insulin receptor recycling

The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.


effector-mediated induction of plant hypersensitive response by symbiont

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A symbiont process in which a molecule secreted by the symbiont activates a resistance gene-dependent defense response signaling pathway in the plant host, in order to activate a hypersensitive response to induce necrosis. In the plant, this process involves the direct or indirect recognition of the symbiont effector protein for example through plant resistance receptor or R proteins (or R genes).


positive regulation of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine = CoA + enzyme N6-(S-[2-methylpropanoyl]dihydrolipoyl)lysine.


positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid arm separation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid arm separation.


cyanate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.


2-naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-naphthaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 2-naphthoate + NADH + H+.


nervous system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.


regulation of optic nerve formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of optic nerve formation.


regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


transaldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate.


lupeol 28-oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lupeol + 3 NADPH + 3 O2 + 3 H+ <=> betulinic acid + 3 NADP + 4 H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a 3-(all-trans-polyrenyl)benzene-1,2-diol <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ + a 2-methoxy-6-(all-trans-polyprenyl)phenol.


negative regulation of iron ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


chalcone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chalcones, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.


peroxidase-heme linkage via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester-L-methionine sulfonium

The covalent linkage of heme to peroxidase via dihydroxyheme-L-aspartyl ester-L-glutamyl ester-L-methionine sulfonium.


peptidyl-lysine monomethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.


oxygen evolving activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2O = O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-. The evolution of oxygen from oxidizing water is carried out by the oxygen evolving complex in photosystem II of plants. P680+, the photochemically oxidized reaction-center chlorophyll of PSII, is a strong biological oxidant. The reduction potential of P680+ is more positive than that of water, and thus it can oxidize water to give O2 and H+ ions. The oxygen escapes as a gas while the H+ ions remain in solution inside the thylakoid vesicle.


The dimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethylserine.


curcumin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the polyphenol, curcumin.


regulation of mesoderm formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.


response to alkaloid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.


regulation of fat cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.


negative regulation of adult chitin-containing cuticle pigmentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of the adult pattern of pigmentation in the cuticle of an organism.


histone chaperone activity

Binding to and carrying a histone or a histone complex to unload or deposit it as a nucleosome. The histone can be newly synthesized or result from nucleosome disassembly (either spontaneously, or by a histone chaperone).


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-phospho-D-erythronate + NAD+ = (R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate + H+ + NADH.


nucleate erythrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


negative regulation of response to stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.


sterol desaturase activity

Catalysis of the introduction of a double bond into a sterol molecule.


collagen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


L-valine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.


palisade mesophyll development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a palisade mesophyll over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


scattered antral spaces stage

The stage in oogenesis when antral spaces begin to form in the follicle cells. Mitochondria form centers for yolk concentration.


amine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.


regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.


protein digestion

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested proteins into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


intracellular sphingolipid homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sphingolipids within a cell.


positive regulation of short-day photoperiodism, flowering

Any process that activates, maintains or increases short-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


companion cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a companion cell. The companion cell is the specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube member in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube member.


free ubiquitin chain depolymerization

The process in which free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers, are broken down.


Frizzled Nuclear Import pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by internalization and cleavage of the frizzled receptor to yeild a C-terminal fragment that is imported into the nucleus. The frizzled C-terminal fragment is incorporated into large ribonucleoprotein particles and stimulates their egress via nuclear budding.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dTDP-3-amino-4-dehydro-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-glucose <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dTDP-3-N-methylamino-4-oxo-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-glucose + H+.


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis

The process in which the terminal end of a mammary duct bifurcates.


cellular response to interferon-alpha

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.


positive regulation of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.


iota-carrageenase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-linkages between D-galactose 4-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose-2-sulfate in iota-carrageenans.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxo-L-proline + ATP + 2 H2O = L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + serotonin.


positive regulation of establishment of competence for transformation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of competence for transformation.


retinal cone cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


cyanide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration, reacting with the ferric form of cytochrome aa3 and thus blocking the electron transport chain.


nocardicin-A epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: isonocardicin A = nocardicin A.


methylisocitrate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate = pyruvate + succinate.


cellular response to cyclopentenone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclopentenone stimulus. Cyclopentenones are oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are structurally similar to jasmonic acid, but contain a reactive unsaturated carbonyl structure in the cyclo-ring. Cyclopentenones include phytoprostanes and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid.


cardiac atrium morphogenesis

The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


somatic diversification of T cell receptor genes

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of T cell receptor genes.


cell migration involved in prostatic bud elongation

The orderly movement of epithelial cells from one site to another contributing to the elongation of the primary prostatic bud.


syncytiotrophoblast cell differentiation involved in labyrinthine layer development

The process in which a chorionic trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of a syncytiotrophoblast of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta.


modulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation.


phospholipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


cell-substrate junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-substrate junction. A cell-substrate junction is a specialized region of connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


blood coagulation

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.


epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland bud elongation

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland bud epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the bud.


positive regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell autonomous cell death.


macrophage chemotaxis

The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


positive regulation of spore-bearing organ development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spore-bearing organ development, a process in which hyphae grow into special aggregates called fruiting bodies that produce new spores.


etioplast organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an etioplast. An etioplast is a plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.


phosphatidylcholine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


actin filament severing

The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments.


GDP-mannose mannosyl hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose + H2O = GDP + D-mannose + H+.


growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.


protein N-linked N-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine

A process of protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine in which N-acetylgalactosamine is added to the N4 of asparagine, forming an (S)-2-amino-4-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)amino-4-oxobutanoic acid residue.


somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.


regulation of metanephros size

Any process that modulates the size of a metanephric kidney.


fin development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


red chlorophyll catabolite reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = primary fluorescent catabolite + oxidized ferredoxin. This reaction is the reduction of the C20/C1 double bond in the pyrrole system of red chlorophyll catabolite (RCC) to a colorless tetrapyrrole (pFCC) with a strong blue fluorescence.


T cell migration

The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


multivesicular body membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of the membranes of multivesicular bodies.


cellular ketone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.


viral capsid secondary envelopment

The process in which a capsid acquires another membrane envelope, subsequent to acquiring an initial membrane envelope.


protein carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a carboxyl group on a protein.


N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 = 3-acetamidopropanal + H2O2 + putrescine.


maltose synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = maltose + 2 phosphate.


butanoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a butanoyl (CH3-[CH2]2-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.


hydroxylysine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.


telomerase holoenzyme complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomerase holoenzyme complex.


regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.


Catalysis of the reaction: methylthioadenosine + H2O = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose.


peptide cross-linking via S-[5'-(L-tryptoph-6'-yl)-L-tyrosin-3'-yl]-L-methionin-S-ium

The cross-linking of a tyrosine residue to a tryptophan residue and a methionine residue to form S-[5'-(L-tryptoph-6'-yl)-L-tyrosin-3'-yl]-L-methionin-S-ium.


gibberellin mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of gibberellin stimulus.


proctolin receptor activity

Combining with the neuropeptide proctolin, to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.


tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process

The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in nonribosomal peptide synthesis.


An adaptive immune effector response involving T cells and B lineage cells. In the case of B lineage cells, the effector cells are the antibody secreting plasma cells whereas for T cells the effector cells may be helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells.


maintenance of pigment granule location

Any process in which a pigment granule is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.


Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = indole + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.


negative regulation of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade.


regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


aerobic nitrilotriacetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrilotriacetate, the aminotricarboxylic acid N(CH2COO-)3, that occur in the presence of oxygen.


putrescine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of putrescine from one side of a membrane to the other. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5'methyl thioadenosine + H2O = 5'methyl thioinosine + NH3.


Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + 2-oxoglutarate = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + L-glutamate.


spinal cord oligodendrocyte cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.


achromobactin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving achromobactin, a citrate siderophore.


glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


peptidyl-lysine crotonylation

The crotonylation of a lysine residue in a protein. Crotonyl is the univalent radical CH3-CH=CH-CO- derived from crotonic acid.


spermidine hydroxycinnamate conjugate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine hydroxycinnamate conjugates.


histidine N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine.


optic cup structural organization

The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of the optic cup. This process pertains to the physical shaping of the rudimentary structure.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-acetamidobutanoyl-CoA + H2O = 4-aminobutanoyl-CoA + acetate.


kojic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving kojic acid.


protein localization to plasma membrane of cell tip

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane of cell tip.


pigment granule maturation

Steps required to form a membrane-bounded organelle into a pigment granule containing pigment. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state.


NK T cell proliferation

The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->3)- and (1->6)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in the mannosyl-oligosaccharide Man(5)(GlcNAc)(3).


response to Gram-negative bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a Gram-negative bacterium.


rhythmic behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside 3-phosphate + UDP + H+.


mesonephric podocyte cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.


ds/ssDNA junction-specific dsDNA endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of double-stranded DNA near a double-strand/single-strand DNA junction.


bacteriocin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bacteriocins, any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.


transmembrane receptor histidine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of a membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


negative regulation of macrophage apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetate + L-isoleucine + ATP(4-) <=> H+ + indole-3-acetyl-isoleucine + AMP(2-) + diphosphoric acid.


alpha-ribazole biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-ribazole, the benzimidazole nucleoside in adenosyl cobalamin (vitamin B12).


L-ascorbic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions.


pancreatic epsilon cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic epsilon cell. A pancreatic epsilon cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes ghrelin.


positive regulation of cellular response to X-ray

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.


beta-carotene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-carotene.


delamination

The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in a cell or sheet of cells splitting off from an existing epithelial sheet.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose, an ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre of the heptose. ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose (also called ADP-L-beta-D-heptose or ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose) is a nucleotide-sugar precursor of the inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate.


mitochondrion autophagosome adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a mitochondrial membrane and an autophagosome during mitophagy.


trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NAD+ = trans-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADH.


glucagon processing

The formation of mature glucagon by proteolysis of the precursor proglucagon.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-solanine + UDP-L-rhamnose = solanine + UDP.


hexose phosphate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of hexose phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Hexose phosphates is any of a group of monophosphorylated aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


3'-flap endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a 3' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 3' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.


negative regulation of lysozyme activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysozyme activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-2 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ + precorrin-3A.


regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development

Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA = mesaconyl-CoA + H2O.


negative regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


negative regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.


activation-induced B cell apoptotic process

B cell apoptotic process that occurs upon engagement of either the B cell receptor or CD40. Engagement of either receptor, but not both, leads to expression of fas or related receptors that make the B cell susceptible to fas-ligand mediated death.


protein localization to cell division site after cytokinesis

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the site of cell division following cytokinesis.


guanosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + guanosine = ADP + GMP.


cyclic-GMP-AMP transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cyclic-GMP-AMP from one side of a membrane to the other.


microtubule sliding

The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule.


male sex determination

The specification of male sex of an individual organism.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.


leukocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one leukocyte to one or more other leukocytes via adhesion molecules.


pigment cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-cyclohexylformamide + H+ = cyclohexyl isocyanide + H2O.


positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal epinephrine

The process in which the secretion of epinephrine from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.


positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.


histone H1R54 arginine deiminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone H1 L-arginyl (position 54)= histone H1 L-citrullyl (position 54) + NH4+, resulting in histone H1 citrullination at position 54.


regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.


ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity.


positive regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway in another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway, in a different organism.


adenosine 5'-(hexahydrogen pentaphosphate) metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine 5'-(hexahydrogen pentaphosphate).


cyclohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2, in a reaction that involves the opening of a ring.


arginine N-methyltransferase activity

Enables the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.


prostate epithelial cord arborization involved in prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis

The branching morphogenesis process in which the prostate epithelial cords branch freely to create the structure of the prostate acini.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.


N-terminal peptidyl-valine condensation with pyruvate to form N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-valine

The condensation of pyruvate through the 2-oxo group with the N-terminal valine of proteins to form the derivative N-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-valine.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-aminobutanoyl-CoA = crotonoyl-CoA + NH4.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose.


positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.


plasminogen activation

The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.


lateral root formation

The process that gives rise to a lateral root. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A lateral root primordium represents an organized group of cells derived from the root pericycle that will differentiate into a new root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper.


volume-sensitive anion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic anion by a volume-sensitive channel. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.


oculomotor nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the oculomotor nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.


transitional stage B cell differentiation

The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.


(+)-beta-chamigrene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate <=> (+)-beta-chamigrene + diphosphoric acid.


lipoprotein releasing activity

The activity of recognizing mature outer membrane lipoproteins in the inner membrane and releasing from the inner membrane so that they can be transported across the periplasmic space to their target location, the outer membrane. This function exists in diderm bacteria, mediated by the LolCDE complex.


regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.


endoplasmic reticulum cisternal network assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternal network. The ER cisternal network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with low curvature in cross-section.


post-embryonic medial fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.


methionine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


tricyclic triterpenoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 3 rings.


Catalysis of the transfer of a glycerophospho group from one membrane-derived oligosaccharide to another.


ribosome biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


regulation of cell wall organization or biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall organization or biogenesis.


trigeminal nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.


tripeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a tripeptide.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate = beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate.


4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide + S-adenosylmethionine = 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate + 5'deoxyadenosine.


NADH oxidation

A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD+.


aminotriazole transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of amitrole from one side of a membrane to the other.


negative regulation of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway.


insecticide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insecticides, chemicals used to kill insects.


cephamycin C biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cephamycin C.


vanillyl-alcohol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + vanillyl alcohol = H2O2 + vanillin.


regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.


hexitol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors, which occur in the presence of light.


response to bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


DNA-templated DNA replication maintenance of fidelity

A DNA metabolic process that prevents or corrects errors to ensure that DNA is replicated accurately. Errors can be corrected either by intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair.


sesquithujene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate(3-) <=> 7-epi-sesquithujene + diphosphoric acid.


membrane protein dislocase activity

The activity of removing a protein from a membrane, by binding to a transmembrane helical fragment of a tail-anchored protein and releasing it from the the hydrophobic region of one or both lipid bilayers. The reaction is driven by ATP hydrolysis.


ligase activity, forming carbon-carbon bonds

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-carbon bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


glycolate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: A + glycolate = AH(2) + glyoxylate.


positive regulation of myelination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


germ tube formation

Development of slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most symbiont spores immediately following germination on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production

The appearance of tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11; RANKL) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to phosphatidylethanolamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phosphatidylethanolamine stimulus.


regulation of xylose catabolic process to ethanol

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xylose catabolic process to ethanol.


glutamate racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = D-glutamate.


sex determination

Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


trichoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast, a root epidermal cell that will give rise to a root hair.


L-dopa metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-dopa.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a D-amino acid = CoA + an N-acetyl-D-amino-acid.


positive regulation of basidium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basidium development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi.


galanin receptor activity

Combining with galanin to initiate a change in cell activity.


response to isobutanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isobutanol stimulus.


codeinone reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: codeine + NADP+ = codeinone + H+ + NADPH.


negative regulation of mesoderm development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.


fusion of virus membrane with host outer membrane

Fusion of a viral membrane with the host cell outer membrane during viral entry.


deoxycytidine salvage

Any process that generates deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


glutamate-ethylamine ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + ethylamine = N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


disruption by symbiont of host chloroplast

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of host cell chloroplasts. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction.


response to diethyl maleate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diethyl maleate stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction:acyl-CoA + glycerophosphocholine = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


metula development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of metulae over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Metulae are elongated mononucleate cells that bud from the surface of the conidiophore tip.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcobamide + methanol = H2O + Co-methyl-Co-5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcob(I)amide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:2-2-16:0-phosphatidylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:2-2-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


acetophenone carboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetophenone + CO2 = H+ + benzoyl acetate.


interleukin-17 production

The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of oligopeptide transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + H2O = 2,5-diamino-6-(1-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-phosphate + formate + H+.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), a chlorinated broad spectrum contact insecticide.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + licodione = 2'-O-methyllicodione + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


axon development

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


regulation of blood circulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2-coumarate + UDP-D-glucose = trans-beta-D-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate + H+ + UDP.


protein deglycosylation

The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.


protein delipidation

The breakage of covalent bonds to detach lipid groups from a protein.


3-formiminopyruvate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-formiminopyruvate + H2O = 3-formylpyruvate + HN3.


sperm competition

Any process that contributes to the success of sperm fertilization in multiply-mated females.


cardiac fibroblast cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.


positive regulation of cholesterol efflux

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


response to nematicide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nematicide stimulus. Nematicides are chemicals used to kill nematodes.


histone H3-K27 methylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 27 of the histone.


intramembranous ossification

Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.


ITP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ITP, inosine triphosphate.


regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.


protein localization to presynapse

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse.


endopolyphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.


2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate + 2-oxoglutarate + oxygen = 2,4-dichlorophenol + glyoxylate + succinate + CO2.


lung lobe formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a lung lobe from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the lobe and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.


antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.


Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity

Catalysis of the sulfurylation of the desulfo form of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a cofactor required for the activity of some enzymes, such as aldehyde oxidase.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: choline(out) + Na+(out) = choline(in) + Na+(in).


establishment of protein localization to mitochondrial membrane

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrial membrane.


presynaptic active zone organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic active zone.


cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.


menaquinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.


cellular response to hyperoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.


tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.


peptidyl-arginine deglycation

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from an arginine residue of a glycated protein.


Pup ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of Pup to a substrate protein via the reaction X-Pup + S = X + S-Pup, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-Pup linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-Pup linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of Pup and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


membrane raft polarization

The clustering and aggregation of a membrane into domains. This serves as a mechanism to compartmentalize cellular activities and to establish cell polarity.


cardiac septum development

The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.


response to inositol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inositol stimulus.


regulation of activated T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.


negative regulation of TORC1 signaling

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.


bacillithiol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bacillithiol, the alpha-anomeric glycoside of L-cysteinyl-D-glucosamine with L-malic acid. Bacillithiol, produced widely in the Firmicutes and sporadically in other bacterial lineages, is a low-molecular-weight thiol analogous to mycothiol in the Actinomycetes and glutathione in many species.


negative regulation of pre-B cell receptor expression

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process leading up to expression of the pre-B cell receptor on the surface of pre-B cells.


positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.


envenomation resulting in modulation of process in another organism

The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the manifestation of some change or damage to the bitten organism.


atrioventricular canal development

The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle.


biotin-protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + protein = AMP + diphosphate + biotin-protein.


glycosulfatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-sulfate + H2O = D-glucose + H+ + sulfate.


D-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of D-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other.


glycine N-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + N-acylglycine.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + chorismate = 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + L-glutamate. It is composed of two enzymatic activities (which may be present on one or two polypeptides); the first is a glutaminase which yields ammonia from glutamine, releasing glutamate. The ammonia is used by the second activity which catalyzes the amination of chorismate to form 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate.


transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H+ + nicotinate.


female urethra development

The progression of the female urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The female urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, exiting above the vaginal opening.


gastrin receptor activity

Combining with gastrin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity.


L-propargylglycine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-propargylglycine (Pra). L-propargylglycine is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces bacteria.


positive regulation of pancreatic juice secretion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.


negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


protein localization to axon

A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within an axon.


positive regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.


regulation of relaxation of smooth muscle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of smooth muscle.


embryo sac development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the megasporocyte to form four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. The two polar nuclei fuse resulting in a mononucleate diploid endosperm mother cell. The three antipodal cells degenerate.


Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + Glu(-Cys)(n)-Gly = Gly + Glu(-Cys)(n+1)-Gly.


cell-cell signaling via exosome

Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome.


regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.


dolichol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + dolichol = CDP + dolichyl phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrrole-2-carboxylate + 2 H2O = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3.


cyanuric acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanuric acid, a suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicant, and a potential degradation product of triazine herbicides, such as atrazine and simazine. It is widely used for the stabilization of available chlorine in swimming pool water and is also the starting compound for the synthesis of many organic derivatives.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + glyoxylate + H+ = 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate + CO2.


CUT metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), which are transcribed from intergenic regions. Many intergenic regions are heavily transcribed, but the transcripts are rarely detected due to rapid degradation by the nuclear exosome.


determination of left/right symmetry

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


N-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.


GTP-dependent polydeoxyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = GDP + 5'-phospho-DNA.


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.


epicardium-derived cardiac fibroblast cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epicardial-derived cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A epicardial-derived cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart that arises from the epicardium and secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.


opheline kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + guanidinoethyl methyl phosphate = N'-phosphoguanidinoethyl methylphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


intracellular pH elevation

Any process that increases the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


melanocortin receptor activity

Combining with melanocortin to initiate a change in cell activity.


phenotypic switching in response to host

A reversible switch of a cell from one phenotype to another that occurs upon infection of a host or host cell. For example, Candida albicans switches from a unicellular form to an invasive multicellular filamentous form upon infection of host tissue. Phenotypic switching begins with changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns and ends when the morphology of a population of cells has reverted back to the default state, accompanied by altered expression patterns.


toluene-4-sulfonate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene-4-sulfonate, 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, the anion of sulfonic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.


response to dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.


acetylcholine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


positive regulation of male germ cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = 1,2-diacyl-3-[3-(alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminyl)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol + CMP + H+.


nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity, down a concentration gradient

Enables the transfer of a nucleoside, from one side of a membrane to the other, down the concentration gradient.


DNA/RNA hybrid annealing activity

An activity that facilitates the base-pairing of single-stranded RNA to double-stranded DNA resulting in the formation of R-loops.


IMP binding

Binding to IMP, inosine monophosphate.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 1,3-alpha-L-galactosidic linkages of neoagaro-oligosaccharides that are smaller than a hexamer, yielding 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and D-galactose.


positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.


hair cycle process

A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


decanoate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + decanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + decanoyl-CoA.


protein K6-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K6-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


positive regulation of dermatome development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.


methylmercury metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylmercury (MeHg+), a highly toxic organometal which can accumulate in tissues, particularly in fish species.


carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin = CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


fruit replum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit replum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit replum is a portion of fruit placenta tissue that divides a fruit into two or more chambers and develops from a replum.


regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


sinoatrial node cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.


regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis.


BBSome binding

Binding to a BBSome complex.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor signaling pathway

A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a PAMP signaling pathway in its host organism, initiated by a ligand binding of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to activate a plant innate immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


GPI-linked ephrin receptor activity

Combining with a GPI-anchored ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.


excitatory chemical synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.


3-methylthiopropyl glucosinolate S-oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylthiopropyl-glucosinolate = 3-methylsulfinylpropyl-glucosinolate.


cellular response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


regulation of beta-glucan metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucans.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-2-aminohexano-6-lactam = D-2-aminohexano-6-lactam.


positive regulation of artery smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery smooth muscle contraction.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole + reduced acceptor = benzothiazole + hydrogen sulfide + oxidized acceptor.


(+)-secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> (+)-secoisolariciresinol diglucoside + UDP + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-demethylsterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = sterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-homocysteine.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->2)-alpha-D- and (1->6)-alpha-D- linkages in mannan, releasing D-mannose.


hemoglobin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin; especially, the proteolytic cleavage of hemoglobin to yield free heme, peptides, and amino acids.


N6-(Delta2-isopentenyl)-adenosine 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + H2O <=> N(6)-dimethylallyladenine + D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate.


cell-cell signaling by wnt

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another, medaited by a wnt family protein ligand. This process includes wnt signal transduction in the receiving cell, release of wnt ligand from a secreting cell as well as any processes that actively facilitate wnt transport and presentation to receptor on the recieving cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O + H+ = S-inosyl-L-homocysteine + NH4.


response to Thyroid stimulating hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulus.


osteoclast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.


ethanol binding

Binding to ethanol, CH(3)-CH(2)-OH.


snRNA (adenine-N6)-methylation

The posttranscriptional N6-methylation of an adenine residue in an snRNA molecule.


tetrose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a tetrose, any monosaccharide with a chain of four carbon atoms in the molecule.


negative regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability

Any process that decreases blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.


dorsal closure

The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-nitro-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine + 2 H2O = 1-nitro-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-diol.


oxalate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of oxalate from one side of a membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.


negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.


shamixanthone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of shamixanthone.


leptotene

The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of prophase I in meiosis, and during which the chromosomes first become visible.


Catalysis of the reaction: cinnamaldehyde + O2 + H2O = H+ + trans-cinnamate + hydrogen peroxide.


insulin-responsive glucose:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + H(out)+ = glucose(in) + H(in)+, in response to a stimulus by insulin. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


negative regulation of red or far-red light signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the red or far-red signaling pathway, the series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-O-methyl-N-deacetylisoipecoside + H2O <=> 6-O-methyl-N-deacetylisoipecoside aglycon + beta-D-glucose.


epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland cord morphogenesis

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland cord. Epithelial cells of the mammary cord give it its funnel-like shape and some are cornified.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


peptidyl-histidine uridylylation

The uridylylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-UMP-histidine, tele-UMP-histidine) or peptidyl-3'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-UMP-histidine, pros-UMP-histidine).


regulation of basophil differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basophil differentiation.


VEGF-activated neuropilin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of metula development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metula development, a process that leads to the formation of metulae. Metulae are elongated mononucleate cells that bud from the surface of the conidiophore tip.


acidocalcisome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an acidocalcisome. An acidocalcisome is an electron-dense acidic membrane-bounded organelle which contains a matrix of pyrophosphate and polyphosphates with bound calcium and other cations.


negative regulation of cellular response to caffeine

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to caffeine.


sebaceous gland cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.


trigeminal nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.


Catalysis of the reaction: 11alpha-hydroxy-beta-amyrin + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 11-oxo-beta-amyrin + 2 H2O + NADP.


Golgi distribution to daughter cells

Any process in which disassembled Golgi vesicles are localized into daughter cells upon cell division.


quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.


N6-methyl-AMP deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + H2O + N6-methyl-AMP = IMP + methylamine. Can also use N6-methyl-dAMP as a substrate.


terminal branching, open tracheal system

Formation of terminal branches in the open tracheal system. These are long cytoplasmic extensions that form fine tubules that transport oxygen directly to the tissues. An example of the process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP+ = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + H+ + NADPH.


pyridine N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + pyridine = N-methylpyridinium + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


D-arginase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arginine + H2O = D-ornithine + urea.


olfactory bulb interneuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA = NADH + H+ + 2-methylaceto-acetyl-CoA.


negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


modulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse, in its host organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-methoxypyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-methoxypyrene-6,7-oxide + H2O.


sorbitol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


proximal stomach smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the proximal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The proximal stomach, composed of the fundus and upper body, shows low frequency, sustained tonic contractions that are responsible for generating a basal pressure within the stomach.


lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.


anaerobic glycine catabolic process

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


N-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid acetylation

The acetylation of the N-terminal glutamic acid of proteins to form the derivate acetyl-glutamic acid.


inferior reticular formation development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


clypeo-labral disc development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the clypeo-labral disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. The clypeo-labral disc develops into the labrum, anterior cibarial plate, fish trap bristles, epistomal sclerite.


midbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).


regulation of mitotic spindle elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.


regulation of T cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.


structural constituent of tooth enamel

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of tooth enamel.


tyrocidine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrocidine.


Catalysis of the reaction: brassinolide + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> brassinolide-23-O-glucoside + UDP + H+.


coronary sinus valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the coronary sinus valve is generated and organized.


mesonephric capsule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric capsule are generated and organized. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.


appendage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.


pattern orientation

The actions or reactions of an individual in response to the orientation of a visual pattern. This is exemplified by some classes of insects which are able to detect and learn the orientation of a set of stripes and subsequently behaviorally discriminate between horizontal, vertical or 45 degree stripes.


adhesion of symbiont to host endothelial cell

The attachment of a symbiont to a host endothelial cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.


microglial cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


optic nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.


protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule.


The chemical reactions and pathways by which a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside is synthesized from another deoxyribopyrimidine nucleoside.


copal-8-ol diphosphate(3-) biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of copal-8-ol diphosphate(3-).


serotonin-gated chloride channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when the biogenic amine serotonin has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.


regulation of defense response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.


behavioral response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


nitrite reductase NADH activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NADH + 3 H+.


pigment binding

Binding to a pigment, a general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The repair of a double-strand break in mitochondrial DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.


mitotic S phase

The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled cAMP receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by extracellular cAMP binding to its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


larval midgut histolysis

The stage-specific break down of the larval midgut during Drosophila metamorphosis, to allow replacement of larval structures by tissues and structures that form the adult fly.


regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate + scutellarein <=> UDP( + scutellarin + H+.


mitotic telophase

The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


negative regulation of backward locomotion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of backward locomotion.


cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation

The attachment of one cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.


blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.


host-mediated regulation of intestinal microbiota composition

The biological process involved in maintaining the steady-state number of cells within a population of free-living cells such as the bacteria in the gut.


positive regulation of glomerular metanephric mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.


NADPH binding

Binding to the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.


angiotensin receptor activity

Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of aggregate size involved in sorocarp development

Any process that modulates the size of the aggregate formed during sorocarp formation.


toxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.


beta-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of beta-glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in a beta configuration.


cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis

The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.


membrane scission GTPase motor activity

Generation of a 'twisting' activity resulting in the scission of a membrane, driven by GTP hydrolysis.


regulation of sensory perception of pain

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.


oxaloglycolate reductase (decarboxylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycerate + CO2 + NAD(P)+ = NAD(P)H + H+ + 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate.


detection of muscle activity

The series of events in which a muscle activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9beta-pimara-7,15-diene + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 6beta-hydroxy-syn-pimaradiene + NADP + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-D-galactose.


mating-type M-factor pheromone receptor activity

Combining with the mating-type peptide pheromone M-factor and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. M-factor is a nine-membered oligopeptide that consists of tyrosyl, threonyl, prolyl, lysyl, valyl, prolyl, tyrosyl, methionyl and methyl S-farnesylcysteinate residues joined in sequence, and is a peptide pheromone released by Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells of the cellular mating type Minus.


regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion.


response to serotonin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.


glycerophospholipid acyltransferase (CoA-dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.


B cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


rhodopsin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.


positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorophenylacetate + NADH + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + chloride + NAD+.


siderophore biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-asparagine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-asparagine.


rhombomere 4 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + (9R,10S)-dihydroxystearate + O2 + NADPH <=> 9,10,18-trihydroxystearate + H2O + NADP.


benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + betanidin <=> H+ + gomphrenin I + UDP.


regulation of starch catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of starch catabolic process.


ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + a ceramide = CMP + a ceramide phosphoethanolamine.


adenine binding

Binding to adenine, a purine base.


alditol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase (acyl-glucose dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside + 1-O-vanilloyl-beta-D-glucose <=> anthocyanidin 3,5-di-O-beta-D-glucoside + vanillate + H+.


cGMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.


microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.


rhombomere 1 morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 1 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


fructosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a fructosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


methionine catabolic process to succinyl-CoA

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine into other compounds, including succinyl-CoA.


adenylate cyclase-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


medium-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.


phosphatidylcholine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + choline = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CMP + H+.


levopimaradienol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + levopimaradienol + NADPH + O2 <=> levopiramadiene-diol + NADP + H2O.


regulation of cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + H+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + H+(in).


energy quenching

The process by which excess light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and not used to drive photosynthesis is emitted by nonphotochemical quenching or chlorophyll fluorescence.


chromatin remodeling at centromere

Dynamic structural changes in centromeric DNA.


group III metabotropic glutamate receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.


positive regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


sclerenchyma cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sclerenchyma cell. A sclerenchyma cell is a plant cell with thick lignified walls, normally dead at maturity and specialized for structural strength. Includes fiber cells, that are greatly elongated; and sclereids, that are more isodiametric. Intermediate types exist. Cells may or may not be devoid of protoplasm at maturity. Cell form and size are variable.


conus arteriosus morphogenesis

The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.


tryptophan sensor activity

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of tryptophan.