homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis

The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.


regulation of DNA damage checkpoint

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Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.


MCM complex loading

The protein localization process in which two MCM complexes become associated with chromatin at replication origins. MCM loading begins when origin-bound ORC and Cdc6 (Cdc18 in fission yeast) recruit one MCM2-7/Cdt1 complex to the origin, includes formation of a succession of intermediate complexes and ATP hydrolysis-dependent Mcm2-7 ring closure, and ends when two MCM hexamers fully encircle DNA, and are oriented head-to-head. The double hexamer is inactive for DNA unwinding. MCM loading takes place during G1 phase, and precedes CMG complex assembly.


nucleosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


positive regulation of stem cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


pericentric heterochromatin formation

The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA.


subtelomeric heterochromatin formation

The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.


mammary gland involution

The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.


SUMO polymer binding

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Binding to a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


negative regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


positive regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


chromosome, subtelomeric region

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A region of the chromosome, adjacent to the telomere (on the centromeric side) that contains repetitive DNA and sometimes genes. This region is usually heterochromatin.


nuclear chromosome

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.


brown preadipocyte

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A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha).


Gr1-high myeloid suppressor cell

A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative.


hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PcG protein complex

A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.


RNA localization

A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


positive regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


telomere assembly

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


replication fork processing

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.


helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.


presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


MMS22_HUMAN Protein MMS22-like (sprot)

A protein MMS22-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 (mouse)

A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RECQ5_HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 (sprot)

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chromosome, telomeric region

The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).


spindle

The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


female pronucleus

The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized.


synaptonemal complex

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.


MutLalpha complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.


condensed nuclear chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.


lateral element

A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.


cortical cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


female germ cell nucleus

The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.


central element

A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements.


meiotic spindle midzone

The area in the center of the meiotic spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


meiotic cohesin complex

A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex.


apical cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.


mismatch repair complex

Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


actin cap

Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


vitelline membrane formation

Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg.


oocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.


G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I.


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


microtubule polymerization

The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.


telomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.


positive regulation of translation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


homologous chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


synaptonemal complex assembly

The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.


transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling

An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression that involves chromatin remodeling to capacitate gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.


meiotic nuclear division

One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.


phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


meiotic cell cycle

Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.


cytoplasm organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


spindle assembly involved in female meiosis

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


vesicle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.


spindle checkpoint signaling

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A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.


chiasma assembly

The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.


meiotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


meiotic DNA repair synthesis

During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.


nucleus localization

Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


establishment of meiotic spindle localization

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.


chromatin looping

A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.


cytoplasmic polyadenylation

Any process by which dormant, translationally inactive mRNAs become activated via the elongation of their poly(A) tails in the cytosol.


telomere maintenance via telomerase

The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


transcription by RNA polymerase I

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.


meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during meiosis.


maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the centromeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.


female meiosis I

The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.


epigenetic programing of female pronucleus

The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the female pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The maternal genome is protected from global DNA demethylation before the first division of the zygote, and instead undergoes passive, replication-dependent demethylation during early embryogenesis, arising from inhibition of the DNA maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1.


meiotic spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.


polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions

The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.


meiotic metaphase chromosome alignment

A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during meiotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


meiotic cytokinesis

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


spindle localization

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


cytosolic transport

The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.


meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint, that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.


cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.


cohesin unloading

Negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion by the topological unlinking of a cohesin ring to DNA.


oocyte growth

The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


oocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 phosphorylated form (mouse)

An eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 (mouse) that includes at least one phosphorylated residue. UniProtKB:Q9QZ05-1, MOD:00696.


DCA13_HUMAN DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 (sprot)

A DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic cleavage

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


chromosome condensation

The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.


DNA topological change

The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


cohesin complex

A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).


gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.


oogenesis

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.


cellular response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.


cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.


cGMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


ethanol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.


luteinizing hormone signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


NuRD complex

An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.


chromosome movement towards spindle pole

The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes.


tubulin complex

A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.


tubulin

A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of a Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase domain (Pfam:PF00091) at the N terminus, and a Tubulin C-terminal domain (Pfam:PF03953). Tubulins possess GTPase activity, and are the principle components of microtubules.


telomere maintenance via recombination

Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


protein palmitoylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.


protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.


positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.


regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.


retina

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The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


photoreceptor disk component PRCD unpalmitoylated 1 (mouse)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that lacks S-palmitoylation of a Cys at position 2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, PR:000026291.


PRCD_HUMAN Photoreceptor disk component PRCD (sprot)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD that is encoded in the genome of human.


CKAP4_HUMAN Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (sprot)

A cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


photoreceptor disk component PRCD palmitoylated 1 (mouse)

A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that has been post-translationally modified to include S-palmitoylation at Cys-2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, MOD:00115.


ZDHC3_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDH21_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


primary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.


secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

A neuron of teleosts that develops later than a primary neuron, typically during the larval stages.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.


chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.


heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfate; results in 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid residues in heparan sulfate.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.


nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + acetate.


heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfate; results in 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.


UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


protein xylosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


prenyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


fucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.


calcineurin-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.


smoothened binding

Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.


XYLT2_HUMAN Xylosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A xylosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B4GT7_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35B4_HUMAN Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35B4 (sprot)

A UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIA4A_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FUT2_HUMAN Galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BGAT_HUMAN Histo-blood group ABO system transferase (sprot)

A histo-blood group ABO system transferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTP_MOUSE Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit (sprot)

A microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 isoform m1 (mouse)

A group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EPR2-1.


ceramide synthase isoform 1 (mouse)

A ceramide synthase isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 isoform 1 (mouse)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8R4D1-1.


Q1A6U9_MOUSE phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (trembl)

A type II inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q1A6U9.


C0K3M3_MOUSE Corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 2 beta (trembl)

A corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 isoform iv-beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 isoform PC5B (mouse)

A proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q04592-1.


CHPF2_HUMAN Chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase (sprot)

A chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


S35D2_HUMAN Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35D2 (sprot)

A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter that is encoded in the genome of human.


XYLT1_HUMAN Xylosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A xylosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B4GT3_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDH18_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NMNA2_HUMAN Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MPAA2_PENBR Polyprenyl transferase mpaA' (sprot)


TRIM3_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


photoreceptor outer segment membrane

The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.


establishment of apical/basal cell polarity

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


eye photoreceptor cell development

Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.


protein targeting

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


photoreceptor distal connecting cilium

The distal region of the photoreceptor connecting cilium is structurally unique to the photoreceptor and is maintained by retina-specific protein, SPATA7, and its interacting partners RPGR and RPGRIP1. It is essential for photoreceptor sensory cilium stability.


rod photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate rod photoreceptor that contains sealed membrane discs that are not connected to the ciliary membrane and containing rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins.


photoreceptor proximal connecting cilium

The proximal region of the photoreceptor connecting cilium is similar to the transition zone of unspecialized primary cilia and houses several major transition zone complexes, including NPHP, MKS, and RPGR.


ciliary rootlet

A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm.


apical dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.


retinal pigment epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium.


pericentriolar material

A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.


dendrite terminus

A structure at the distal end of a dendrite adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. dendriole.


BBSome

A ciliary protein complex involved in cilium biogenesis. It consists of at least seven Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins and BBIP10. It moves in association with IFT trains through cilia (likely as an IFT-A/B adaptor or cargo), and is required for the integrity of IFT-A and IFT-B.


interphotoreceptor matrix

A specialized extracellularc matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors of the retina and lies between them and the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. The IPM has been implicated in several important activities required for photoreceptor function and maintenance.


cone photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate cone photoreceptor that contains membrane discs that are contiguous with the ciliary membrane and containing opsin photoreceptor proteins.


structural constituent of cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.


retinal rod cell development

Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.


membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.


retina layer formation

The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.


cellular response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


phototransduction, visible light

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


retinal ganglion cell axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


establishment of organelle localization

The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.


retinal rod cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.


neural retina development

The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


cell tip growth

Growth that occurs specifically at the tip of a cell.


tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


kinesin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.


neuron projection extension

Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


regulation of retina development in camera-type eye

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.


eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.


neuron maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.


axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


cellular response to electrical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.


glial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.


cell fate determination

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment that occurs after cell fate specification,  in which a cell is irreversibly committed to a cellular developmental fate which is heritable on cell division.


neuron projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


retinoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


retinal bipolar neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina.


photoreceptor cell morphogenesis

The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by the excitation of rhodopsin by a photon, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.


retinal cell programmed cell death

Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.


positive regulation of G1 to G0 transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G1 to G0 transition.


negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


dynamin-1 isoform ac (mouse)

A dynamin-1 isoform ac that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


reticulon-4 isoform D (mouse)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99P72-3.


A8IK50_MOUSE Purkinje cell protein 2 (L7) (trembl)

A Purkinje cell protein 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


heterotrimeric G-protein complex

Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.


cone retinal bipolar cell

A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.


rod bipolar cell

A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells but not by cone photoreceptor cells.  These neurons depolarize in response to light.


striatum

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO].


parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse

An excitatory synapse formed by the parallel fibers of granule cells synapsing onto the dendrites of Purkinje cells.


postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-adrenaline, obtained by protonation of the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-noradrenaline, obtained by protonation of the priamry amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


photoreceptor outer segment layer

Layer of the retina composed of the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptor outer segment is a specialized primary cilium consisting of a microtubule-based axoneme and regular stacks of membrane folds or disks containing the photopigments (opsins) required for the phototransduction cascade.


sperm head plasma membrane

The plasma membrane that is part of the head section of a sperm cell.


spectrin binding

Binding to spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.


visual perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


response to light intensity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.


podosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.


rod bipolar cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a rod bipolar cell.


detection of light stimulus

The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.


phototransduction

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling

The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation.


sensory perception of light stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in thermoception

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.


thermotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.


G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G protein-coupled receptor = ADP + G protein-coupled receptor phosphate.


DHRS3_HUMAN Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 (sprot)

A short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DHB1_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (sprot)

A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RDH8_HUMAN Retinol dehydrogenase 8 (sprot)

A retinol dehydrogenase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OPSB_MOUSE Short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A short-wave-sensitive opsin 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC2E_MOUSE Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 (sprot)

A retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC2B_MOUSE Guanylate cyclase activator 2B (sprot)

A guanylate cyclase activator 2B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


NUP42_MOUSE Nucleoporin NUP42 (sprot)

A nucleoporin NUP42 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC1A_MOUSE Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


GUC1B_MOUSE Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


OPSG_MOUSE Medium-wave-sensitive opsin 1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the Opn1mw gene in mouse.


perineuronal net

A dense extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms around many neuronal cell bodies and dendrites late in development and is responsible for synaptic stabilization in the adult brain.


central nervous system myelin formation

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.


amino acid transport

The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of astrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.


axon choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.


central nervous system myelin maintenance

The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


optic nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the optic nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.


positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.


plasma membrane raft

A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.


bladder urothelial cell

A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of the urinary bladder.


hinge region between urothelial plaques of apical plasma membrane

A narrow rim of non-thickened membrane in between urothelial plaques in apical plasma membrane.


protein localization to paranode region of axon

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the paranode region of an axon.


protein insertion into plasma membrane

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a plasma membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


negative regulation of myelination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.


hypoglossal nerve

Cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue.


protein localization to synapse

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.


heterotrimeric G-protein binding

Binding to a heterotrimeric G-protein.


vesicle targeting

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.


protein localization to membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


UN93B_HUMAN Protein unc-93 homolog B1 (sprot)

A protein unc-93 homolog B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl group to the N6 nitrogen atom on a lysine residue of a peptide or protein molecule.


ribosome

An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.


synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.


extracellular matrix of synaptic cleft

The portion of the extracellular matrix that lies within the synaptic cleft.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic density membrane

The component of the postsynaptic density membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of synaptic membrane

The component of the synaptic membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


regulation of synapse organization

Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.


postsynaptic density assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.


regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the presynaptic cytosol.


regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane.


ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any ligand-gated ion channel activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.


calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion

The regulatory process by which increased cytosolic calcium levels lead to the the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic active zone membrane by bringing primed synaptic vesicle membrane into contact with membrane presynaptic active zone membrane.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels.


translation at presynapse

Translation that occurs at the presynapse.


regulation of synapse pruning

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.


G1TPJ8_RABIT Glutamate receptor (trembl)


F7AGW3_MACMU Glutamate receptor (trembl)


F1MB71_BOVIN CASK interacting protein 1 (trembl)


MAGI3_CHICK Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of chicken.


A0A8V0ZCJ7_CHICK Membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 1 (trembl)


hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse

One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.


trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


behavioral fear response

An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat.


fear response

The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.


learning or memory

The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.


feeding behavior

Behavior associated with the intake of food.


negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.


positive regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.


nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.


regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


mechanoreceptor differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.


positive regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


cellular response to acid chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.


dendrite extension

Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.


regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


neuron recognition

The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.


taste bud development

The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.


axo-dendritic protein transport

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.


intercellular bridge

A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.


cell quiescence

A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed.


sperm flagellum assembly

The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).


miRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degron) pathway. In the DesCEND pathway, C-terminal residues (C-end degrons) in substrates are recognized by Cul2-RING and Cul4-RING E3 ligases, whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation. C-end degrons can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms.


5'-3' RNA helicase activity

Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


intraciliary anterograde transport

The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.


MOV10_HUMAN Helicase MOV-10 (sprot)

A helicase MOV-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA methylation

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.


DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity, acting on CpG substrates

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + CpG (in DNA) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-MeCpG (in DNA).


HBG1_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HBG2_HUMAN Hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 (sprot)

A hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RUNX1_HUMAN Runt-related transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A runt-related transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FAS_MOUSE Fatty acid synthase (sprot)

A fatty acid synthase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ACOD1_MOUSE Acyl-CoA desaturase 1 (sprot)

An acyl-CoA desaturase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CD36_MOUSE Platelet glycoprotein 4 (sprot)

A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 3 (mouse)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9WTN3-3.


post-fertilization epigenetic regulation of gene expression

A epigenetic process that happens during embryonic development that modulates gene expression potential at later stages of development of the organism, including the adult. Epigenetic regulation takes place via chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine DNA methylation.


epigenetic programing of male pronucleus

The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the male pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The most major change in the paternal genome is DNA demethylation, which takes place before the first cell division.


negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.


retrotransposon silencing by heterochromatin formation

A retrotransposon silencing mechanism involving heterochromatin assembly. Heterochromatin is a chromatin conformation that is refractory to transcription.


retrotransposition

A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) copies and pastes itself into a different genomic location by transcription and convertsion of the transcribed RNA back into DNA through reverse transcription.


myelin sheath

An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.


paranode region of axon

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.


myelin sheath adaxonal region

The region of the myelin sheath nearest to the axon.


internode region of axon

An axon part that is located between the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by compact myelin sheath.


compact myelin

The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs.


response to toxic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.


paranodal junction

A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


axon initial segment

Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment.


septate junction

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.


paranodal junction assembly

Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.


clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels

The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.


white matter of cerebellum

Regional part of cerebellum consisting of the myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer, excluding the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar peduncles.


white matter

Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system.


clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels

The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.


paranodal junction maintenance

The maintenance of a paranodal junction, a highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. A paranodal junction flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve, electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments, and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


apical plasma membrane urothelial plaque

A scallop-shaped plaque, also referred to as an asymmetric unit membrane (AUM), found in the apical plasma membrane of urothelial superficial (umbrella) cells which form a a barrier to the passage of water and soluble toxic compounds found in urine. The plaques are thickened regions of membrane composed of uroplakin transmembrane proteins which form a crystalline array.


sodium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.


urinary bladder development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.


vacuole fusion

Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.


channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


transporter complex

A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


hair cycle process

A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


myeloid leukocyte

A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.


ribosomal RNA

RNA molecules which are essential structural and functional components of ribosomes, the subcellular units responsible for protein synthesis.


N-acylsphingosine

The parent compounds of the ceramide family, composed of sphingosine having an unspecified fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.


sphingomyelin d18:1

Any sphingomyelin having sphingosine as the sphingoid component.


Phosphocholine

The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.


NSMA_HUMAN Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 (sprot)

A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNFL6_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNR6_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).


negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.


arterial endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an arterial endothelial cell.


cell adhesion mediated by integrin

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


somite

Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.


NUMB_HUMAN Protein numb homolog (sprot)

A protein numb that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARRB1_HUMAN Beta-arrestin-1 (sprot)

A beta-arrestin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLL1_HUMAN Delta-like protein 1 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAG2_HUMAN Protein jagged-2 (sprot)

A protein jagged-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNTN1_HUMAN Contactin-1 (sprot)

A contactin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNER_HUMAN Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor (sprot)

A delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLL4_HUMAN Delta-like protein 4 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAG1_HUMAN Protein jagged-1 (sprot)

A protein jagged-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


YBOX1_HUMAN Y-box-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A Y-box-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX2_HUMAN Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX2 (sprot)

A protein deltex-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DTX1_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


methylcytosine dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + succinate + CO2.


keratinocyte stem cell

A stem cell located in the bulge of the hair follicle that can give rise to regenerate the new follicle with each hair cycle and to reepithelialize the epidermis during wound repair.


keratin filament

A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.


keratinocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.


keratinocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.


anagen

The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.


positive regulation of melanocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.


hair cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.


hair follicle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of hair follicle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


catagen

The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.


melanin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


stem cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.


negative regulation of timing of anagen

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.


hair follicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.


negative regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


integumental system

Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.


mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 isoform A unmethylated 1 (mouse)

A mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 isoform A (mouse) that lacks a monomethylated Lys at position 70. UniProtKB:O35253-1, Lys-70, PR:000026291.


protein methylation

The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


RN111_MOUSE E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Arkadia that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


methylation-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon methylation of the target protein.


peptidyl-lysine methylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.


negative regulation of transferase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


heterochromatin organization

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.


extracellular matrix assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.


positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


mitochondrial matrix

The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.


alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 unmethylated 1 (mouse)

An alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 (mouse) that lacks methylation at the position equivalent to Lys-943 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1. UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1, Lys-943, PR:000026291.


alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 methylated 1 (mouse)

An alanine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic isoform 1 (mouse) that has been methylated at the position equivalent to Lys-943 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1. UniProtKB:Q8BGQ7-1, Lys-943, MOD:00663.


S-adenosylmethionine

A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.


RS2_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS5 (sprot)

A 40S ribosomal protein S2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine

An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.


EF2_HUMAN Elongation factor 2 (sprot)

An elongation factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT21A_HUMAN Protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A (sprot)

A protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIN17_HUMAN DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 (sprot)

A DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETKMT_HUMAN Electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase (sprot)

An electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETFB_HUMAN Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (sprot)

An electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


MET22_HUMAN Methyltransferase-like protein 22 (sprot)

A methyltransferase-like protein 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type II

Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor.


LTBP4_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FKB1A_HUMAN Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A (sprot)

A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9 isoform 1 (human)

A zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP1_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A latent TGF-beta-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP2_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LTBP3_HUMAN Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the cytosine DNA methylation.


RBCC1_HUMAN RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 (sprot)

An RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETD6_HUMAN N-lysine methyltransferase SETD6 (sprot)

An N-lysine methyltransferase SETD6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mRNA methylation

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.


mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.


pole plasm mRNA localization

Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


mitochondrial translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


negative regulation of cytoplasmic translation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.


electron transport coupled proton transport

The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from electron transport.


eyeball of camera-type eye

The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m9 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-10.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m5 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-6.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m3 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-4.


ELAV-like protein 4 isoform m1 (mouse)

An ELAV-like protein 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61701-1.


tissue migration

The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.


smooth muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


reactive gliosis

A neuroinflammatory response, occurring over several days, during which glial cells undergo nonspecific reactive changes in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS); typically involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of different types of glial cells.


microglial cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI isoform 6 (mouse)

A KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9QYS9-6.


positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.


receptor-mediated endocytosis

An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.


mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.


proton transmembrane transport

The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.


sperm-egg recognition

The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.


granulocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.


miRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.


cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


telomere maintenance

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.


renal water homeostasis

Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.


toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


protein targeting to mitochondrion

The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.


iron-sulfur cluster assembly

The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


rRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.


cristae formation

The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.


error-prone translesion synthesis

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.


cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.


The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


adherens junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.


positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.


cobalamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


cobalamin transport

The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


DNA methylation on cytosine

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.


cell redox homeostasis

Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.


mRNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


oxygen transport

The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.