apical ectodermal ridge

Multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP].


cochlear nucleus

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Any of the nuclei of the cochlear nuclear complex.


pretectal region

Nuclear complex between dorsal thalamus and optic tectum whose nuclei receive afferents primarily from the retina and the optic tectum and are involved in modulating motor behavior in response to visual input.


naive B cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD20-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.


alveolar macrophage

A tissue-resident macrophage found in the alveoli of the lungs. Ingests small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative.


DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 isoform h2 (human)

A DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P24928-2.


Deoxyribonucleic acid

High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms.


ribonucleic acid

High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins.


gene expression

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.


cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


heat shock protein 105 kDa isoform HSP105-beta (mouse)

A heat shock protein 105 kDa (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61699-2.


tumor protein 63 isoform 2 (mouse)

A tumor protein 63 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


neutrophil

Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.


monocyte

Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells.


lens epithelial cell

A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.


sperm

A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.


columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell

A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.


medium spiny neuron

An inhibitory, GABAergic projection neuron in the striatum that integrates glutamatergic signals arising from the cerebral cortex and thalamus.


retinal cone cell

One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.


photoreceptor cell

A cell specialized to detect and transduce light.


male germ cell

A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis.


microglial cell

A central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.


chondrocyte

Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell.


spermatocyte

A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.


spermatid

A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.


glial cell

A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.


arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important populations of neurons, including: Neuroendocrine neurons, Centrally-projecting neurons and Others. [WP,unvetted].


fat cell

A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides.


thymocyte

An immature T cell located in the thymus.


skeletal muscle satellite cell

An elongated, spindle-shaped, cell that is located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of a muscle fiber. These cells are mostly quiescent, but upon activation they divide to produce cells that generate new muscle fibers.


pyramidal neuron

Pyramidal neurons have a pyramid-shaped soma with a single axon, a large apical dendrite and multiple basal dendrites. The apex and an apical dendrite typically point toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their region. Pyramidal neurons are found in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.


hippocampal neuron

A neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.


mesenchymal cell

A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration.


astrocyte

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury.


blood

A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.


CD4-positive helper T cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions.


sperm head

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The part of the late spermatid or spermatozoon that contains the nucleus and acrosome.


entire embryonic mesenchyme

Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo.


podocyte

A specialized kidney epithelial cell, contained within a glomerulus, that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other podocytes.


granulosa cell

A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors.


intestinal epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the intestine.


dorsal root ganglion

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain. (MSH) * ganglion found on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of the unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. (CSP).


basal cell of epidermis

A basally situated, mitotically active, columnar-shaped keratinocyte attached to the basement membrane.


lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


megakaryocyte

A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release.


erythrocyte

A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.


retinal bipolar neuron

A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.


female genital tubercle

A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system.


primordial germ cell

A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells.


blastocyst

The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO].


inner cell mass

A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues.


neural progenitor cell

An undifferentiated cell that originates from a neural stem cell and has the capacity to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors but not to self-renew.


pyramidal layer of CA2

Part of pyramidal cell layer in area CA2, lying superficial to the CA2 stratum oriens, and deep to the stratum radiatum of CA2, continuous with the pyramidal cell layers of CA1 and CA3.


trigeminal ganglion

The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve.


sensory neuron

Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.


intestinal mucosa

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Mucosal layer that lines the intestine.


spiral ganglion neuron

Neuron found in the spiral ganglion.


mast cell

A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development.


white fat cell

Fat cells with light coloration and few mitochondria. They contain a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.


induced T-regulatory cell

CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD25-positive, CTLA-4-positive, and FoxP3-positive with regulatory function.


postnatal subventricular zone

A mitotically active layer of cells surrounding the brain ventricles in the adult that consists of migrating neuroblasts, astrocytes and transitory amplifying progenitor cells[MP].


granule cell

A neuron of the vertebrate central nervous system that is small in size. This general class includes small neurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex neurons that are not pyramidal cells and small neurons without axons found in the olfactory bulb.


leukocyte

An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.


trophoblast cell

A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface.


skeletal muscle fiber

A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


Cajal-Retzius cell

A neuron of the human embryonic marginal zone which display, as a salient feature, radial ascending processes that contact the pial surface, and a horizontal axon plexus located in the deep marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene.


ventricular cardiac muscle cell

Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle.


muscle cell

A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.


semen

Organism substance that is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid.


retinal cell

Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


germ cell

The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.


spermatogonium

An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis.


neurecto-epithelial cell

Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest.


mammary gland epithelial cell

An epithelial cell of the mammary gland.


pancreas primordium

Embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud.


bone marrow cell

A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells.


animal zygote

Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.


early embryonic cell (metazoa)

A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete.


Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex

The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


amygdala

Subcortical brain region lying anterior to the hippocampal formation in the temporal lobe and anterior to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in some species. It is usually subdivided into several groups. Functionally, it is not considered a unitary structure (MM).


epidermal cell

An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).


neuroendocrine cell

A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals.


mesodermal cell

A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo.


stromal cell

A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.


endodermal cell

A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.


primary spermatocyte

A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.


endocardial cell

An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin.


presomitic mesoderm

Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form.


ganglionic layer of retina

Cytoarchitectural layer of retina that contains somata of retinal ganglion cells, bounded by the stratum opticum and the inner plexiform layer.


cerebellar granule cell

An excitatory granule cell with a soma located in the granular layer of cerebellar cortex. A mature cerebellar granule cell has short dendrites with a characteristic claw-like appearance and a long axon that ascends to the molecular layer where it bifurcates (except in non-teleost fish, where it does not bifurcate) and extends mediolaterally to form parallel fibers.


fibrocyte

An inactive fibroblast; cytoplasm is sparse, endoplasmic reticulum is scanty with flattened nucleus. Term used by some histologists; when fibroblasts become relatively inactive in fiber formation. However, this cell has the potential for fibrogenesis in quiescent connective tissue of the adult, as well as during development, other histologists prefer to use the term fibroblast in all circumstances. These cells represent ~0.5% of peripheral blood leukocytes.


alimentary part of gastrointestinal system

The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system.


ciliated epithelial cell

An epithelial cell that has a cilia.


lens placode

A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP].


glandular epithelial cell

A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules.


enteroendocrine cell

An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas.


pancreatic A cell

A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon.


CNS interneuron

An interneuron that has its cell body in a central nervous system.


T-helper 1 cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.


mural trophectoderm

Trophectoderm that surrounds blastocyst cavity.


inner nuclear layer of retina

Cytoarchitectural layer of retina containing closely packed cell bodies, the majority of which are bipolar cells (adapted from Wikipedia).


epithelial cell of pancreas

An epithelial cell of the pancreas.


pneumocyte

An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.


somatic stem cell

A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


bone marrow macrophage

A tissue-resident macrophage located in the bone marrow. This cell type is B220-negative, CD3e-negative, Ly-6C-negative, CD115-positive, F4/80-positive.


granulocyte

A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm.


lens pit

A pitlike depression in the ectoderm of the lens placode where the primordial lens is developing[TFD].


sensory epithelial cell

A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells.


Deiter's cell

The outer phalangeal cells of the organ of Corti. This cell holds the base of the hair cell in a cup-shaped depression.


basal cell

Undifferentiated; mitotic stem cell for other epithelial cell types; rounded or elliptical with little cytoplasm and few organelles; contain cytokeratin intermediate filament.


female germ cell

Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.


amacrine cell

Interneuron of the vertebrate retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons.


cortical layer III

Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external granule cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by numerous small pyramidal neurons.


spinal cord lateral wall

Multi-tissue structure forming the sides of the lumen of the spinal cord.


acinar cell

A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).


molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.


cortical layer II

Layer of neocortex lying just deep to molecular layer characterized by numerous small cell bodies.


granular layer of cerebellar cortex

The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


blastoderm cell

An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote).


skeleton

Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.


Claudius cell

A cuboidal cell which along with Boettcher's cells form the floor of the external spiral sulcus, external to the organ of Corti.


inner spiral sulcus

A concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging vestibular lip.


Hensen cell

A tall supporting cell that is arranged in rows adjacent to the last row of outer phalangeal cells. This cell type constitutes the outer border of the organ of Corti.


gut absorptive cell

Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules.


hippocampus pyramidal layer

A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames).


globus pallidus

Subcortical nucleus, functionally part of the basal ganglia, which consists of two segments the external (or lateral) and internal (or medial) separated by the medial medullary lamina in primates. In rodents, The globus pallidus lateral is separated from the medial segment by the fibers of the internal capsule/cerebral peduncle.


dentate gyrus granule cell layer

Granule cell layer is also called the DG principal cell layer. This one of the three layers of dentate gyrus that lies deep to the molecular layer and is made of densely packed layer that is four to eight granule cells thick.


midbrain lateral wall

Multi-tissue structure forming the sides of the lumen of the midbrain region of the neural tube.


hippocampus stratum radiatum

The layer located immediately above the pyramidal cell layer in CA2 and CA1 and superficial to the stratum lucidum in CA3. Suprapyramidal region in which CA3 to CA3 associational connections and CA3 to CA1 Schaffer collateral connections are located.


odontoblast

Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell.


mature microglial cell

A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation.


cortical layer V

Layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal granule cell layer (layer 4) defined cytoarchitecturally by the predominance of large pyramidal cell bodies.


olfactory placode

A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.


chromaffin cell

A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.


parietal endoderm

Primitive endoderm-derived tissue that lines the luminal surface of the mural trophectoderm[MP].


hair follicle cell

An animal cell that is part of a hair follicle.


gonadtroph

A rounded cell that is usually situated next to sinusoids; secretes follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).


ectodermal cell

A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.


duct epithelial cell

An epithelial cell that is part of a duct.


polar trophectoderm

Trophectoderm that surrounds the inner cell mass (ICM).


cortical layer VI

Innermost layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by cells of varying size.


vein endothelial cell

An endothelial cell that is part of the vein.


olfactory bulb granule cell layer

The granule cell layer contains multiple small round neurons that lack axons. Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. Small distal processes make contacts with the exiting mitral cell axons.


trophoblast giant cell

A trophoblast cell that has a large volume of cytoplasm, is polyploid and is usually mononuclear but is also occasionally multi-nucleate. This cell type is important in establishing maternal physiology and remodeling of the vasculature of the placenta.


splenic red pulp macrophage

A splenic macrophage found in the red-pulp of the spleen, and involved in immune responses to blood-borne pathogens and in the clearance of senescent erythrocytes. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD68-positive, MR-positive, Dectin2-positive, macrosialin-positive, and sialoadhesin-low.


olfactory granule cell

A granule cell that has a soma located in an olfactory bulb granule cell layer. An olfactory granule cell is an interneuron that lacks an axon, makes reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses with mitral cells and tufted cells and is involved in the fine spatio-temporal tuning of the responses of these principal olfactory bulb neurons to odors.


secondary oocyte

A secondary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed meiosis II.


non-terminally differentiated cell

A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates.


neuron of the forebrain

A CNS neuron of the forebrain.


cerebellar granule cell precursor

A cell located in the outermost proliferative zone of the external germinal layer that can differentiate into astroglial cells and granule cells. This cell type is glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and HNK1-positive.


hematopoietic precursor cell

Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type.


striatum neuron

A neuron of the striatum.


hepatic stellate cell

A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver.


cortical layer I

The most superficial layer of the neocortex characterized by a paucity of cell bodies.


layer of dentate gyrus

One of the three layers of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation.


cortical layer IV

Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by the presence of numerous small cells.


lateral nasal prominence

The lateral area of the two branches of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling in the future nasal region of the embryo; it separates the olfactory pit from the developing eye and the ala of the nose/snout develops from it.


theca cell

A flattened stroma cell forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature ovarian follicle. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily androgens which serve as precusors of estrogens in the granulosa cells.


exocrine cell

A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct.


dental pulp cell

A cell found within the dental pulp.


labyrinth supporting cell

Cells forming a framework supporting the organ of Corti. Specific cells are those of Claudius, Deiters and Hensen.


organ of Corti supporting cell

A supporting cell of the organ of Corti.


immature Schwann cell

A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons.


hair follicle dermal papilla cell

A specialized mesenchymal cell that resides in the dermal papilla located at the bottom of hair follicles. This cell plays a pivotal roles in hair formation, growth, and cycling.


adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell

A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin.


mandible condylar process

Articular part of the mandible bone.


ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX33 isoform m1 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX33 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80VY9-1.


ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX33 isoform m2 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX33 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80VY9-1, 26-698. UniProtKB:Q80VY9-1, 26-698.


KBTB2_HUMAN Kelch repeat and BTB domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A kelch repeat and BTB domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein pitchfork isoform m2 (mouse)

A protein pitchfork (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9D9W1-2.


cytidine deaminase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: cytidine + H2O = uridine + NH3.


DNA binding

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity

A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II include TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBP). In most species, RNA polymerase II transcribes all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), most untranslated regulatory RNAs, the majority of the snoRNAs, four of the five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, and U5), and other small noncoding RNAs. For some small RNAs there is variability between species as to whether it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. However there are also rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I transcribes certain mRNAs in addition to its normal role in rRNA transcription.


protein phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.


RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


nuclear receptor activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytosol, which leads to its translocation to the nucleus.


single-stranded DNA binding

Binding to single-stranded DNA.


DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity

Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined, driven by ATP hydrolysis. The enzyme changes the linking number in multiples of 2.


female meiosis chromosome separation

The process in which paired chromosomes are physically detached from each other during female meiosis.


meiotic chromosome condensation

Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.


mRNA binding

Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.


RNA binding

Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.


cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


transcription coregulator activity

A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.


transcription regulator activity

A molecular function that controls the rate, timing and/or magnitude of gene transcription. The function of transcriptional regulators is to modulate gene expression at the transcription step so that they are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.


protein folding chaperone

Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process.


transcription coactivator activity

A transcription coregulator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coactivators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.


transcription corepressor activity

A transcription coregulator activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Corepressors often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription corepressors modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.


histone H3K27me2/H3K27me3 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri- or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 27 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.


pre-mRNA binding

Binding to a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule.


mRNA 3'-UTR binding

Binding to a 3' untranslated region of an mRNA molecule.


ribosome binding

Binding to a ribosome.


bone growth

The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.


double-stranded DNA binding

Binding to double-stranded DNA.


enzyme activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme.


fumarate hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate = fumarate + H2O.


molecular sequestering activity

Binding to a specific molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


DNA-binding transcription activator activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets.


DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


tRNA binding

Binding to a transfer RNA.


histone binding

Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.


DNA replication origin binding

Binding to a DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally.


alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.


enzyme regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.


U2 snRNP binding

Binding to a U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle.


ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler activity

An activity, driven by ATP hydrolysis, that modulates the contacts between histones and DNA, resulting in a change in chromosome architecture within the nucleosomal array, leading to chromatin remodeling.


chromosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.


transcription factor TFIIH holo complex binding

Binding to a transcription factor TFIIH holo complex.


protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


G protein activity

A molecular function regulator that cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular processes. Intrinsic GTPase activity returns the G protein to its GDP-bound state. The return to the GDP-bound state can be accelerated by the action of a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).


thymidylate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = 7,8-dihydrofolate + thymidylate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + L-serine.


dihydrofolate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.


dUTP diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dUTP + H2O = dUMP + H+ + diphosphate.


lysine-acetylated histone binding

Binding to a histone in which a lysine residue has been modified by acetylation.


2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(2'-5')A-P(3'-5') (cyclic 2',3' GAMP).


nucleosome binding

Binding to a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-lysine-peptide.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of one or more acetyl groups from a protein, requiring NAD.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


chromatin-protein adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a nucleosome, to establish or maintain the chromatin localization of the protein, or protein complex.


NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex binding

Binding to a NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex.


histone acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone.


histone H4K16 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16). This reaction represents the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine at position 16 of histone H4.


DNA/RNA hybrid binding

Binding to a RNA/DNA hybrid.


protein carrier chaperone

Binding to and carrying a protein between two different cellular components by moving along with the target protein.


nuclear receptor coactivator activity

A transcription coactivator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.


NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.


cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.


small GTPase binding

Binding to a small monomeric GTPase.


histone H3T11 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3-threonine (position 11) + ATP = histone H3-phosphothreonine (position 11) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the threonine residue at position 11 of histone H3.


nuclear export signal receptor activity

Combining with a nuclear export signal (NES) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of a the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the nuclear lumen to the cytoplasm. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.


NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-seryl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein].


Catalysis of the reaction: amino acyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)-amino acyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


histone reader activity

A chromatin adaptor that recognizes specific forms of histones, either modified by a post-translational modification, or the unmodified form. Histone readers have roles in many processes, including in centromere function or in modulating the accessibility of cis-regulatory regions to the transcription machinery.


mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.


double-stranded DNA 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.


poly-ADP-D-ribose modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ADP-ribosylation of the target protein.


small molecule binding

Binding to a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 5-O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.


ADP-D-ribose modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon ADP-ribosylation of the target protein.


cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the execution phase of apoptosis.


cullin family protein binding

Binding to a member of the cullin family, hydrophobic proteins that act as scaffolds for ubiquitin ligases (E3).


uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases in DNA that result from the deamination of cytosine or the misincorporation of dUTP opposite an adenine.


DNA secondary structure binding

Binding to a DNA secondary structure element such as a four-way junction, a bubble, a loop, Y-form DNA, or a double-strand/single-strand junction.


protein phosphatase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a protein phosphatase.


enzyme-substrate adaptor activity

An adaptor that brings together an enzyme and its substrate. Adaptors recruit the substrate to its enzyme, thus contributing to substrate selection and specificity.


U6 snRNA binding

Binding to a U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA).


mRNA 5'-UTR binding

Binding to an mRNA molecule at its 5' untranslated region.


protein methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine, or UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine.


Binding to an RNA molecule modified by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RRACH = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RRm6ACH; R is a purine, and H is C, A, or U.


histone H3K9 trimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of three methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 9 of histone H3, producing histone H3K9me3.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N7-methylguanine.


5'-flap endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a 5' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 5' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.


peptidyl-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.


regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.


histone H3K9me2/H3K9me3 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


RNA polymerase II complex binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits.


tDNA binding

Binding to DNA sequences encoding transfer RNA.


mitotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q3UHC1-1.


fibroblast growth factor 13 isoform 1 (mouse)

A fibroblast growth factor 13 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


DUT_HUMAN Deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAPS1_HUMAN Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (sprot)

A bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAPS2_HUMAN Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (sprot)

A bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZFTA_HUMAN Zinc finger translocation-associated protein (sprot)

A zinc finger translocation-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ELK3_MOUSE ETS domain-containing protein Elk-3 (sprot)

An ETS domain-containing protein Elk-3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


runt-related transcription factor 3 isoform m1 (mouse)

A runt-related transcription factor 3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64131-1.


runt-related transcription factor 3 isoform m2 (mouse)

A runt-related transcription factor 3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64131-2.


Q91ZZ2_MOUSE Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (trembl)

A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZZ2.


GLIS2_MOUSE Zinc finger protein GLIS2 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein GLIS2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


catenin delta-1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A catenin delta-1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P30999-2.


transformer-2 protein homolog beta isoform 1 (mouse)

A transformer-2 protein homolog beta isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 isoform 2 (mouse)

A pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99KP6-2.


pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 isoform 1 (mouse)

A pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 5 (mouse)

An RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

An RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glycerol kinase isoform 2 (mouse)

A glycerol kinase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64516-2.


pituitary homeobox 2 isoform Ptx2A (mouse)

A pituitary homeobox 2 isoform Ptx2A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein numb homolog isoform m3 (mouse)

A protein numb homolog (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9QZS3-3.


protein numb homolog isoform m4 (mouse)

A protein numb homolog (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9QZS3-4.


BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 isoform BAG-1 (mouse)

A BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 isoform BAG-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 isoform BAG-1L (mouse)

A BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 isoform BAG-1L that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


transcription factor 20 isoform 2 (mouse)

A transcription factor 20 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


disabled homolog 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A disabled homolog 2 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Q8BTB4_MOUSE Putative regulator of sex-limitation candidate 20/21 (trembl)

A Zfp748 gene translation product (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BTB4.


zinc finger protein ZFPM1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A zinc finger protein ZFPM1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


zinc finger protein ZFPM1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A zinc finger protein ZFPM1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform is generated by alternative initiation and lacks the N-terminal nucleosome remodeling domain-binding domain. UniProtKB:O35615-1, 19-995.


E3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2 isoform Short (mouse)

An E3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P08152-2.


TSC22 domain family protein 3 isoform 4 (mouse)

A TSC22 domain family protein 3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9Z2S7-4.


TSC22 domain family protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A TSC22 domain family protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 isoform m1 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent DNA helicase PIF1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q80SX8-1.


general transcription factor II-I isoform 2 (mouse)

A general transcription factor II-I (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9ESZ8-2.


general transcription factor II-I isoform 1 (mouse)

A general transcription factor II-I (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9ESZ8-1.


Q9EPC0_MOUSE Trad-d6 (trembl)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EPC0.


DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 isoform 1 (mouse)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O55230-1.


Q9EP92_MOUSE Trad-d7 (trembl)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EP92.


Q9EP85_MOUSE RAD51 paralog D (trembl)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EP85.


Q9EP65_MOUSE RAD51 paralog D (trembl)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EP65.


Q9EPA9_MOUSE Trad-d1 (trembl)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EPA9.


Q9EP87_MOUSE Trad-d2 (trembl)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9EP87.


tumor protein 63 isoform 1 (mouse)

A tumor protein 63 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 unphosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at the position equivalent to Ser-97. UniProtKB:Q60829-1, Ser-97, PR:000026291.


calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform m5 (mouse)

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6PHZ2-1, but with an insertion of KRKSSSSVQRMM between residues 328 and 329.


calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform 1 (mouse)

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Tyr-261/Tyr-365, MOD:00048.


DNA-binding protein Ikaros isoform VI (mouse)

A DNA-binding protein Ikaros isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


C-C motif chemokine 27 isoform 2 (mouse)

A C-C motif chemokine 27 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9Z1X0-2.


A0A2L2P595_MOUSE Discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 2 eta (trembl)

A disks large homolog 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A0A2L2P595.


disks large homolog 2 isoform m8 (mouse)

A disks large homolog 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91XM9-8.


mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 isoform 1 (mouse)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 isoform m3 (mouse)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9WVS8-3.


mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 isoform m2 (mouse)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9WVS8-2.


B5AN18_MOUSE NADPH oxidase 4 splice variant (trembl)

An NADPH oxidase 4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:B5AN18.


ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform 2 (mouse)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


C0IXK2_MOUSE Interferon regulatory factor 3 transcript variant a (trembl)

An interferon regulatory factor 3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:C0IXK2.


sperm-associated antigen 16 protein isoform m4 (mouse)

A sperm-associated antigen 16 protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K450-4.


putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9CYI4-2.


putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9CYI4-1.


transcription factor RFX4 isoform 1 (mouse)

A transcription factor RFX4 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


pantothenate kinase 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A pantothenate kinase 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sentrin-specific protease 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A sentrin-specific protease 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZX6-1.


protein SPATIAL isoform 6 (mouse)

A protein SPATIAL isoform 6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein SPATIAL isoform 7 (mouse)

A protein SPATIAL isoform 7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


prickle-like protein 2 prenylated-cysteine methyl ester 1 (mouse)

A prickle-like protein 2 (mouse) that has been farnesylated on the Cys residue within the C-terminal CaaX motif (a=an aliphatic residue, X=any residue), followed by cleavage of aaX and methylation of the Cys. UniProtKB:Q80Y24, 1-842, Cys-842, MOD:01116.


protein Jade-1 isoform m2 (mouse)

A protein Jade-1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6ZPI0-2.


Q8K302_MOUSE Zc3hav1 protein (trembl)

A zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K302.


neuroepithelial cell-transforming gene 1 protein isoform 2 (mouse)

A neuroepithelial cell-transforming gene 1 protein isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


H9U1Q1_MOUSE MLX interacting protein-like beta (trembl)

A carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:H9U1Q1.


protein odd-skipped-related 2 isoform 2 (mouse)

A protein odd-skipped-related 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein odd-skipped-related 2 isoform m1 (mouse)

A protein odd-skipped-related 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZD1-1.


transcription factor Sp6 isoform 1 (mouse)

A transcription factor Sp6 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase isoform 2 (mouse)

An NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K4Z3 residues 46-282. This isoform is encoded from an alternative downstream start codon relative to that encoding for isoform 1. UniProtKB:Q8K4Z3, 46-282.


PHD finger protein 21A isoform 8 (mouse)

A PHD finger protein 21A (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6ZPK0-8.


PHD finger protein 21A isoform 3 (mouse)

A PHD finger protein 21A (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6ZPK0-3.


heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha, initiator methionine removed and K63-polyubiquitinated 1 (mouse)

A heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha, initiator methionine removed form in mouse that has been cross-linked on one or more Lys residues to K63-linked polyubiquitin by Hectd1.


photoreceptor ankyrin repeat protein isoform m1 (mouse)

A photoreceptor ankyrin repeat protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BXP5-1.


methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BG87-1.


methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3 isoform 3 (mouse)

A methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BG87-4.


brain-specific homeobox protein homolog isoform 1 (mouse)

A brain-specific homeobox protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


zinc finger protein 496 isoform 1 (mouse)

A zinc finger protein 496 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


zinc finger protein 496 isoform 2 (mouse)

A zinc finger protein 496 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


zinc finger protein 496 isoform 3 (mouse)

A zinc finger protein 496 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


anoctamin-7 isoform 2 (mouse)

An anoctamin-7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q14AT5-2.


zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 6 isoform m1 (mouse)

A zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 6 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:D2EAC2-1.


zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 6 isoform m2 (mouse)

A zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 6 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:D2EAC2-2.


bone morphogenetic protein 2 isoform m2 (mouse)

A bone morphogenetic protein 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P21274-1, 59-394. This isoform is encoded from an alternative downstream start codon relative to that encoding for isoform 1. UniProtKB:P21274-1, 59-394.


cathepsin L short form (mouse)

A procathepsin L (mouse) that is translated using an internal start codon relative to isoform 1 (PR:P06797-1) and which thus lacks the signal peptide encoding region.


RICD (mouse)

A RICD that is produced in mouse.


protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B isoform m1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at Thr-34. UniProtKB:Q60829-1, Thr-34, MOD:00047.


erythroid transcription factor isoform 1 (mouse)

An erythroid transcription factor isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glucocorticoid receptor isoform 2 (mouse)

A glucocorticoid receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P06537-2.


homeobox protein Hox-A9 isoform HoxA-9 (mouse)

A homeobox protein Hox-A9 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P09631-1.


homeobox protein Hox-A9 isoform HoxA-9T (mouse)

A homeobox protein Hox-A9 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P09631-2.


interferon regulatory factor 8 isoform 1 unsumoylated form (mouse)

An interferon regulatory factor 8 isoform 1 unsumoylated form in mouse.


interferon regulatory factor 8 isoform 1 sumoylated 1 (mouse)

An interferon regulatory factor 8 isoform 1 sumoylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P23611-1, Lys-310, MOD:01149.


serine/threonine-protein kinase MAK isoform m2 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase MAK (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q04859-2.


retinoic acid receptor gamma isoform 1 (mouse)

A retinoic acid receptor gamma (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P18911-1.


transcription factor SOX-5 isoform 3 (mouse)

A transcription factor SOX-5 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


transcription factor SOX-5 isoform 2 (mouse)

A transcription factor SOX-5 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor NFE2L1 isoform Nrf1b (mouse)

An endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor NFE2L1 isoform Nrf1b that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PR domain zinc finger protein 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A PR domain zinc finger protein 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 isoform 2 (mouse)

A methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


transcription regulator complex

A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.


interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform h5 (human)

An interferon regulatory factor 3 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q14653-5.


TF65_HUMAN Transcription factor p65 (sprot)

A transcription factor p65 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EP300_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase p300 (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase p300 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CBP_HUMAN CREB-binding protein (sprot)

A CREB-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAT3_HUMAN Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (sprot)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX25_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-2.5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GATA4_HUMAN Transcription factor GATA-4 (sprot)

A transcription factor GATA-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD1_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 (sprot)

A smad1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDIT3_HUMAN DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (sprot)

A DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCAAT-binding factor complex

A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; functions as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors. Typically trimeric consisting of NFYA, NFYB and NFYC subunits. In Saccharomyces, it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source and consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5.


AHR_HUMAN Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (sprot)

An aryl hydrocarbon receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


CGAS_HUMAN Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (sprot)

A protein MB21D1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CASP3_HUMAN Caspase-3 (sprot)

A caspase-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAF_HUMAN Barrier-to-autointegration factor (sprot)

A barrier-to-autointegration factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRKDC_HUMAN DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (sprot)

A DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDK1_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SART3_HUMAN Squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 (sprot)

A squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIR1_HUMAN NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (sprot)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT5_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT5 (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CDK9_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (sprot)

A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proteasome core complex

A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex.


AKIR2_HUMAN Akirin-2 (sprot)

An akirin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pyruvate kinase PKM isoform M2 (human)

A pyruvate kinase PKM isoform M2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIR6_HUMAN NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-6 (sprot)

An NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RAN_HUMAN GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran (sprot)

A GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran that is encoded in the genome of human.


XPO4_HUMAN Exportin-4 (sprot)

An exportin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NELFE_HUMAN Negative elongation factor E (sprot)

A negative elongation factor E that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXO1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein O1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein O1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRGC1_HUMAN Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (sprot)

A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT2A_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT2A (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRBP2_HUMAN Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRBP1_HUMAN Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STA5A_HUMAN Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (sprot)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAT6_HUMAN Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (sprot)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAT4_HUMAN Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (sprot)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SYYC_HUMAN Tyrosine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (sprot)

A tyrosine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human.


MCIN_HUMAN Multicilin (sprot)

A multicilin that is encoded in the genome of human.


H2AY_HUMAN Core histone macro-H2A.1 (sprot)

A core histone macro-H2A.1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XRCC1_HUMAN DNA repair protein XRCC1 (sprot)

A DNA repair protein XRCC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIR2_HUMAN NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2 (sprot)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TFEB_HUMAN Transcription factor EB (sprot)

A transcription factor EB that is encoded in the genome of human.


YAP1_HUMAN Transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (sprot)

A transcriptional coactivator YAP1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CASP7_HUMAN Caspase-7 (sprot)

A caspase-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TYY1_HUMAN Transcriptional repressor protein YY1 (sprot)

A transcriptional repressor protein YY1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSK21_HUMAN Casein kinase II subunit alpha (sprot)

A casein kinase II subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


PG029_VACCW IFN signaling evasion protein OPG029 (sprot)


STAT2_HUMAN Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (sprot)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NFKB1_HUMAN Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (sprot)

A nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP22_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 22 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDX56_HUMAN Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX56 (sprot)

A probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX56 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPARD_HUMAN Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (sprot)

A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


CUL4A_HUMAN Cullin-4A (sprot)

A cullin-4A that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDB1_HUMAN DNA damage-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A DNA damage-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZN212_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 212 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 212 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UNG_HUMAN Uracil-DNA glycosylase (sprot)

A uracil-DNA glycosylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMC6_HUMAN Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6 (sprot)

A structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMC5_HUMAN Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 5 (sprot)

A structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARNT_HUMAN Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (sprot)

An aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator that is encoded in the genome of human.


NR1I2_HUMAN Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (sprot)

A nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXP3_HUMAN Forkhead box protein P3 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein P3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform h2 (human)

A nuclear receptor ROR-gamma (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P51449-2.


RBM47_HUMAN RNA-binding protein 47 (sprot)

An RNA-binding protein 47 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABEC1_HUMAN C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-1 (sprot)

A C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A1CF_HUMAN APOBEC1 complementation factor (sprot)

An APOBEC1 complementation factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


VDR_HUMAN Vitamin D3 receptor (sprot)

A vitamin D3 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


OVOL2_HUMAN Transcription factor Ovo-like 2 (sprot)

A transcription factor Ovo-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CEBPA_HUMAN CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (sprot)

A CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


CIDEA_HUMAN Lipid transferase CIDEA (sprot)

A cell death activator CIDE-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRD16_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase PRDM16 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase PRDM16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMCA4_HUMAN Transcription activator BRG1 (sprot)

A transcription activator BRG1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LETM1 domain-containing protein 1 isoform h4 (human)

A LETM1 domain-containing protein 1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6P1Q0-4.


GCR_HUMAN Glucocorticoid receptor (sprot)

A glucocorticoid receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZN764_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 764 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 764 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FMR1_HUMAN Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (sprot)

A fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTA70_HUMAN N6-adenosine-methyltransferase catalytic subunit (sprot)

An N6-adenosine-methyltransferase catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


MET14_HUMAN N6-adenosine-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit (sprot)

An N6-adenosine-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI15_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM15 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SKP1_HUMAN S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (sprot)

An S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBX7_HUMAN F-box only protein 7 (sprot)

An F-box only protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIR7_HUMAN NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-7 (sprot)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SUV92_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H2 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SUV91_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRMB_HUMAN tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase (sprot)

A tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


WDR4_HUMAN tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit WDR4 (sprot)

A tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit WDR4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP10_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXO4_HUMAN Forkhead box protein O4 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein O4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JMJD6_HUMAN Bifunctional arginine demethylase and lysyl-hydroxylase JMJD6 (sprot)

A bifunctional arginine demethylase and lysyl-hydroxylase JMJD6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYC_HUMAN Myc proto-oncogene protein (sprot)

A c-myc protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI26_HUMAN Tripartite motif-containing protein 26 (sprot)

A tripartite motif-containing protein 26 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAF7_HUMAN Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7 (sprot)

A transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP1_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP38_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 38 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 38 that is encoded in the genome of human.


F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 isoform h1 (human)

An F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q969H0-1.


SMAD5_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 (sprot)

A smad5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD9_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 (sprot)

A smad9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TFE3_HUMAN Transcription factor E3 (sprot)

A transcription factor E3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMAL1_HUMAN Basic helix-loop-helix ARNT-like protein 1 (sprot)

A basic helix-loop-helix ARNT-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM4D_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 4D (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 4D that is encoded in the genome of human.


QKI_HUMAN KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI (sprot)

A KH domain-containing RNA-binding protein QKI that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT8_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT8 (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NFKB2_HUMAN Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit (sprot)

A nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


NF-kappaB complex

A protein complex that consists of a homo- or heterodimer of members of a family of structurally related proteins that contain a conserved N-terminal region called the Rel homology domain (RHD). In the nucleus, NF-kappaB complexes act as transcription factors. In unstimulated cells, NF-kappaB dimers are sequestered in the cytoplasm by IkappaB monomers; signals that induce NF-kappaB activity cause degradation of IkappaB, allowing NF-kappaB dimers to translocate to the nucleus and induce gene expression.


CCNB1_HUMAN G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (sprot)

A G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP51_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 51 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 51 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcriptional coactivator YAP1 isoform h2 (human)

A transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P46937-2.


WWTR1_HUMAN WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 (sprot)

A WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAX7_HUMAN Paired box protein Pax-7 (sprot)

A paired box protein Pax-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNAI1_HUMAN Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein SNAI1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATF4_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSL2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MSL2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MSL2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MS3L1_HUMAN Male-specific lethal 3 homolog (sprot)

A male-specific lethal 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSL1_HUMAN Male-specific lethal 1 homolog (sprot)

A male-specific lethal 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RSSA_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS2 (sprot)

A 40S ribosomal protein SA that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMCA5_HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 5 (sprot)

A SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRP4B_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase PRP4 homolog (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase PRP4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


brain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


DNA repair

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.


negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


AIM2 inflammasome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the AIM2 inflammasome complex.


chromatin remodeling

A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.


damaged DNA binding

Binding to damaged DNA.


protein homodimerization activity

Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer.


SUMO ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO to a substrate protein via the reaction X-SUMO + S = X + S-SUMO, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-SUMO linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-SUMO linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


protein localization to site of double-strand break

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred.


cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.


UFM1 ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-UFM1 + S = X + S-UFM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-UFM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-UFM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


histone H2AXS139 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2AX-serine (position 139) + ATP = histone H2AX-phosphoserine (position 139) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 139 of histone variant H2AX.


nuclear membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.


protein-arginine omega-N asymmetric methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the same terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that was previously methylated, resulting in asymmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylated arginine residues.


histone ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a histone substrate.


chromatin

The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.


site of DNA damage

A region of a chromosome at which DNA damage has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.


site of double-strand break

A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.


nuclear envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).


intestinal crypt stem cell

A cell that is found in a zone occupying the bottom region of the crypt; provide the source of most of the cell types of the intestinal epithelium; proliferate by mitotic division; differentiates into columnar or goblet cells.


neural cell

A cell that is part of the nervous system.


stem cell of epidermis

A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis.


totipotent stem cell

A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form.