ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


dephospho-[reductase kinase] kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dephospho-[[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase] = ADP + [[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase].


GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-asparaginyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-asparagine ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a asparaginyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.


cardiac glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell.


delta14-sterol reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol = NADPH + H+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3-beta-ol.


membrane invagination

The infolding of a membrane.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-phosphate = acetate + D-galactosamine 6-phosphate.


cell wall (1->3)-alpha-glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-alpha-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.


angiogenesis involved in wound healing

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


muscle tissue development

The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.


mesonephric S-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the mesonephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.


cytoplasmic actin-based contraction involved in rearward cell motility

The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell in the direction that has been defined as the rear of the cell.


selenoneine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenoneine.


negative regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell chemotaxis.


protein localization to plasma membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


prenol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prenols, isoprenoids of general formula (H-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-)n-OH, any primary monohydroxy alcohol whose carbon skeleton consists of two or more isoprenoid residues linked head to tail.


cytoskeletal motor activity

Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).


aggressive behavior

A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.


single-stranded 3'-5' DNA helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.


negative regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP by chlorinated alkylphenone

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of a chlorinated alkylphenone. An alkylphenone is an aromatic polyketide with methyl and chlorine substitutions.


neural crest cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.


galactose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.


T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


mitotic cell cycle phase

One of the distinct periods or stages into which the mitotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.


VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex.


negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.


light-independent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriochlorophyll, which occur in the absence of light. Bacteriochlorophylls are any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria; they differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants.


formaldehyde assimilation via xylulose monophosphate cycle

The pathway in which formaldehyde is used as a carbon source in the xylulose monophosphate cycle. Methylotrophic yeasts, but not bacteria, utilize the xylulose monophosphate cycle to fix formaldehyde and convert it into metabolically useful organic compounds.


chlorinated hydrocarbon metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms.


establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Establishment of a structure near the basement membrane in adjacent Sertoli cells of the seminiferous epithelium for maintaining spermatogenesis. The structure consists of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, and desmosome-like junctions.


nephrocyte filtration

The process by which hemolymph is filtered based on size and charge through a nephrocyte filtration barrier formed by the basement membrane and nephrocyte diaphragm.


regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.


lipopolysaccharide core heptosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glucosyl-heptosyl2-KDO2-lipid A-phosphate + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = glucosyl-heptosyl3-KDO2-lipid A-phosphate + ADP + H+.


double-strand break repair via transcription-associated homologous recombination

A mechanism of homologous recombination and DNA repair in which transcript RNA is used as a template for DSB repair.


metanephric capsule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric capsule from unspecified parts. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.


columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.


pollen tube adhesion

The process in which the pollen tube adheres to cells of the stigma and style.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.


negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.


arteriole smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the arteriole. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The arteriole is the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.


response to polycyclic arene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a polycyclic arene stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6-hydroxyhyoscyamine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = CO2 + H2O + H+ + scopolamine + succinate.


Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactans.


defecation

The expulsion of feces from the rectum.


heat generation

Any homeostatic process in which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature.


menopause

Cessation of menstruation, occurring in (e.g.) the human female usually around the age of 50.


lung-associated mesenchyme development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.


negative regulation of thyroid gland epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid gland epithelial cell proliferation.


response to reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate.


histone H2AK129 ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin molecule to histone 2A at the lysine-129 residue.


bursa of Fabricius development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bursa of Fabricius over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bursa of Fabricius is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation.


high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor activity

Combining with a high molecular weight B cell growth factor and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of digestive system process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate + UTP = UDP-D-xylose + diphosphate.


soluble molecule recognition

The recognition of soluble molecules in the environment.


negative regulation of xanthophore differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation.


polyamine binding

Binding to a polyamine, an organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process

Synthesis, including the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin and other components, and deposition of a chitin-based embryonic cuticle by the underlying epidermal epithelium. This tough, waterproof cuticle layer is essential to provide structural integrity of the larval body. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17A binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


purine ribonucleoside binding

Binding to a purine ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to ribose.


regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


F-9775B metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving F-9775B.


viomycin kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + viomycin = ADP + O-phosphoviomycin.


UDP-galactosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule.


bromoxynil metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bromoxynil, C7H3Br2NO, a dibrominated phenol derivative with a cyano (-CN) group attached. Bromoxynil is used as a herbicide for post-emergent control of annual broadleaf weeds and works by inhibiting photosynthesis in the target plants.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: thiamine(out) + H+(out) = thiamine(in) + H+(in).


glutarate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxopentanoate + NADP + H2O = glutarate + NADPH + 2 H+.


slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction

A process in which force is generated within slow-twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The slow-twitch skeletal muscle is characterized by slow time parameters, low force development and resistance to fatigue.


orexin receptor activity

Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity.


triterpenoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.


renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume

A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.


rhabdomere membrane biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a rhabdomere membrane.


abducens nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the abducens nerve is generated and organized. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.


regulation of timing of neuron differentiation

The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires features of a neuron.


peptidyl-glutamine 2-methylation

The methylation of glutamine to form 2-methyl-L-glutamine.


protein N-linked glycosylation via arginine

The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-arginine, omega-N-glycosyl-L-arginine.


alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->2) linkage.


isopentenyl adenine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokinin 6-isopentenyladenine.


N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


hemaglutinin autotransporter activity

Enables the transfer of hemaglutinin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the hemaglutinin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.


neural plate development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.


membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.


positive regulation of organic acid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


NADH dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + acceptor = NAD+ + reduced acceptor.


regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.


hexulose-6-phosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + formaldehyde = D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + geranylgeranyl diphosphate = 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylplastoquinol.


eosinophil fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a eosinophil cell. A eosinophil is any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin.


UGA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UGA codon.


positive regulation of activin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.


mitochondrial tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification

The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in mitochondrial tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).


codeine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of codeine, an alkaloid found in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum var. album. Codeine has analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrhoeal properties.


cellular stress response to acidic pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in the homeostasis of organismal or cellular pH (with pH < 7). pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-3,4-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + 2 X-SO3(-) = 2 HX + phenanthrene-3,4-dihydrodiolsulfate conjugate.


xylulose 5-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose 5-phosphate, a derivative of the ketopentose xylulose phosphorylated at the 5 carbon; it is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.


regulation of stem cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.


wax metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving wax, a compound containing C16 and C18 fatty acids.


right horn of sinus venosus development

The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure.


candicidin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of candicidin.


positive regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.


transport of virus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.


positive regulation of fear response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.


sex comb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sex comb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sex combs are the male specific chaetae located on the prothoracic tarsal segment of the prothoracic leg.


Enterobacter ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.


regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure.


metanephric glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.


osteoclast fusion

The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.


high-affinity secondary active ammonium transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


fucose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).


isoflavonoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.


tRNA C3-cytosine methylation

The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 3 of the cytosine.


response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


Catalysis of the reaction: 17-O-acetylnorajmaline + NADP+ = 1,2-dihydrovomilenine + H+ + NADPH.


response to amine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


reverse transcription

A DNA synthesis process that uses RNA as the initial template for synthesis of DNA, but which also includes an RNase activity to remove the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA heteroduplex produced by the RNA-dependent synthesis step and use of the initial DNA strand as a template for DNA synthesis.


protein localization to medial cortex

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the medial cortex.


negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.


positive regulation of mucus secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-cyclohexylformamide + OH- = cyclohexylamine + formate.


glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (phosphorylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.


leucine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


nitric oxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


endothelial cell fate determination

A process involved in cell fate commitment of an endothelial cell. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.


endocardium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


meiotic anaphase II

The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II.


cellular extravasation

The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


cocaine binding

Binding to cocaine (2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-benzoxytropane), an alkaloid obtained from dried leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca or by chemical synthesis.


cholecystokinin receptor activity

Combining with cholecystokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity. Cholecystokinin can act as a neuropeptide or as a gastrointestinal hormone.


trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of endocannabinoid ligands, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


establishment of endothelial blood-brain barrier

Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.


negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.


prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH.


head involution

Movement of the anterior ectoderm to the interior of the embryo.


mandelate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic.


regulation of oospore formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes.


sequestering of manganese ion

The process of binding or confining manganese ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.


parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a parkin-family molecule.


spermidine deacetylation

The modification of acetylspermadine by the removal of acetyl groups.


centromere complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex. Includes the formation of the chromatin structures which form a platform for the kinetochore, and assembly of the kinetochore onto this specialized chromatin. In fission yeast and higher eukaryotes this process also includes the formation of heterochromatin at the outer repeat (pericentric) regions of the centromere.


single-species surface biofilm formation

A process in which microorganisms produce an extracellular matrix and form multicellular aggregates at an air-liquid interface.


butanediol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butanediol; the biologically relevant isomer is 2,3-butanediol, CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3.


positive regulation of activation of membrane attack complex

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.


regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.


cellular response to absence of light

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.


neuronal signal transduction

The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.


G/U mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase activity

Hydrolyzes mismatched double-stranded DNA and polynucleotides, releasing free uracil and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site.


N-acetylmannosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


D-myo-inositol (1,3,4,6)-tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate(8-) + ATP = H+ + 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate(10-) + ADP.


oligoxyloglucan reducing-end-specific cellobiohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cellobiose from the reducing end of xyloglucans consisting of a beta-(1->4) linked glucan carrying alpha-D-xylosyl groups on O-6 of the glucose residues. To be a substrate, the first residue must be unsubstituted, the second residue may bear a xylosyl group, whether further glycosylated or not, and the third residue, which becomes the new terminus by the action of the enzyme, is preferably xylosylated, but this xylose residue must not be further substituted.


tagatose kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose + ATP = D-tagatose 6-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


trachea morphogenesis

The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.


3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding

Binding to 3',2' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 3',5' and 2',5' linkages.


negative regulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.


metanephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


endonucleolytic cleavage of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with four genes, in this order, are produced in the chloroplasts of vascular plants. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.


microgametogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation as the microspore to the mature structure.


amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


pentalenolactone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentalenolactone.


Catalysis of the reaction: cannabigerolate + O2 <=> delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid + hydrogen peroxide.


recruitment of mRNA capping enzyme to RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex

The process in which the guanylyltransferase enzyme responsible for adding a 7-methylguanosine cap on pre-mRNA becomes associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 5' end of a transcript.


response to lectin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.


regulation of T-helper 17 cell extravasation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell extravasation.


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + pyruvate = alpha-ketoglutarate + D-lactate, with FAD functioning as an intermediate hydrogen acceptor.


dethiobiotin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dethiobiotin, a derivative of biotin formed by replacing the sulfur atom by two hydrogen atoms.


membrane repolarization during AV node cell action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.


positive regulation of G0 to G1 transition

A cell cycle process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.


histone H2A monoubiquitination

The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group.


glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD(P)+ = 3-methylbutanal + NAD(P)H + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.


aureusidin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone + O2 = aureusidin + H2O, and 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone + 1/2 O2 = aureusidin + H2O.


neuronal action potential back-propagation

Propagation of an action potential in a neuron, from its site of initiation (typically the axon hillock) towards the soma.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by physical factors

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of forces within the circulatory system.


sporulation resulting in formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular or syncytial spore via septations over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of growth

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.


cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.


facial nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


water transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of water (H2O) from one side of a membrane to the other.


sterol homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell.


sakuranetin 6-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sakuranetin + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> carthamidin-7-methyl ether + H2O + NADP.


positive regulation of octopamine signaling pathway involved in response to food

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of octopamine signaling pathway involved in response to food.


response to chloramphenicol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chloramphenicol stimulus.


telomere-nuclear envelope anchor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together the telomeric region of a chromosome and the inner nuclear membrane by interacting with both the telomere and the nuclear membrane, in order to establish and maintain the telomeric location.


replication fork reversal

Replication fork processing that involves the unwinding of blocked forks to form four-stranded structures resembling Holliday junctions, which are subsequently resolved.


regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


regulation of reproductive process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.


calcium oxalate binding

Binding to calcium oxalate, CaC2O4, a salt of oxalic acid. In animals, it may be excreted in urine or retained in the form of urinary calculi.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: lactose(out) + H+(out) = lactose(in) + H+(in).


interneuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of an interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. An interneuron is any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region, as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.


dorsal convergence

The directed migration of individual cells and small groups of cells toward the dorsal midline during gastrulation. This process does not require cell rearrangement.


excitation of vasomotor center by baroreceptor signaling

The process in which the molecular signal from the arterial baroreceptors is relayed to the vasomotor center causing it to signal increase arterial pressure.


response to cortisone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisone stimulus. Cortisone is a natural glucocorticoid steroid hormone that is metabolically convertible to cortisol. Cortisone is synthesized from cholesterol in the cortex of the adrenal gland under the stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). The main physiological effect of cortisone is on carbohydrate metabolism; it can stimulate increased glucose release from the liver, increased liver glycogen synthesis, and decreased utilization of glucose by the tissues.


cell migration involved in kidney development

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.


negative regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of the MDA-5 signaling pathway.


germ cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


cellobiose glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-cellobiose + H2O = 2 D-glucose.


protein side chain deglutamylation

The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation.


envenomation resulting in modulation of transmission of nerve impulse in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the transmission of nerve impulses in the bitten organism.


regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a symbiont cell, the directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.


receptor recycling

The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.


negative regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.


phenylacetaldoxime dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (trans)-phenylacetaldoxime = H2O + phenylacetonitrile.


positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.


Peyer's patch morphogenesis

The process in which a Peyer's patch is generated and organized. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


O-glycan processing, core 4

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 4 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)[GalNAc-beta-(1->3)]-GalNAc.


anaerobic 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), a chlorinated, broad spectrum, contact insecticide, in the absence of oxygen.


larval fat body development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larval fat body consists of a bilaterally symmetrical monolayer of cells lying between the gut and the muscles of the body wall. As in other tissues of the larva, the cells of the fat body complete their divisions in the embryo and increase in size and ploidy during larval life.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


octopine catabolic process to proline

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopine into other compounds, including proline.


retinal cone cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.


creatinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: creatine + H2O = sarcosine + urea.


choriogonadotropin hormone binding

Binding to choriogonadotropin hormone, a heterodimer, with an alpha subunit identical to that of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and a unique beta subunit.


L-serine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


maltose alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose + H2O = 2 alpha-D-glucose.


icosanoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


molybdenum cofactor guanylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction GTP + molybdenum cofactor = diphosphate + guanylyl molybdenum cofactor.


imaginal disc-derived wing hair elongation

Growth of a prehair in the approximately 10 hour period following its emergence from an epidermal cell in an imaginal disc-derived wing. Prehair elongation is guided and/or driven by the polymerization of actin filaments and the orderly crosslinking of filaments into bundles.


beta-acoradiene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate <=> beta-acoradiene + diphosphoric acid.


proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an S1 cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


arabinose isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose = D-ribulose.


NAD-dependent protein decrotonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-(2E)-butenoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-(2E)-but-2-enoyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


ectoine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyrate = ectoine + H2O.


androgen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


neural plate regionalization

The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.


tricaffeoyl spermidine O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tricaffeoyl spermidine + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3 H+ + triferuloyl spermidine + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


coronary artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of coronary arteries are generated and organized. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscle.


trehalose O-mycolyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 alpha,alpha'-trehalose 6-mycolate = alpha,alpha'-trehalose 6,6'-bismycolate + alpha,alpha-trehalose.