spectrin

Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.


collagen type IX trimer

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A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils.


axonemal dynein complex

A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.


dynein complex

Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity.


lipoprotein particle

A spherical particle containing non-covalently associated proteins and lipids. Examples are plasma lipoprotein particles which transport lipids in the blood or lymph.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ligand complex

A tetrameric protein complex consisting of two platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor subunits and two PDGF ligand subunits. Binding of the PDGF ligand dimer to the PDGF receptor in the plasma membrane induces receptor dimerization and activation. PDGFs are involved in a wide variety of signaling processes and are found in all vertebrates. At least two different receptor chains (A and B) and four types of ligand chains (A, B, C, and D) are known forming a wide variety of combinations of receptor-ligand complexes.


metallochaperone complex

A protein complex which is capable of metallochaperone activity.


taurine dioxygenase complex

A protein complex capable of catalyzing the conversion of taurine and alpha-ketoglutarate to sulfite, aminoacetaldehyde and succinate under sulfur or cysteine starvation conditions. Its expression is repressed by the presence of sulfate or cysteine. In E. coli it is a homodimer or homotetramer of the protein TauD.


viral integration complex

A nucleoprotein complex containing viral genetic material and the viral integrase, required for genome integration into the host's genome. May contain other proteins.


tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex

Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle.


plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)

All non-F1 subunits of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral plasma membrane proteins.


Ssh1 translocon complex

A translocon complex that contains a core heterotrimer of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, and may contain additional proteins (translocon-associated proteins or TRAPs); in budding yeast the core proteins are Ssh1p, Sbh2p, and Sss1p. The Ssh1 translocon complex is involved in the cotranslational pathway of protein transport across the ER membrane, and recognizes proteins bearing strongly hydrophobic signal sequences.


insulin receptor complex

A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.


secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex

A polymeric IgA immunoglobulin complex that is complexed with one chain of secretory component (SC). Polymeric IgA is present in mucosal areas, having been transported via a transcytosis mechanism in mucosal epithelial cells relying on the polymeric Ig receptor, a portion of which then remains bound to the polymeric IgA as secretory component.


eRF1 methyltransferase complex

A protein complex required for the methylation of a glutamine (Gln) residue in the protein release factor eRF1. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Trm112p and Mtq2p.


interleukin-10 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-10 (IL-10) and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin, an alpha and a beta chain as well as optional additional kinase subunits. The alpha chain binds IL-10 with high affinity and subsequently binds the common beta receptor chain that forms part of multiple interleukin receptors.


A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane.


interleukin-20 receptor complex

A protein complex composed of an alpha and a beta receptor subunit and an interleukin ligand. In human, Interleukin-19, -20 and -24 bind IL20RA/IL20RB receptor subunits and Interleukin-20 and -24 bind IL22RA1/IL20RB receptor subunits.


clathrin complex

A protein complex that consists of three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, organized into a symmetrical three-legged structure called a triskelion. In clathrin-coated vesicles clathrin is the main component of the coat and forms a polymeric mechanical scaffold on the vesicle surface.


SsuD-SsuE complex

A protein complex containing an alkanesulfonate monooxygenase subunit (SsuD tetramer in E.coli) and a flavin oxidoreductase subunit (SsuE dimer in E.coli). Involved in the utilization of alkanesulfonates as sulfur sources under conditions of sulfate or cysteine starvation.


SCF-Skp2 ubiquitin ligase complex

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Skp2 in S. cerevisiae.


CD20-Lck-Fyn complex

A protein complex that contains the cell-surface protein CD20 and the Src family tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn.


Smp focus

A DNA-binding ribonucleoprotein complex that contains a lncRNA complementary to the bound chromosomal locus and is involved in the tethering homologous chromosomes together during chromosome pairing at meiotic prophase I.


MAML2-RBP-Jkappa-ICN3 complex

A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch3 (ICN3), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-2 (MAML2); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.


amyloplast ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex

An ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex found in the amyloplast.


synapsis initiation complex

A SUMO-E3 ligase complex capable of promoting synapsis, the meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase.


An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.


activating signal cointegrator 1 complex

A protein complex that contains TRIP4 (ASC1) and acts a transcriptional coactivator by interacting with transcription factors such as NF-kappa B. In humans this complex has 4 subunits: TRIP4 + ASCC1-3.


myosin filament

A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament.


troponin complex

A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.


DBIRD complex

A protein complex that associates with mRNP particles and RNA polymerase II and is proposed to integrate transcript elongation with the regulation of alternative splicing. In humans it is composed of the proteins KIAA1967/DBC1 and ZNF326/ZIRD.


isoamylase complex

A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages.


endoribonuclease complex

A protein complex which is capable of endoribonuclease activity.


nodal receptor complex

A protein complex containing at least a type II activin receptor, a type I activin receptor, and a coreceptor (EGF-CFC protein) such as Cripto or Cryptic. Nodal receptor complexes are capable of binding a nodal protein and transducing the signal into the cell.


laminin-12 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma3 polypeptide chains.


protein-lipid-RNA complex

A macromolecular complex containing separate protein, lipid and RNA molecules. Separate in this context means not covalently bound to each other.


esBAF complex

An embryonic stem cell-specific SWI/SNF-type complex that contains eight or nine proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of either the SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, the mammalian ortholog of the yeast SNF2 gene, or an ortholog thereof. Compared to many other BAF complexes never contains ACTL6B/BAF53B, ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCA2/BRM, SMARCC2/BAF170 or SMARCD3/BAF60C but contains PHF10/BAF45A, DPF2/BAF45D and possibly one of BCL7A/B/C.


collagen type XVIII trimer

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XVIII) chains.


NLRP3 inflammasome complex

An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, NLRP3 (NALP3), PYCARD and caspase-1. It is activated upon exposure to whole pathogens, as well as a number of structurally diverse pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and environmental irritants. Whole pathogens demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex include the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins, including Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and viruses such as Sendai virus, adenovirus, and influenza virus.


CCR4-NOT complex

The Ccr4-Not complex is an eukaryotically conserved deadenylase that can initiate cytoplasmic mRNA decay, and reduce translation by releasing poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1/PABPC1). Ccr4-Not contains seven core subunits, including two poly(A)-specific exonucleases, Ccr4/CNOT6/CNOT6L and Caf1/Pop2/CNOT7/CNOT8.


RNA polymerase I upstream activating factor complex

A complex required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I. In yeast the complex consists of Rrrn5p, Rrn9p, Rrn10p, histones H3 and H4, and Uaf30p.


subcortical maternal complex

Comprised of at least NLRP5, OOEP, TLE6, and KHDC3/KHDC3L with evidence of additional SCMC-associated proteins that interact with one or multiple members of the core complex.


H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex

A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histones H4 and H2A.


BID-BCL-xl complex

A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BID and BCL-xl, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.


Hrd1p ubiquitin ligase complex

A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal and membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p. In mammals, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase HRD1 (Synoviolin) or AMFR (gp78).


radial spoke base 3

The short portion of the radial spoke 3 (RS3 )that is directly anchored to the A microtubule of an axonemal microtubule doublet.


Cbf1-Met4-Met28 complex

A heteromeric complex consisting of Cbf1 and basic leucine zipper (bZIP) containing transcriptional activators, Met4 and Met28, that forms over the sequence TCACGTG in the upstream activating sequence (UAS) of genes involved in sulfur amino acid metabolism, resulting in their transcriptional activation.


integrin alpha8-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha8 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


nucleotide-excision repair factor 2 complex

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses damaged DNA binding activity. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad4p and Rad23p.


hemoglobin complex

An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group.


magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex

An intracellular enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes that have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase.


guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex

A protein complex that stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase.


alpha9-beta1 integrin-VEGF-C complex

A protein complex that consists of an alpha9-beta1 integrin complex bound to vascular endothelial growth factor C.


A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from one position to another within a single molecule.


kinocilium

A nonmotile primary cilium that is found at the apical surface of auditory receptor cells. The kinocilium is surrounded by actin-based stereocilia.


IgM immunoglobulin complex, circulating

A polymer of five or six IgM core units each composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds; the individual IgM core units are held together via disulfide bonds with a single J chain polypeptide acting as a bridge between two of the polymeric units. Circulating IgM is present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or in the blood or lymph.


A protein complex that contains the cell adhesion molecules protocadherin-alpha-v7 and protocadherin-gamma-a1, and is involved in the regulation of protein localization to the plasma membrane.


Holliday junction helicase complex

A DNA helicase complex found at Holliday junctions where the helicase activity is involved in the migration of the junction branch point. The best-characterized example is the E. coli RuvAB complex, in which a hexamer of RuvB subunits possesses helicase activity that is modulated by association with RuvA.


acetyltransferase complex

A protein complex which is capable of acetyltransferase activity.


NarGHI complex

A heterotrimeric protein complex with iron-sulfur and molybdenum cofactors that functions as a terminal reductase in electron transport pathways that operate during anaerobic nitrate respiration. In E. coli electrons are passed from the FdnGHI complex to the NarGHI complex via menoquinone and menaquinol. Within NarGHI, electrons are passed from the two heme molecules in the NarI subunit down a Fe-S cluster chain in the NarH and NarG subunits to the Molybdenum cofactor, Mo-bisMGD, in the NarG subunit.


iron-sulfur cluster transfer complex

A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of an iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


FACT complex

A histone chaperone complex that facilitates nucleosome disassembly and reassembly upon DNA or RNA polymerase passage.


Bcl-2 family protein complex

A protein complex that consists of members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators. Bcl-2 proteins respond to cues from various forms of intracellular stress, such as DNA damage or cytokine deprivation, and interact with opposing family members to determine whether or not the caspase proteolytic cascade should be unleashed.


3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex, mitochondrial

A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.


alpha3-beta1 integrin-CD63 complex

A protein complex that consists of an alpha3-beta1 integrin complex bound to the tetraspanin CD63.


G protein-coupled receptor homodimeric complex

A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the same subtype. Formation of a GPCR homodimer may be important for the transport of newly formed receptors to the cell surface, and the function of the receptor.


myosin phosphatase complex

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of the phosphate group from phosphomyosin. Composed of a PP1 catalytic subunit (PP1c/PPP1CB) and a myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1/PPP1R12A).


cytosolic proteasome regulatory particle, lid subcomplex

The subcomplex of the cytosolic proteasome regulatory particle that forms the peripheral lid, which is added on top of the base subcomplex.


alphaM-beta2 integrin-CD63 complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaM-beta2 integrin complex bound to membrane protein CD63, a member of the tetraspan family.


bursicon neuropeptide hormone complex

A neuropeptide hormone secreted by the central nervous system of insects that stimulates the tanning and sclerotization of the adult cuticle following eclosion. The active hormone consists of an obligate heterodimer of the alpha and beta subunits.


BRCA1-C complex

A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, CtIP and Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (M/R/N) complex, and binds to DNA at DNA damage sites. BRCA1-C binding ta damaged DNA is required for DNA damage-induced Chk1 phosphorylation and the G2/M transition checkpoint.


EMC complex

A transmembrane protein complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involved in the insertion of newly synthesized proteins in the membrane of the ER. In S. cerevisiae, it has six members: EMC1, EMC2, AIM27, EMC4, KRE27, and EMC6.


nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the nucleus.


MIH complex

A trimeric complex involved in cytokinesis. Proposed to bridge actomyosin ring contraction and septum synthesis in yeast, resulting in the coordination of these processes, and leading to plasma membrane ingression and fusion. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this complex consists of Mlc1p, Iqg1p and Hof1p proteins.


DNA recombinase mediator complex

A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA through facilitating recombinase-RPA exchange.


m-AAA complex

Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that is involved in mitochondrial protein turnover and in processing of proteins imported into mitochondria.


DNA replication factor A complex

A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa.


alphav-beta3 integrin-PKCalpha complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to protein kinase C alpha.


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk

One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis.


Seh1-associated complex

A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In S. cerevisiae the complex contains Seh1p, Sec13p, Npr2p, Npr3p, Iml1p, Mtc5p, Rtc1p, and Sea4p.


alphaV-beta3 integrin-EGFR complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to epidermal growth factor receptor.


HICS complex

A multisubunit complex involved in cytokinesis. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this complex consists of Sho1p, Hof1p, Inn1p and Cyk3p proteins.


IgG immunoglobulin complex, circulating

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


BIM-BCL-2 complex

A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BIM and BCL-2, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.


serine protease inhibitor complex

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a serine protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits serine protease activity.


nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses endodeoxynuclease and DNA helicase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad2p and the core TFIIH-Ssl2p complex (core TFIIH is composed of Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p, Tfb4p and Tfb5p. Note that Ssl2p is also called Rad25p).


ISWI-type complex

Any nuclear protein complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the imitation switch (ISWI) family. ISWI ATPases are involved in assembling chromatin and in sliding and spacing nucleosomes to regulate transcription of nuclear RNA polymerases I, II, and III and also DNA replication, recombination and repair.


Rb-E2F complex

A multiprotein complex containing a heterodimeric E2F transcription factor and a Retinoblastoma (Rb) family member. This complex is capable of repressing transcription of E2F-regulated genes in order to regulate cell cycle progression.


cation channel complex

An ion channel complex through which cations pass.


alphaV-beta3 integrin-gelsolin complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to gelsolin.


A protein complex that contains the cell adhesion molecules protocadherin-alpha-v7 and protocadherin-gamma-b2, and is involved in the regulation of protein localization to the plasma membrane.


prefoldin complex

A multisubunit chaperone that is capable of delivering unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin, which it acts as a cofactor for. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it also acts in the nucleus to regulate the rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II via a direct effect on histone dynamics.


nonhomologous end joining complex

A protein complex that plays a role in DNA double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining. Such complexes typically contain a specialized DNA ligase (e.g. Lig4 in eukaryotes) and one or more proteins that bind to DNA ends.


A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 3 (or orthologs thereof).


box H/ACA snoRNP complex

A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the nucleolus.


spermatoproteasome complex

A proteasome specifically found in mammalian testis. Contains the proteasome activator PA200 in the regulatory particle, and beta1i, beta2i, beta5i and/or alpha4s in the core (20S) subunit. Beta1i, beta2i and beta5i are inducible catalytic subunits, closely related to beta1, beta2 and beta5. Alpha4s is a sperm-specific 20S subunit, but unlike other alternative 20S subunits alpha4s lies in the outer alpha-ring and lacks catalytic activity.


DnaA-L2 complex

A protein complex that inhibits unwinding of DNA at the origin of replication and assembly of the pre-primosome. In E. coli, this complex is composed of DnaA and of the ribosomal protein L2.


cysteine synthase complex

Cysteine synthase is a multienzyme complex made up, in E. coli, of the heteromeric hexamer serine acetyltransferase and the homodimer O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase A.


A protein complex that contains the cell adhesion molecules protocadherin-alpha-v4 and protocadherin-gamma-b4, and is involved in the regulation of protein localization to the plasma membrane.


alphav-beta3 integrin-HMGB1 complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to high mobility group box 1 protein.


transforming growth factor beta activated kinase 1 complex

A protein complex that possesses protein kinase activity and activates the I-kappa B kinase complex (IKK) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in response to TRAF6 signaling. It comprises the catalytic subunit TAK1 complexed to the regulatory subunits, termed TABs (TAK1-binding subunits).


Bre1-Rad6 ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex consisting of Bre1 and Rad6 that mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2B to form H2BK123ub1. H2BK123ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, elongation by RNA polymerase II, telomeric silencing, and is also a prerequisite for H3K4me and H3K79me formation. It thereby plays a central role in histone code and gene regulation. It also modulates the formation of double-strand breaks during meiosis.


laminin-8 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha4, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


chromatophore ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex

A complex, located in the chromatophore, containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.


larval serum protein complex

A multisubunit protein complex which, in Drosophila, is a heterohexamer of three subunits, alpha, beta and gamma. The complex is thought to store amino acids for synthesis of adult proteins.


DNA polymerase processivity factor complex

A protein complex which is capable of increasing the processivity of nucleotide polymerization by DNA polymerase as a part of DNA replication.


interleukin-1 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-1; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.


transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups

A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


myosin XI complex

A myosin complex containing a dimer of class XI myosin heavy chains and associated light chains. Myosin XI heavy chain sizes are similar in molecular structure to the class V myosins with 5 to 6 IQ motifs and tail regions with predicted coiled coil domains (forming dimeric molecules) and large C-terminal regions.


cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)

Cytosolic complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.


dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NAD+) complex

A heteromultimeric complex capable of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NAD+); in E. coli, composed of PreA and PreT.


Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.


integrin alphaL-beta2 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alphaL subunit and one beta2 subunit.


homodimeric decaprenyl diphosphate synthase complex

A homodimeric complex that possesses di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase activity; involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis.


DnaA-Hda complex

A protein complex that inactivates the function of DnaA by inhibiting the phosphorylation of DnaA-ADP to DnaA-ATP and thereby preventing multiple events of replication initiation. In E. coli, this complex is composed of DnaA and Hda.


calcium channel complex

An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass.


nuclear proteasome regulatory particle

The regulatory subcomplex of a proteasome located in the nucleus of a cell.


A protein complex that possesses glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase activity, and therefore creates Gln-tRNA by amidating Glu-tRNA; usually composed of 3 subunits: A, B, and C. Note that the C subunit may not be required in all organisms.


cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Cytosolic complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.


DNA helicase A complex

A homohexameric protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity; associates with DNA polymerase alpha-primase and translocates in the 5' to 3' direction.


histone H3-containing nucleosome

A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins containing the histone H3, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.


plasma membrane light-harvesting complex

A plasma membrane protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. Examples of this complex are found in bacterial species.


PcG protein complex

A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.


MIB complex

A mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging complex consisting of components of the MICOS complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the SAM complex in the outer membrane, a conserved DNAJ protein (human DNAJC11) and Metaxin 1.


ESCRT I complex

An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.


Complex that possesses imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity.


nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.


nuclear pore transmembrane ring

A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that spans the nuclear membrane and anchors the NPC to the nuclear envelope. In S. cerevisiae, the transmembrane ring is composed of Pom152p, Pom34p, and Ndc1p. In vertebrates, it is composed of Gp210, Ndc1, and Pom121. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. A single 'spoke', can be isolated and is sometime referred to as the Ndc1 complex.


A protein complex that contains the platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor (alphaPDGFR; PDGFRA), phospholipase C-gamma-1 (PLC-gamma-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the adaptor protein SHP-2, and is involved signaling via the PDGFR signaling pathway.


Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex

A conserved, heteroheptameric, cytoplasmic protein complex composed of Lsm1, Lsm2, Lsm3, Lsm4, Lsm5, Lsm6, Lsm7, and Pat1, or orthologs thereof, that shows a strong binding preference for oligoadenylated RNAs over polyadenylated RNAs. May bind further associated proteins. Facilitates the deadenylation-dependent decapping of mRNA in the P-body thereby regulating mRNA decay and subsequent degradation by the 5' to 3' pathway.


ethanolamine ammonia-lyase complex

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the breakdown of ethanolamine to form acetaldehyde and ammonia.


Wpl/Pds5 cohesin loading/unloading complex

A eukaryotically conserved heterodimeric protein complex (comprising Wings apart-like protein and the Pds5 Armadillo repeat cohesin associated protein) involved in the loading and unloading of a cohesin complex onto DNA.


RNA cap binding complex

A protein complex that binds to an RNA cap structure to mediate RNA processing and/or translation initiation.


A protein complex that is part of a mitochondrion.


RNAi effector complex

Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins.


U11/U12 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is formed by the association of the U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.


transmembrane collagen trimer

Any collagen trimer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane.


phospholamban complex

A protein complex found as a homopentamer of the phospholamban (PLN) protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane of cardiomyocytes. Cardiac PLN is a main determinant of muscle contraction and relaxation, by regulating intracellular calcium levels.


lipid tube

A macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat.


protein C inhibitor-TMPRSS7 complex

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 7 (TMPRSS7); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 7.


GABA-A receptor complex

A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor).


nitric-oxide synthase complex

A protein complex which is capable of nitric-oxide synthase activity.


bacterial pre-replicative complex

A protein-DNA complex that forms at the bacterial oriC during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication.


alpha4-beta1 integrin-CD81 complex

A protein complex that consists of an alpha4-beta1 integrin complex bound to membrane protein CD81, a member of the tetraspan family.


Noc complex

Any of several heterodimers containing one or two Noc proteins, associated with preribosomal complexes; involved in ribosome biogenesis.


radial spoke base 1

The short portion of the radial spoke 1 (RS1) that is directly anchored to the A microtubule of an axonemal microtubule doublet.


zeta DNA polymerase complex

A heterodimeric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes error-prone DNA synthesis in contexts such as translesion synthesis and double-stranded break repair. First characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are Rev3p and Rev7p; a third protein, Rev1p, is often associated with the polymerase dimer.


polysome

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.


cytosolic proteasome complex

A proteasome complex found in the cytosol of a cell.


integrin alpha4-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha4 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


alpha9-beta1 integrin-VEGF-D complex

A protein complex that consists of an alpha9-beta1 integrin complex bound to vascular endothelial growth factor D.


organellar small ribosomal subunit

The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome.


Sin3-type complex

Any of a number of evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs) containing a core consisting of a paired amphipathic helix motif protein (e.g. Sin3p in S. cerevisiae, Pst1 in S. pombe or Sin3A in mammals) at least one class I histone deacetylase (e.g. Rpd3p in S. cerevisiae, Clr6 in S. pombe, or HDAC1 and HDAC2 in mammals), and at least one WD40 repeat protein (e.g. Ume1p in S. cerevisiae, Prw1 in S. pombe, or RbAp46 and RbAp48 in mammals). These complexes also contain a variable number of other proteins that direct histone binding, DNA binding, or add other functionality to the complex.


plastid large ribosomal subunit

The larger of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).


ankyrin-1 complex

A complex composed of ANK1, RHCE, RHAG, SLC4A1, EPB42, GYPA, GYPB and AQP1, that functions in the stability and shape of the erythrocyte membrane in human.


U5 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U5, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U5 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U5 snRNA both while the U5 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


pre-primosome complex

Any of the protein-DNA complexes that contain a DNA helicase and associated protein(s) at the origin of replication, and build up to assembling the core primosome. The associated protein(s) chaperone the helicase to the DNA, and assembly of the pre-primosome is essential for the initiation or restart of replication. Pre-primosome complexes lack a primase component.


silver ion transmembrane transporter complex

A protein complex which is capable of silver ion transmembrane transporter activity.


ERBB4-ERBB4 complex

A homodimeric complex containing two monomers of the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 (also called HER4).


Lsd1/2 complex

A nucleosome-binding protein complex that comprises two SWIRM domain histone demethylases and two PHD finger proteins. The complex is involved in transcriptional regulation via heterochromatic silencing and the regulation of chromatin boundary formation, and was first identified in fission yeast.


RNA polymerase IV complex

RNA polymerase IV is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol IV is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. The largest and second-largest subunits of Pol IV are the catalytic subunits and share similarity with the corresponding subunits of other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase V, while the largest subunit is found only in RNAP IV complex.


invertasome

A complex formed by a recombinase, a regulatory protein, and the DNA sequences bound by each protein; catalyzes a reversible site-specific recombination reaction that results in the alternate expression of one or more genes in various contexts.


alphaV-beta3 integrin-tumstatin complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to tumstatin, the NC1 domain of the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen.


glutathione synthase complex

A protein complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, and which possesses glutathione synthase activity (catalysis of the reaction: L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ATP + glycine = ADP + glutathione + 2 H+ + phosphate). In eukaryotes, the complex is homodimeric, in E. coli glutathione synthase exists as a tetramer, and in S. pombe the complex exists as a homodimer or a heterotetramer.


ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex, integrated substrate binding

A complex for the transport of metabolites out of the cell, consisting of 4 domains: two ATP-binding domains and two membrane spanning domains. In some cases, all 4 domains are contained on 1 polypeptide, while in others one ATP-binding domain and one membrane spanning domain are together on one polypeptide in what is called a half transporter. Two half-transporters come together to form a functional transporter. Transport of the substrate across the membrane is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP.


HAUS complex

A protein complex that localizes to interphase centrosomes and to mitotic spindle tubules and regulates mitotic spindle assembly and centrosome integrity; in human, the complex consists of eight subunits, some of which are homologous to subunits of the Drosophila Augmin complex.


Holliday junction resolvase complex

An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated.


procentriole replication complex

A protein complex that acts as a chaperone or scaffold for centriolar proteins during the maturation of the procentriole. Some of its members may become integrated into the growing centriole. Examples are the CPAP(CENPJ)-STIL complex, CEP192-PLK4 complex or CEP152-PLK4 complex in vertebrates.


ERCC4-ERCC1 complex

A heterodimeric nucleotide-excision repair complex that has endonuclease activity specific for bubble structures characteristic of certain DNA lesions. The subunits are known as XPF/ERCC4 and ERCC1 in mammals, and Rad1p and Rad10p in S. cerevisiae.


A protein complex that consists of an alpha4-beta1 integrin complex bound to thrombospondin-2.


methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex

A protein complex consisted of eight polypeptides. This complex catalyzes the formation of methyl-coenzyme M and H4MPT from N5-methyl-H4MPT and CoM during methanogenesis.


potassium ion-transporting ATPase complex

Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in). It is a high affinity potassium uptake system. The E. coli complex consists of 4 proteins: KdpA is the potassium ion translocase, KdpB is the ATPase, and KdpC and KdpF seem to be involved in assembly and stabilization of the complex.


ornithine carbamoyltransferase inhibitor complex

A protein complex which is capable of ornithine carbamoyltransferase inhibitor activity.


Ddb1-Wdr21 complex

A heterodimeric nucleotide-excision repair complex that is involved in transcription-coupled repair. The subunits are known as Ddb1 and Wdr21 in S. pombe; Ddb1 contains a motif called the DDB-box that interacts with adaptor proteins for DDB1/cullin 4 ubiquitin ligases.


Shc-Grb2-Sos complex

A protein complex that contains Grb2, the adaptor protein Shc and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos (or an ortholog thereof, such as mSos1), and is involved in linking EGFR activation to the p21-Ras pathway.


histone methyltransferase complex

A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.


respiratory chain complex IV

A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).


lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the lysosomal membrane.


VCP-NSFL1C complex

A protein complex between the ATPase VCP (p97) and its cofactor p47 (NSFL1C). In human, the protein complex consists of one homotrimer of NSFL1C/p47 per homohexamer of VCP/p97.


Hda-beta clamp complex

A protein complex involved in inactivating the function of DnaA and thereby preventing multiple events of replication initiation. In E. coli, this complex is composed of the beta clamp (DnaN) and Hda.


i-AAA complex

Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane whose catalytic residues lie on the intermembrane space side of the inner membrane; involved in mitochondrial protein turnover. Contains a subunit belonging to the AAA family of ATP-dependent metalloproteases.


IgM immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


GARP complex

A quatrefoil tethering complex required for retrograde traffic from the early endosome back to the late Golgi and biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles.


photosystem I reaction center

A photochemical system containing P700, the chlorophyll a dimer that functions as a primary electron donor. Functioning as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, it transfers electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin.


TOR complex

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling components including PKB (AKT) or S6K.


maltose transport complex

Protein complex facilitating ATP-dependent maltose transport through inner cell membrane (periplasm to cytoplasm) in Gram-negative bacteria. In E. coli the system is composed of a periplasmic maltose-binding protein (MBP), two integral membrane proteins, MalF and MalG, and two copies of the cytoplasmic ATP-binding cassette MalK.


plastid pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). This complex is found in plant plastids and is distinct from the one found in mitochondria.


formyl-methanofuran dehydrogenase (tungsten enzyme) complex

A protein complex consisting of four polypeptides which also contains tungsten, a molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide, and iron-sulfur clusters. This protein complex catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 and methanofuran to formylmethanofuran during methanogenesis.


polyketide synthase complex

A protein complex that carries out enzymatic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones.


plasma lipoprotein particle

A spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Plasma lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood or lymph.


PYM-mago-Y14 complex

Protein complex involved in the disassembly of Mago-Y14 from the spliced mRNA during first round of translation, independently of the translational machinery. Conserved from fission yeast to humans.


Pip2-Oaf1 complex

A heterodimeric complex consisting of Zn(2)Cys(6) containing transcription factors Pip2 and Oaf1. It binds to the oleate response element (ORE), found in the promoters of fatty acid-inducible genes in Saccharomyces where, in the presence of oleate this bound complex activates the transcription of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins.


semaphorin receptor complex

A stable binary complex of a neurophilin and a plexin, together forming a functional semaphorin receptor.


Kv4.2-Kv4.3 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv alpha subunits 4.2 and 4.3.


A protein complex that is involved in the transfer of the second mannose to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) during GPI precursor assembly. In yeast S. cerevisiae this complex consists of GPI18p and PGA1p.


superoxide dismutase complex

A protein complex which is capable of superoxide dismutase activity.


An protein-containing complex which catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. In mammals it is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein).


vacuolar HOPS complex

Any HOPS complex that is part of a vacuolar membrane.


USH2 complex

A protein complex composed of four proteins, loss of which results in Usher Syndrome type 2 (USH2 syndrome), a leading genetic cause of combined hearing and vision loss. This complex is conserved in many species; in mice, it is composed of USH2A, GPR98 (aka ADGRV1), WHRN, and PDZD7.


protein-DNA-RNA complex

A macromolecular complex containing protein, DNA, and RNA molecules.


basement membrane collagen trimer

Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane.


glycine cleavage complex

A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T.


laminin-5 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha3, beta3 and gamma2 polypeptide chains.


enzyme IIA-maltose transporter complex

A protein complex consisting of the pentameric maltose transporter complex bound to two enzyme IIA (EIIA) molecules. EIIA is a component of the glucose-specific phosphotransferase system that inhibits maltose transport from the periplasm to the cytoplasm. When EIIA-bound, the maltose transporter remains in the open, inward-facing conformation, which prevents binding of maltose-loaded maltose binding protein (MBP) to the transporter.


Syp1 complex

A protein complex that contributes to the endocytic process and bud growth in yeast. It is involved in the precise timing of actin assembly during endocytosis.


plasma membrane signaling receptor complex

Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane and which functions as a signaling receptor.


Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex

A protein complex required for the expansion of the autophagosomal membrane. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Atg12p, Atg5p and Atg16p.


cytosolic tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex

Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the cytosol, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.


interleukin-6 receptor complex

A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130.


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt3p dimer complex

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt3p.


integrin alpha5-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha5 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


galectin complex

A homodimeric protein complex that is capable of binding a range of carbohydrates and is involved in anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic processes.


laminin-4 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


homotetrameric ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex

A protein complex composed of four identical subunits that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


Parkin-FBXW7-Cul1 ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex containing Parkin (PARK2), the F-box protein FBXW7 (also called SEL-10) and a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily; substrate specificity is conferred by the F-box protein.


eukaryotic 80S initiation complex

A protein complex composed of the large and small ribosomal subunits, methionyl-initiatior tRNA, and the capped mRNA. The initiator tRNA is positioned at the ribosomal P site at the AUG codon corresponding to the beginning of the coding region.


BAX complex

An oligomeric protein complex consisting of BAX, a member of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.


retromer, tubulation complex

The dimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be peripherally associated with the membrane. This dimeric complex is responsible for remodeling endosomal membranes to form a tube-structure to which cargo molecules are selected for recycling. The budding yeast complex comprises Vps5p and Vps17p, and may contain multiple copies of a Vps5p/Vps17p dimer. The mammalian complex contains SNX1 or SNX2 dimerized with SNX5 or SNX6.


clathrin coat of synaptic vesicle

A clathrin coat found on a synaptic vesicle.


acetolactate synthase complex

A dimeric (a large and a small chain) or tetrameric (two large and two small chains) enzyme complex. Catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from pyruvate.


translation initiation complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains a ribosome, mRNA, and initiator tRNA; the functional ribosome is at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.


exosome (RNase complex)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.


EFF-1 complex

A trimeric cell-cell fusion complex that serves as a scaffold for zippering up the extracellular domains, bringing the transmembrane segments into close proximity such that they can continue zippering within the two membranes into one. Two prefusion monomers cluster at the surface of adjacent cells. Parallel EFF-1 interactions occur across cells and a third monomer, which can come from either cell, adds on to make an intermediate, extended trimer.


glucosidase complex

A protein complex which is capable of glucosidase activity.


GTPase activator complex

A protein complex which is capable of GTPase activator activity.


mitochondrial degradosome

A mitochondrial protein complex with 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity that participates in intron-independent turnover and processing of mitochondrial transcripts. In humans, the mitochondrial degradosome is a pentameric complex, and in yeast it exists as a heterodimer.


ribonuclease H2 complex

A protein complex that possesses ribonuclease H activity, in which the catalytic subunit is a member of the RNase H2 (or HII) class. For example, in Saccharomyces the complex contains Rnh201p, Rnh202p and Rnh203p.


mitochondrial ribonuclease P complex

A ribonuclease P complex located in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. The subunit composition of mitochondrial ribonuclease P complexes varies between species. The complex contains a single RNA molecule and a single protein molecule in yeast (PMID:12045094), but comprises three proteins and lacks an RNA component in humans.


reelin complex

An extracellular complex that binds lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and APOER2, cadherin-related neuronal receptors (CNRs) or alpha3beta1 integrin and induces various downstream, reelin-dependent, phosphorylation cascades. It ultimately affects polarization, differentiation, neuronal migration and layer formation in the embryonic brain and neuron growth, maturation, and synaptic activity in the postnatal and adult brain.


integrin alphav-beta6 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta6 subunit.


integrator complex

A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex

A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease complex

A protein complex that functions as an endonuclease to cleave DNA at or near a specific recognition site, when that site is unmethylated. These complexes may be dimers or tetramers; it is also possible for the endonuclease to be in a complex with the corresponding methyltransferase that methylates the recognition site. DNA restriction systems such as this are used by bacteria to defend against phage and other foreign DNA that may enter a cell.


luminal surveillance complex

A multiprotein complex that recognizes ERAD-luminal misfolded substrates and brings them to the ubiquitination/extraction machinery. In yeast, this complex consists of Yos9p, Kar2p and Hrd3p proteins.


oligosaccharyltransferase II complex

An oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that contains the seven polypeptides found in OST complex I, plus heterotrimeric Sec61alpha-beta-gamma. Of the three forms of mammalian OST complexes identified, the OSTII complex has intermediate affinity for ribosomes.


aminodeoxychorismate synthase complex

A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity.


RC-1 DNA recombination complex

A protein complex that contains DNA ligase III, DNA polymerase epsilon, a 5'-3' exonuclease, and the SMC1 and SMC2 proteins, and is involved in recombinational repair of deletions and gaps in DNA.


radial spoke 2

The radial spoke of each group of radial spokes, whether grouped as triplets or doublets, that is immediately distal to radial spoke 1 (RS1). Radial spoke 2 (RS2), similarly to RS1, is comprised of four domains: 1) a very short base anchored to the A microtubule, 2) an elongaged stalk, 3) a bifurcated neck, and 4) an orthogonal head. The base of RS2 is connected to the tail of the inner dynein arm c.


mitotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

A protein complex capable of interacting with the spindle pole body and the nuclear envelope, in order to embed the spindle pole body in the nuclear envelope at fusion sites of the inner and outer nuclear membrane.


integrin alphav-beta5 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alphav subunit and one beta5 subunit.


integrin alphaE-beta7 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alphaE subunit and one beta7 subunit.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex

A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.


Set1C/COMPASS complex

A conserved protein complex that catalyzes methylation of histone H3. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Shg1p, Sdc1p, Swd1p, Swd2p, Swd3p, Spp1p, Bre2p, and the trithorax-related Set1p; in mammals it contains the catalytic subunit (SETD1A or SETD1B), WDR5, WDR82, RBBP5, ASH2L/ASH2, CXXC1/CFP1, HCFC1 and DPY30.


Arp2/3 protein complex

A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.


nuclear SCF ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex, located in the nucleus, in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).


IgY immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgY isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgY immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


interleukin-27 complex

A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-27p28 subunit (product of the IL27 gene) and an EBI3 subunit and is secreted into the extracellular space.


lipopolysaccharide receptor complex

A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated and which functions as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor that primes the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens.


HOPS complex

A multimeric protein complex that associates with the vacuolar membrane, late endosomal (multivesicular body) and lysosomal membranes. HOPS is a tethering complex involved in vesicle fusion.


inhibin complex

Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B.


laminin-1 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha1, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


nuclear pore linkers

A substructure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that serves to connect members of the central transport channel (composed of FG-nucleoporins) to the core scaffold (composed of the inner and outer NPC rings). In S. cerevisiae, the linkers are Nic96p and Nup82p. In vertebrates, they are Nup93 and Nup88. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. Both linkers can be isolated in association with specific FG-nucleoporins, complexes that are sometimes referred to as the Nic96 complex (Nic96p-Nsp1p-Nup49p-Nup57p) and the Nup82 complex (Nup82p-Nup116p-Nup159p-Gle2p).


NADH dehydrogenase complex

An integral membrane complex that possesses NADH oxidoreductase activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It catalyzes the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to a quinone.


PET complex

A protein complex that is composed of at least EXD1, TDRD12 and some PIWI protein. The complex is required for MILI slicing-triggered biogenesis and loading of MIWI2 piRNAs.


G protein-coupled receptor dimeric complex

A protein complex that contains two G protein-coupled receptors.


nuclear pore nuclear basket

A filamentous, cage-like assembly on the nuclear face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In S. cerevisiae, Mlp1p and Mlp2p are two major components of the NPC nuclear basket. In vertebrates, Tpr is a major component.


icosahedral viral capsid, neck fiber

A fiber attached to the neck at the base of some icosahedral viral capsids.


viral capsid, turret

A turret-like appendage formed at the vertices of an icosahedral capsid.


viral capsid, fiber

A type of capsid decoration composed of fiber structures.


root hair

A long, thin projection from a root epidermal cell that contains F-actin and tubulin, and a cell wall.


rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.


equatorial microtubule organizing center

A microtubule organizing center formed by a band of gamma-tubulin that is recruited to a circumferential band of F-actin at the midpoint of a cell and which nucleates microtubules from the cell division site at the end of mitosis.


left nucleus

One of the two nuclei found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the left side of the cell when viewed from the dorsal side.


telopode

A telopode is a plasma membrane bounded cell projection that is present on a telocyte and is tens to hundreds of microns long. Telopodes form a labyrinthine system communicating through gap junctions.


A axonemal microtubule

A complete microtubule with 13 protofilaments that fuses with an incomplete microtubule called B tubule (containing 10 protofilaments only) to form an axonemal outer doublet. Inner and outer dynein arms, as well as the radial spoke, are attached to the A tubule.


supramolecular complex

A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.


lamin filament

Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C.


skeletal muscle myofibril

A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber.


dendritic microtubule

Any microtubule in a dendrite, a neuron projection.


type III intermediate filament

A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.


fibronectin fibril

A supramolecular fiber formed from fibronectin molecules. The fibrils are 5 to 25nm in diameter and can form branched meshworks.


intraconoid microtubule

A microtubule located such that it threads through the conoid and projects through the polar ring.


supramolecular polymer

A polymeric supramolecular structure.


astral microtubule

Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


kinetochore microtubule

Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation.


post-anaphase array microtubule

Any microtubule that is part of a post-anaphase microtubule array.


mitotic spindle polar microtubule

Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone.


contractile fiber

Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.


smooth muscle contractile fiber

The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.


meiotic spindle astral microtubule

Any of the meiotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


polymeric cytoskeletal fiber

A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.


spindle microtubule

Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.


actomyosin contractile ring actin filament

Any actin filament that is part of a actomyosin contractile ring.


polar microtubule

Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.


subpellicular microtubule

Singlet microtubule that lie underneath the inner membrane pellicle complex and emanate from the basal ring of the conoid.


microtubule

Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.


microfibril

Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.


cortical microtubule

Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane in the cortical cytosol.


cardiac myofibril

A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.


actin filament of cell cortex of cell tip

Any actin filament that is part of a cell cortex of cell tip.


cytoplasmic microtubule

Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.


paraflagellar rod

A large lattice-like axial structure found in some flagellated protists which extends alongside the axoneme. Protein components of the paraflagellar rod are likely implicated, among other, in adenine nucleotide signaling and metabolism, and in calcium signaling.


mastigoneme

A hair-like structure covering the flagella found in some algae (heterokonts and cryptophytes). It is approximately 15 nm in diameter, and usually consist of a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller hairs. It is composed of glycoproteins and, likely, carbohydrates. Mastigonemes may assist in locomotion by increasing the surface area of a flagellum.


C2 axonemal microtubule

One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C1 axonemal microtubule (also called C1 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.


actin filament

A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.


collagen beaded filament

A supramolecular assembly of collagen trimers with a 'beads on a string'-like structure.


outer dense fiber

A supramolecular fiber found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds the nine microtubule doublets. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. In human, they consist of about 10 major and at least 15 minor proteins, where all major proteins are ODF1, ODF2 or ODF2-related proteins.


supramolecular fiber

A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.


horsetail-astral microtubule array

An array of astral microtubules that emanates from the spindle pole body during meiosis and facilitates horsetail nuclear movement.


intranuclear rod

A macromolecular fiber consisting of actin and cofilin that is formed in the nucleus as a consequence of chemical or mechanical stress conditions.


mitotic spindle microtubule

Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.


mitotic spindle astral microtubule

Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


aster

An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.


neurofilament

A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.


glial filament

An intermediate filament composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and found in astrocytes.


myofibril

The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.


mitotic spindle kinetochore microtubule

Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic chromosome segregation.


axonemal microtubule

A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.


cytoophidium

A subcellular filamentary structure where CTP synthase is compartmentalized in a range of organisms including bacteria, yeast, fruit fly, rat and human.


B axonemal microtubule

An incomplete microtubule containing 10 protofilaments that fuses with a complete microtubule called A tubule (containing 13 protofilaments) to form an axonemal outer doublet.


cortical microtubule, transverse to long axis

Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane, in the cortical cytosol, oriented mainly with their axes transverse to the long axis of the cell (and root in plants). In plants it influences the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition.


C1 axonemal microtubule

One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C2 axonemal microtubule (also called C2 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.


nuclear microtubule

Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.


trichome papilla

A plant cell papilla that is part of a trichome cell.


investment cone

A cytoskeletal part that consists of a microfilament-rich cone that forms round each nucleus in a spermatogenic cyst and translocates the length of the cyst during sperm individualization.


chiasma

A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over.


neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fiber

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a skeletal muscle fiber.


yolk plasma

Discrete structures that partition the water-soluble portion of the yolk of oocytes and ova, which may or may not be membrane enclosed.


germ tube septin cap

A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


actin cytoskeleton of dendritic spine

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a dendritic spine.


hyphae septin collar

A septin collar in pathogenic fungi involved in the constriction of hyphae at the plant plasmodesma enabling penetration of an adjacent cell.


prospore septin filament array

Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures; observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation.


septin filament array

Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Such structures have been observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation in S. cerevisiae and in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation in C. albicans.


postsynaptic cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


postsynaptic septin cytoskeleton

The portion of the septin cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


mating projection septin ring

A septin ring, i.e. a ring-shaped structure composed of septins and septin-associated proteins, located at the neck of a shmoo (mating projection). The septin ring in the neck of a shmoo may act as a barrier to localize mating factors in the shmoo tip.


postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form.


septin collar

A tubular, hourglass-shaped structure composed of highly ordered arrays of septin filaments; in budding yeast cells, the septin collar forms from the initial septin ring by expanding into the daughter cell.


postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


germ tube septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within the germ tube of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


split septin rings

A pair of rings that flank the site of cell division, formed by splitting of the septin ring (or collar) prior to cytokinesis; this double ring structure is thought to trap proteins needed for cytokinesis or the formation of the new membrane or cell wall between the two septin rings. Split septin rings are known to occur in budding yeast cells and probably occur in other cell types as well.


septin cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of septins and associated proteins. Includes septin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.


presynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


prospore septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis in a prospore; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


chlamydospore septin filament array

Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Observed in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation.


neurofilament cytoskeleton

Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.


hyphal septin cap

A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in hyphae of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


septin cap

A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes and hyphae in fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


pseudohyphal septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


presynaptic cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse.


microtubule cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.


cellular bud neck septin ring

A ring-shaped structure that forms at the site of cytokinesis in the bud neck of a budding cell; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. In S. cerevisiae, this structure forms at the time of bud emergence and the septins show a high rate of exchange.


perinuclear theca

A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins.


presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


cytoskeleton of dendritic spine

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies within a dendritic spine. The actin component of this cytoskeleton is involved in spine head remodeling in response to postsynaptic signaling.


actin cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.


intermediate filament cytoskeleton

Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell.


hyphal septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


cellular bud neck split septin rings

Two separate septin rings that are formed from the septin collar at the time of cytokinesis in cells that divide by budding. These two rings are thought to delineate a special compartment in which factors involved in cytokinesis are concentrated.


spectrin-associated cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.


medial cortex septin ring

A ring-shaped structure that forms at the medial cortex of a symmetrically dividing cell at the onset of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


The portion of the spectrin-associated cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


phagophore assembly site

Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.


dinoflagellate apical horn

A horn-shaped dinoflagellate apex found in thecate species.


host cell endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endocytic vesicle.


esterosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an esterosome. This membrane has characteristics of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes.


Golgi medial cisterna

The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae).


stress fiber

A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.


chromoplast inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope; also faces the chromoplast stroma.


chromoplast membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a chromoplast and form the chromoplast envelope.


H zone

A relatively pale zone traversing the center of the A band of a sarcomere, visible in relaxed muscle fibers; consists of the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments.


amyloplast

A plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.


secondary cell wall

A plant cell wall that is no longer able to expand and so does not permit growth. Secondary cell walls contain less pectin that primary cell walls. The secondary cell is mostly composed of cellulose and is strengthened with lignin.


extrinsic component of periplasmic side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its periplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse

One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.


left caudal basal body

Any ciliary basal body that is part of a left caudal flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


centrosome

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.


spindle pole centrosome

A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized.


viral capsid, minor subunit

The part of the viral capsid that comprises the less common capsomere type. For example, in a T=3 icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres, the pentameric capsomeres are minor subunits.


viral capsid, major subunit

The part of the viral capsid that comprises the most common capsomere type. For example, in a T=3 icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres, the hexameric capsomeres are major subunits.


sexual spore wall

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.


spore wall

The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.


asexual spore wall

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in bacterial and fungal species.


ascospore wall

The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.


endospore external encapsulating structure

The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.


cellular bud

A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.


trans-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of any thylakoid.


photosynthetic membrane

A membrane enriched in complexes formed of reaction centers, accessory pigments and electron carriers, in which photosynthetic reactions take place.


cyanelle thylakoid membrane

The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a cyanelle.


prothylakoid membrane

The membrane of prothylakoids, underdeveloped thylakoids found in etioplasts, lacking competent photosynthetic membranes.


chloroplast thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plasma membrane-derived chromatophore membrane

The lipid bilayer associated with a plasma membrane-derived chromatophore; surrounds chromatophores that form complete vesicles.


plasma membrane-derived thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of a plasma membrane-derived thylakoid.


organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane

The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within an organellar chromatophore.


plastid thylakoid membrane

The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a plastid.


infected host cell surface knob

Protrusion that develops in the plasma membrane of a parasitized erythrocyte. An example of this component is found in Plasmodium species.


microvillar actin bundle

A parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.


parallel actin filament bundle

An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


formin-nucleated actin cable

An actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins. In fungal cells, myosin motors transport cargo along actin cables toward sites of polarized cell growth; actin cables may play a similar role in pollen tube growth.


actin filament bundle of filopodium

A parallel bundle of actin filaments that is part of filopodium. Filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex.


actin filament bundle of stereocilium

A bundle of hundreds of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), that is the supporting structure of a stereocilium. Filaments are oriented such that the the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion and are capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma membrane.


actin filament bundle of actin-based cell projection

A bundle of cross-linked actin filaments that is part of an actin-based cell protrusion, in which filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which stabilizes the filaments.


ficolin-1-rich granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a ficolin-1-rich granule.


cytoplasmic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.


clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle.


endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.


early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.


inter-Golgi transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances within the Golgi.


coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle.


outer acrosomal membrane

The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the plasma membrane of the sperm. This membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane as part of the acrosome reaction.


chromaffin granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.


clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle.


transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.


Golgi-associated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.


specific granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.


postsynaptic early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic early endosome.


ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.


organellar chromatophore inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


secretory granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.


postsynaptic endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic endosome.


phagolysosome vesicle membrane

The lipid bylayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


macropinosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a macropinosome.


lamellar body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a lamellar body. A lamellar body is a membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.


platelet dense granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense granule.


organellar chromatophore membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround an organellar chromatophore.


presynaptic endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a presynaptic endosome.


postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic recycling endosome.


azurophil granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.


recycling endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a recycling endosome.


trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.


synaptic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


platelet alpha granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule.


dense core granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.


endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.


peribacteroid membrane

A membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).


COPI-coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle.


alveolar lamellar body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an alveolar lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.


early phagosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early phagosome.


tertiary granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a tertiary granule.


endolysosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.


aleurone grain membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an aleurone grain.


epidermal lamellar body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an epidermal lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.


gut granule membrane

The membrane of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.


multivesicular body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body.


clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle.


merozoite dense granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense granule of the type found in apicomplexan parasites.


inner acrosomal membrane

The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the acrosomal vesicle and is located toward the sperm nucleus. This region is responsible for molecular interactions allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuses with the egg plasma membrane.


late endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.


clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle.


multivesicular body, internal vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body internal vesicle.


organellar chromatophore outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


Golgi to ER transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.


phagolysosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


exocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.


clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.


acrosomal membrane

The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.


rod photoreceptor disc membrane

Stack of disc membranes located inside a rod photoreceptor outer segment, and containing densely packed molecules of rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins that traverse the lipid bilayer. It is thought that rod disc membranes arise as evaginations of the ciliary membrane near the base of the outer segment, which then become completely separated from the ciliary membrane, during the development of the rod outer segment.


contractile vacuolar membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the contractile vacuole.


Cvt vesicle membrane

Either of the two lipid bilayers surrounding a Cvt vesicle, a vesicle that functions in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.


phagocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.


chitosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a chitosome.


clathrin-coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle.


foot layer

The inner layer of the ectexine.


germ plasm

Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole of an oocyte, egg or early embryo that will be inherited by the cells that will give rise to the germ line.


cytoplasmic periphery of the nuclear pore complex

Cytoplasm situated in close proximity to a nuclear pore complex.


cerebellar Golgi cell to granule cell synapse

A synapse formed by a cerebellar Golgi cell synapsing on to a cerebellar granule cell.


presynaptic periactive zone

A region that surrounds the active zone of the presynaptic plasma membrane, and is specialized for the control of synaptic development.


multiple synapse bouton, contacting single dendrite

A single axon terminal bouton making contact onto two or more dendritic spines protruding from the same dendrite.


tripartite attachment complex

A three-part cytoskeletal structure in kinetoplastid species linking mitochondrial DNA organised in a kinetoplast through the mitochondrial membranes to the basal body.


dense body

An electron dense body which may contain granules.


viral capsid, internal space

The region of a virus contained within the capsid shell, and usually containing the viral genome and accessory proteins.


primary endosperm nucleus

Nucleus resulting from the fusion of the male gamete and two polar nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac.


actin cortical patch

An endocytic patch that consists of an actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


endocytic patch

The part of the cell cortex consisting of an aggregation of proteins that will give rise to an endocytic vesicle.


flagella connector

A mobile transmembrane junction at the tip of the flagellum of some kinetoplastid species linking the tip of a new growing flagellum to an older flagellum.


macromolecule

A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


polypeptide

A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.


biomacromolecule

A macromolecule formed by a living organism.