UMLS:C2959711

The study investigates how addiction medicine physicians in the U.S. made business propositions to hospital administrators to support the development of addiction medicine consult (AMC) services. The study found four key elements in making the business case: describing the prevalence of substance use disorder (SUD) or opioid use disorder (OUD) in the hospital; identifying the financial impacts of not treating SUDs during hospitalization; highlighting the ongoing care quality and treatment gap for hospitalized patients with SUDs; and noting the success of other institutional AMC services. The study also created tools to support AMC service development.


UMLS:C0919035


UMLS:C0038586

has negative financial impacts when untreated during


UMLS:C0019993

The study explores the factors influencing the development and operations of addiction consult services (ACS) in hospitals, given the increasing hospitalizations related to opioid use disorder (OUD). Six themes were identified as promoters or inhibitors of ACS: stigma and discrimination; internal and external stakeholders; addiction-informed institutions; access to community-based treatment programs; restrictive and misinterpreted opioid agonist therapy (OAT) policies; and service financing. The study suggests that understanding these constraints is crucial for improving the care of patients hospitalized with OUD.


UMLS:C3250666


UMLS:C0277787


UMLS:C0019949


UMLS:C3509113

The study investigates the characteristics that contribute to initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieving viral suppression among HIV patients with opioid use disorder in Vietnam. The study found that 67.5% of the participants were prescribed ART at baseline, and 90% of those on ART were virally suppressed. Factors such as years since HIV diagnosis and being married were associated with an increased likelihood of current prescription for ART at baseline. Greater depression symptoms were negatively associated with receipt of ART. Only receipt of ART was associated with viral suppression. Methamphetamine was negatively correlated with ART prescription and viral suppression. The study suggests that social support may be a key to facilitating both of these steps in the HIV care continuum.


UMLS:C2079578


UMLS:C5555324

associated with increased likelihood of prescription


UMLS:C0555047


UMLS:C0086132


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:10836


UMLS:C0043210

The study titled "Reducing overdose after release from incarceration (ROAR)" aims to reduce the risk of fatal and non-fatal opioid overdose among women after their release from prison. The study found that drug overdose is the leading cause of death after release from prison, and the risk is significantly higher among women. The ROAR intervention involves treatment with extended release naltrexone, an injectable opioid antagonist, and training to use naloxone rescue kits. The study evaluates the association between ROAR participation and the primary outcome of opioid overdose.


UMLS:C0302824


UMLS:C3176354


UMLS:C2019004


UMLS:C0679847

The study pooled data from six clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of 12 step mutual help groups for drug use disorder patients. The results showed that the ability of 12 step facilitation to increase mutual help group participation among these patients was minimal. However, those who attended more 12 step mutual help group sessions showed reduced use of and problems with illicit drugs and alcohol. The study suggests that facilitating significant and lasting involvement in 12 step groups may be more challenging for drug use disorder patients than for alcohol use disorder patients.


UMLS:C0679847


UMLS:C0013222


UMLS:C0027361

The study investigates the patterns of prescription opioid use before a heroin overdose. It was found that 45% of individuals who overdosed on heroin had received at least one prescribed opioid in the year before their overdose, compared to 78% of individuals who overdosed on non-heroin opioids. The likelihood of receiving an opioid increased with age. Among those who overdosed on heroin and had an opioid dispensed, the rate of multiple pharmacy use was higher than non-overdose controls. Discontinuation of long-term opioid use was not common before a heroin overdose and was not higher than discontinuation rates among non-overdose controls.


UMLS:C0572070


UMLS:C5541642


UMLS:C0038586

The study explores the perspectives of healthcare providers on the integration of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and HIV care in Vietnam. The study found that treatment for alcohol use disorder is often neglected, structural challenges and workforce limitations hinder integration, societal and healthcare stigmatization of SUD exists, and providers have conflicting views on integration challenges. These findings may be useful for other countries attempting to integrate HIV and SUD services.


UMLS:C0001956


UMLS:C1138603


UMLS:C0038586


UMLS:C0699778

The study conducted a retrospective analysis of hospitalizations in Oregon from 2008 to 2018, focusing on patients with a diagnosis code for substance use and a serious bacterial infection. The findings showed a significant increase in hospitalizations due to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, from 980 to 6,265 per year. The number of unique patients with such infections also increased from 839 to 5,055. Bacteremia/sepsis hospitalizations rose most rapidly, with an 18-fold increase. Opioid use diagnoses accounted for the largest percentage of these hospitalizations, but hospitalizations for amphetamine-type stimulant-related serious bacterial infections rose most rapidly with a 15-fold increase. The total cost of these hospitalizations increased from $16,305,129 in 2008 to $150,879,237 in 2018.


UMLS:C0019993


UMLS:C0678251


UMLS:C0678156


UMLS:C0038586

Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

The study investigates the trust levels in physicians among hospitalized patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) who were seen by an interprofessional addiction medicine service. The study found that most participants retained or increased their trust levels after hospitalization with an addiction consult service. The study identified three groups of patients: Persistent-Low Trust, Increasing Trust, and Persistent-High Trust. Four qualitative themes around in-hospital trust were identified: humanizing care, demonstrating addiction expertise, reliability, and granting agency.


UMLS:C1144856

Interprofessional addiction medicine service


UMLS:C0730421

Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)


MESH:D000086402

Hospitalized patients with substance use disorder

The study investigates the impact of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic on hospitalized patients with substance use disorder (SUD). The research, conducted in Portland, Oregon, identified four main themes: the pandemic threatened patients' basic survival adaptations due to the closure of community resources; changes in outpatient care increased reliance on hospitals; hospital policy changes made hospital stays more difficult; and transitions out of the hospital were uncertain. The study concludes that adults with SUD were further marginalized during the pandemic and calls for systems to address the needs of such patients in future disruptive events.


NCIT:C171519


UMLS:C0419870


UMLS:C0023257


UMLS:C0850891

The study examined the effects of rapid dose reduction after high-dose chronic opioid therapy (COT) on patient outcomes, specifically suicide, overdose, and other opioid-related adverse events. The study found that abrupt discontinuation or dose reduction of opioids significantly increased the risk of suicide but reduced the risk of overdose compared to those with a stable or increasing dose. Patients who abruptly discontinued were more likely to overdose on heroin than prescription opioids.


UMLS:C0850891


UMLS:C4288399


UMLS:C0030705

The study investigates the initiation of low-dose buprenorphine in hospitalized adults with opioid use disorder (OUD). The retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on 68 individuals who underwent 72 low-dose buprenorphine initiations between July 2019 and July 2020. The reasons for choosing low-dose over standard buprenorphine initiation included co-occurring pain, patient anxiety about withdrawal, history of precipitated withdrawal, opioid withdrawal intolerance, and other unspecified reasons. Of the 72 initiations, 69.4% were completed in the hospital, 12.5% transitioned to complete as an outpatient, and 18.1% were terminated early. The study concludes that low-dose buprenorphine initiation is a well-tolerated and versatile approach for hospitalized patients with OUD.


UMLS:C5229070


UMLS:C5229069

The paper reviews the effectiveness of interim methadone services in opioid treatment programs (OTPs). Interim methadone services provide up to 120 days of methadone dosing without counseling. The study found that interim methadone reduces heroin use and increases the likelihood of patients entering OTPs. The retention rates in interim methadone were similar to patients in active treatment. The study also examined alternative strategies to facilitate access to methadone, which were found to be effective without the restrictions of interim methadone. More research is needed on these alternative approaches.


UMLS:C5229069


UMLS:C0949216


UMLS:C0679646

Treatment for alcohol and opioid use disorders

The study examines the social-structural circumstances that shape the participation of individuals with substance use disorders in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The research was conducted through qualitative interviews with 22 participants involved in an RCT testing a treatment for alcohol and opioid use disorders in HIV clinics. The findings reveal that participation in the trial often serves as a turning point for these individuals, leading them to restructure their social networks, spatial environments, and daily routines. These findings have implications for how researchers should approach substance use disorder RCTs.


UMLS:C3836545

Social networks, spatial environments, daily routines


UMLS:C3881212

The paper discusses the history and potential future of mobile methadone medication units, or methadone vans, which were first approved by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 1988. The DEA stopped approving these units in 2007 due to safety and diversion concerns, but proposed a rule in 2020 to allow them again. The Biden Administration plans to finalize this rule in 2021. The paper's scoping review found limited evidence on the effectiveness of these units, but the evidence that does exist suggests that they can increase access to methadone for underserved populations and improve retention in care. The paper suggests that the proposed rule change could provide an opportunity to further study these units.


UMLS:C3881212


UMLS:C3693657

The study explores the concept of 'therapeutic optimism' in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) for substance use disorders. Therapeutic optimism refers to a participant's belief that they will benefit from the study treatment, which can interfere with their experience in the RCT. The study found that participants who were intrinsically motivated (motivated by health-related reasons) held higher expectations for the trial and attributed more agency to the study medication. They also anticipated significant changes in their lives from the study/medication. Some participants even predicted that the treatment would solve substance-related issues in their communities.


UMLS:C0679646


UMLS:C0392350


UMLS:C0205392

Substance-related issues in their communities


UMLS:C1828298

The study explores the relationship between substance use disorder (SUD) and hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) among hospitalized adults. The findings suggest that many patients believe that addiction treatment should precede HCV treatment for various reasons, including avoiding reinfection and gaining mental clarity to address health issues. Patients newly engaged in SUD treatment viewed HCV treatment as a step towards recovery and a motivation to continue SUD treatment. The study also found that patients believed that curing HCV could facilitate sobriety and was a future-oriented action towards better health. The study highlights the compounded stigma of having HCV infection and SUD from multiple groups, including friends/family who do not use drugs, other drug users, and healthcare workers.


UMLS:C0030705


UMLS:C0019993

The study explores how hospitalization can alter the prioritization and treatment trajectories of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in people who use drugs (PWUD). The study involved semi-structured interviews of 27 hospitalized adults with addiction and HCV infection. The findings revealed three main themes around hospitalization altering the prioritizations and HCV treatment preferences for PWUD: (1) HCV treatment non-engaged (2) HCV treatment urgency, and (3) HCV treatment in the future. The study suggests that hospitalization can serve as an HCV touchpoint for PWUD, especially in the context of addressing substance use.


UMLS:C0019993


UMLS:C1828298

Addiction medicine consult service (AMCS)


UMLS:C1828298


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:644073

The paper reviews the effectiveness and accessibility of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among adolescents and young adults. The findings suggest that buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone reduce opioid use, but a return to use was observed when the treatment stopped. The review also found that adolescents and young adults had lower retention in care compared to older adults and were less likely to receive MOUD. Non-Hispanic Black adolescents and young adults were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to receive MOUD. The paper concludes that MOUD therapies should be developed and tested for adolescents and young adults, and randomized clinical trials are necessary to develop appropriate clinical guidelines.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:5360515


UMLS:C0597696

Non-Hispanic Black adolescents and young adults


UMLS:C0205653


UMLS:C3250663

The paper reviews studies on the outcomes of treating opioid use disorder with methadone in office-based settings. The review found that patients treated with office-based methadone valued the care they received and remained in care with low rates of drug use. The outcomes were similar to those of patients in regular care. Office-based methadone treatment was associated with higher treatment satisfaction and quality of life. The paper suggests that office-based methadone treatment and pharmacy dispensing could enhance access to methadone treatment without adversely affecting patient outcomes.


UMLS:C3250663


UMLS:C1145340


UMLS:C0038586

The study investigates the causes of death in the year following hospital discharge among patients with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). The study found that patients with OUD are at a high risk of death, both from drug-related and non-drug related causes, in the year after discharge. Drug-related death was the most frequent cause of mortality. The study suggests that future research should consider a more comprehensive definition of drug-related death in understanding post-discharge mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD.


UMLS:C4018916


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:643985

The paper reviews the use of telemedicine in opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment programs, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study found that telemedicine could be as effective as face-to-face treatment for patients using methadone and buprenorphine, two medications for OUD. However, the evidence is limited and further research is needed, especially considering the racial/ethnic disparities in treatment and the changes in policy due to the pandemic.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:644073


UMLS:C0178822


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:53323294

The CHOICES study was a trial comparing the effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus usual treatment in people with untreated opioid use disorder and HIV. The study found that the recruitment approach in Miami, which included street level outreach and a close relationship with the local syringe services program (SSP), was successful. The partnership with the local SSP provided access to people living with HIV who inject drugs. The trust that SSPs have within the community of people who inject drugs can be used in studies aiming to improve health outcomes in this population.


UMLS:C1551421


UMLS:C1144854

Trust within the community of people who inject drugs


UMLS:C2698041

The study surveyed opioid treatment program (OTP) leaders in the United States to understand their response to the COVID-19-related policy changes that allowed for increased use of take-home methadone doses. The results showed that not all eligible OTP leaders adopted the practice of routinely allowing newly enrolled, "less stable," and "stable" patients on methadone to have increased take-home doses up to the limit allowed by federal regulations during COVID-19. The study suggests that the pandemic provides an opportunity to critically re-evaluate long-established methadone and OTP regulations in preparation for future emergencies.


UMLS:C0421397


UMLS:C0443343


UMLS:C0205360


UMLS:C3250666

The study investigates the impact of illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) contamination on drug-related deaths among patients hospitalized with opioid use disorder (OUD), and the potential role of Addiction Consult Services (ACS) in mitigating these effects. The study found that in a simulated cohort of 10,000 patients, 537 would die from drug-related causes within 12 months of hospital discharge. This estimate increased to 913 with increased IMF in the drug supply. However, increasing ACS referrals could reduce drug-related deaths. The study suggests that hospitals should expand interventions to reduce IMF-related opioid overdoses, including through the implementation of ACS.


UMLS:C0019994


UMLS:C0030705

The study explores the perspectives of patients in rural opioid treatment programs (OTPs) on the changes in take-home methadone policy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy changes were aimed at improving treatment access and reducing COVID-19 transmission risk. The study found that patients quickly adapted to the changes and recognized significant benefits, including feeling more normal, improved recovery support, reduced travel time, and more time for family and work. The participants also suggested that some of the COVID-19-related safety protocols should continue post-pandemic.


UMLS:C0030705


UMLS:C3179030

The study investigates the potential benefits of expanding Addiction consult services (ACS) through Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) for hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in Oregon. The study found that referral to an ACS could increase post-discharge OUD treatment engagement to 47.0%. However, it also highlighted that community treatment systems must be prepared to accept more patients as inpatient addiction care improves.


UMLS:C3250666


UMLS:C0150444

must be prepared to accept more patients as


UMLS:C0035173

The study aimed to create a taxonomy of hospital-based addiction care models by reviewing literature and conducting interviews with key informants. Six distinct models were identified: interprofessional addiction consult services, psychiatry consult liaison services, individual consultant models, hospital-based opioid treatment, hospital-based alcohol treatment, and community-based in-reach. These models vary in their target patient population, staffing, and core clinical and systems change activities. The taxonomy can help clinicians, administrators, researchers, and policy-makers to describe, compare, and select models for implementing hospital-based addiction care and measure outcomes.


UMLS:C3250666

Interprofessional addiction consult services


UMLS:C5541642


UMLS:C0920392


UMLS:C0814369


UMLS:C0221786

The study investigates the disparities in the delivery of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) during hospitalization among different racial categories. The study found that White patients were more likely to receive buprenorphine than methadone compared to Black patients. This disparity was observed in patients who were on MOUD prior to hospitalization. However, no differences were observed among patients who were newly initiated on MOUD during hospitalization. The study suggests that these disparities may be influenced by the type of MOUD received prior to hospitalization within the racialized outpatient addiction treatment system.


UMLS:C5574920


UMLS:C3693820

Patients on MOUD prior to hospitalization


UMLS:C5430056

Patients newly initiated on MOUD during hospitalization


UMLS:C0019676

The Society of Hospital Medicine has developed a Consensus Statement on the management of opioid use disorder (OUD) and associated conditions among hospitalized adults. The statement, which is intended for clinicians practicing medicine in the inpatient setting, consists of 18 recommendations covering the identification and treatment of OUD and opioid withdrawal, perioperative and acute pain management in patients with OUD, and methods to optimize care transitions at hospital discharge for patients with OUD. The recommendations were mostly derived from guidelines based on observational studies and expert consensus.


UMLS:C0282437


UMLS:C0034866


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:644073

The paper reviews existing guidelines for the treatment and management of opioid use disorder (OUD), opioid withdrawal, and opioid overdose prevention in hospitalized adults. The study found that most recommendations were based on observational studies or expert consensus. The guidelines suggest the use of non-stigmatizing language, assessment of patients for OUD, use of methadone or buprenorphine for treatment, multimodal nonopioid therapy for acute pain management, referral to psychosocial treatment, and access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal. The study calls for further research on the use of buprenorphine and methadone, especially among people using fentanyl and those with pain during hospitalization.


UMLS:C0035168


UMLS:C4324621

The study compared the outcomes of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment in residential and outpatient settings. It found that the risk of opioid overdose or opioid-related emergency department encounters or hospital admissions did not differ between the two settings. However, the use of medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD) was associated with a significant reduction in overdose risk, regardless of the treatment setting. Residential treatment was associated with better retention at 6 months, but not at 1 year, and this benefit was only observed in individuals not receiving MOUD.


UMLS:C4324621


UMLS:C0579142

Medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD)


UMLS:C0035280


UMLS:C0027361

The paper discusses the challenges faced by individuals seeking treatment for opioid addiction, highlighting that the current healthcare system and policies in the USA create significant barriers to access. The authors propose the use of Minimally Disruptive Medicine (MDM), a framework that aims to achieve patient goals with minimal disruption to their lives. They suggest that current practices and policies exacerbate the burden of treatment and illness, and offer recommendations for changes that could improve healthcare delivery, address disparities, and save lives.


UMLS:C1960643


UMLS:C0556027

Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD)


UMLS:C1513305


UMLS:C0032895


UMLS:C0242440


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:10836

The paper reviews the increasing mortality rates due to the use of stimulants like methamphetamine and cocaine. It discusses the epidemiology, pharmacology, neurobiology, medical and psychiatric consequences, withdrawal management, and medical and behavioral treatments related to stimulant use.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:446220


UMLS:C5234947


UMLS:C0150361


UMLS:C2065025


UMLS:C1161136

The study discusses the implementation of a statewide DEA X-waiver training initiative in Texas to expand office-based opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. The initiative aimed to facilitate access to buprenorphine waiver trainings and support the completion of DEA X-waiver requirements. The study used a transdisciplinary and theory-driven approach to adapt and scale up an existing initiative. The team identified high-need areas and regions with high opioid-overdose mortality and low access to a buprenorphine provider. In six months, 451 waiver eligible providers were trained, 133 of whom received waivers. The initiative increased the number of waiver trainers in Texas from eight to thirteen. However, barriers to treating OUD with buprenorphine remain, including lack of education and experience in treating substance use disorders.


UMLS:C1161136


UMLS:C0038586


UMLS:C1314625

The study surveyed Texas clinicians who attended a buprenorphine X-waiver training course to understand the barriers and facilitators to prescribing buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (OUD). The results showed that 48.4% of the respondents had received an X-waiver, but only 36% of these were prescribing buprenorphine. The main barriers identified were the complexity of the X-waiver process, lack of professional support, and difficulties in getting started and accessing reimbursement for treatment. The study suggests that to increase access to buprenorphine treatment for OUD, clinicians need ongoing support and mentorship from experienced clinicians.


UMLS:C0871685


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:5359272

The study investigates the pharmacological properties of Levorphanol, an analgesic used for acute, cancer, and neuropathic pain. The research reveals that Levorphanol has a high affinity for μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors and is a full agonist at most µ receptor subtypes, except MOR-1O. It shows a preference for G-protein transduction mechanisms and less activity in β-arrestin2 recruitment assays. The analgesic effect of Levorphanol is primarily mediated through classical µ receptors, with a contribution from 6 transmembrane targets. Compared to morphine, Levorphanol causes less respiratory depression at equivalent doses and may prove valuable in opioid rotation due to its incomplete cross tolerance with morphine.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:5359272

shows preference for transduction mechanisms


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:5359272


UMLS:C0027361

The study surveyed 506 adults to understand their beliefs on drug legalization/decriminalization. It was found that individuals who misuse marijuana strongly support its legalization for both medical and recreational use. However, individuals who misuse opioids or stimulants showed less strong beliefs about the legalization of these substances.


UMLS:C0939898


UMLS:C0242402


UMLS:C0242402

The paper reviews evidence from preclinical and human studies on the role of non-opioid neurotransmitter systems in opioid withdrawal syndrome. The study suggests that drugs acting on dopamine, serotonin, cannabinoid, orexin/hypocretin, and glutamate systems can contribute to the severity of opioid withdrawal. The FDA has approved medications acting on these systems for other indications, and research in this area could support the repurposing of these medications to enhance opioid withdrawal treatment.


UMLS:C3853055


CHEBI:48560

Drugs acting on dopamine, serotonin, cannabinoid, orexin/hypocretin, and glutamate systems


UMLS:C0919189


UMLS:C0679646

The study investigates individual differences in opioid abuse potential. It was conducted on 16 opioid-experienced but non-dependent participants, who were administered varying doses of heroin and hydromorphone. The responses were measured through self-reported visual analog scale ratings, pupil diameter change, and a Drug vs. Money questionnaire. The results showed that 85.5% of the explainable variance was due to between-subject effects, indicating that the abuse potential of opioids varies significantly between individuals, but the experience within an individual is highly consistent. The study suggests further research to understand the mechanisms underlying these differences, which could help identify individuals at a higher risk of transitioning from opioid exposure to misuse or opioid use disorder.


UMLS:C0679646


UMLS:C4324621

The study investigates the use of opioid agonist treatments, specifically methadone and buprenorphine, in detoxification and outpatient settings for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) treatment. Data from 2006 to 2015 shows that while the use of these treatments in outpatient settings increased by 60% from 2012 to 2015, their use in detoxification settings decreased by 26% from 2009 to 2015. Certain demographics, including those under 25, homeless, with psychiatric problems, using Medicare or Medicaid, uninsured, and with no prior OUD treatment, were least likely to receive an agonist during detoxification. The study suggests that improving detoxification outcomes could significantly expand efficacious OUD treatment access in the US.


UMLS:C0150543


UMLS:C1299353


UMLS:C4067546

Persons under 25, homeless, with psychiatric problems, using Medicare or Medicaid, uninsured, and with no prior OUD treatment

least likely to receive during detoxification


UMLS:C0443981

The study identified a neural marker for migraine without aura (MwoA) using fMRI data and machine learning analyses. This marker, characterized by abnormal functional connectivity within the visual, default mode, sensorimotor, and frontal-parietal networks, could distinguish migraineurs from healthy controls and patients with other chronic pain disorders with high sensitivity and specificity. The marker's changes also correlated with changes in headache frequency in response to real acupuncture treatment.


UMLS:C0443981


UMLS:C2483443


UMLS:C1551314

Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs)

The study investigates the availability and use of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) in residential treatment facilities in the United States. The data shows that MOUDs were used in only 17.7% of admissions in states that expanded Medicaid and 1.9% in states that did not. A low percentage of the facilities offered extended-release naltrexone, buprenorphine, or methadone. Facilities that did not offer any MOUDs were less likely to offer psychiatric medications, be licensed by a state or hospital authority, or be accredited by a health organization. They were more likely to accept cash-only payments. The study concludes that MOUD availability and use were sparse and suggests that public health and policy efforts could improve access to and use of MOUDs in these facilities.


UMLS:C3250665

Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs)


UMLS:C1551314


UMLS:C0025071


UMLS:C0911771

The paper discusses the role of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in nicotine addiction, pathological pain, and cognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The study suggests that allosteric modulators of the α4β2 nAChR provide more pharmacological selectivity and minimize off-target effects compared to traditional α4β2 nAChR orthosteric ligands. The paper also discusses the development and preclinical in vivo behavioral assessment of these allosteric modulators as potential therapeutics for smoking cessation, pathological pain, and cognitive disorders.


UMLS:C0243071


NCBIGene:4280

The study investigates the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in chronic pain using a mouse model. The chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain was used, and alterations in miRNAs in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve were observed. The study found that 11 and 125 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve, respectively, in the CCI mice compared to controls. The study suggests that miRNAs could be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain.


UMLS:C0197526


NCBIGene:102466721


UMLS:C1101610


UMLS:C2188846

The paper discusses a method for inducing individuals who use illicit fentanyl onto buprenorphine/naloxone. The study found that using multiple 2mg doses of buprenorphine/naloxone in patients already in mild/moderate withdrawal improved outcomes. The revised induction strategy was found to be less likely to cause precipitated withdrawal in individuals who use illicit fentanyl.


UMLS:C5230800


UMLS:C3839045


UMLS:C0421466

Summary not provided or could not be parsed.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:3345


UMLS:C0029104

The study analyzed the differences in patient-reported and observer-rated opioid withdrawal symptoms. The data was collected from a randomized controlled residential trial for opioid withdrawal management. The results showed that patients reported symptoms earlier and more frequently than observers. The patient-reported scale (SOWS) was also more closely associated with the completion of the tapering process than the observer-rated scale (COWS). This suggests that the patient-reported scale may be more effective in detecting and managing opioid withdrawal symptoms.


UMLS:C0030705

Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS)


UMLS:C1283113

Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS)


UMLS:C0421466

The study investigates the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of anhedonia and demoralization in individuals undergoing methadone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). The study found that individuals who reported significant anhedonia showed decreased neural activity in the right prefrontal cortex in response to natural reward cues. The study suggests that anhedonia and demoralization should be considered in the treatment outcomes for OUD.


UMLS:C0421466


HP:0012154


UMLS:C2728554


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:643985


UMLS:C0043210

The paper discusses the unique challenges faced by women with opioid use disorder (OUD) when they enter treatment. Factors such as hormonal responses to opioids, mental health conditions like depression, experiences of trauma, and societal stigma, especially for mothers, all contribute to a different treatment experience for women compared to men. The paper suggests that future research and treatment programs should consider these sex and gender-based issues to improve outcomes for women with OUD.


UMLS:C0043210


UMLS:C5439524

The study found that the COVID-19 crisis has caused significant disruptions in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, with many patients reporting increased stress, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. The study also found that patients who reported using drugs or alcohol during the crisis had difficulty obtaining medications for their SUD, experienced greater stress related to treatment and childcare, and had higher scores on stress, anxiety, and insomnia scales. The study suggests that healthcare providers and public health officials should work to improve the continuity and quality of care during the crisis, particularly by addressing childcare difficulties and providing remote methods to improve stress, anxiety, and sleep.


UMLS:C0030705


UMLS:C0401875

Healthcare providers and public health officials


UMLS:C0242402

The paper discusses the development of opioids with reduced side effects through various approaches such as biased opioid agonism, multifunctional opioids, and allosteric modulation of opioid receptors. It also mentions the targeting of receptor targets and enzymes to develop novel analgesics. The review also elaborates on strategies to reduce side effects, increase potency, and efficacy of opioids.


UMLS:C5445174


UMLS:C2936792


UMLS:C0679199


UMLS:C3879089

The study uses whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in rats to assess the respiratory depressant effects of opioids, specifically fentanyl. The researchers found that hypercapnic conditions (increased CO2) increased the sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl, compared to normocapnic conditions. This approach provides a sensitive method for assessing opioid-induced respiratory depression in a pre-clinical setting.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:3345


HP:0012416


UMLS:C0556616

The study investigates the decision-making processes related to heroin and synthetic opioid use, particularly in relation to the risk of fatal overdose and sample impurity. The study found that the likelihood of heroin use decreased with increased impurity or overdose risk. The study also found that less discounting was associated with more severe opioid dependence. The study suggests that individuals might adjust their heroin-use behavior to reduce harm with risk-related information and that expanded access to drug checking services, which inform impurity and overdose risk, can reduce fatal overdoses.


UMLS:C3850035


UMLS:C0027361


UMLS:C0373483


UMLS:C3180779

The study investigated the effects of the buprenorphine analogue BU08028 on heroin relapse and choice in rats. It was found that chronic delivery of BU08028 decreased the incubation of heroin seeking but unexpectedly increased re-acquisition of heroin self-administration in female rats. The drug had minimal effects on context-induced reinstatement and heroin versus food choice in both sexes. The results suggest that BU08028 may not be an effective opioid maintenance treatment in humans.


UMLS:C3180779


UMLS:C5392920

The study found that the use or misuse of opioids in the past year is associated with the use of sedative-hypnotic medication. Data from the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health for 2015-2018 showed that among those who used a prescription opioid, 1.9% received a sedative benzodiazepine and 9% received a Z-drug. The use of an opioid was associated with greater odds of sedative benzodiazepine use and Z-drug use, and stronger associations were noted for misuse of an opioid. Machine learning models accurately classified sedative-hypnotic medication use for over 70% of respondents based on opioid use/misuse.


UMLS:C0242402


UMLS:C0026339


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:644073

The study investigates the incidence of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal in individuals who use fentanyl. Data was collected from 1679 individuals seeking treatment for opioid use disorder across 49 addiction treatment centers in the United States. The study found that the odds of developing severe withdrawal symptoms significantly increased when taking buprenorphine within 24 hours after fentanyl use. However, this relationship was not observed in persons taking methadone after fentanyl use, suggesting that this effect is specific to buprenorphine.


UMLS:C0030705


UMLS:C2188846

Pharmacokinetics of non-medical fentanyl use


UMLS:C0027361

The study investigates the course of anxiety and depressive symptoms in early opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. The research identified three trajectories for both anxiety and depressive symptoms among individuals in treatment for nonmedical opioid use. These trajectories include persistent moderate-to-severe symptoms, remitting severe symptoms, and persistent minimal-to-mild symptoms. The study found that persistent moderate-to-severe anxiety and depressive symptoms were more likely in females and those with heavy past-month benzodiazepine co-use. The findings suggest that interventions targeting these high-risk individuals may improve mental health symptoms in early OUD treatment.


UMLS:C4064356

Persistent moderate-to-severe anxiety and depressive symptoms

Female gender and heavy past-month benzodiazepine co-use


UMLS:C0808232

Mental health symptoms in early OUD treatment


NCBIGene:135

The study investigates the conformational dynamics of the human A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR), a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), at the single-molecule level. The research found slow, reversible conformational exchange among three different fluorescence emission states for agonist-bound A2AAR. The transitions among these states occurred in a specific order, and exchange between inactive and active-like conformations proceeded through an intermediate state. The study suggests that the functionally critical intermediate state required to achieve activation is not currently visualized among available A2AAR structures.


CHEBI:65057


UMLS:C3244312


UMLS:C0886479

The paper traces the evolution of drug delivery systems from 1950 to 2020, highlighting key developments such as the Spansule® sustained-release capsule technology, long-acting injectables and implantables, PEGylation, drug-polymer complexes, and nanomedicine. The paper also discusses the role of these technologies in the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. The authors emphasize the need for continued innovation in drug delivery technologies to meet the growing needs of an aging population and to overcome challenges such as improving the water-solubility of poorly soluble drugs and developing more efficient long-acting depot formulations.


UMLS:C5205585


UMLS:C1713964

water-solubility of poorly soluble drugs


PR:000001612

The study explores the pharmacological functions of different splice variants of the mu opioid receptor gene, OPRM1. The gene undergoes extensive alternative pre-mRNA splicing to generate numerous splice variants that are conserved from rodents to humans. These variants can be classified into three structurally distinct types. The distinct pharmacological functions of these splice variants have been demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies, particularly by using several unique gene-targeted mouse models.


NCBIGene:4988


UMLS:C1720834


UMLS:C0358588

The paper discusses the interactions between opioids and stimulants, focusing on their abuse-related effects. The research indicates a high prevalence of co-use of these substances, which enhances their abuse-related effects. This could lead to increased drug-seeking behavior, greater persistence, effort, and motivation, and a higher likelihood of relapse. The study also sets the stage for evaluating potential treatments for polysubstance use.


UMLS:C0242402


UMLS:C0683444


UMLS:C0041714

The study investigates patient perceptions of higher-dose naloxone nasal spray for opioid overdose treatment. The FDA recently approved these higher-dose formulations, developed in response to the increasing prevalence of high-potency fentanyl analogues. However, concerns have been raised about potential reductions in patient acceptance due to the risk of precipitated withdrawal associated with higher naloxone doses. The study found that most patients either had no preference (48.4%) or preferred a higher-dose formulation (35.9%) if personally experiencing an overdose. Similar preferences were observed for administration to others and by community responders. The data suggests limited evidence for widespread avoidance of higher-dose formulations.


UMLS:C0030705

Higher-dose naloxone nasal spray formulations


UMLS:C0282122


UMLS:C0205393

preferred if personally experiencing an overdose


UMLS:C4520552

Respondents preferring higher-dose formulations


UMLS:C1456624

The study analyzed the brain structure of 89 adults with Methamphetamine Use Disorder who were in early abstinence and 89 healthy controls. The results showed that participants in early methamphetamine abstinence had thinner cortex in clusters within bilateral frontal, parietal, temporal, insular, and right cingulate cortices relative to controls. Depressive symptoms were positively correlated with cortical thickness across clusters and with thickness in the anterior cingulate cluster in the methamphetamine-dependent group. This suggests that cingulate structure may identify patients with Methamphetamine Use Disorder who can benefit from antidepressant medication.


UMLS:C0086133


UBERON:0009835


UMLS:C0242402

The study examined the impact of chronic pain and gender on opioid withdrawal severity in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). Data was collected from 1252 individuals entering residential addiction treatment facilities. The study found that withdrawal was higher in older individuals, those with greater substance use disorder severity, women, those with chronic pain, and those who used more than one substance. Craving was higher in individuals with greater substance use disorder severity and women. Over time, withdrawal remained higher in women and those with chronic pain, but decreased at a similar rate. The study suggests that women and individuals with chronic pain may require more intensive strategies to mitigate opioid withdrawal in early treatment.


MONDO:0024317


UMLS:C0043210


UMLS:C2945626

The paper discusses the challenges of delivering therapeutic peptides to the brain due to their low metabolic stability, poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier, and incompatibility with oral administration. It suggests an alternative method of nose-to-brain (N-to-B) delivery, which allows protein and peptide drugs to reach the brain noninvasively. This method can rapidly target the Central Nervous System (CNS), bypass the blood-brain barrier, and minimize systemic exposure. The paper also reviews various clinical applications, nasal delivery devices, and the scope and limitations of this approach.


UMLS:C0396627


UMLS:C0181340


MONDO:0024317

The study investigates the relationship between musculoskeletal pain, sleep duration, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels using data from the UK Biobank. The findings suggest that chronic pain is associated with higher CRP levels and lower sleep scores compared to acute pain and pain-free controls. Acute pain is also associated with lower sleep scores compared to controls. There is a significant negative association between sleep score and CRP levels. CRP may partially mediate the association between chronic pain and decreased sleep score, but the effect size is small and the pathophysiological significance remains uncertain. These findings were partly replicated in a smaller sample size during the second visit assessment of the UK Biobank.


UMLS:C1290137


UMLS:C5419963


UMLS:C1447136

Association between chronic pain and decreased sleep score


UMLS:C3650363

The study investigates the relationship between insomnia and the severity of alcohol use in individuals seeking treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUD). The study found that about 45% of the participants reported moderate to severe insomnia. The association between insomnia and the severity of alcohol use was found to be mediated by psychiatric symptoms, but not by psychosocial problems or current alcohol use. The study suggests that clinicians should screen for underlying psychiatric disorders in patients with AUD who are complaining of insomnia.


MONDO:0013600


UMLS:C0001948


UMLS:C0871685


UMLS:C4746449

The study investigates the experiences of patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) who transitioned from in-person to telephone counseling due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of patients reported a positive experience with telephone counseling, citing increased support, comfort, privacy, and access to counselors, as well as resolved transportation issues. However, some patients reported a negative experience, describing it as impersonal and reducing privacy.


UMLS:C0589244


UMLS:C1561602

The study investigates the use of telemedicine for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) treatment from the perspective of counselors. The research, which involved 42 counselors, used a mixed-methods approach to assess their experiences with telephone counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that most counselors had positive experiences with telephone counseling, citing convenience, greater access to clients, and flexibility as benefits. However, some found it impersonal and noted that some clients may struggle to access the necessary technology for telehealth.


UMLS:C1561602


UMLS:C0008942


UMLS:C0030705

Medication for Opioid Use Disorders (MOUD) treatment

Summary not provided or could not be parsed.


UMLS:C5541642

Medication for Opioid Use Disorders (MOUD) treatment


UMLS:C0679646


UMLS:C4045969


UMLS:C0408836

The study found that thoracic spinal manipulation can increase muscle activity and reduce pain in individuals with shoulder pain related to subacromial pain syndrome. A significant increase in muscle activity was observed during arm ascent. Specifically, an increase in the serratus anterior muscle activity, a key muscle for scapular motion, was associated with short-term improvements in shoulder clinical outcomes.


UMLS:C0408836


UMLS:C0224349


UMLS:C5554796

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI)

The study investigates the stability of peak alpha frequency (PAF) in relation to pain and its neural correlates. The researchers collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data and electroencephalographic (EEG) data from 47 healthy men. They found that PAF is a stable marker in pain research and reflects individual differences in thalamic and salience network function. The study also found that PAF was primarily impacted by calculation method and region-of-interest (ROI).


UMLS:C2960026


NCIT:C120143

The study found that men with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) have an impaired ability to relax their pelvic floor muscles, particularly those who experience ejaculation-related pain. This was determined by comparing resting pelvic floor muscle activity under two conditions: a "rest-only" condition and a "rest-between-contraction" condition. Men with CP/CPPS had higher resting activity in the rest-between-contraction condition than in the rest-only condition, whereas men without a history of pelvic pain had similar resting activities in both conditions. This suggests that more personalized physical therapist approaches that enhance the ability to relax pelvic floor muscles could be beneficial for pain reduction in CP/CPPS patients.


UMLS:C3264025


UMLS:C5234956


UMLS:C0579142

associated with significant economic costs for

The paper reviews simulation-based economic evaluations (SBEE) in opioid research, focusing on the economic costs of opioid overdose and opioid use disorder (OUD). The review found 23 SBEE studies from 1999 to 2019, with a moderately high methodological quality. The most evaluated strategies were methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatments and naloxone distribution, which were found to be cost-effective. However, prevention strategies and studies considering patient and physician preference, changing costs, or result stratification were largely ignored.


UMLS:C4279973

Simulation-based economic evaluation (SBEE)


UMLS:C5230800

Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatments


UMLS:C0334895

The paper reviews 166 online-accessible opioid-related campaigns to understand the current state of the science and practice of campaigns to address the opioid crisis. The findings suggest that health promotion practitioners can have a greater impact on reducing overdose deaths if they move beyond awareness-raising messaging about opioid misuse and place a greater emphasis on driving demand for evidence-based treatments such as medications for opioid use disorder and on reducing stigma related to treatment and recovery.


UMLS:C0334895

place a greater emphasis on driving demand for


UMLS:C0334895


UMLS:C0556025

The study explores the perspectives of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Vancouver, Canada, particularly in the context of the current overdose crisis. The study found that PWID often face moral dilemmas when assisting others with their first injection. Despite a 'moral code' against such assistance, the need to protect novice injectors from the dangers of an increasingly potent and unpredictable drug supply often overrides this code. The study suggests that structural interventions, such as supervised injection sites, Good Samaritan laws, and policy changes for a safer drug supply, should be prioritized to reduce the vulnerability of novice injectors.


UMLS:C0556025


UMLS:C4018909


UMLS:C2142958


UMLS:C3872817

The paper emphasizes the importance of language in the context of addiction and its treatment. It suggests that stigmatizing language can worsen addiction-related stigma and outcomes. The paper advocates for the use of non-stigmatizing, non-judgmental, medically-based terminology and the adoption of person-first language to improve communication and patient engagement with addiction care. It also suggests that such linguistic changes can promote therapeutic relationships, reduce stigma, and health disparities in addiction care.


UMLS:C1551969

Non-stigmatizing, non-judgmental, medically-based terminology and person-first language

Communication and patient engagement with addiction care


MONDO:0004750

Therapeutic relationships, stigma, and health disparities in addiction care


UMLS:C0086287

The study found that there are sex-based differences in psychiatric symptoms among adolescents with opioid use disorders (OUD) undergoing buprenorphine/naloxone (Bup/Nal) treatment. Females had higher psychiatric symptom scores at the start of the treatment, but these scores reduced significantly during the treatment. By the end of the treatment, females only differed from males in anxious-depressive symptom scores. Females and youth with higher anxious depression scores were less likely to test positive for opioid use at the end of the treatment.


UMLS:C0086287


UMLS:C0683412

Females and youth with higher anxious depression scores


UMLS:C0205653


UMLS:C4536274

Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) related publications

The study aimed to determine the use of person-centered language (PCL) in opioid use disorder (OUD) related publications, as per the American Medical Association's guidelines. The study found that 80% of the publications did not adhere to these guidelines, with 48% using emotional language and 73% using stigmatizing terminology. The study also found a significant correlation between the senior author's affiliation and adherence to reporting guidelines. The study suggests that using PCL-adherent language can help combat the stigma that individuals with OUD may experience.


UMLS:C4536274


UMLS:C1705825


UMLS:C1549859


MONDO:0024317

The study investigates the relationship between chronic pain, pain catastrophizing, and mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, and ADHD. The researchers identified four distinct groups among the participants based on their pain and mental health symptoms. The group with high pain catastrophizing and high mental health symptoms had the worst pain intensity, disability, insomnia, and quality of life. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain and mental health symptoms.


MONDO:0024317


UMLS:C0030705


UMLS:C4274410


UMLS:C0204976

The study investigated the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on opioid prescribing in outpatient settings. It was hypothesized that there would be a reduction in chronic and non-chronic opioid prescriptions due to restrictions on in-person care. The study found that during the week restrictions were implemented, there was an increase in chronic opioid prescriptions. However, the weekly trend in prescribing did not change during the restriction or reopening periods. For non-chronic opioid prescriptions, the weekly trend decreased during the restriction period and increased during the reopening period. This suggests that despite restrictions, providers adapted to meet the needs of patients requiring chronic opioid prescriptions. Changes in non-chronic prescriptions may be due to patients choosing not to seek care for acute pain or difficulties with appointment availability.


UMLS:C0204976


UMLS:C1138603


UMLS:C2911663

The study investigates the relationship between housing status and patient characteristics, and their retention in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs. The study found that patients experiencing homelessness had lower rates of recent employment, higher rates of social isolation, trauma, chronic pain, recent cannabis use, and overall psychiatric distress. The overall retention rate in the program was 51.8%, with a lower retention rate of 32.6% among the homeless group compared to 53.8% in the housed group. Homelessness was associated with a 69% increase in one-year treatment discontinuation.


UMLS:C2911663


UMLS:C0035280

had a significant negative association with


UMLS:C0030705

The study examined the terminology preferences of patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) who are undergoing methadone treatment. The study found that the preferred terms for the presenting problem were "addiction," "substance use," and "substance abuse." The preferred collective noun terms were "client," "patient," and "guest." The preferred personal descriptors were "person with an addiction," "person with substance use disorder," and "substance-dependent person." The study also found significant differences in terminological preference based on race and age. Those who were partial to 12-step programs showed a greater preference for the term "addict."


UMLS:C0679847


UMLS:C4324621

The study conducted qualitative interviews with 40 people with opioid use disorder (OUD) who were enrolled in a medication for addiction treatment (MAT) program in a Rhode Island jail and prison system. The interviews focused on attitudes towards increased sentences for fentanyl distribution, including drug-induced homicide laws. The majority of participants stated that these laws would not effectively address the overdose crisis. Key themes identified included the autonomy of drug users, the prevalence of fentanyl as a barrier to implementing these laws, the ineffectiveness of mass incarceration for addressing substance use disorders, the potential for further criminalization to lead to violence, criminalization as a justification for interpersonal loss, and the importance of intention in categorizing an act as homicide. The findings highlight the need to consider the experiences of people with OUD when creating policies related to the overdose epidemic, the potential unintended health consequences of drug-induced homicide laws, and how these laws may undermine efforts to expand access to OUD treatment for people involved in the criminal justice system.


UMLS:C0683677


UMLS:C0884498

The paper presents a protocol for a hybrid type 1 trial aimed at addressing the high rates of substance use among youth involved in the juvenile justice system (YIJJ). The trial involves implementing universal substance use screening for YIJJ and evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of two interventions: a brief, three-session intervention for mild/moderate substance use, and ENCOMPASS, a more comprehensive intervention for severe substance use. The trial will be conducted in collaboration with community mental health centers and juvenile justice in two rural Indiana counties. The effectiveness of the interventions will be measured by assessing changes in substance use across treatment.


UMLS:C0884498


UMLS:C1013403

The study found that the implementation of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) led to a 4.6 percentage point increase in the probability of a Substance Use Disorder (SUD) treatment facility accepting Medicaid. This suggests that more SUD treatment facilities accepted Medicaid payments after the implementation of the MHPAEA, which could potentially increase access to care for individuals with SUD.


UMLS:C0079256


UMLS:C2874806


UMLS:C0043210

The study examines the gender differences in mental health comorbidity and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) among adults with opioid use disorders (OUD). The findings suggest that women with OUD are more likely than men to have comorbid mood or anxiety disorders and less likely to have conduct disorders. Women are also more likely to have prescription OUD and less likely to have heroin use disorder. Both genders have a high prevalence of ACE, with more than 40% exposed to three or more types of ACE. Women are more exposed to childhood sexual abuse and emotional neglect. The study concludes that ACE alters the gender gap in risk for comorbid mood or anxiety disorders among adults with OUD.


UMLS:C0043210


UMLS:C0521995

The study investigates the social and relational factors that influence the opioid overdose epidemic in the U.S. The research, conducted in Providence, Rhode Island, found that long-term relationships with trusted drug dealers can reduce the risk of harm related to substance use. This is due to the dealers' consumer protection strategies, such as refusing to sell fentanyl and testing drug batches for fentanyl before selling. The study suggests that prevention strategies should consider these protective relationships that drug users have established.


UMLS:C0470689


UMLS:C0679721


UMLS:C3849997

The study explores the ethical concerns and recommendations regarding the use of big data in addressing the opioid epidemic. The use of big data has been beneficial in designing initiatives to combat the opioid crisis, but it also raises concerns about privacy, profiling, surveillance, and potential stigmatization and discrimination. The study recommends ethical big data governance that respects and protects patients and society, ensures justice, and fosters public trust.


UMLS:C3849997


UMLS:C3849997

potentially increases stigmatization and discrimination of


UMLS:C0679646

support if they protect and respect patients and society


UMLS:C0562403


UMLS:C0021954

The study explores the perceived benefits and harms of involuntary civil commitment (ICC) for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. The benefits include protection of vulnerable patients, reduced legal consequences, resources for families, and immediate treatment access. However, the harms include stigmatizing experiences, increased family conflict and social isolation, eroded patient self-determination, limited provision of OUD medications, and long-term overdose risk. The study suggests that for ICC to be used ethically, it should be recognized as comprising vulnerable patients worthy of added protections, be a last resort option, utilize consensual processes, provide medications and other evidence-based-treatment, integrate with existing healthcare systems, and demonstrate effective outcomes before diffusion.


UMLS:C0021954


UMLS:C5559669

Summary not provided or could not be parsed.


UMLS:C0579056

Co-occurring mental and substance use disorders

The study investigates the sustainment of integrated treatment services for co-occurring mental and substance use disorders in addiction treatment programs. The Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx) was hypothesized to be an effective strategy for this. The study found that both the active implementation group and the waitlist control group were able to sustain their capability to provide integrated treatment services for up to 2 years after the active implementation phase. The sustainment did not vary as a function of NIATx adherence.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:6439184

Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx)


UMLS:C1300132

sustained for 2 years after active implementation


UMLS:C1515945

The study investigates the impact of racial misclassification on the rates of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in the Pacific Northwest. The research found that correcting racial misclassification increased the identification of NAS cases among AI/AN by 8.8% in Oregon and 18.1% in Washington. AI/AN newborns were more likely to be diagnosed with NAS than non-Hispanic white newborns in both states. The study also found that newborns in rural Washington were more likely to be diagnosed with NAS than those in urban areas. The findings underscore the importance of accurate racial classification in improving data quality and addressing the disproportionate burden of NAS among AI/AN.


UMLS:C2585381


UMLS:C3661591

The study evaluated the effectiveness of the Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx) implementation strategies in improving access to addiction and psychotropic medications for individuals with co-occurring disorders (CODs) related to substance use and mental health. The results showed a significant change in access to addiction versus neither medication, but no differences were observed between the active implementation group and the waitlist control group at Year 1. Changes were associated with the experimental intervention and occurred in the transition from Year 1 to Year 2. The per-protocol analysis showed increased access to both medications and addiction medications from pre- to post-intervention for agencies in both cohorts. However, the NIATx implementation strategies had limited effectiveness in improving medication access for individuals with CODs.


UMLS:C3661591


UMLS:C1275743

Individuals with Co-Occurring Disorders (CODs)


UMLS:C0043210

The study aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators for women to continue treatment with medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD). The research found that less than 30% of people with opioid use disorders engage in MOUD, with the lowest rates among women. Key barriers identified include MOUD-specific discrimination and fear, perceptions, and experiences with MOUD. Key facilitators identified include feeling "safe" within treatment settings and online communities as a source of positive reinforcement. The study concludes with recommendations for research and interventions to improve MOUD engagement for women.


UMLS:C0043210

Fear, perceptions, and experiences with MOUD


UMLS:C0043210

Feeling 'safe' within treatment settings


UMLS:C0043210


UMLS:C4324621

The research analyzed spatial access to opioid use disorder treatment facilities and emergency medical services in New Hampshire during 2015-2016, a period of a sharp increase in unintentional overdoses involving fentanyl. A model was used to measure access to healthcare services for opioid use disorder patients. A composite index of accessibility was proposed to represent overall access to these different treatment services. The study found that high levels of access to treatment services were not uniform across the state. Approximately 40% of the towns with the highest overdose rates were not estimated to be in the highest class of access to treatment services.


UMLS:C4018909


UMLS:C5230801


UMLS:C2047964

The study examines the effectiveness of telemedicine-delivered medication-based treatment for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). The study involved a collaboration between an urban academic medical center and a rural drug treatment center, providing treatment to individuals with OUD via videoconferencing. The study found that prescribing medications such as buprenorphine and naltrexone via telemedicine to patients in a rural OUD treatment setting was effective. The results showed retention rates and toxicology results comparable to face-to-face treatment.


UMLS:C2047964


UMLS:C0035173

The study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns of over 52,000 reported incidents of drug-related crime in Chicago, IL from 2016 to 2019. The researchers used a space-time analysis framework and machine learning approaches to build a model that identified whether certain locations and built environment and sociodemographic factors were correlated with drug-related crime incident patterns. The model incorporated space and time, along with multiple driving factors, into a random forest model to analyze these changing patterns. The model also accommodated both spatial and temporal autocorrelation in the learning process to assist with capturing the changes over time. The model was tested by predicting drug-related activity hot zones, particularly focusing on incidents involving heroin and synthetic drugs.


UMLS:C0026336


UMLS:C5200719


UMLS:C0240602

The study explores the experiences of people who use opioids (PWUO) in relation to overdose deaths within their social networks. The study found that overdose death was a common occurrence in the social circles of PWUO, with 75% of participants reporting at least one overdose death in their network. The grief experienced by PWUO was complex and often interrupted by involvement with social services and the legal system. The deaths influenced the drug use of the participants, with some increasing their use and others adopting safer practices. Despite the high prevalence of overdose deaths, only one participant reported receiving grief support services. The findings highlight the need for interventions that not only save lives, such as naloxone distribution, but also improve quality of life by addressing grief related to overdose death.


UMLS:C0681676


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:5284596


UMLS:C0240602


UMLS:C4285670

The study aimed to understand the impact of high impact chronic pain (HICP) on younger and older adults. The study found that the areas of major impact due to pain were different for younger and older adults. Younger adults most commonly listed work, social activity, and basic physical activity as areas of major impact, while older adults listed basic physical activity, daily living activities, and social or fun activities. The study found a significant difference in the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain interference (PI) scores by HICP status, but not by age groups with HICP. The perceived pain impacts were qualitatively, but not quantitatively different between younger and older adults with HICP.


UMLS:C4285670


UMLS:C1444711

Work, social activity, basic physical activity


UMLS:C1518563

Basic physical activity, daily living activities, social or fun activities


UMLS:C4481047

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain interference (PI)


MONDO:0005546

The study found that patients with fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition, have significantly reduced connectivity in the NAcc-MPFC circuit, a brain corticostriatal circuit, compared to healthy controls. This reduced connectivity was also found to be significantly correlated with trait anxiety in the fibromyalgia group. Further analysis showed reduced connectivity of the right NAcc with mesolimbic circuit regions in fibromyalgia patients. Comparisons with a separate dataset from patients with chronic back pain revealed reduced NAcc-MPFC connectivity across both patient groups, with unique alterations in NAcc-mesolimbia connectivity.


UMLS:C2324758


UMLS:C2954178


UMLS:C0740418


UMLS:C4304779

The study investigates the relationship between gut microbiome features and pain interference in kidney transplant recipients. The study found that the gut microbiota community structure differs between groups with and without pain interference at 3 months after kidney transplantation. Several taxa involved in intestinal barrier integrity and chronic inflammation were associated with posttransplant pain.


MESH:D000069196


NCBITaxon:239934


UMLS:C0021376


UMLS:C1335528


UMLS:C0612969

The paper introduces CHOIRBM, an R package and web application for visualizing and analyzing body map data. Body maps are used to capture the location of a patient's pain, and CHOIRBM simplifies the process of analyzing and plotting this data at both individual and large-dataset levels. The package is built on the R graphics package, ggplot2, and is available under the MIT license on CRAN and GitHub.


UMLS:C0612969


MESH:D064307

The study discusses the challenges in integrating microbiota into clinical pharmacology, environmental toxicology, and opioid studies due to the complex interactions between humans and their microbiota, especially those in the gut. The metabolome of each microbiota modulates its own and the host's multi-omics, and exogenous compounds like drugs and toxins can affect these differently, impacting drug efficacy and toxicity. Current methods like in vitro bacterial cultures and in vivo mouse models provide some insight but lack mechanistic details. The paper suggests that in vitro organ-on-chip microphysiological models, multi-omics, and in silico computational models could supplement these methods to help understand the connections between gut microbiota and host health and disease.


UMLS:C0439893


UMLS:C2368347

In vitro bacterial cultures and in vivo mouse models


UMLS:C3872503

In vitro organ-on-chip microphysiological models, multi-omics, and in silico computational models

Connections between gut microbiota and host health and disease


PR:000001579

The study investigates the role of Delta opioid receptors (DORs) in chronic neuropathic pain. The research used a peripheral nerve injury model in mice and rats to observe changes in DOR function and location. The activation of DORs through agonists was found to reverse mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, conditions associated with neuropathic pain. The study also found that DORs were primarily located within intracellular compartments in sham animals, but peripheral nerve injury significantly increased the cell surface expression of DORs. The findings suggest that the regulation of DORs following peripheral nerve injury is important in managing chronic pain states.


UMLS:C3850135

Mechanical allodynia and Thermal hyperalgesia


UMLS:C0262593


UBERON:0000397

The study investigates the role of the colon epithelium in mediating pain and hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel disease. The researchers used optogenetic inhibition to target the intestinal epithelium and the extrinsic primary afferent neurons (ExPANs) that innervate the colon. The results showed that inhibition of the colon epithelium significantly reduced the visceromotor response to colorectal distension, indicating a decrease in visceral sensitivity. This effect was similar to the inhibition of ExPANs. Furthermore, inhibition of the colon epithelium also significantly decreased hypersensitivity induced by dextran sulfate sodium, a model of inflammatory bowel disease. These findings suggest that targeting the colon epithelium could be a potential treatment for pain associated with inflammatory bowel disease.


UBERON:0000397

Dextran sulfate sodium-induced hypersensitivity


UMLS:C0501410

Extrinsic primary afferent neurons (ExPANs)


UMLS:C0064239

The study focuses on the role of Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in the emotional and aversive aspects of chronic pain, and how their expression in the limbic circuitry contributes to anhedonic states and components of opioid misuse disorder. The study primarily focuses on preclinical pain models but also highlights human research where there is strong evidence for KOR involvement in negative affective states associated with chronic pain and opioid misuse.


UMLS:C0064239


UMLS:C0013355

The paper provides an introduction to the dynorphins (DYNs)/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system. It covers various aspects including the DYN peptides, the neuroanatomy of the DYNs/KOR system, cellular signaling, and the behavioral effects of KOR activation and inhibition.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:16129685


PR:000001590


MONDO:0024317

The paper discusses the role of primary afferents in chronic pain. It suggests that changes in primary afferents, particularly an increase in excitability or sensitization, play a critical role in all phases of chronic pain. This sensitization is due to both an increase in pronociceptive signaling molecules like voltage-gated sodium channels and a decrease in antinociceptive signaling molecules like voltage-dependent or calcium-dependent potassium channels. The paper also highlights the importance of local or axonal translation of these signaling molecules in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain.


UMLS:C1185619


UMLS:C3839736


PR:000001543

The study found that the protein PDL1, which is widely expressed in sensory and sympathetic neurons, can suppress acute pain. This was discovered by administering soluble PD1 to engage neuronally expressed PDL1, which significantly reduced pain behaviors evoked by capsaicin. The underlying neural mechanism was found to be a reduction in TRPV1-dependent calcium transients in dissociated sensory neurons and a reduction in membrane expression of TRPV1 following administration of PD1. This effect was not observed in sensory neuron specific PDL1 knockout mice, indicating that neuronal PDL1 activation is sufficient to modulate sensitivity to noxious stimuli.


NCBIGene:5133


UMLS:C1453359

Sensory neuron specific PDL1 knockout mice


NCBIGene:5020

The study investigates the role of the oxytocin and orexin systems in opioid use disorder (OUD). The oxytocin system, originating in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), may protect against OUD severity, while the orexin system, originating in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), may exacerbate it. The study found that activating the oxytocin system or inhibiting the orexin system did not alter heroin choice when rewards (heroin and food) were available. However, they significantly reduced heroin seeking in the presence of competing reward cues when no rewards were available. The number of LH orexin neurons and PVN oxytocin neurons correlated with specific behavioral economic variables indicative of heroin versus food motivation.


UMLS:C0071937


NCBIGene:5020


UMLS:C5399788

Dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12)


CL:0011109


CL:4023122


MONDO:0024317

The study presents a revised Graded Chronic Pain Scale that categorizes chronic pain into mild, bothersome, and high-impact. The scale was validated among 2021 adult enrollees of two health plans. The prevalence of chronic pain was found to be 40.5%, with 15.4% having mild chronic pain, 10.1% having bothersome chronic pain, and 15.0% having high-impact chronic pain. The study found that those with high-impact chronic pain were more likely to have substantial activity limitations and more often received long-term opioid therapy. The revised scale and its scoring rules provide a simple and valid method for assessing chronic pain.


UMLS:C0423726


UMLS:C4086363


UMLS:C1551459

The paper discusses the use of methadone in a bridge clinic to manage opioid withdrawal and facilitate linkage to an opioid treatment program (OTP) within 72 hours. The case of a 54-year-old woman with severe opioid use disorder (OUD) is presented. She was treated with methadone for her acute opioid withdrawal and was successfully admitted to a local OTP within 3 days. The paper suggests that bridge clinics can play a crucial role in treating opioid withdrawal and preventing delays to methadone treatment. It also calls for federal policy reform to make methadone more accessible to people with OUD.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:44146792


UMLS:C0681005


UMLS:C1880420

The paper discusses the role of mRNA translation regulation in chronic pain, a condition affecting approximately 50 million adults in the US. The authors propose that pharmacological manipulation of specific aspects of the translational machinery could reverse the changes in gene expression that cause chronic pain. They highlight the role of several signaling pathways, including the integrated stress response, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases in the regulation of mRNA translation. The authors suggest that therapeutics targeting these pathways could be used as first-line drugs for treating chronic pain disorders.


UMLS:C4288354


MONDO:0004992

The study aimed to understand the factors associated with worst pain intensity in cancer patients. The study involved 1,280 cancer patients from multiple cancer centers over 25 years in the United States. The patients were asked to complete a questionnaire that collected demographic, chronic pain, and cancer-specific information. The study found that being Hispanic and having a history of severe toothache, stomachache, and headache pain were significant predictors of worst pain intensity among cancer patients. The year of enrollment was not statistically associated with pain.


UMLS:C0086409


UMLS:C0344189


UMLS:C0859015


MONDO:0021146


UMLS:C0002766


UMLS:C1444711

The study found that benzodiazepine use and misuse are highly prevalent among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically. The study found that 85.5% of participants reported lifetime benzodiazepine use and 62.5% reported regular use. Regular users were more likely to be white, have been incarcerated, and have been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. Accidental overdose was higher among those who were prescribed the benzodiazepine they used most frequently.


UMLS:C1996927


UMLS:C4479798


UMLS:C0870668

The study aimed to predict future chronic opioid therapy (COT) among hospitalized patients who were not on COT before hospitalization. A model with 13 covariates was developed using logistic regression and electronic health record (EHR) data from 2008 to 2014. The model was able to correctly predict 79% of future COT cases and 78% of non-COT cases. The model could be used to identify patients at high risk of future chronic opioid use, allowing for early patient education and alternative pain management strategies.


UMLS:C1301664


UMLS:C0871685

Patients at high risk for future Chronic Opioid Therapy (COT)


UMLS:C0013185

The paper investigates the relationship between the marketing of opioid products by the pharmaceutical industry to physicians in 2014 and the prescribing of opioids by these physicians in 2015.


UMLS:C0031831


UMLS:C0682328

The study found that early receipt of opioid use disorder (OUD) medications such as buprenorphine, naltrexone, or methadone is associated with greater retention in care among youths with OUD compared to those who only received behavioral health services. The study also found that a significant proportion of youths diagnosed with OUD did not receive timely medication treatment.


UMLS:C0682328


UMLS:C1444711

The study examined the use and acceptability of rapid fentanyl test strips among young adults who use drugs. The majority of the participants used at least one test strip and half of them received at least one positive result. A positive result was associated with older age, homelessness, heroin use, injection drug use, witnessing an overdose, and concern about overdose or drugs being laced with fentanyl. Most participants reported confidence in their ability to use the test strips and expressed a desire to use them in the future.


UMLS:C0939567


UMLS:C1514241


UMLS:C0205653

The study investigates the characteristics of adolescents aged 11-17 who experienced non-fatal opioid-related overdoses (NFOD) and their receipt of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in the 12 months following NFOD, compared with adults. The study found that among 22,506 individuals who experienced NFOD, 195 (0.9%) were aged 11-17. More adolescents were female and less likely to have been prescribed opioids in the year prior to NFOD. Few adolescents received MOUD before or after NFOD, indicating a missed opportunity for starting evidence-based treatment in adolescents.


UMLS:C0205653

Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD)


UMLS:C0205653


UMLS:C0851045


UMLS:C0242402

The study examines the association between varying levels of opioid use and physical and mental health, co-occurring substance use, and involvement in the criminal justice system. The data suggests that individuals who reported any level of opioid use were more likely to be white, have a low income, and report a chronic condition, disability, severe mental illness, or co-occurring drug use. The study also found that the history of involvement in the criminal justice system increased as the intensity of opioid use increased. The findings suggest that combating the opioid epidemic will require public health interventions that involve criminal justice systems, as well as policies that reduce involvement in the criminal justice system among individuals with substance use disorders.


UMLS:C0242402


UMLS:C2239238


UMLS:C0242402

The study found a correlation between the marketing of opioid products to physicians by pharmaceutical companies and the mortality rate from prescription opioid overdoses across US counties. Between August 2013 and December 2015, there were over 434,000 payments totaling $39.7 million in non-research-based opioid marketing distributed to over 67,000 physicians across 2,208 US counties. The study found that mortality from opioid overdoses increased with each standard deviation increase in marketing value in dollars per capita, number of payments to physicians per capita, and number of physicians receiving marketing per capita. Opioid prescribing rates also increased with marketing and partially mediated the association between marketing and mortality.


UMLS:C0035173

developed a case criteria classification scheme for

The study aimed to develop a standardized definition for opioid overdose outcomes for research purposes. A case criteria classification scheme was developed based on prior literature, expert opinion, and pilot testing with sample medical records. The scheme was then compared with physician clinical impression and encounter documentation. The scheme included 3 sets of major criteria and 9 minor criteria. The proportion of encounters verified as opioid overdoses using the scheme ranged from 50.4% to 67.2% across two sites. The study concluded that the scheme could be used to consistently define overdose across multiple research settings, but further refinement and validation are needed.


UMLS:C5240293


UMLS:C0545082


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:644073

The study examined the effectiveness of medications for opioid use disorder in preventing opioid-related overdose. It found that among commercially-insured patients who initiate medications for opioid use disorder, buprenorphine, but not naltrexone, was associated with lower risk of overdose during active treatment compared to post-discontinuation. No association was found with opioid overdose within four weeks of discontinuation of any medication.


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:5360515


UMLS:C1960643


UMLS:C1332201

The study found that Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) adults have higher rates of opioid misuse compared to heterosexual adults. This includes higher rates of lifetime prescription pain reliever misuse, heroin use, and injection heroin use. Bisexual women were found to be particularly at risk, with 4 times the odds of injection heroin use and 2.5 times the odds of opioid use disorder. LGB women also reported lower perceived risk of trying heroin and greater perceived heroin access. These findings suggest that opioid misuse disparities among LGB adults are of substantial concern due to the elevated risk for fatal and non-fatal opioid overdose.


UMLS:C0178515


UMLS:C0242543


UMLS:C0013961

The study examines the trends in the administration of naloxone, a medication used to counter the effects of opioid overdose, by emergency medical services (EMS) from 2013 to 2016. The findings show that naloxone administrations increasingly involved young adults and occurred in public settings. There were also increases in the percentage of individuals who refused subsequent treatment, were treated and released, and received multiple administrations of naloxone. The rate of naloxone administration increased more quickly than opioid-related overdose deaths across urban, suburban, and rural counties. The highest rates of suburban administration occurred in the South.


UMLS:C0027361


UMLS:C0557755


UMLS:C4521672

Prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP)

The study investigates the impact of implementing prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP) best practices on prescription opioid use. The research used 2007-2012 Medicare claims for noncancer pain patients and PDMP attributes from the Prescription Drug Abuse Policy System. The results showed that compared to states without PDMP, states with strong PDMP had lower opioid cumulative doses, days supplied, prescription fill rates, and mean daily doses. However, there was a greater prevalence of high opioid doses in disabled adults. The effects were mostly similar in states with weak PDMPs. The effects were concentrated among nonelderly disabled adults.


UMLS:C1319168


UMLS:C0018576


UMLS:C4521672

The study investigates the impact of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) on fatal heroin poisoning rates from 2002 to 2016. The study found that the adoption of a PDMP was associated with a 22% increase in heroin poisoning rates by the third year post-adoption. However, the type of PDMP affected this outcome. States with Cooperative PDMPs had 19% higher heroin poisoning rates, while states with Proactive PDMPs had 6% lower rates. The study suggests that Proactive PDMPs, which report outlying prescribing and dispensing and provide broader access to law enforcement, may help reduce heroin overdose risk.


UMLS:C0281759


UMLS:C4744673


MONDO:0008241

The study analyzed the 2016 national retail pharmacy naloxone prescription claims and found that primary care physicians accounted for the largest share of naloxone prescribers. However, pain and anesthesia physicians and non-physicians prescribed to significantly more patients. Psychiatrists and addiction specialists, while responsible for a smaller share of naloxone dispensed, served younger individuals. There was a significant geographic variation in naloxone fill rates, with the highest per capita rates in New England and the most concentrated prescribing in the West South Central and South Atlantic regions. The study suggests a need to better understand barriers to naloxone prescribing behavior among physicians and other prescribers.


UMLS:C1554619

Pain and anesthesia physicians and Non-physicians


UMLS:C2959711


PUBCHEM.COMPOUND:5284596


UMLS:C0242402

The 43rd annual conference of the Association of Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance use and Addiction (AMERSA) focused on the challenges and new horizons in substance use and addiction prevention, treatment, and research. The conference highlighted the need for interventions to address the complex factors that affect access to and receipt of life-saving treatment and resources for those at risk due to substance use and those with substance use disorders.


CHEBI:30879


UMLS:C0808232


UMLS:C0871685


UMLS:C0035173


UMLS:C0087178

The study analyzed data from Medicaid-enrolled youths aged 13 to 22 years who experienced nonfatal opioid overdose. It was found that less than one-third of these youths received timely addiction treatment after the overdose, and only 1 in 54 received recommended evidence-based pharmacotherapy. Youths with heroin overdose were significantly less likely to receive any treatment after their overdose. The study concludes that interventions are urgently needed to link youths to treatment after overdose, with priority placed on improving access to pharmacotherapy.


UMLS:C0087178


UMLS:C0421466

The study investigates the impact of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) on patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) who have been hospitalized for endocarditis. The study found that the rate of opioid-related overdoses and 1-year rehospitalization was lower among patients who received MOUDs within 30 days of hospital discharge compared to those who did not. However, the receipt of MOUDs was not associated with either of the outcomes in the Cox hazards models.


UMLS:C0030705


UMLS:C3698523


UMLS:C0220847

The study examined Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) testing and treatment in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in the United States, particularly during the opioid epidemic. Of the over 1.5 million patients included in the study, 5.9% were tested for HCV, with 9.8% of those tested showing reactive results. Factors such as having commercial insurance, being of older age, and being Hispanic/Latino or Asian/Pacific Islander were associated with higher odds of treatment initiation. Conversely, women and the uninsured were less likely to initiate treatment. Only 8% of individuals with chronic HCV were tested for HIV, and 15% of individuals with identified opioid use disorder were tested for HCV. The study suggests that measures to improve outcomes should be considered with the expansion of HCV management into community clinics.


UMLS:C0087134


UMLS:C4736228


UMLS:C0421466


UMLS:C0557112

Adolescents and young adults and family members

The study found that adolescents and young adults are more likely to be exposed to prescription opioids through a family member's prescription than their own. This exposure is associated with an increased risk of pharmaceutical opioid overdose. The risk of overdose is also significantly higher when the youth and family members are concurrently exposed to opioid prescriptions. The study suggests that interventions targeting youth and families are needed, including counseling about the risks of opioids.


UMLS:C0542296


UMLS:C0027361

The study examined the association between substance use patterns, drug convictions, and supervision setting with overdose mortality among individuals sentenced to prison, jail, probation, or jail plus probation for a felony conviction in Michigan, USA from 2003 to 2006. The study found that 14.9% of the 1131 deaths were due to overdose. More than half of overdose deaths occurred in the community, nearly a third on probation, and 12.8% on parole. The risk of overdose death was lower on probation than in the community without probation or parole but not significantly different on parole. Pre-sentence daily opioid use was associated with an increased risk of overdose death, while drug possession and delivery convictions were not significantly associated with overdose mortality.


UMLS:C4018909


UMLS:C0678283


UMLS:C0680484

Drug possession and delivery convictions


UMLS:C0085756

The study found that the racial/ethnic composition of a community in the United States was associated with the availability of methadone and buprenorphine, treatments for opioid use disorder. Specifically, a decrease in the probability of interaction between African American or Hispanic/Latino residents and white residents was associated with an increase in the number of facilities providing these medications. This suggests that reforms are needed to ensure equal access to these treatments across all communities.


UMLS:C5441846


UMLS:C0557815

Adolescent-serving addiction treatment facilities

The study reveals that only 26% of addiction treatment facilities in the U.S. offer specialized programs for adolescents. These adolescent-serving facilities are half as likely to provide medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) compared to adult-focused facilities. Factors associated with increased odds of offering MOUD in adolescent-serving facilities include nonprofit status, hospital affiliation, accepting insurance (especially private insurance), accreditation, location in the Northeast, or offering inpatient services. The study suggests that insurance reforms, facility accreditation, and geographically targeted funding may help increase adolescent access to MOUD.


UMLS:C0042610

The study investigates the availability of opioid use disorder treatment facilities that offer specialized programs for veterans, pregnant and postpartum women, and adolescents in the U.S. Data from 15,945 treatment facilities were analyzed, revealing that only a minority of these facilities offer tailored programs for these special populations. Furthermore, the specific medications provided for opioid use disorder varied, with only a small percentage of facilities offering methadone. The study also identified areas with poor treatment availability, known as "cold spots", located throughout the Midwest, U.S. Southeast, and parts of Texas. The findings highlight the need for improved access to evidence-based programs that address the unique treatment needs of these special populations.


UMLS:C0032804


UMLS:C0205653


UMLS:C2702677


UMLS:C0027413

The study reviews the effectiveness of Naloxone access laws (NALs) in the United States. The research found that NALs, especially those allowing naloxone distribution without patient-specific prescriptions, are associated with increased naloxone access and increased opioid-related emergency department visits. The evidence for reduced fatal opioid overdose is inconclusive. The variation in results may be due to differences in the laws' design and implementation, concurrent policy adoption, or changing opioid environments.


UMLS:C0027413


UMLS:C0043210

The study compared the prevalence of antenatal admissions and mean length of stay among women with opioid-affected and non-opioid-affected deliveries. It was found that admissions among women with opioid-affected deliveries were more prevalent and associated with a longer mean length of stay. The presence of a behavioral health condition was associated with higher odds of antenatal admission in both groups, especially among women with opioid-affected deliveries. Six of the ten most common diagnoses for admissions prior to opioid-affected deliveries were behavioral health-related.


UMLS:C4703296


UMLS:C0043210


UMLS:C0026591

The study examined the consistency of maternal recall of prenatal experiences, behaviors, and birth outcomes between 6 months and 8 years postpartum. The study found that mothers' recall was very good for the type of delivery, smoking during pregnancy, medicine used for labor induction, and specific medical problems. However, recall consistency was poor for illicit drug use, specific prenatal tests performed, and using drugs other than an epidural during delivery.


UMLS:C0026591


MONDO:0000565

The paper discusses the increasing cases of Infective endocarditis associated with injection drug use (IDU-IE) in the United States and Canada. The long-term outcomes are poor due to inadequate treatment of substance use disorder. The paper reviews the principles of antimicrobial and surgical management for IDU-IE, approaches to opioid use disorder care, and harm reduction in the inpatient setting. It also discusses opportunities to address preventable infections among drug users and the barriers to implementing optimal treatment. The paper also considers novel approaches that may reshape the treatment of IDU-IE in the future.


UMLS:C0038586


UMLS:C0872060


UMLS:C5541642


UMLS:C3714514


UMLS:C4708702

The study aimed to develop a validated tool to measure knowledge about prescription opioid overdose. The researchers modified the Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) to create a version specific to prescription opioids (Rx-OOKS). The Rx-OOKS was tested on a patient population prescribed long-term opioid therapy and potentially at risk of opioid overdose. The Rx-OOKS resulted in a three-construct, 25-item instrument with acceptable internal consistency for the constructs: "signs of an overdose", "action to take with opioid overdose", and "naloxone use knowledge". The construct "risks of an overdose" was eliminated due to poor performance. The study found that higher scores on "actions to take in an overdose" and "naloxone use knowledge" were associated with future receipt of naloxone.


UMLS:C1564594


UMLS:C3172773

Higher scores on 'actions to take in an overdose' and 'naloxone use knowledge'