regulation of host-seeking behavior

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.


regulation of synergid differentiation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synergid cell differentiation.


alternate splicing of immunoglobulin genes

The generation of alternate transcripts of immunoglobulin genes through alternate splicing of exons.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: alanyl-poly(glycerolphosphate) + D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-alanyl-poly(glycerolphosphate) + phosphate + ADP.


ent-cassa-12,15-diene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-cassa-12,15-diene + diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NADP+ + H2O = L-2-aminoadipate + NADPH + H+.


D-valine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-valine.


positive regulation of response to amylopectin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to amylopectin.


cytochrome-c peroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ferrocytochrome c + hydrogen peroxide = 2 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.


gap filling involved in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

Repair of the gaps in the DNA helix using a discontinuous template during double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.


skeletal muscle atrophy

A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.


O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxycinnamoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


kaempferol O-glucoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol.


co-translational protein modification

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after translation has begun but before the protein has been released from the ribosome.


arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-(5S)-5-hydroperoxycosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate.


D-cysteine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-cysteine, (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, which occurs naturally in firefly luciferin.


specification of segmental identity, trunk

The specification of the characteristic structures of trunk segments, following establishment of segment boundaries. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


response to tropane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tropane stimulus. Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine.


regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process, lipid-independent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, by the successively phosphorylation of myo-inositol or an inositol trisphosphate; the inositol trisphosphates that may be used by this pathway are inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 3,4,6trisphosphate.


generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.


pore formation in membrane of another organism

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism.


regulation of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus.


galactolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.


protein-lipid complex organization

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-lipid complex.


histone H3K36 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


fusome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome, a large intracellular spectrin-rich structure found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells.


positive regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.


guanosine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanosine-containing compounds (guanosines).


negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.


vitamin D binding

Binding to vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


candicidin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of candicidin.


DNA-3-methylbase glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methylbase + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methylbase. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methylpurine or 3-methylpyrimidine base and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the methylated base, leaving an apurinic or apyrimidinic site.


gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA).


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (-)-microperfuranone.


pulmonary valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.


maintenance of protease location in mast cell secretory granule

A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


root hair cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a root hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


valine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.


tyrosine sensor activity

Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of tyrosine.


mesonephric mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.


interneuron sorting involved in substrate-independent cerebral cortex tangential migration

The establishment and response to guidance cues that distribute interneurons to different cerebral cortex structures.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


N-acyl-D-aspartate deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acyl-D-aspartate + H2O = D-aspartate + a carboxylate.


regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


ribosomal small subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


adenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide = 5'-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin.


sinapoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to an acceptor molecule.


regulation of interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway.


intracellular glutamate homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glutamate within a cell.


chloramphenicol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, from one side of a membrane to the other.


response to iloperidone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iloperidone stimulus.


regulation of male gonad development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.


B cell selection

The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival.


UDP-glucuronate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


UDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate = 3-oxopropanoate + glycerone phosphate.


zoospore formation

The process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores.


positive regulation of response to external stimulus

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.


endothelin receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by endothelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


fumarate reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + succinate = fumarate + H+ + NADH.


embryonic medial fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.


negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hyperplasia.


regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.


ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.


arugosin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arugosin.


nucleic acid-protein covalent cross-linking

The formation of a covalent cross-link between a nucleic acid and a protein.


vagus nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.


negative regulation of mammary gland development in males by androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of mammary gland development in the male by an androgen binding to its receptor, causing a change in state or activity of a cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate = pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde.


malolactic fermentation

The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


protein localization to presynaptic membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynaptic membrane.


positive regulation of response to alcohol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.


immunological memory formation process

Any immunological memory process that can contribute to the formation of immunological memory.


Catalysis of the reaction: thiophene-2-carboxylate + ATP + CoASH = thiophene-2-carboxyl-CoA + AMP + PPi.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation.


mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in mammary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mammary gland mesenchymal cell. Mammary gland mesenchymal cells form a loosely connected network of cells that surround the mammary ducts.


embryonic ectodermal digestive tract development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


detoxification of cobalt ion

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cobalt ion. These include transport of cobalt away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cobalt ion.


ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithine = phosphate + L-citrulline.


p-cumate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-cumate.


glycosinolate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosinolates, substituted thioglycosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.


short tract gene conversion

A gene conversion process in which a segment of about 50-200 base pairs is transferred from the donor to the acceptor.


termination of Roundabout signal transduction

The signaling process in which signaling from the receptor ROBO is brought to an end, rather than being reversibly modulated.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + L-pipecolate = NADPH + delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate.


dihydrolipoamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrolipoamide, the reduced form of lipoamide, produced as an intermediate in the reactions in which lipoamide acts as a cofactor.


bract development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence.


glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (phosphorylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(P)+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+.


nuclear protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are transported to the nucleus for ubiquitination, and then targeted to proteasomes for degradation.


tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


trehalose synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an NDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucopyranose <=> alpha,alpha-trehalose + H+ + a nucleoside diphosphate.


rhombomere cell migration

The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere.


vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment

The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-methionine + pyruvate = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.


isonicotinate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: isonicotinate + acceptor + H2O = 2-hydroxyisonicotinate + reduced acceptor.


protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage

The linkage of phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A to protein via peptidyl-serine, to form O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine; it is uncertain whether the phosphoribosyl glycosidic attachment to the dephospho-coenzyme A is alpha or beta, and through the 2' or the 3' position.


regulation of serotonin secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.


monosaccharide binding

Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by extracellular matrix-epithelial cell signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to the epithelium of the salivary gland.


CCR4-NOT complex binding

Binding to a CCR4-NOT complex.


alpha-glucan, water dikinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O = AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate.


regulation of heart looping

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping.


cellular response to borneol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a borneol stimulus.


DNA replication-dependent chromatin disassembly

The disruption of nucleosomes during DNA replication to allow the replication machinery to access the DNA.


negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.


ethylene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.


N-terminal protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation

Addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit via a nitrogen (N) atom of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.


granulocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.


The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, cytochrome as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


DNA recombinase assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.


response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulus. TRH increases the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:1-2-18:1-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:2-2-18:1-phosphatidylcholine + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


regulation of CoA-transferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.


regulation of heart induction by canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway process that regulates heart induction.


negative regulation of establishment of cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity regulating cell shape.


nucleate erythrocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus.


histone H3K4 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.


glycine betaine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.


oxalate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.


alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequence of glycoprotein to alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-D-mannose and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequences.


semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in regulation of photoreceptor cell axon guidance

Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in regulation of photoreceptor cell axon guidance.


Catalysis of the reaction: jasmonoyl-isoleucine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 12-hydroxy-jasmonoyl-isoleucine + NADP+ + H2O.


indole-3-acetate carboxyl methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> methyl (indol-3-yl)acetate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


monoterpenoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.


positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


synapse pruning

A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared.


calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activity

Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) to initiate a change in cell activity.


opioid growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an opioid growth factor receptor binding to its physiological ligand, opioid growth factor (OGF, met-enkephalin). The OGF-OGFr complex leads to the increase in the synthesis of the selective cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor proteins, p12 (POLD4) and p16 (CDKN2A).


deoxyribose phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.


positive regulation of reproductive process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

A G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulating the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions in the postsynapse.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


Catalysis of the reaction: an 11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = an (11Z)-delta-11-fatty acyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O.


response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.


negative regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of immune system process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.


response to mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling.


entry of bacterium into host cell

The process in which a bacterium enters a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


COPI coating of Golgi vesicle

The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.


intracellular nucleotide homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nucleotides within a cell.


regulation of root morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of root morphogenesis.


plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


homotypic cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.


virion attachment to host cell flagellum

The process by which a virion attaches to a the host cell flagellum. Some DNA bacterial viruses use flagella to attach to the host cell. This contact with the flagellum facilitates concentration of phage particles around the entry receptor on the bacterial cell surface.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:2-2-16:3-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:3-2-16:3-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


calcium activated cation channel activity

Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.


cellular response to low light intensity stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.


pantothenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantothenate + H2O = (R)-pantoate + beta-alanine.


trans-feruloyl-CoA hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trans-feruloyl-CoA + H2O = 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-beta-hydroxypropionyl-CoA.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by ischemic conditions

The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.


negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.


arabinose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arabinose, arabino-pentose.


proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S1 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes.


UDP-D-xylose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


allantois development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


embryo sac egg cell differentiation

The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


histone H2A-K15 ubiquitination

The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 15 (H2A-K15) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K15 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.


mannosylglycerate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose + D-glycerate <=> H+ + 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate + GDP.


phenanthrene catabolic process via trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, where trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene is the principal intermediate metabolite.


tRNA wobble adenosine to inosine editing

The process in which an adenosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally converted to inosine.


somitomeric trunk muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somitomeric trunk muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.


modulation of transmission of nerve impulse in another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the transmission of a nerve impulse in another organism.


homocysteine desulfhydrase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-homocysteine + H2O = sulfide + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate.


protein repair

The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.


induction of programmed cell death

A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA(4-).


nitrile biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitrile, an organic compound containing trivalent nitrogen attached to one carbon atom.


cell maturation

The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.


seed oilbody biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a seed oilbody. Seed oilbodies are simple organelles comprising a matrix of triglyceride surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded and covered with unique proteins called oleosins. Seed oilbodies supply the energy requirements for the growth of the seedling after germination.


lifelong otolith mineralization

The formation and growth of otoliths throughout the life of the organism. Otoliths are the large extracellular ear-stones of the fish inner ear, produced by precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate on organic matrices. The otolith enlarges throughout the life of the fish, as layers of calcium carbonate are added.


ubiquitin-ubiquitin ligase activity

Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


gamma-delta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.


peptide cross-linking via 5-imidazolinone glycine

The formation of a protein active site cross-link from the alpha-carboxyl carbon of residue n, an alanine, serine or cysteine, to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+2, a glycine, and a dehydration to form a double bond to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue n+1. This cross-linking is coupled with an oxidation of residue n+1 to form an active aldehyde.


ribitol phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribitol phosphates, any phosphorylated form of ribitol, the pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose.


snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.


regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development.


negative regulation of cyclodextrin catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclodextrin catabolic process.


localization

Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.


peptidyl-lysine modification to peptidyl-hypusine

The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, peptidyl-N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine.


monosaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell.


uterus development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


6-aminohexanoate transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-aminohexanoate + alpha-ketoglutarate = glutamate + 6-oxohexanoate.


response to gold(3+)

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gold(3+) stimulus.


methionine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


nickel cation binding

Binding to a nickel (Ni) cation.


negative regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.


regulation of seed development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of seed development.


regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a target cell, the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.


galactose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + NADP+ = D-galactonolactone + NADPH.


cellular modified amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


sodium-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) => ATP + H2O + Na+(in), by a rotational mechanism.


transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling

A chromatin remodeling process that reestablishes the chromatin structure following the passage of RNA polymerase II during transcription elongation, thus preventing cryptic transcription initiation.


piRNA transcription

The cellular synthesis of Piwi-interacting RNA piRNAs, a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.


butyrate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + butanoate = ADP + butanoyl phosphate + H+.


isoprene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoprene, C5H8.


ABC-type oligosaccharide transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + oligosaccharide(out) = ADP + phosphate + oligosaccharide(in).


positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.


protein localization to nucleolus

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.


butane monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butane + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ = butanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.


hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds, in ketonic substances

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group.


tryptophan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = L-tryptophan + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H2O.


ribokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribose = ADP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.


positive regulation of chylomicron remnant clearance

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of chylomicron remnant clearance. Chylomicron clearance is the process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.


extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction

Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.


maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

The maintenance of established bipolar anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that results in the shaping of a cell.


UDP-glucosylation

The covalent attachment of a UDP-glucose residue to a substrate molecule.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.


phenylethylamine biosynthetic process involved in synaptic transmission

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylethylamine that contribute to synaptic transmission.


corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the internal capsule

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the cerebral cortex through the internal capsule in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


deoxyribonucleotide binding

Binding to a deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


asymmetric cell division

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.


convergent extension involved in notochord morphogenesis

Any convergent extension that is involved in notochord morphogenesis.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process from tyrosine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxybenzoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabinonate = glycolaldehyde + pyruvate.


ascorbate homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ascorbate at the level of a cell.


cartilage morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.


regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation.


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cell morphogenesis involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis

The shape change of an epithelial cell from a columnar to squamous cell morphology that contributes to the shaping of the Malpighian tubule.


L-malate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.


propionate catabolic process, 2-methylcitrate cycle

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate that occurs in the 2-methylcitrate cycle.


negative regulation of tube lumen cavitation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation.


regulation of meristem growth

Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a meristem.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.


negative regulation of brood size

Any process that decreases brood size. Brood size is the number of progeny that survive embryogenesis and are cared for at one time.


endothelial tube lumen extension

Any endothelial tube morphogenesis process by which the tube is increased in length.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lactaldehyde + NADP+ = methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-8-methylchromene-2-carboxylate = 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzalpyruvate.


cellulose microfibril organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellulose microfibril, any of the cellulose structures laid down in orthogonal layers in a plant cell wall.


benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + NADH + H+ + O2 = catechol + CO2 + NAD+.


trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.


positive regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


electron transporter, transferring electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity

Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.


antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = protocatechuate + NADP+ + H2O.


formate-dihydrofolate ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydrofolate + ATP + formate = 10-formyldihydrofolate + ADP + H+ + phosphate.


regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.


fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number, reductase/isomerase pathway

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on even-numbered carbons are degraded. In this pathway, the intermediate 2,4-dienoyl-CoA is converted to trans-2-enoyl-CoA by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase and delta3-delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase; trans-2-enoyl-CoA returns to the core beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell.


inorganic ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell.


modulation of formation of structure involved in a symbiotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.


response to organophosphorus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.


low-affinity glucose:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + H(out)+ = glucose(in) + H(in)+. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.


perturbation by symbiont of host actin cytoskeleton via actin polymerization

The process in which an organism effects a change that impairs the structure or function of the host actin cytoskeleton by polymerizing the host filamentous actin. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


bradykinin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptide hormone bradykinin.


quercetin 3-rhamnoside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside + UDP-L-rhamnose <=> quercetin-3-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside + UDP.


cholesterol 24-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol + H2O + NADP+.


endocardial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.


lymphocyte costimulation

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-6-methylthiohexanoate + a standard alpha amino acid <=> dihomomethionine + a 2-oxo carboxylate.


pyruvyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a pyruvyl (oxopropanoyl) group from one compound to another.


lipopolysaccharide-mediated virion attachment to host cell

The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the host cell surface.


histidine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + coenzyme A(4-) + NAD(1-) <=> isovaleryl-CoA(4-) + carbon dioxide + NADH(2-).


G protein-coupled cytokinin receptor activity

Combining with cytokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


nucleoside phosphate binding

Binding to nucleoside phosphate.


negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.


CCA tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA precursor + ATP + 2 CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + 3 diphosphate.


regulation of amoeboid sperm motility

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amoeboid sperm motility.


2-aminobenzenesulfonate desulfonation

The removal of the sulfonate group from 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, an aromatic sulfonate used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.


metanephric glomerular basement membrane development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the metanephric glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.


RNA polymerase III activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase III specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.


negative regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.


regulation of dauer entry

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dauer entry.


forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division

The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons.


positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.


mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.


negative regulation of zinc ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


response to symbiont

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


negative regulation of pentasaccharide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pentasaccharide transport.


cardiac neural crest cell delamination involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any cardiac neural crest cell delamination that is involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


notochord cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a notochord cell over time, from its formation to its mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


root cap mucilage biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage that occur in the root cap; mucilage is normally synthesized during root growth.


synergid death

Synergid cells undergo degeneration and death in response to penetration by the pollen tube. It is an active process that involves a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.


mast cell migration

The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


(R)-citramalate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (R)-citramalate + CoA.


mandelate racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-mandelate = (R)-mandelate.


Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroxyanthraquinone + UDP-D-glucose = a glucosyloxyanthraquinone + UDP.


dihydroneopterin monophosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin monophosphate = dihydroneopterin + phosphate.


eclosion

The emergence of an adult insect from a pupa case.


conidiophore stalk development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the conidiophore stalk over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conidiophore stalk is part of a specialized hypha that extends aerially from the growth substrate and supports structures from which conidia, or asexual spores, develop.


submandibular salivary gland formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a submandibular salivary gland. This process begins with a thickening of the epithelium next to the tongue and ends when a bud linked to the oral surface is formed.


short neuropeptide F receptor activity

Combining with a short neuropeptide F and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Short neuropeptide F is an arthropod peptide of less than 28 residues (as small as 8-10 residues in some species) with a C-terminal RFamide or LRFamide.


astrocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


cell envelope organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.


resolution of mitotic recombination intermediates

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, mitotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione = formaldehyde + glutathione.


negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


retrotransposition

A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) copies and pastes itself into a different genomic location by transcription and convertsion of the transcribed RNA back into DNA through reverse transcription.


octadecanal decarbonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: octadecanal = heptadecane + CO.


nematode male tail tip morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the adult male tail tip is generated and organized. In some species of rhabitid nematodes, the male tail tip undergoes a morphological change such that the most posterior hypodermal cells in the tail (hyp8-11 in C. elegans) fuse and retract anteriorly, changing the shape of the tail from a pointed, tapered cone, or spike, to a rounded, blunt dome.


type I pilus assembly

The assembly from its constituent parts of a type I pilus.


nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.


endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition

A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


ferulate 5-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ferulic acid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 5-hydroxyferulic acid + H2O + NADP+.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1,4-N1-D-glucooligosaccharide = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + oligosaccharide containing 6-methyl-D-glucose units.


mastication

The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.


aldaric acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.


pseudopodium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.


isovaleryl-CoA(4-) biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isovaleryl-CoA(4-).


metanephric mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.


gamma-delta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


dimethyl sulfoxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO (C2H6OS), an alkyl sulfoxide that is practically odorless in its purified form. As a highly polar organic liquid, it is a powerful solvent. Its biological activities include the ability to penetrate plant and animal tissues and to preserve living cells during freezing.


proteasome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.


cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein that consist of a core-protein backbone O-glycosylated by one or more complex carbohydrates.


embryonic hindgut morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-isopropylphenol + O2 + NADH + H+ = 3-isopropylcatechol + H2O + NAD.


root morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of roots are generated and organized. The root is the usually underground part of a seed plant body that originates from the hypocotyl, functions as an organ of absorption, aeration, and food storage or as a means of anchorage and support.


Catalysis of the reaction: toluene-4-sulfonate + 1/2 O2 + H+ = HSO3(-) + 4-hydroxytoluene.


left lung development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.


ABC-type taurine transporter transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + taurine(out) = ADP + phosphate + taurine(in).


glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycolaldehyde + H2O + NAD(+) = glycolate + 2 H+ + NADH.


cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase activity (reducing end)

Catalysis of the reaction: n H2O + a cellodextrin = n beta-cellobiose, releasing cellobiose from the reducing ends of the chains.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


negative regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


sesquiterpene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenes, any of a class of terpenes of the formula C15H24 or a derivative of such a terpene.


long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.


cell migration involved in heart development

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.


protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.


O-linoleoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


cellular response to L-dopa

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-dopa stimulus.


histone H3-K9 demethylation

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone.


planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the heart.


mRNA 5'-diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a 5' terminal diphosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of an mRNA, leaving a 5'-monophosphate end.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N1-methylguanine.


mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.


positive regulation of T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate = ADP + inositol bisdiphosphate trisphosphate.


palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropalmitoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.


miltiradiene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = diphosphate + miltiradiene.


Catalysis of the reaction: gallate + UDP-D-glucose = 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose + UDP.


regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


organ induction

The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.


intracellular cysteine homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of cysteine within a cell.


mycothiol synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + acetyl-CoA = mycothiol + coenzyme A + H+. Mycothiol is also known as AcCys-GlcN-Ins and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as Cys-GlcN-Ins or desacetylmycothiol.


immunoglobulin mediated immune response

An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


neuregulin receptor activity

Combining with a neuregulin, a member of the EGF family of growth factors, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


metaplastic ossification

Direct ossification in which bone formation occurs as result of the direct transformation of non-bone cells into bone cells without cell division.


cystathionine gamma-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH4+.


translesion synthesis

The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide.


regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


cellular pigment accumulation

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.


positive regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.


regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.


negative regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.


regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.


carbohydrate utilization

A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbohydrate sources,usually glucose, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbohydrate source and to transport and metabolize alternate carbohydrate sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbohydrate levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbohydrates, and ends when the carbohydrate is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


terpenoid biosynthetic process, mevalonate-dependent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids via isopentenyl diphosphate, synthesized by the mevalonate pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in terpenoid biosynthesis, and in mevalonate-dependent terpenoid biosynthesis, acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates.


chlorophyll a metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorophyll a.


L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase.


regulation of system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.


kidney mesenchymal cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population in the kidney.


cardiac neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart.


endothelial tube lumen extension involved in blood vessel lumen ensheathment

Any endothelial tube lumen extension that is involved in blood vessel lumen ensheathment.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by chemokine CCL5 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


facial nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


nuclear envelope organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.


pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.


embryo sac cellularization

The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


aryl-acylamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: anilide + H2O = a carboxylate + aniline + H+.


pilus retraction

The process of withdrawing a pilus back into a cell.


metanephric ascending thin limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.


perichondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial connective tissue surrounding cartilage into bone.


D-amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.


beta-alanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


linoleate isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate = 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate.


mandelate 4-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-mandelate + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + 7,8-dihydrobiopterin + H2O. (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate is also known as S-mandelate.


A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.


negative regulation of hemicellulose catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemicellulose catabolic process.


extracellular matrix-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information between the extracellular matrix and a cell.


detection of tumor cell

The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of DNA damage checkpoint

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.


ectoine binding

Binding to ectoine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid.


octaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate = 5 diphosphate + all-trans-octaprenyl diphosphate.


histone H3-K4 dimethylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.


meiotic metaphase I

The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I.


water channel activity

Transport systems of this type enable facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


cellular response to dimethyl sulfoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dimethyl sulfoxide stimulus.


nitroglycerin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitroglycerin, a well-known nitrate ester and an important component of dynamite and other propellants. Toxic to algae, invertebrate, and vertebrates.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(N'-ethyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine + H2O = CH3CH2NH2 + cyanuric acid.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


apical constriction involved in gastrulation

The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell, contributing to the process of gastrulation.


peptidoglycan transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, from one side of a membrane to the other.


mevaldate reductase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + NAD+ = H+ + mevaldate + NADH.


regulation of heart induction by regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway that regulates heart induction. Canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart induction is the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by relaying of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


cresol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cresol, a mixture of the aromatic alcohol isoforms o-, p-, and m-cresol, which is obtained from coal tar or petroleum. The isomers are used as disinfectants, textile scouring agents, surfactants and as intermediates in the manufacture of salicylaldehyde, coumarin, and herbicides as well as being a major component of creosote.


cell migration involved in coronary angiogenesis

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels.


mRNA base-pairing translational repressor activity

A translation repressor activity that acts by base-pairing with an mRNA. The binding can result in targeting the mRNA for degradation or interfering with mRNA translation, hence resulting in posttranscriptional gene silencing.


regulation of sphingolipid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sphingolipid signaling.


adenosine-phosphate deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an adenosine-phosphate + H20 = an inosine phosphate + NH3. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP, ADP or ATP.


chorio-allantoic fusion

The cell-cell adhesion process in which the cells of the chorion fuse to the cells of the allantois.


protein localization to rhabdomere

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a rhabdomere.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.


phosphatidylglycerol transfer activity

Directly binding to phosphatidylglycerol and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.


regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.


phototransduction, visible light

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


ribonuclease G activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at positions 5 and 6 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.


small molecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.


Catalyzes the reaction: L-Tryptophan + Oxygen + NADPH + H+ = N-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O.


transepithelial migration of symbiont in host

The directional movement of an organism from one side of an epithelium to the other within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.


establishment of B cell polarity

The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.


2-micrometer plasmid partitioning

The process in which copies of the 2-micrometer plasmid, found in fungi such as Saccharomyces, are distributed to daughter cells upon cell division.


ATPase-coupled lipid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipid(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipid(out).


N-terminal peptidyl-serine acetylation

The acetylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-serine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


benzoate catabolic process via hydroxylation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its hydroxylation to cis-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate followed by dehydrogenation to catechol.


establishment or maintenance of monopolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.


positive regulation of antifungal innate immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.


protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere

A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.


chlorophyllide-a:geranyl-geranyl diphosphate geranyl-geranyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + chlorophyllide a(1-) + 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate(3-) <=> geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a + diphosphoric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 sucrose = D-glucose + 1F-beta-D-fructosylsucrose.


positive regulation of collagen metabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.


regulation of testosterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.


pumilio-response element binding

Binding to a region of RNA containing a Pumilio-response element element. The consensus sequence for the element is UGUAAAUA.


positive regulation of sclerotome development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.


response to carbon starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of a carbon source.


23S rRNA (guanine(1835)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


positive regulation of seed dormancy process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of seed dormancy process.


neuroblast fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


anaerobic benzoate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) that occur in the absence of oxygen.


kanamycin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving kanamycin.


cell swimming

Cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell through a liquid medium.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-hexose + acyl phosphate = D-hexose phosphate + an acid.


regulation of larval salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in a larval organism.


propylene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving propylene, an alkene produced by catalytic or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons or as a by-product of petroleum refining. It is used mainly in the preparation of alkylates for gasoline and in the production of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide and a number of other industrial chemicals.


positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


regulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of paraxial mesoderm cell fate specification.


peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance

The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-5-epi-aristolochene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2 <=> capsidiol + 2 NADP + 2 H2O.


mating projection actin fusion focus assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an actin fusion focus.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD+ + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-al = NADH + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate.


ecdysone-mediated induction of salivary gland cell autophagic cell death

Any process induced by ecdysone that directly activates salivary gland programmed cell death during salivary gland histolysis.


aeciospore formation

The process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + fumarate = alpha-iminosuccinate + succinate.


4-chlorobenzoate dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzoate + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + chloride + H+.


homoserine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of homoserine from one side of a membrane to the other. Homoserine is alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.


cellular response to bismuth

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bismuth (Bi) stimulus.


male pronuclear envelope synthesis

Assembly of a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores and a lamina around the male pronucleus, the final step in sperm pronuclear formation.


selenocysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


response to amyloid-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.


quorum sensing

The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms carry out coordinated responses by monitoring their own population density, and often also that of other microbes, by producing small, diffusible, signal molecules, detecting the concentration of these molecules, and triggering a signal transduction pathway when a certain threshold is reached. Quorum sensing can occur amongst microbial communities in the environment or within host organisms.


cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine.


palmitoyl-CoA 9-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 = palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9) + A + 2 H2O.


cytochrome c-heme linkage via heme-L-cysteine

The linkage of cytochromes and other heme proteins to heme via heme-L-cysteine.


cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the mesonephros.


Catalysis of the reaction: dATP + depurinated DNA = ribose triphosphate + DNA.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway.


3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-hydroxy-fatty acyl-CoA = a (2E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + dolichyl phosphate = GDP + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate.


negative regulation of acinar cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.


K antigen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.


regulation of respiratory burst

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA = 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex action

Involuntary movement caused by the application of a stimulus to an organism and a subsequent movement. The signal processing of this movement takes place in the spinal cord.


ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).


cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding

Binding to S-adenosyl-L-methionine.


neurohypophysis development

The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.


avenasterol-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: avenasterol + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> 5-dehydroavenasterol + 2 H2O + NADP.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 2-methylbutyronitrile + NADPH + O2 <=> H2O + NADP + 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyronitrile.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-D-(1->2)-(4-O-methyl)glucuronosyl links in the main chain of hardwood xylans.


cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.


caprolactam metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving caprolactam, hexahydro-2h-azepin-2-one, a cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. It can cause local irritation.


membrane tubulation

A membrane organization process resulting in the formation of a tubular projection. This may face inwardly (as in tubular membrane invaginations) or outwardly (as in endosomal tubules).


adenylylselenate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenylylselenate => ADP + 3'-phosphoadenylylselenate.


The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate, a hydroxylated derivative of phenylpropionate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + betanidin <=> H+ + betanin + UDP.


tricyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.


reuteran metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving reuteran, a soluble glucan polymer with mainly alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkages and significant amounts of alpha-(1->6) and alpha-(1->4,6) glucosidic linkages.


trimethylamine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trimethylamine + H2O + electron-transferring flavoprotein = dimethylamine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein.