epinephrine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission

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Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


positive regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


ionotropic glutamate receptor binding

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Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.


plasminogen activation

The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.


acetylcholine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.


protein phosphatase 2A binding

Binding to protein phosphatase 2A.


tyrosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


mRNA CDS binding

Binding to an mRNA molecule coding sequence (CDS).


glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. The glycyll-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a glycine-accepting tRNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.


norepinephrine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor activity

Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.


ventricular septum development

The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.


presenilin-2 isoform PS2beta (mouse)

A presenilin-2 isoform PS2beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse. The sequence is shorter (361 residues long) than isoform 1 sharing the same sequence up to residue 357, followed by the sequence SKGA.


catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 1 (mouse)

A catechol O-methyltransferase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


profilin-2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A profilin-2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitochondrial transcription factor activity

Interacting with the mitochondrial promoter DNA to modulate transcription by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


mitochondrial promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.


mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


regulation of protein stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.


iron-sulfur cluster transmembrane transport

A process in which an iron-sulfur cluster is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial tRNA thio-modification

The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.


tRNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of tRNA molecules.


protein adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein = diphosphate + adenylyl-protein; mediates the addition of an adenylyl (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP group) to L-serine, L-threonine, and L-tyrosine residues in target proteins.


regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


farnesyltranstransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate.


aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.


regulation of mitophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.


D-loop DNA binding

Binding to a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.


positive regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-succinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2''-O-succinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


peptidyl-lysine desuccinylation

The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.


glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol.


agmatinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + H2O = putrescine + urea.


Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 4 isopentenyl diphosphate = 4 diphosphate + all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate.


glutamate synthase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-glutamine + H+ + NADH.


protein maturation by [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer

The transfer of an assembled [2Fe-2S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 2 (mouse)

An induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glycerol kinase isoform 1 (mouse)

A glycerol kinase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64516-1.


mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 1 (mouse)

A mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform BimEL (mouse)

A Bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase isoform 1 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9CZ42-1.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R104-1.


ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 isoform m3 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80SX8-3.


NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase isoform 1 (mouse)

An apolipoprotein A-I-binding protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


K2C5_MOUSE Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 (sprot)

A keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial isoform 1 (mouse)

A deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


METL8_HUMAN tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8, mitochondrial (sprot)

A tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


tRNA dimethylallyltransferase isoform h5 (human)

A tRNA dimethylallyltransferase (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9H3H1-5.


PG045_VACCW Apoptosis regulator OPG045 (sprot)


succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)

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The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration.


GDAH_HUMAN Guanidino acid hydrolase, mitochondrial (sprot)

An agmatinase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


sarcoplasmic reticulum

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.


sarcomere

The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


Z disc

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.


sarcolemma

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.


caveola

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.


smooth muscle contractile fiber

The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.


A band

The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line.


costamere

Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.


actomyosin

Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.


SWI/SNF superfamily-type complex

A protein complex that contains an ortholog of the Saccharomyces ATPase Swi2/Snf2 as one of the catalytic subunit components (ATPase) and mediates assembly of nucleosomes, changes to the spacing or structure of nucleosomes, or some combination of those activities in a manner that requires ATP.


I band

A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end.


cardiac muscle myoblast

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A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.


M band

The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.


mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex

A complex that includes the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase activities in two subunits (alpha and beta), catalyzing two steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix.


cellular respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).


response to injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.


embryonic heart tube left/right pattern formation

The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis of the embryonic heart tube in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.


cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development

The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.


heart formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.


protein kinase C signaling

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


cardiac muscle contraction

Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.


actin binding

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.


cardiac muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


response to organic cyclic compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.


branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.


cardiac muscle cell contraction

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.


peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.


muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.


miRNA-mediated gene silencing by inhibition of translation

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs.


tissue remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.


positive regulation of transferase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


galactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.


response to calcium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.


striated muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.


myofibril assembly

Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.


transmembrane transporter binding

Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


innervation

The process in which a nerve invades a tissue and makes functional synaptic connection within the tissue.


calcium ion import

The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).


endocardial cushion development

The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.


negative regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.


apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.


cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.


regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.


cardiac myofibril assembly

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.


smooth muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.


cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.


regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.


monoamine transport

The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


scaffold protein binding

Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.


regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation

A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of a cardiac valve.


embryonic heart tube anterior/posterior pattern specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of cell differentiation that results in the anterior/posterior subdivision of the embryonic heart tube. In Drosophila this results in subdivision of the dorsal vessel into to the posterior heart proper and the anterior aorta.


malate-aspartate shuttle

The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.


negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.


glycolytic process from galactose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.


beta2-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta2-adrenergic receptors.


beta1-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta1-adrenergic receptors.


negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


atrioventricular bundle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the atrioventricular bundle. These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.


lymph vessel development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


coronary vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cardiac chamber development

The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.


atrial septum development

The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.


adult heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


sinoatrial node cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.


caveolar macromolecular signaling complex

A complex composed of proteins required for beta adrenergic receptor activation of protein kinase A. It includes the Cav 12. subunit of L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A regulatory subunit 2(PKAR2), adenyl cyclase, beta-adrenergic receptor, G-alpha-S, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and caveolin 3 (CAV3).


F-actin-capping protein subunit beta isoform 1 (mouse)

An F-actin-capping protein subunit beta isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


FH1/FH2 domain-containing protein 3 isoform FHOS2L (mouse)

An FH1/FH2 domain-containing protein 3 isoform FHOS2L that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Q2VEB3_MOUSE A-kinase anchoring protein beta (trembl)

An A-kinase anchor protein 6 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q2VEB3.


endocardium formation

Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


embryonic heart tube formation

The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.


cardiac right ventricle formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.


intermediate filament

A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.


type III intermediate filament

A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.


memory

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).


cell death

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).


adult behavior

Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


digestive tract epithelium

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An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract.


extrathymic T cell selection

The process of T cell selection that occurs in extrathymic locations, often resulting T cells of distinct specificities from those selected in the thymus.


BTNL3_HUMAN Butyrophilin-like protein 3 (sprot)

A butyrophilin-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTNL8_HUMAN Butyrophilin-like protein 8 (sprot)

A butyrophilin-like protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell

A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses.


calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.


Lysophosphatidylcholine

An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.


PAG15_HUMAN Phospholipase A2 group XV (sprot)

A phospholipase A2 group XV that is encoded in the genome of human.


docosapentaenoic acid

Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.


docosahexaenoic acid

Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.


calcium-induced calcium release activity

Enables transmembrane transfer of calcium ions from an intracellular store to the cytosol on induction by increased calcium concentration.


porin activity

Enables the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of a membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


phospholipid scramblase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism.


mitochondrion targeting sequence binding

Binding to a mitochondrion targeting sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the mitochondrion.


Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine.


calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = calcitriol + H2O + NADP+.


palmitoyl-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA.


alpha-amino-acid esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-amino acid ester + H2O = an alpha-amino acid + an alcohol.


SEC20_HUMAN Vesicle transport protein SEC20 (sprot)

A vesicle transport protein SEC20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAK_HUMAN Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (sprot)

A Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPHL_HUMAN Valacyclovir hydrolase (sprot)

A valacyclovir hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACSL4_HUMAN Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 (sprot)

A long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACSL3_HUMAN Fatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3 (sprot)

A fatty acid CoA ligase Acsl3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CPT1B_HUMAN Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform (sprot)

A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to interleukin-18

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.


positive regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


negative regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


T-helper 1 cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 1 cell.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


intracellular vesicle

Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.


calcium ion export

The directed movement of calcium ion out of a cell or organelle.


response to axon injury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and of the D-galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate.


chondroitin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of hexosaminic linkages in chondroitin, a linear polymer structure composed of the repeating disaccharide unit [->4)-D-glucuronic acid-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-(1-], also written as [->4GlcUA1->3GalNAc1-].


hexosaminidase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.


Enables the directed movement of lysophospholipids from one side of a membrane to the other. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.


LAMP1_HUMAN Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (sprot)

A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPNS1_HUMAN Protein spinster homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein spinster homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CREG1_HUMAN Protein CREG1 (sprot)

A protein CREG1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRAM1_MOUSE Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (sprot)

A natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 isoform 3 prenylated-cysteine methyl ester 1 (mouse)

A zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 isoform 3 (mouse) that has been farnesylated on the Cys residue within the C-terminal CaaX motif (a=an aliphatic residue, X=any residue), followed by cleavage of aaX and methylation of the Cys. UniProtKB:D3Z5I1, 1-993, Cys-993, MOD:01116.


HPSE_HUMAN Heparanase (sprot)

A heparanase that is encoded in the genome of human.


HYAL4_HUMAN Hyaluronidase-4 (sprot)

A hyaluronidase-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


postsynaptic specialization of symmetric synapse

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of a symmetric synapse, consisting of anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components that spatially and functionally organize the neurotransmitter receptors at the synapse. This structure is not as thick or electron dense as the postsynaptic densities found in asymmetric synapses.


extrinsic component of presynaptic membrane

The component of the presynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic membrane

The component of the postsynaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


postsynaptic endosome

An endosomal compartment that is part of the post-synapse. Only early and recycling endosomes are typically present in the postsynapse.


spine apparatus

A specialization of the endomembrane system found in some classes of dendritic spines consisting of two or more closely apposed lamellae with interspersed electron dense material. The endomembrane component is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


postsynaptic Golgi apparatus

The network of the Golgi apparatus structures located within the postsynapse.


postsynaptic cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


presynapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.


regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.


regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


regulation of neurotransmitter uptake

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.


modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


synaptic membrane adhesion

The attachment of presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


postsynapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.


regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.


regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.


regulation of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane

The exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles with the postsynaptic membrane resulting in the integration of NT receptors, enabling them to participate in neurotransmitter reception. This process includes tethering and docking steps that prepare vesicles for fusion.


regulation of synaptic vesicle cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.


regulation of postsynapse organization

Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.


regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse.


regulation of protein catabolic process at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse.


regulation of synapse maturation

Any process that modulates the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.


modification of postsynaptic structure

Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynapse.


structural constituent of postsynaptic specialization

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic specialization.


postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the internalization of a neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic membrane endocytic zone into an endocytic vesicle.


neurotransmitter receptor transport, endosome to postsynaptic membrane

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.


trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a trans-synaptic protein complex.


regulation of postsynapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.


regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse.


protein catabolic process at postsynapse

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a postsynapse.


regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any process that modulates the potential difference across a presynaptic membrane.


translation at postsynapse

Translation that occurs at the postsynapse.


structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


trans-synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.


dendritic transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in dendrites.


trans-synaptic signaling, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


structural constituent of presynapse

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a presynapse.


CDKL5_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A0A5F7ZKY2_MACMU Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (trembl)


RL8_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL2 (sprot)

A 60S ribosomal protein L8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RLA0_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL10 (sprot)

A 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SEM3A_CHICK Semaphorin-3A (sprot)

A semaphorin-3A that is encoded in the genome of chicken.


SLIK3_HUMAN SLIT and NTRK-like protein 3 (sprot)

A SLIT and NTRK-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRRT1_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 1 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRRT2_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 2 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NETR_HUMAN Neurotrypsin (sprot)

A neurotrypsin that is encoded in the genome of human.


A0A5F8ANU0_MACMU Regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (trembl)


F7ASD7_MACMU Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2 (trembl)


F7DI95_MACMU Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 isoform 1 (trembl)


ACM1_MACMU Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (sprot)

A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 that is encoded in the genome of Macaca mulatta.


F6Q5R2_MACMU Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform 1 (trembl)


SRG2C_HUMAN SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 2C (sprot)

A SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 2C that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRG2B_HUMAN SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 2B (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the SRGAP2B gene in human.


NLGNX_HUMAN Neuroligin-4, X-linked (sprot)

A neuroligin-4, X-linked that is encoded in the genome of human.


HD_HUMAN Huntingtin (sprot)

A huntingtin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASIC1_HUMAN Acid-sensing ion channel 1 (sprot)

An acid-sensing ion channel 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein lipidation

The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.


VPS39_HUMAN Vam6/Vps39-like protein (sprot)

A Vam6/Vps39-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


retrograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 4' positions.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.


positive regulation of vacuole fusion, non-autophagic

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.


piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus

Degradation of a cell nucleus by lysosomal microautophagy.


nucleus-vacuole junction

An organelle membrane contact site formed between the vacuole membrane and the outer nuclear membrane. In S. cerevisiae these contacts are mediated through direct physical interaction between Vac8p and Nvj1p.


SNX19_MOUSE Sorting nexin-19 (sprot)

A sorting nexin-19 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 5' positions.


positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.


positive regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


cellular response to stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by cell-cell adhesion

Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


yolk syncytial layer

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Peripheral layer of the yolk cell including nuclei and non-yolky cytoplasm. Kimmel et al, 1995.


caudal vein plexus

Post-vent vasculature which forms an interconnecting network of venous tubes. The caudal vein plexus forms via a very active period of angiogenic sprouting, beginning at 25 hpf when venous endothelial cells of the posterior cardinal vein sprout and migrate ventrally, then fuse with neighboring tip cells. This process reiterates during a five-hour window, forming a primordial plexus by 30 hpf. By two days of development, the primitive caudal vein plexus has matured into a complex, well-perfused, venous vascular network. Starting at 4 dpf the caudal vein plexus starts to remodel and simplify.


fibroblast migration

Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.


cellular response to fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.


leukocyte migration involved in immune response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.


closure of optic fissure

The closure of the temporary ventral gap in the optic cup that contributes to its shaping.


cellular response to tumor cell

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.


neural crest cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


iridophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an iridophore. Iridophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain guanidine or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. This gives them a silver, gold, or iridescent appearance.


hindbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).


neural crest cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


ectodermal placode development

The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.


otic placode formation

The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain.


otic vesicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


ectodermal placode formation

The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.


olfactory placode development

The progression of the olfactory placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.


(+)-kotanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-kotanin.


carotenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.


formaldehyde catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.


Orlandin

A member of the class of 8,8'-bicoumarins that is kotanin in which the methoxy groups at the 7 and 7' positions are replaced by hydroxy groups. A fungal metabolite, its isolation from Aspergillus niger was first reported in 1979.


Demethylkotanin

A member of the class of 8,8'-bicoumarins that is kotanin in which the methoxy group at position 7 is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungal metabolite, its isolation from Aspergillus clavatus was first reported in 1971.


Torulene

A carotene that is beta,psi-carotene which has been been dehydrogenated to introduce an (E)-double bond at the 3'-4' position.


AFLQ_ASPPU O-methylsterigmatocystin oxidoreductase (sprot)


cellular response to growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


iron ion transmembrane transport

A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitotic cell cycle phase transition

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.


negative regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


erythrocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


focal adhesion

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


negative regulation of cell size

Any process that reduces cell size.


positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.


neural fold formation

The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.


response to amino acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


endocytic vesicle

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.


intercellular canaliculus

An extremely narrow tubular channel located between adjacent cells. An instance of this is the secretory canaliculi occurring between adjacent parietal cells in the gastric mucosa of vertebrates.


rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.


protein phosphatase 4 complex

A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex formed by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 plus one or more regulatory subunits.


fetal derived definitive erythrocyte

A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins.


glycogen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.


intracellular sphingolipid homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sphingolipids within a cell.


sphingomyelin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.


circadian regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


superoxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


nucleus organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.


protein oxidation

The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation.


hormone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


NK T cell proliferation

The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.


negative regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.


regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


PH domain binding

Binding to a PH domain (pleckstrin homology) of a protein, a domain of about 100 residues that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.


negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.


T cell mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.


L-gulonolactone oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulono-1,4-lactone + O2 = L-xylo-hex-3-ulonolactone + H2O2.


Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide.


alpha-glucuronidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.


gluconolactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = D-gluconate.


cellular response to amino acid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


organelle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


protein maturation by copper ion transfer

A process that contributes to the delivery of copper ions to a target protein.


translation initiation factor binding

Binding to a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.


leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.


positive regulation of lipophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.


selenium binding

Binding to a selenium (Se) ion.


vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


definitive erythrocyte differentiation

Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.


minus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


glycolytic process through fructose-1-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose into pyruvate through a fructose-1-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.


plus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


G0 to G1 transition

The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.


methionine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


positive regulation of cell size

Any process that increases cell size.


positive regulation of macrophage differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.


ether lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.


negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.


retinol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.


negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


NK T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


bile acid secretion

The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.


positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.


negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


protein modification by small protein conjugation

A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.


embryonic liver development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.


negative regulation of heterochromatin formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.


negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eiF2alpha phosphorylation.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane.


low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving low-density lipoprotein receptors.


cannabinoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cannabinoid.


glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


ethanol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


alkane 1-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.


growth hormone receptor activity

Combining with a growth hormone and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


aflatoxin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


hepatoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.


lactate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lactate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + pyruvate.


prolactin receptor activity

Combining with prolactin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


hepatocyte cell migration

The orderly movement of a hepatocyte during the development of the liver. Hepatocytes emerge from the hepatic epithelium, populating the septum transversum and lateral mesenchymal areas of the hepatic lobes.


dystonin isoform 1 (mouse)

A dystonin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZU6-2.


dystonin isoform 2 (mouse)

A dystonin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZU6-1.


spleen development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.


lymph node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


perineuronal satellite cell

A non-neuronal cell that surrounds the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia.


recognition of apoptotic cell

The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.


peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine.


secretion by cell

The controlled release of a substance by a cell.


substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.


stress fiber assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.


collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


phosphoprotein binding

Binding to a phosphorylated protein.


serotonin secretion by platelet

The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets.


phosphatase binding

Binding to a phosphatase.


receptor diffusion trapping

The process by which a membrane receptor, diffusing freely within the plasma membeane, becomes trapped in some plasma membrane region. This can happen when a receptor bind, directly or indirectly, to some component of the underlying matrix.


positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.


regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


pancreas regeneration

The regrowth of a destroyed pancreas.


B-1 B cell

A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive.


PK3CG_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


type B pancreatic cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


ER to Golgi ceramide transport

The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.


T-helper 1 cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.


ruffle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.


negative regulation of macroautophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


positive regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


regulation of myelination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


energy reserve metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.


positive regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.


heart valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.


voluntary musculoskeletal movement

The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will.


positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


positive regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.


regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.


positive regulation of myotube differentiation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


regulation of membrane permeability

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.


positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


basal dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the basal pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, basal dendrites are either on the same side of the soma as the axon, or project toward the axon.


gap junction

A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.


lateral wall of outer hair cell

The lateral wall of an outer hair cell (OHC) is a unique trilaminate composite consisting of the plasma membrane, an underlying cytoskeletal network containing an actin-spectrin cortical lattice, and an adjacent system of circumferential lamellar organelles known as the subsurface cisternae.


actin filament bundle of stereocilium

A bundle of hundreds of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), that is the supporting structure of a stereocilium. Filaments are oriented such that the the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion and are capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma membrane.


kinociliary basal body

A ciliary basal body that is part of a kinocilium.


upper tip-link density

An electron-dense plaque at the upper end of a stereocilia tip link that provides the anchor in the stereocilia membrane on the side of the stereocilium where the tip link ends.


stereocilium coat

A glycocalyx on the the endolymphatic surface of a cochlear hair cell that coats the external surface of each stereocilium and maintains a small distance between adjacent stereocilia in the bundle.


auditory receptor cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


negative regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.


positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


outer hair cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an outer hair cell.


auditory epithelial supporting cell

A non-sensory cell that extends from the basement membrane to the apical surface of the auditory epithelium and provides support for auditory hair cells.


cilium-dependent cell motility

Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.


XY body

A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.


Sertoli cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.


Sertoli cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.


intracellular water homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within a cell.


outflow tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.


cardiac ventricle morphogenesis

The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.


regulation of smooth muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.


vascular endothelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


regulation of gastrulation

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.


regulation of cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.


embryonic digestive tract development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus.


embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


kalirin-9 (mouse)

A kalirin (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA that includes the region coding for the Kal-9 specific terminal exon.


aortico-pulmonary spiral septum

The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions.


ureteric peristalsis

A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.


positive regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


parallel actin filament bundle assembly

Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


myosin binding

Binding to a myosin; myosins are any of a superfamily of molecular motor proteins that bind to actin and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments.


nervous system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.


cellular response to calcium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.


positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


protocadherin-15 isoform m2 (mouse)

A protocadherin-15 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99PJ1-2.


reticular membrane of spiral organ

A reticular lamina of epithelium that is part of a spiral organ of cochlea.


filopodium tip

The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.


immunological synapse

An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.


nerve growth factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


vesicle fusion

Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.


leukocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.


actin polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


uropod organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a uropod, a rigid membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a lymphocyte or other cell in the process of migrating or being activated.


regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.


positive regulation of T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


negative regulation of vesicle fusion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.


regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


myosin tail binding

Binding to the tail region of a myosin heavy chain.


neuromuscular process controlling balance

Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.


post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.


maintenance of centrosome location

Any process in which a centrosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


righting reflex

A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position.


detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception

The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears.


melanosome

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.


protein domain specific binding

Binding to a specific domain of a protein.


intracellular protein transport

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


pigment granule localization

Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


sensory perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


pigment granule transport

The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tRNA methylation

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.


cytidine residue

The nucleoside residue formed from cytidine with linkages at the 3' and 5' positions.


NSUN2_HUMAN RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase NSUN2 (sprot)

An RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase NSUN2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGT_HUMAN Queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase catalytic subunit 1 (sprot)

A queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase catalytic subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


QTRT2_HUMAN Queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase accessory subunit 2 (sprot)

A queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase accessory subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


An organic anionic group obtained by deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group of 2'-O-methyladenosine 5'-monophosphate residue.


An organic anionic group obtained by deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group of 2'-O-methylcytidine 5'-monophosphate residue.


mRNA methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.


mitochondrial tRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a mitochondrial tRNA molecule to produce a mitochondrial tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


METL6_HUMAN tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL6 (sprot)

A tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ciliary shaft

The mid part of a cilium between the ciliary base and ciliary tip that extends into the extracellular space.


GTP-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex when at least one of the interacting partners is in the GTP-bound state.


protein localization to ciliary membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.


protein transmembrane transport

The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.


EXOC4_HUMAN Exocyst complex component 4 (sprot)

An exocyst complex component 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AR13B_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylinositol binding

Binding to an inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.


intraciliary transport particle A

The smaller subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights of 710-760 kDa.


TBC31_HUMAN TBC1 domain family member 31 (sprot)

A TBC1 domain family member 31 that is encoded in the genome of human.


aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. The aspartyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an aspartic acid accetping tRNA.


myenteric nerve plexus

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility.


olfactory pit

An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO].


facial nerve

Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches).


vagus X ganglion

The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the vagus nerve.


nerve innervating pinna

Any nerve that innervates the pinna.


spinal nerve

The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified].


ganglion

A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.


substantia gelatinosa

Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells, corresponding to Rexed lamina II.