ergothioneine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.


thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiopurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thiopurine S-methylether.


endosomal vesicle fusion

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.


G protein-coupled olfactory receptor activity

Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


maintenance of stationary phase

The homeostatic process in which a population of cells changes its metabolic activity resulting in the rate of death in the population equaling the rate of reproduction. Stationary phase can be in response to limited nutrients or a build-up of toxic substances in the environment.


ATPase-coupled lipo-chitin oligosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipo-chitin oligosaccharide(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipo-chitin oligosaccharide(out).


response to indolebutyric acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indolebutyric acid stimulus.


negative regulation of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus.


anthraniloyl-CoA monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + O2 = 2-amino-5-oxocyclohex-1-enecarboxyl-CoA + H2O + 2 NADP+.


regulation of R7 cell fate commitment

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of R7 cell fate commitment.


norepinephrine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


endogalactosaminidase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-galactosaminidic linkages in poly(D-galactosamine).


ATP-dependent FeS chaperone activity

Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


larval lymph gland hemocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the larval lymph gland acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


achromobactin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore.


mandibular condyle articular cartilage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mandibular joint condyle articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


3-chlorocatechol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-chlorocatechol.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + an N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-[glycoprotein] <=> N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide + a [glycoprotein]-(L-serine/L-threonine).


mycotoxin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.


PERK-mediated unfolded protein response

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Entity biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + an anthocyanin = UDP + an anthocyanin 3'-O-beta-D-glucoside.


monocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of O3-(N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphoryl)-L-serine. The recovery of O-phosphorylserine from acid hydrolysates suggests N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate residues are esterified to peptidyl serines through phosphoester bonds.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme M = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + methyl-coenzyme M. 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate is also known as methyl-CoM.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADP + a reduced coenzyme F420 <=> NADPH + H+ + an oxidized coenzyme F420.


positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.


diaminopimelate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diaminopimelate, both as an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis and as a component (as meso-diaminopimelate) of the peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls.


Catalysis of the reaction: (E,E)-geranylgeraniol + ATP = H+ + all-trans-geranyl-geranyl monophosphate + ADP.


metanephric DCT cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the distal convoluted tubule cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


protein localization to ERGIC

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).


Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced acceptor + O2 = oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + acceptor + H2O. The enzyme requires ferredoxin.


Catalysis of the reaction: luteolin 7-O-[(beta-D-glucosiduronate)-(1->2)-(beta-D-glucosiduronate)] + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = H+ + luteolin 7-O-[(beta-D-glucosiduronate)-(1->2)-(beta-D-glucosiduronate)] 4'-O-beta-D-glucosiduronate + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxymyristoyl)glucosamine = 2,3-bis(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + UMP.


primary root development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary root over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The primary root develops directly from the embryonic radicle.


positive regulation of long-term synaptic depression

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.


gliogenesis

The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.


cellular response to sucrose starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sucrose.


small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.


root meristem specification

The specification of a meristem which will give rise to a primary or lateral root.


O antigen ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: Lipid A-core + colanic acid = MLPS.


immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.


beta-zeacarotene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-zeacarotene.


regulation of immune effector process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.


mucosal tolerance induction

Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal tissues.


inositol phosphoceramide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phytoceramide + inositol phosphate = inositol phosphoceramide + diacylglycerol.


Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in isolichenin, pseudonigeran and nigeran.


manchette disassembly

The disaggregation of a manchette into its constituent components.


branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate + L-phenylalanine = phenylpyruvate + L-methionine.


actin-myosin filament sliding

The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.


cellular response to paraquat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paraquat stimulus.


glycerol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


protein-phosphocysteine-mannosylglycerate-phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + mannosylglycerate(out) = protein cysteine + mannosylglycerate phosphate(in).


cell aggregation

The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.


Catalysis of the reaction: toluene-4-sulfonate + NADH + O2 = NAD+ + OH- + 4-sulfobenzyl alcohol.


fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a fin are generated and organized.


selenium binding

Binding to a selenium (Se) ion.


diamine transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha,omega-diamine + 2-oxoglutarate = an omega-aminoaldehyde + L-glutamate.


Rab geranylgeranyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = 2 S-geranylgeranyl-protein + 2 diphosphate. This reaction is the formation of two thioether linkages between the C-1 atom of the geranylgeranyl groups and two cysteine residues within the terminal sequence motifs XXCC, XCXC or CCXX. Known substrates include Ras-related GTPases of a single family and the Rab family.


Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + CMP. Alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide is also known as GM3.


tryprostatin A biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryprostatin A.


regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.


negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.


decylcitrate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + lauroyl-CoA + oxaloacetate = (2S,3S)-2-hydroxytridecane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate + CoA + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin-3-O-D-rhamnosyl-(1,6)-D-glucoside + UDP-D-glucose = cyanidin-3-O-[D-rhamnosyl-(1,6)-D-glucoside]-5-O-D-glucoside + UDP.


racemase and epimerase activity

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: H(2) + menaquinone = reduced menaquinone.


fibroblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.


5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter.


taurine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of taurine from one side of a membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.


specification of symmetry

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.


DNA translocase activity

Generation of movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


positive regulation of protein folding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.


Catalysis of the reaction: (7R)-7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanate + H2O = (7R)-7-aminocephalosporanate + glutarate.


D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose + NAD+ = D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + pyruvate = succinate semialdehyde + alanine.


pyranose oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + O2 = 2-dehydro-D-glucose + H2O2.


5' deoxyribonuclease (pyrimidine dimer) activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage immediately 5' to pyrimidine dimers to products with 5'-phosphate.


regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins.


regulation of anterograde axonal transport of mitochondrion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetate + L-leucine + ATP <=> H+ + indole-3-acetyl-leucine + diphosphoric acid + AMP.


short descending thin limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the short descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron that has a squamous epithelial morphology.


naringenin chalcone 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone <=> UDP + 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside + H+.


response to silver ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silver ion stimulus.


hibernation

Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a period of dormancy in which to pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs.


glycerophospholipid arachidonoyl-transferase (CoA-independent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + 1-alkyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-alkyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.


trophectodermal cell proliferation

The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.


negative regulation of Golgi lumen acidification

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi lumen acidification.


endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.


aldehyde biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + acetyl-CoA = N6-acetyl-L-lysine + CoA + H+.


D-arabinose catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabinose to form xylulose 5-phosphate. D-arabinose is converted into D-ribulose, which is phosphorylated to ribulose-5-phosphate, which is isomerized to give D-xylulose-5-phosphate.


alpha-amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.


calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


sex-specific pigmentation

Establishment of a pattern of pigment in one sex that is not observed in the other sex.


Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane + HCl = 1,3(R),4(S),5(S),6(R)-pentachlorocyclohexene.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + H2O + NAD+ = N-succinyl-L-glutamate + 2 H+ + NADH.


cartilage homeostasis

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within cartilage, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + NAD <=> H+ + UDP-3-keto-alpha-D-glucose + NADH.


purine-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.


The formation of a protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage via O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine.


tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


acetylpyruvate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + H+ + pyruvate.


stem vascular tissue pattern formation

Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the stem of vascular plants.


isobazzanene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate <=> isobazzanene + diphosphoric acid.


xanthine binding

Binding to xanthine, a purine base.


negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.


dTMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate.


(3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP + phosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA.


siRNA-mediated retrotransposon silencing by heterochromatin formation

A retrotransposon silencing mechanism in which a siRNA triggers heterochromatin assembly. Heterochromatin is a chromatin conformation that is refractory to transcription.


cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


uropod retraction

The process in which a uropod detaches from the cell substrate and retracts the rear of a migrating cell.


regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.


positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.


positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning.


membrane repolarization during bundle of His cell action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.


sepal development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sepal over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine, a methyl-L-arginine having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.


lipid droplet disassembly

The disaggregation of a lipid particle into its constituent components.


positive aerotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen.


pinene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of the monoterpenoid pinene; alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.


positive regulation of ossification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.


positive regulation of metanephric DCT cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric DCT cell differentiation.


modulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

The process in which a host organism effects a change in viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.


sebum secreting cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of sebocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A sebocyte is an epithelial cell that makes up the sebaceous glands, and secrete sebum.


acetyl-CoA synthetase acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the acetylation of residue Lys609 of the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase, using acetyl-CoA as substrate.


VEGF-activated neuropilin signaling pathway involved in axon guidance

Any VEGF-activated neuropilin signaling pathway that is involved in axon guidance.


6-oxocineole dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-oxocineole + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 1,6,6-trimethyl-2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-3-one + H2O + NADP+.


membrane raft localization

Any process in which membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol = NADPH + catechol.


thiamine diphosphokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine = AMP + thiamine diphosphate.


tracheoesophageal septum formation

The process that gives rise to the tracheoesophageal septum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


negative adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation

In organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation, the process involved in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that acts to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.


prostate glandular acinus development

The progression of a glandular acinus of the prostate gland over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.


nucleoid organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleoid. The nucleoid is the region of a bacterial cell, virion, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the DNA is confined.


protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-beta-glucoside phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + beta-glucoside(out) = protein histidine + beta-glucoside phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


p-coumaroyltriacetic acid synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H+ + 4-coumaryl-CoA + H2O + 3 malonyl-CoA <=> 4 coenzyme A + 3 carbon dioxide + p-coumaroyltriacetate.


molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


negative regulation of muscle filament sliding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding.


protein import into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling

The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol.


ureteric bud development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.


circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is asleep.


germ cell attraction

The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the attraction of cells towards their target.


negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


catechol-containing siderophore biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a siderophore from other compounds, including catechol. Catechol is one of the three major chemical groups incorporated into siderophore structures with hydroxamate and a-hydroxycarboxylate, each having a high selectivity for iron(3+).


cellular response to gold(3+)

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gold(3+) stimulus.


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex binding

Binding to a mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex.


flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a flavonoid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3'-hydroxyflavonoid + NADP+ + H2O.


regulation of mating type switching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching, the conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus.


C-X-C chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.


histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


adhesion of symbiont to host cell surface via host membrane carbohydrate

The attachment of a symbiont to its host by binding to a carbohydrate on the host cell surface. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the anion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.


amino acid:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in).


3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + 3-oxoadipate = succinate + 3-oxoadipyl-CoA.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + 2-oxoglutarate = indolepyruvate + L-glutamate.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-glucose + H+ = D-glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. D-glucose is the dextrorotatory D-enantiomer of glucose.


cucurbitacin delta23-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin + NAD(P)+ = cucurbitacin + NAD(P)H + H+.


regulation of muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.


hexadecanal dehydrogenase (acylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + NAD+ + palmitaldehyde = H+ + NADH + palmitoyl-CoA.


octopine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopine (N-(1-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)-L-alanine), an amino acid derived opine.


steroid hormone receptor complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.


regulation of p38MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.


regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of Golgi lumen acidification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi lumen acidification.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 6-lactoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin = NADPH + H+ + 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin.


purine-specific nucleoside:sodium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: purine(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).


peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.


GDP-L-fucose synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + NAD+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NADH + H+.


response to oxygen-glucose deprivation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the deprivation of oxygen and glucose.


axial mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + H+ + NADH + O2 = 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine + H2O + NAD+.


positive regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iron ions import across plasma membrane.


omega-hydroxypalmitate O-sinapoyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sinapoyl-CoA + 16-hydroxypalmitate <=> coenzyme A + 16-sinapoyloxypalmitate.


immune receptor activity

Receiving a signal and transmitting it in a cell to initiate an immune response.


regulation of phosphodiesterase activity, acting on 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strands

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphodiesterase activity, acting on 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strands.


austinol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of austinol.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling in absence of ligand

The series of molecular signals beginning with a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex, where the G protein-coupled receptor is not bound to an agonist.


ergothioneine biosynthesis from histidine via gamma-glutamyl-hercynylcysteine sulfoxide

The pathway resulting in the formation of ergothioneine from histidine via a set of steps in which gamma-glutamyl-hercynylcysteine sulfoxide is formed as an intermediate.


1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n) = UDP + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n+1).


envenomation resulting in occlusion of the pore of voltage-gated potassium channel in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant blocking of a voltage-gated potassium channel, inhibiting the pore's activity, in the bitten/stung organism.


24-methylenelophenol methyl oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 24-methylenelophenol + O2 + NADH + H+ <=> 4alpha-hydroxymethyl-ergosta-7,24(241)-dien-3beta-ol + NAD + H2O.


response to osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


anterior/posterior axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


hydroxypyruvate isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypyruvate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate.


cardiac cell fate specification

The process involved in the specification of cardiac cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.


molybdenum incorporation via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide

The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein by L-cysteinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide.


muscle filament sliding

The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.


ABC-type sulfate transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + sulfate(out) = ADP + phosphate + sulfate(in).


specification of pronephric proximal tubule identity

The process in which the proximal tubule of the pronephric nephron acquires its identity.


Catalysis of the reaction: anthocyanidin 3,5-di-O-beta-D-glucoside + caffeoyl-CoA <=> pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside-5-O-caffeoylglucoside + coenzyme A(4-).


positive regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of conjugation with cellular fusion.


regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation.


response to oxygen radical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.


negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.


righting reflex

A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position.


T cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.


histone H2AK5 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).


positive regulation of defecation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.


tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + isoorientin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+ + isoscoparin.


smooth septate junction assembly

The assembly of a smooth septate junction, a septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions.


DNA-deoxyinosine glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of DNA and polynucleotides, releasing free hypoxanthine.


dynorphin receptor activity

Combining with a dynorphin peptide, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Dynorphin is any opioid peptide that is generated by cleavage of the precursor protein prodynorphin.


effector-mediated defense to host-produced reactive oxygen species

A process mediated by a molecule secreted by a symbiont that results in the suppression of reactive oxygen species produced by the host as part of its innate immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.


The phosphorylation of a peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.


response to ketamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketamine stimulus.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration

The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.


alpha-ketoglutarate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor = (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.


cleavage in ITS2 between 5.8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


AP-1 adaptor complex binding

Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).


histone H3K9 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9).


Catalysis of the reaction: 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol + O2 + NADH(2-) + H+ <=> 4alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol + NAD(1-) + H2O.


endosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.


detection of cold stimulus involved in thermoception

The series of events in which a cold stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.


chromatin extrusion motor activity

A DNA translocase activity that folds chromosomal DNA and catalytically extends the newly formed loop, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a medium-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 6 to 12 carbons.


detection of misfolded protein

The series of events in which a misfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


gamma-delta T cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.


regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


mitochondrial tRNA wobble uridine modification

The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a mitochondrial tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


imaginal disc-derived appendage morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism.


podosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2-(methylsulfinyl)benzothiazole.


regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


symmetric neuroblast division

The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two equi-potent daughter cells.


gerfelin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving gerfelin.


glycerolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis.


negative regulation of mechanosensory behavior

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mechanosensory behavior.


synaptic transmission involved in micturition

The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.


plasma lipoprotein particle assembly

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a plasma lipoprotein particle.


somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.


L-amino-acid oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a L-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


primary heart field specification

The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.


smooth muscle derived foam cell differentiation

The process in which a smooth muscle cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.


biliverdin reductase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NADP+ = biliverdin + NADPH + H+.


IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB.


flavonol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonols, a member of a class of vascular pigments formed by consecutive oxidative processes from the flavonoid intermediates flavanones and dihydroflavonols. Flavonols are the most widespread of the flavonoids and have a wide array of physiological activities.


fucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.


starch biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.


arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arsenate + reduced glutaredoxin = arsenite + oxidized glutaredoxin. Glutaredoxin functions as the electron donor for arsenate reduction. The electron flow therefore is ( NADPH -> glutathione reductase (EC:1.6.4.2) -> ) glutathione -> glutaredoxin -> arsenate reductase, i.e. glutathione is reduced by glutathione reductase and glutaredoxin is reduced by glutathione.


multicellular organismal process

Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.


mannonate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H2O.


anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside 6'''-O-malonyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + pelargonidin 3-O-(6-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucoside) 5-O-beta-D-glucoside = CoA + 4'''-demalonylsalvianin.


ATPase-coupled nonpolar-amino acid transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + nonpolar amino acid(out) = ADP + phosphate + nonpolar amino acid(in).


bulbus arteriosus morphogenesis

The process in which the bulbus arteriosus is generated and organized. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic cardiac chamber.


S-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.


5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate = AMP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.


tetrahydroberberine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-tetrahydroberberine + 2 O2 = berberine + 2 H2O2.


regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction

Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


regulation of pupariation

Any process that modulates the onset of pupariation.


beta3-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta3-adrenergic receptors.


egg activation

The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.


positive regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-nona-2,4-dienoate + H2O = butyrate + 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H+.


amylosucrase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = D-fructose + 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


response to paraquat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paraquat stimulus.


transforming growth factor beta activation

The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.


oxidative RNA demethylation

The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.


regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.


positive regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


ribonuclease F activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA precursor into two, leaving 5'-hydroxy and 3'-phosphate groups.


response to thyroid hormone

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-isopropylacetanilide + 1/2 O2 = acetanilide + acetone.


regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.


gibberellin A9,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A9 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> gibberellin A51 + succinate + carbon dioxide.


argininosuccinate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.


butirosin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butirosin.


modified amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + H+(out) = sucrose(in) + H+(in).


L-lysine catabolic process using lysine 6-aminotransferase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including alpha-aminoadipate; in this pathway, L-lysine is converted to 2-aminoadipate-6-semialdehyde by lysine 6-aminotransferase.


intracellular chemical homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within a cell.


regulation of sebum secreting cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sebum secreting cell proliferation.


intermediate filament binding

Binding to an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


positive regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of mating type switching

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching.


vitamin binding

Binding to a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


phthiocerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phthiocerol, a lipid-based 1,3-glycol consisting of (3S,4R)-3-methoxy-4-methylnonacosane having (9R)- and (11S)-hydroxy substituents.


axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


trans-synaptic signaling by nitric oxide

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by nitric oxide.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


novobiocin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving novobiocin, a coumarin antibiotic produced by the bacterium Gyrasestreptomyces spheroides, that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


mesonephric renal vesicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.


2,4-dichloroaniline reductive dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dichloroaniline + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 4-chloroaniline + HCl.


endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.


phosphatidylcholine flippase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


cellular response to cisplatin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.


type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.


regulation of ductus arteriosus closure

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ductus arteriosus closure.


long-chain fatty acid [acyl-carrier-protein] ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


glucose 1-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 1-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-1.


activated T cell autonomous cell death

A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen via the accumulation of pro-apoptotic gene products and decrease in anti-apoptotic gene products.


monoatomic cation homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic cations within an organism or cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.


tyrosine biosynthetic process, by oxidation of phenylalanine

The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


regulation of maltotriulose transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltotriulose transport.


Catalysis of the reaction adenylyl-molybdopterin + molybdate = molybdenum cofactor + AMP.


latrotoxin receptor activity

Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


type IV hypersensitivity

An inflammatory response driven by T cell recognition of processed soluble or cell-associated antigens leading to cytokine release and leukocyte activation.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + NADPH + H+ + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate = NADP+ + 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate.


regulation of male germ cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.


type II interferon receptor activity

Combining with interferon-gamma (a type II interferon) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


eggshell chorion gene amplification

Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster.


positive regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.


negative regulation of phospholipid efflux

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.


response to arachidonic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arachidonic acid stimulus.


histone H3K9me2/H3K9me3 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


regulation of embryonic pattern specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.


dethiobiotin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of dethiobiotin from one side of a membrane to the other.


maturation of 4.5S rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 4.5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 4.5S rRNA molecule.


embryonic morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.


AMP transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


citrazinate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: citrazinate + H2O = cis-aconitamide.


maintenance of ciliary planar beating movement pattern

Any process involved in maintaining the planar beating pattern of ciliary movement pattern. Connection between the outer doublets and the central pair via the radial spokes constrains ciliary movement to the planar beating pattern. Cilia that lack this connection, such as those in the embryonic node or Kupfer's vesicle, display radial movement.


histone methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


TDP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.


protein-phycourobilin linkage

The linkage of the chromophore phycourobilin to phycoerythrins.


regulation of immune system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.


paramyosin filament assembly or disassembly

The formation or disassembly of a filament composed of paramyosin molecules.


synaptic transmission, cholinergic

The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


cellular metabolic compound salvage

Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.


rRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity

Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.


regulation of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier.


positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.


sulfur amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 10-deacetyl-2-debenzoylbaccatin III + benzoyl-CoA = 10-deacetylbaccatin III + CoA.


electron transfer activity

Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


primary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical such as ATP hydrolysis, redox energy and photon energy.


neuron migration involved in dendrite retrograde extension

The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite.


detection of hydrogen ion

The series of events in which a hydrogen ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.


RNA trimethylguanosine cap binding

Binding to the trimethylguanosine (m(3)(2,2,7)-GTP) group located at the 5' end of some RNA molecules. Such trimethylated cap structures, generally produced by posttranscriptional modification of a 7-methylguanosine cap, are often found on snRNAs and snoRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II, but have also be found on snRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. They have also been found on a subset of the mRNA population in some species, e.g. C. elegans.


negative regulation of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.


acrolein reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acrolein + NADPH + H+ <=> propanal + NADP.


D-lysine transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: aminodeoxyfutalosinate + H2O <=> dehypoxanthine futalosine + adenine.


virus baseplate assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus baseplate.


FMN catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of FMN, riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate), a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.


axial mesodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an axial mesoderm cell.


epothilone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epothilone, a drug obtained from the myxobacteria Sporangium cellulosum that interferes with cell division. Some epothilones are being studied as treatments for cancer.


male genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized.


response to cocaine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.


imaginal disc-derived genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized from the genital imaginal disc.


cytolysis in another organism

The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.


tricyclene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate(3-) <=> tricyclene + diphosphoric acid.


P-type monovalent copper transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Cu+(out).


melanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


negative regulation of receptor localization to synapse

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F420 + 2 H+ = 5,10-methenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + reduced coenzyme F420.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-zeatin + UDP-D-glucose = O-beta-D-glucosyl-trans-zeatin + H+ + UDP.


positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.


corneocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.


FMN adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + FMN = diphosphate + FAD.


rhombomere 6 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 6 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


cellular response to topoisomerase inhibitor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a topoisomerase inhibitor stimulus.


S-adenosylmethionine-dependent tRNA (m5U54) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing thymine at position U54 of a transfer RNA. This occurs in most Gram-negative bacteria, some archae, and eukaryotes.


aspyridone A metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspyridone A.


T-helper cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.


acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate.


anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor

The oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrogen (N2) in the absence of oxygen, using nitrite (NO2) as the electron acceptor. It is suggested that hydroxylamine and ammonium are combined to yield hydrazine, which is subsequently oxidized to N2.


ergosteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergosteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside.


negative regulation of cyclase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.


zymogen activation in another organism

The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form in another organism.


deoxycytidyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the insertion of a dCMP residue opposite a template abasic site in DNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphonopyruvate + 2 H+ = CO2 + phosphonoacetaldehyde.


protein neddylation

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.


antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a polysaccharide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.


inositol 1-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + myo-inositol = 1D-1-O-methyl-myo-inositol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


protein depalmitoylation

The removal of palymitoyl groups from a lipoprotein.


lymph node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


sulcatone reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + sulcatol = H+ + NADH + sulcatone.


camalexin binding

Binding to camalexin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(phosphonooxy)-threonine + NAD+ = 2-amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate + NADH + H+.


epithelium migration

The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) + N-terminal L-arginyl-[protein] = H+ + N-terminal L-leucyl-L-arginyl-[protein] + tRNA(Leu). Can also transfer the leucyl residue on an N-terminal L-lysyl residue.


neural precursor cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.


trans assembly of SL-containing precatalytic spliceosome

Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the SL RNA and the pre-mRNA to be joined, as well as all the spliceosomal snRNPs involved in trans leader splicing. Formation of the trans leader spliceosome brings together the quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and the complex of the U2 snRNP with the splice site of the pre-mRNA.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


organomercury catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organomercury compounds, any organic compound containing a mercury atom.


manoyl oxide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-hydroxycopalyl diphosphate = (13R)-manoyl oxide + diphosphate.


adenosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


pyridine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor.


maintenance of alignment of postsynaptic density and presynaptic active zone

The process by which alignment between postsynaptic density and presynaptic active zone is maintained.


embryo sac central cell differentiation

The process in which the two uncellularized polar nuclei cellularize, fuse and acquire the specialized features of a mononucleate diploid central cell.


trigeminal sensory nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal sensory nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of determination of dorsal identity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.


metanephric juxtaglomerular apparatus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate.


regulation of cell adhesion involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis

The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a blood vessel endothelial cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis.


arginine catabolic process to proline via ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline, via ornithine.


negative regulation of lipid transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.


formaldehyde assimilation

The pathways in which formaldehyde is processed and used as a carbon source for the cell.


negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.


positive regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hypersensitive response in a plant.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).


glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + sn-glycerol 1-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + H+ + NADH.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethylpentanoyl-CoA = 2,4,4-trimethylpent-2-enoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


positive regulation of iron export across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of export of iron ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->4)-alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-6-methylthiohexanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O <=> H+ + 2-(4'-methylthio)butylmalate + coenzyme A.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene + H2O + NADP+ = 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene + H+ + NADPH.


hypoglossal nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the hypoglossal nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.


low voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


regulation of olfactory learning

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of olfactory learning. Olfactory learning is any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.


regulation of ATP:ADP antiporter activity

Any process that modulates the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter.


intranuclear rod assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an intranuclear rod.


latent virus replication

Any process required for latent viral replication in a cell.


diacetylchitobiose deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (GlcNac2) + H2O = acetate + 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcN-GlcNAc).


calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).


neutrophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 15-alpha-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.


2-iminobutanoate deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+).


choriogonadotropin hormone receptor activity

Combining with the choriogonadotropin hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of developmental vegetative growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental vegetative growth.


chemoattraction of branchiomotor axon

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


prostaglandin-D synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin D(2).


negative regulation of heart rate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP-L-fucose = N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->6)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}asparagine + GDP + H+.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host canonical NF-kappaB cascade

A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a canonical  NF-kappaB-mediated signaling cascade in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


response to (R)-carnitine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an (R)-carnitine stimulus.


response to pulsatile fluid shear stress

Any response to fluid shear stress where the fluid is flowing across a solid surface with periodic variations. For example, the endothelium in straight parts of the artery tree is subjected to pulsatile shear stress with a significant forward direction, which is believed to be an important physiological stimulus enhancing vessel compliance and conferring anti-thrombotic, anti-adhesive, and anti-inflammatory effects.


Catalysis of 5-taurinomethyluridine in tRNA + a [protein]-S-sulfanylcysteine + ATP + a reduced electron acceptor = a 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine in tRNA + a [protein]-L-cysteine + AMP + an oxidized electron acceptor + diphosphate + H+.


(S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + H2O + O2 = 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + H2O2.


cell fate determination

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment that occurs after cell fate specification,  in which a cell is irreversibly committed to a cellular developmental fate which is heritable on cell division.


The series of molecular signals initiated by erythropoietin (EPO) binding to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of glial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.


capsanthin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of capsanthin.


high-affinity IgM receptor activity

Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


homomethionine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homomethionine, a non-protein amino acid synthesized from methionine via chain elongation.


The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol + UDP.


ERAD pathway

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


negative regulation of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate.


constitutive protein ectodomain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs constantly, regardless of environmental conditions or demands.


axonemal dynein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.


ureidoglycolate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-ureidoglycolate + H2O + 2 H+ = CO2 + glyoxylate + 2 NH4.


mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


cellular response to cobalamin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalamin (vitamin B12) stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate + O2 = H+ + (Z)-4-(2-hydroxy-5-sulfonatophenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate.


mesonephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.


aspartate ammonia-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.


cerebellar granule cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.


response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


organophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.


1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate.


D-ribose 5-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose 5-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + coniferyl aldehyde = H+ + coniferaldehyde glucoside + UDP.


reproductive blastospore formation

The formation of a spore following the marked enlargement of part of a cell before separation by a septum. Blastospores are a type of asexual spore found in some fungi, most notably the class Glomeromycota.


regulation of bone development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.


L-dopa O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopa + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3-O-methyldopa + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


regulation of NK T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.


regulation of programmed necrotic cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.


colanic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, fucose and glucuronic acid residues.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine + CoA.


neuroinflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


negative regulation of gastric emptying

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of any gastric emptying process, the process in which the liquid and liquid-suspended solid contents of the stomach exit through the pylorus into the duodenum.


Catalysis of the reaction: (3E)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate = 2-carboxybenzaldehyde + pyruvate.


arogenate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arogenate = L-phenylalanine + H2O + CO2.


RNA sequestering activity

Binding to a specific RNA molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals that forms a pathway of communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus and initiates cellular changes in response to changes in mitochondrial function.


primary sex determination, germ-line

The transmission of information about sexual status, from the initial general determination, to signals specific to the germ-line.


DCT cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a distal convoluted tubule cell.


trachea submucosa development

The progression of the trachea submucosa over time from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea submucosa is made up of the glands and elastic tissue that lie under the mucosa in the trachea.


positive regulation of myoblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


heart valve development

The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol + NADP+ = 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H+ + NADPH.


non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

Any non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + scytalone = NADPH + H+ + 1,3,6,8-naphthalenetetrol.


snRNA 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + snRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing a 2'-O-nucleotide.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.


response to kainic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a kainic acid stimulus.


carbohydrate derivative transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.