spinal cord patterning

The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.


immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response.


RS domain binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to an RS domain of a protein; RS domains are usually highly phosphorylated and characterized by the presence of arginine (R)/serine (S) dipeptides. The RS domain promotes protein-protein interactions and directs subcellular localization and, in certain situations, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of individual SR proteins. They also play a role in splicing.


B cell costimulation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation.


positive regulation of eosinophil migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.


I17RE_HUMAN Interleukin-17 receptor E (sprot)

An interleukin-17 receptor E that is encoded in the genome of human.


I17RB_HUMAN Interleukin-17 receptor B (sprot)

An interleukin-17 receptor B that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRPL1_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL1FA_HUMAN Interleukin-1 family member 10 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 family member 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ILRL2_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-like 2 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-17E receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-17E receptor.


response to fungus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.


mitotic DNA replication termination

Any DNA replication termination involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


positive regulation of mast cell degranulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation.


mechanosensory behavior

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.


positive regulation of interleukin-5 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.


positive regulation of interleukin-13 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.


prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia of the prostate gland are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.


compartment pattern specification

The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.


positive regulation of aorta morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.


apoptotic process involved in embryonic digit morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that is involved in embryonic digit morphogenesis.


auditory receptor cell fate commitment

The process in which the cellular identity of auditory hair cells is acquired and determined.


foregut morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.


regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.


RNA decapping

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of an RNA.


RNA stem-loop binding

Binding to a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.


regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


ureter maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.


thymic T cell selection

The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus.


negative regulation of DNA demethylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.


parathyroid hormone secretion

The regulated release of parathyroid hormone into the circulatory system.


positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.


IL2RA_MOUSE Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


cell septum

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.


cellulase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.


septum digestion after cytokinesis

The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.


eRF1 methyltransferase complex

A protein complex required for the methylation of a glutamine (Gln) residue in the protein release factor eRF1. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Trm112p and Mtq2p.


peptidyl-glutamine methylation

The addition of a methyl group to a glutamine residue in a protein.


nucleolar chromatin

The portion of nuclear chromatin associated with the nucleolus; includes the DNA encoding the ribosomal RNA.


ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA

Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


rDNA binding

Binding to a DNA sequence encoding a ribosomal RNA.


regulation of transcriptional start site selection at RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.


negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.


nucleosome disassembly

The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


oligodendrocyte precursor cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes. This cell originates from multiple structures within the developing brain including the medial ganglion eminence and the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells migrate throughout the central nervous system and persist into adulthood where they play an important role in remyelination of injured neurons.


positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.


cupric reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: Cu+ + NAD+ + H+ = Cu2+ + NADH.


CENP-A containing nucleosome

A form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3).


regulation of histone H3-K9 acetylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.


sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

The formation of spores derived from the products of meiosis. A cellular spore is a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.


global genome nucleotide-excision repair

The nucleotide-excision repair process in which DNA lesions are removed from nontranscribed strands and from transcriptionally silent regions over the entire genome.


peptidyl-arginine methylation

The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.


regulation of odontogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.


positive regulation of compound eye pigmentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the compound eye.


retinol transport

The directed movement of retinol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


rectus abdominis muscle

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the abdomen. There are two parallel sets of muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5-7) superiorly. It is contained in the Rectus sheath. The rectus is usually crossed by three fibrous bands licked by the tendinous inscriptions. [WP,modified].


muscle tissue development

The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.


Cdc73/Paf1 complex

A multiprotein complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complexes and may be involved in both transcriptional initiation and elongation. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Paf1p, Cdc73p, Ctr9p, Rtf1p, and Leo1p.


RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.


hard palate morphogenesis

The developmental process by which a hard palate is generated and organized.


negative regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


cellular response to potassium ion starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of potassium ions.


Golgi medial cisterna membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the medial portion of the Golgi complex.


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle.


spindle pole body organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle pole body (SPB). The SPB is the microtubule organizing center in fungi, and is functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


peptidyl-lysine dimethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.


meiotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery

The process in which a telomere is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery, as part of a meiotic cell cycle.


karyogamy

The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.


secretory vesicle

A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.


negative regulation of formin-nucleated actin cable assembly

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of formin-nucleated actin cable assembly. Formin-nucleated actin cable assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a formin-nucleated actin cable. A formin-nucleated actin cable is an actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins.


mitotic morphogenesis checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint which delays mitotic onset in response to perturbations that affect cell shape via the actin cytoskeleton, septin organization, small cell size, and/or the extent of membrane growth.


positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


nuclear pore central transport channel

The central substructure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), through which nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNAs, proteins and small molecules occurs. The central transport channel is filled with FG-nucleoporins, which form a selective barrier and provide a series of binding sites for transporter proteins. Characterized S. cerevisiae FG-nucleoporins include Nup159p, Nup145Np, Nup116p, Nup100p, Nsp1p, Nup57p, Nup49p, Nup42p, Nup53p, Nup59p/Asm4p, Nup60p and Nup1. Characterized vertebrate FG-nucleoporins include Nup214, Nup98, Nup62, Nup54, Nup58/45, NLP1, and Nup153.


mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for the organism; in particular, a process that enables an organism withstand exposure to temperatures that would otherwise lethally impair poly(A)+ mRNA-nucleus export.


protein localization to nuclear inner membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nuclear inner membrane.


STRAA_HUMAN STE20-related kinase adapter protein alpha (sprot)

A STE20-related kinase adapter protein alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


STRAB_HUMAN STE20-related kinase adapter protein beta (sprot)

A STE20-related kinase adapter protein beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


CB39L_HUMAN Calcium-binding protein 39-like (sprot)

A calcium-binding protein 39-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


cyclin-related protein

A protein that consists of a copy of the Cyclin, N-terminal domain (Pfam:PF00134). This class includes the G1/S cyclins, essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S transition, and the G2/M cyclins, essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M transition.


fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


mating projection membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a mating projection, the projection formed by unicellular fungi in response to mating pheromone.


cellular bud membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cellular bud.


regulation of fungal-type cell wall organization

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fungal-type cell wall.


eisosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an eisosome, a cell part that is composed of the eisosome membrane and eisosome filaments. The eisosome membrane, also called the MCC domain, is a furrow-like plasma membrane sub-domain with associated integral transmembrane proteins. The eisosome filaments form a scaffolding lattice on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.


regulation of phospholipid translocation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.


membrane fusion

The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.


regulation of membrane invagination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.


protein targeting to vacuolar membrane

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuolar membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein.


voltage-gated proton channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


F-actin-capping protein subunit beta isoform Capzb3 (mouse)

An F-actin-capping protein subunit beta isoform Capzb3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.


transcriptional activator GLI3 precursor (mouse)

A transcriptional activator GLI3 (mouse) that has not been subjected to any proteolytic cleavage. UniProtKB:Q61602, 1-1583.


transcriptional repressor GLI3R (mouse)

A transcriptional activator GLI3 precursor (mouse) that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage, removing the C-terminal region. UniProtKB:Q61602, 1-?.


actin filament bundle distribution

Any cellular process that establishes the spatial arrangement of actin filament bundles within the cell.


positive regulation of blood pressure

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.


drinking behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.


hormone-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.


renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production

The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone.


regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin

The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.


DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) complex

Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.


negative regulation of glial cell proliferation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.


positive regulation of granuloma formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.


regulation of vasculogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.


regulation of peroxisome organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.


DECR2_HUMAN Peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing] (sprot)

A peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing] that is encoded in the genome of human.


vestibular nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


transport vesicle

Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.


regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.


adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


regulation of transporter activity

Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.


cellular response to epinephrine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.


digestive system process

A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.


negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


negative regulation of gastric acid secretion

Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


renal sodium ion transport

The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system.


pancreatic ductal cell

Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH.


negative regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.


pancreatic A cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.


hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia.


monoatomic anion transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic anion, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are negatively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


branching involved in pancreas morphogenesis

The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized.


ovulation from ovarian follicle

The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. An example of this is found in Mus musculus.


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a ventricular cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


zymogen granule

A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.


zymogen granule exocytosis

The release of intracellular molecules contained within the zymogen granule by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of the oocyte, requiring calcium ions.


response to nicotine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.


Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.


positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.


sodium/iodide cotransporter

A protein that is a translation product of the human SLC5A5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


response to epinephrine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.


mating-type region heterochromatin

Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at silenced mating-type loci.


positive regulation of RNA splicing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.


DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling

A chromatin remodeling process that allows DNA repair enzyme to access genomic DNA and repair DNA lesions.


DNA alkylation

The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.


regulation of response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.


eisosome membrane domain/MCC

A plasma membrane part that is composed of a furrow-like plasma membrane domain and associated integral transmembrane proteins.


eukaryotic initiation factor 4G binding

Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


sno(s)RNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, 5'-3' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nuclear-transcribed mRNA transcript body of an mRNA in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; occurs when the 5' end is not protected by a 5'-cap; degradation proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction.


protein localization to eisosome filament

A process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location in a eisosome filament (also called linear eisosome), a filamentous cortical structure formed, in S. pombe, by the eisosome component Pil1.


regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.


cellular response to manganese ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.


stress response to metal ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a metal ion stimulus.


cerebellum formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


Golgi to endosome transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.


regulation of inclusion body assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.


protein localization to prospore membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a prospore membrane.


vesicle fusion to plasma membrane

Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space.


negative regulation of fibroblast migration

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.


contractile fiber

Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.


laminin-10 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


chloride ion binding

Binding to a chloride ion (Cl-).


actin filament depolymerization

Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.


nuclear envelope lumen

The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.


ACTB_MOUSE Actin, cytoplasmic 1 (sprot)

An actin, cytoplasmic 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ACTN3_MOUSE Alpha-actinin-3 (sprot)

An alpha-actinin-3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


WASH complex

A protein complex that localizes at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization. In human, the WASH complex is composed of F-actin-capping protein subunits alpha and beta, WASH1, FAM21, KIAA1033, KIAA0196 and CCDC53.


nerve

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.


A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase.


fast muscle cell

A muscle cell that can develop high tension rapidly. It is usually innervated by a single alpha neuron.


adult somatic muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cell-substrate junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


myotube cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


multicellular organismal reproductive process

The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.


reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen.


establishment of glial blood-brain barrier

Establishment of the glial barrier between the blood and the brain. The glial cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.


establishment of blood-nerve barrier

The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier.


olfactory nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.


granular cell of epidermis

A keratinocyte of the epidermis that is characterized by containing granules of keratohyalin and lamellar granules.


chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve) that serves the taste buds in the front of the tongue, runs through the middle ear, and carries taste messages to the brain. The chorda tympani is part of one of three cranial nerves that are involved in taste. The taste system involves a complicated feedback loop, with each nerve acting to inhibit the signals of other nerves. The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibers in the tongue. When the chorda tympani is damaged, its inhibitory function is disrupted, leading to less inhibited activity in the other nerves.


positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.


NECT2_HUMAN Nectin-2 (sprot)

A nectin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


afadin isoform h1 (human)

An afadin (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P55196-2.


CTNA1_HUMAN Catenin alpha-1 (sprot)

A catenin alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NECT3_HUMAN Nectin-3 (sprot)

A nectin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NECT1_HUMAN Nectin-1 (sprot)

A nectin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH2_HUMAN Cadherin-2 (sprot)

A cadherin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH3_HUMAN Cadherin-3 (sprot)

A cadherin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH5_HUMAN Cadherin-5 (sprot)

A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH4_HUMAN Cadherin-4 (sprot)

A cadherin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH6_HUMAN Cadherin-6 (sprot)

A cadherin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH8_HUMAN Cadherin-8 (sprot)

A cadherin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD11_HUMAN Cadherin-11 (sprot)

A cadherin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD12_HUMAN Cadherin-12 (sprot)

A cadherin-12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD13_HUMAN Cadherin-13 (sprot)

A cadherin-13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD15_HUMAN Cadherin-15 (sprot)

A cadherin-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD17_HUMAN Cadherin-17 (sprot)

A cadherin-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD18_HUMAN Cadherin-18 (sprot)

A cadherin-18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD24_HUMAN Cadherin-24 (sprot)

A cadherin-24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NECT4_HUMAN Nectin-4 (sprot)

A nectin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH9_HUMAN Cadherin-9 (sprot)

A cadherin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH7_HUMAN Cadherin-7 (sprot)

A cadherin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAD10_HUMAN Cadherin-10 (sprot)

A cadherin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


dystroglycan complex

A protein complex that includes alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, which are alternative products of the same gene; the laminin-binding component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex, providing a link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton (in muscle cells) and the extracellular matrix. Alpha-dystroglycan is an extracellular protein binding to alpha-laminin and to beta-dystroglycan; beta-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein which binds alpha-dystroglycan and dystrophin.


regular cardiac myocyte

A cardiac myocyte that is connected to other cardiac myocytes by transverse intercalated discs (GO:0014704) at a regular interval.


retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic protein complex

Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by trans-synaptic protein complex.


morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet

The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.


negative regulation of cell motility

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


keratohyalin granule

A cytoplasmic, non-membrane bound granule of, at least, keratinocyte. Associated to keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope.


pigment metabolic process involved in developmental pigmentation

The chemical reactions and pathways involving biological pigments e.g. melanin, occurring as part of the development of an organ or organism.


chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A, mature form (mouse)

A chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A, pro-form (mouse) that has had the activation peptide removed by proteolytic cleavage. UniProtKB:P05208, 31-271.


DNA biosynthetic process

The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.


oncogene-induced cell senescence

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oncogenic stress, such as the activation of the Ras oncogenic family.


protein localization involved in establishment of planar polarity

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location in a cell that contributes to the establishment of planar polarity.


positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.


positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 production.


positive regulation of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway.


structural constituent of skin epidermis

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an epidermal cutaneous structure.


desmosome assembly

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.


striated muscle thin filament

Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils.


LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 6 (mouse)

A LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

A LIM domain-binding protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


polyamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, from one side of a membrane to the other.


SUMO ligase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a SUMO ligase.


Y-form DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.


flap-structured DNA binding

Binding to a flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded length of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.


VPS16_HUMAN Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog (sprot)

A vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VPS11_HUMAN Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog (sprot)

A vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VPS41_HUMAN Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog (sprot)

A vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VP33A_HUMAN Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A (sprot)

A vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A that is encoded in the genome of human.


VPS18_HUMAN Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog (sprot)

A vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial protein processing

The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import.


peptide mating pheromone maturation involved in positive regulation of conjugation with cellular fusion

The formation of a mature peptide mating pheromone by proteolysis and/or modification of a peptide precursor, occurring in the context of conjugation with cellular fusion.


cellular response to glutathione

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glutathione stimulus.


transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.


OPT_HUMAN Opticin (sprot)

An opticin that is encoded in the genome of human.


SCUB3_HUMAN Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IBP4_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IBP5_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ECE2_HUMAN Endothelin-converting enzyme 2 (sprot)

An endothelin-converting enzyme 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


female somatic sex determination

The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a female organism's soma.


skeletal muscle organ development

The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.


regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.


cardiac muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in cardiac muscle.


Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex

A protein complex containing a secreted Wnt protein associated with its receptor, Frizzled (Fz), and co-receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) or LRP6.


DNA-templated transcription elongation

The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.


DNA-templated transcription termination

The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.


negative regulation of antisense RNA transcription

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.


Set1C/COMPASS complex

A conserved protein complex that catalyzes methylation of histone H3. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Shg1p, Sdc1p, Swd1p, Swd2p, Swd3p, Spp1p, Bre2p, and the trithorax-related Set1p; in mammals it contains the catalytic subunit (SETD1A or SETD1B), WDR5, WDR82, RBBP5, ASH2L/ASH2, CXXC1/CFP1, HCFC1 and DPY30.


regulation of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation.


meiotic DNA double-strand break formation

The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I. This results in the initiation of meiotic recombination.


mRNA cleavage factor complex

Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules.


nuclear pore localization

Any process in which nuclear pores are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


transcription-dependent tethering of RNA polymerase II gene DNA at nuclear periphery

The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery. In S. cerevisiae, this process involves cis-acting DNA sequences such as the TATA box and upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements, trans-acting transcriptional activators, and also the 3'-UTR of the transcript.


regulation of mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress.


regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.


response to singlet oxygen

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst.


sterol transfer activity

Removes a sterol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.


sterol binding

Binding to a sterol, a steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol.


intracellular sterol transport

The directed movement of sterols within cells.


GMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


'de novo' XMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate, from simpler precursors.


purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


Adenosine Phosphate

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


adenine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.


HPRT_HUMAN Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (sprot)

A hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMPD1_HUMAN AMP deaminase 1 (sprot)

An AMP deaminase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMPD2_HUMAN AMP deaminase 2 (sprot)

An AMP deaminase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GMP synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + NH4(+) = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + 2H+.


'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.


'de novo' AMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP).


AMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


purine nucleotide salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


purine nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


PUR8_HUMAN Adenylosuccinate lyase (sprot)

An adenylosuccinate lyase that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMP binding

Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


adenine binding

Binding to adenine, a purine base.


GMPR1_HUMAN GMP reductase 1 (sprot)

A GMP reductase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GMPR2_HUMAN GMP reductase 2 (sprot)

A GMP reductase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of exit from mitosis

Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).


MAP-kinase scaffold activity

The binding activity of a molecule that functions as a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) complex. Binds multiple kinases of the MAPKKK cascade, and also upstream signaling proteins, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Bringing together multiple enzymes and their substrates enables the signal to be transduced quickly and efficiently.


MAP kinase serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase threonine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase threonine + phosphate and MAP kinase serine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine + phosphate.


positive regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.


negative regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol.


adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


negative regulation of cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAPK cascade involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis.


signal transduction involved in filamentous growth

Relaying of environmental signals promoting filamentous growth.


cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.


SAM domain binding

Binding to a SAM (Sterile Alpha Motif) domain, which is a 70-amino acid protein sequence that participates in protein-protein, protein-lipid, and protein-RNA interactions and is conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes.


histone H2BS14 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2B-serine (position 14) + ATP = histone H2B-phosphoserine (position 14) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 14 of histone H2B.


budding cell apical bud growth

Growth at the tip of a bud, in a cell that reproduces by budding.


bipolar cellular bud site selection

The process of defining subsequent sites of bud emergence such that budding takes place at alternating poles of a budding cell.


sterol import

The directed movement of a sterol into a cell or organelle. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


regulation of hemopoiesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.


chromatin loop anchoring activity

Bridging together two DNA loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.


thiol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 R'C(R)SH + O2 = R'C(R)S-S(R)CR' + 2 H2O2.


regulation of protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).


protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation

The removal of one or more alpha 1,2-linked mannose residues from a mannosylated protein.


cerebellar granular layer development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


ATP transport

The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


xenobiotic transmembrane transport

The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


histone arginine deiminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl = histone 3 L-citrullyl + NH4+, resulting in histone citrullination.


nuclear RNA export factor complex

A protein complex that contains two proteins (know in several organisms, including Drosophila, as NXF1 and NXF2) and is required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


osmosensory signaling via phosphorelay pathway

The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a phosphorelay system.


phosphorelay response regulator activity

Responds to a phosphorelay sensor to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The activity of the response regulator is regulated by transfer of a phosphate from a histidine residue in the sensor, to an aspartate residue in the response regulator. Many but not all response regulators act as transcriptional regulators to elicit a response.


synaptosomal-associated protein 25 isoform 2 (mouse)

A synaptosomal-associated protein 25 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation

A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.


positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


larynx morphogenesis

The process in which the larynx is generated and organized. The larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.


negative regulation of synapse maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse maturation.


syndecan binding

Binding to syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells.


type A cell of stomach

A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon.


transforming growth factor beta binding

Binding to TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types.


synaptic vesicle cycle

A biological process in which synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitters, move to the active zone, exocytose and are then recycled via endocytosis, ultimately leading to reloading with neurotransmitters.


laminin-1 binding

Binding to laminin-1, a glycoprotein trimer with the subunit composition alpha1, beta1, gamma1.


prostate gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.


salivary gland cavitation

The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.


striated muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.


prostate epithelial cord elongation

The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length.


positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


regulation of proteolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.


regulation of prostatic bud formation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.


mesenchymal smoothened signaling pathway involved in prostate gland development

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.


tracheoesophageal septum formation

The process that gives rise to the tracheoesophageal septum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


cell proliferation in external granule layer

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere.


regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


left lung development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.


primary prostatic bud elongation

The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms.


negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


skeletal muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

The multiplication or reproduction of mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.


right lung development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.


ligand-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


membrane microdomain

A membrane region with a lipid composition that is distinct from that of the membrane regions that surround it.


hippocampus stratum oriens

Layer that is part of the CA fields of the hippocampus consisting of a narrow relatively cell free layer located deep to the pyramidal cell layer extending through areas CA1, CA2 and CA3. (adapted from Paxinos The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).


NMDE1_HUMAN Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A (sprot)

A glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


diencephalon

The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle.


5HT1B_CRIGR 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (sprot)


H0UVT3_CAVPO ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8 (trembl)


pharynx development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.


conjugation with cellular fusion

A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


structural constituent of cell wall

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cell wall.


positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.


negative regulation of microglial cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.


cytoplasmic side of membrane

The side of a membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.


negative regulation of translational elongation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.


filamentous growth

The process in which a multicellular organism, a unicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.


positive regulation of type III interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.


facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex


serum response element binding

Binding to a serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.


regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


negative regulation of interleukin-12 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.


cellular response to dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


positive regulation of biomineral tissue development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.


protein localization to tricellular tight junction

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a tricellular tight junction.


appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 cleaved and non-octanoylated 1 (mouse)

An appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 cleaved and non-octanoylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9EQX0-1, 24-51, Ser-26, PR:000026291.


BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 4 (human)

A BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.


response to transforming growth factor beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


immune system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.


paraxial mesoderm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized.


structural constituent of postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton.


morphogenesis of a branching epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.


NFYC_HUMAN Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma (sprot)

A nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


NFYA_HUMAN Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha (sprot)

A nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


NFYB_HUMAN Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit beta (sprot)

A nuclear transcription factor Y subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of protein homodimerization activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.


cholangiocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.


poly(U) RNA binding

Binding to a sequence of uracil residues in an RNA molecule.


negative regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.


nucleotide salvage

Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


DCK_HUMAN Deoxycytidine kinase (sprot)

A deoxycytidine kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


fungal-type cell wall organization or biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a fungal-type cell wall.


negative regulation of mesoderm development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.


ascospore wall

The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.


fungal-type cell wall biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.


positive regulation of division septum assembly

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.


regulation of proteasome assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.


regulation of flocculation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms.


negative regulation of protein kinase C signaling

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


Tr1 cell

CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10.


TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


RARB_MOUSE Retinoic acid receptor beta (sprot)

A retinoic acid receptor beta that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of sporulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process from tyrosine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxybenzoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADH + H+.


carboxylate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + acceptor + H2O = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor.


aldehyde catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.


regulation of exocyst localization

Any process that modulates the localization of exocysts. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse.


regulation of vacuole fusion, non-autophagic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.


budding cell isotropic bud growth

Unlocalized bud growth such that the entire surface of the bud expands evenly, in a cell that reproduces by budding.


regulation of protein localization to cell division site

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell division site.


regulation of lysosome size

Any process that modulates the size of a lysosome.


negative regulation of glucose mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucose mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of translational frameshifting

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational frameshifting.


preribosome, small subunit precursor

A preribosomal complex consisting of 20S pre-rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating small subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic small ribosomal subunit.


SC23B_HUMAN Protein transport protein Sec23B (sprot)

A protein transport protein Sec23B that is encoded in the genome of human.


AAMP_HUMAN Angio-associated migratory cell protein (sprot)

An angio-associated migratory cell protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


homologous recombination

A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.


negative regulation of melanocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


photoreceptor cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.


PUR9_HUMAN Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC (sprot)

A bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC that is encoded in the genome of human.


PUR6_HUMAN Bifunctional phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (sprot)

A bifunctional phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PURA2_HUMAN Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 (sprot)

An adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of cellular senescence

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.


heart rudiment morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized.


cell migration involved in heart jogging

The orderly movement of a cell of the myocardium from one site to another that will contribute to heart jogging.


regulation of cilium movement

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.


UTP binding

Binding to UTP, uridine 5'-triphosphate.


'de novo' UMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD+ or oxygen.


'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.


pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + lipoamide = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.


peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation

The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine to form peptidyl-serine.


TNR22_MOUSE Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 22 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 22 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TNR23_MOUSE Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 23 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 23 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.


budding cell bud growth

The process in which the bud portion of a cell that reproduces by budding irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


protein localization to septin ring

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a septin ring.


maltose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.


UCK2_HUMAN Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (sprot)

A uridine-cytidine kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate(2-)

The conjugate base of a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate compound.


serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on the residue at the position equivalent to Ser-2448 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1. UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1, Ser-2448, MOD:00046.


serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at at position equivalent to Ser-2448 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1. UniProtKB:Q9JLN9-1, Ser-2448, PR:000026291.


thermosensory behavior

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.


sperm motility

Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.


polysome

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.


wybutosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.


cardiac ventricle

Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart.


regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization.


ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.


long-chain fatty acid import into cell

The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.


dTMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).


tetrahydrofolate interconversion

The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.


A thymidine phosphate having a diphosphate group at the 5'-position.


NDKA_HUMAN Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (sprot)

A nucleoside diphosphate kinase A that is encoded in the genome of human.


purine nucleotide binding

Binding to a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide = UDP + beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide.


B3GN9_HUMAN UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9 (sprot)

A UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GN6_HUMAN Acetylgalactosaminyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (sprot)

An acetylgalactosaminyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GN8_HUMAN UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 8 (sprot)

A UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B3GN5_HUMAN Lactosylceramide 1,3-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase (sprot)

A UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of protein export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


mitotic spindle disassembly

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


protein localization to nucleolus

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.


Sid2-Mob1 complex

A protein complex that contains a protein kinase (Sid2 in S. pombe) and its regulatory subunit (Mob1). The Sid2p-Mob1p kinase complex is a component of the septation initiation network in fission yeast (called the mitotic exit network in S. cerevisiae) and is required for cytokinesis. The analogous complex in S. cerevisiae is called Dbf2p-Mob1p complex.


voltage-gated sodium channel complex

A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.


cardiac pacemaker cell of sinoatrial node

A nodal myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.


GATOR2 complex

A multiprotein subcomplex of the GATOR complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In human, this complex consists of WDR24, WDR59, MIOS, SEH1L, and SEC13. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is referred to as SEACAT and contains the Sea2p, Sea3p, Sea4p, Seh1p, Sec13p proteins.


Leucine

The L-enantiomer of leucine.


MIO_HUMAN GATOR complex protein MIOS (sprot)

A GATOR complex protein MIOS that is encoded in the genome of human.


myoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


C-terminal protein demethylation

The removal of a methyl group from the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex

A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.


guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex

A protein complex that stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase.


positive regulation of cellular response to amino acid starvation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to amino acid starvation.


positive regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.


negative regulation of DNA damage checkpoint

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.


positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.


detoxification of iron ion

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of iron ion. These include transport of iron away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of iron ion.


intracellular manganese ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of manganese ions within a cell.


Oxido(oxo)iron

The inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide; major species at pH 7.3.


iron-sulfur cluster

An iron-sulfur cluster is a unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands.


FBXL5_HUMAN F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5 (sprot)

An F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACOHC_HUMAN Cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase (sprot)

A cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of unidimensional cell growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of unidimensional cell growth, the process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis.


actinin binding

Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.


termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled

An RNA polymerase II transcription termination process in which cleavage and polyadenylylation of the mRNA 3' end are coupled to transcription termination.


cleavage in ITS2 between 5.8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, exosome-dependent

The process in which transcription of nonpolyadenylated RNA polymerase II transcripts is terminated; coupled to the maturation of the RNA 3'-end.


positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.


dihydrofolate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.


tryptophan catabolic process to indole-3-acetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.


indole metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


quinolinate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.


L-tryptophan transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-tryptophan across a membrane.


L-tryptophan decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + tryptamine.


tryptophanase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H2O = indole + NH4 + pyruvate.


OXLA_HUMAN L-amino-acid oxidase (sprot)

An L-amino-acid oxidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


L-tryptophan aminotransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-tryptophan to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.


regulation of silent mating-type cassette heterochromatin formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterochromatin formation at silent mating-type cassette.


snRNA transcription

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template.


negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.


multivesicular body-lysosome fusion

The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.


negative regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).


SL9B2_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B2 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9C1_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A9_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A6_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A7_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 7 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SL9A8_HUMAN Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 (sprot)

A sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in).


intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic cations within a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.


response to angiotensin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.


positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in an increase in the rate or frequency of a MAPKKK cascade.


fibroblast growth factor binding

Binding to a fibroblast growth factor.


negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor production

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.


positive regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of parathyroid hormone secretion.


regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


Cysteaminium

An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of cysteamine; major species at pH 7.3.


phosphodiesterase I activity

Catalysis of the sequential hydrolytic removal of 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides.


negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.


inflammatory cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.


lymphocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.


negative regulation of long-term synaptic depression

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.


oxygen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).