heparan-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A heparan-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


iodide peroxidase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: iodide + H2O2 = iodine + 2 H2O.


thyroid peroxidase

A protein that is a translation product of the human TPO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.


Phenylallyl alcohol

A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).


L-Palmitoylcarnitine

An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).


response to lipid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.


regulation of osteoblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.


fatty acid elongation

The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units.


cuticle development

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.


vestibular receptor cell morphogenesis

Any process that alters the size or shape of a vestibular receptor cell.


neuromast hair cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.


dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.


UDP-D-xylose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


B3GA3_HUMAN Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 3 (sprot)

A galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


telomeric repeat-containing RNA binding

Binding to long non-coding RNA molecules transcribed from subtelomeric regions in most eukaryotes. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) molecules consist of subtelomeric-derived sequences and G-rich telomeric repeats.


negative regulation of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.


Sildenafil Citrate

The citrate salt of sildenafil.


DNA integrity checkpoint signaling

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes.


endothelial tip cell filopodium assembly

The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the endothelial tip cell of a vascular sprout.


positive regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.


steroid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.


cortisol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.


gamma-tubulin complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.


positive regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


A cholestanoid that is cholest-4-en-3-one which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7alpha, 12alpha, and 26 positions. It is an intermediate in bile acid metabolism.


7alpha,12alpha,24-trihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one with S-configuration at C-24.


7alpha,24-Dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one with S-configuration at C-24.


7alpha,12alpha,24-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one with S-configuration at C-24.


7alpha,24-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one with S configuration at C-24.


A 3-oxo-5beta-steroid that is 5beta-cholestan-3-one bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 7alpha .


A 3-oxo-5beta-steroid that is 5beta-cholestan-3-one bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 7alpha and 12alpha.


aflatoxin B1 triol

An organic heterotricyclic compound obtained by oxidative cleavage of the furofuran ring system of aflatoxin B1.


CEP83_HUMAN Centrosomal protein of 83 kDa (sprot)

A centrosomal protein of 83 kDa that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP110_HUMAN Centriolar coiled-coil protein of 110 kDa (sprot)

A centriolar coiled-coil protein of 110 kDa that is encoded in the genome of human.


CEP97_HUMAN Centrosomal protein of 97 kDa (sprot)

A centrosomal protein of 97 kDa that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBF1_HUMAN Fas-binding factor 1 (sprot)

A Fas-binding factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CE164_HUMAN Centrosomal protein of 164 kDa (sprot)

A centrosomal protein of 164 kDa that is encoded in the genome of human.


C2CD3_HUMAN C2 domain-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A C2 domain-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TTBK2_HUMAN Tau-tubulin kinase 2 (sprot)

A tau-tubulin kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CEP89_HUMAN Centrosomal protein of 89 kDa (sprot)

A centrosomal protein of 89 kDa that is encoded in the genome of human.


SCLT1_HUMAN Sodium channel and clathrin linker 1 (sprot)

A sodium channel and clathrin linker 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of neutrophil migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.


crossover junction DNA endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).


high-affinity tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the high-affinity transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring.


tryptophan transport

The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


aromatic amino acid transport

The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


EF1D_HUMAN Elongation factor 1-delta (sprot)

An elongation factor 1-delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


EF1B_HUMAN Elongation factor 1-beta (sprot)

An elongation factor 1-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


EF1G_HUMAN Elongation factor 1-gamma (sprot)

An elongation factor 1-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.


Phenyl hydrogen sulfate

An aryl sulfate that is phenol bearing an O-sulfo substituent.


A steroid sulfate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid and sulfate functions of lithocholic acid sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.


dopamine 3-O-sulfate

An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.


4-Nitrophenyl sulfate

An aryl sulfate the mono 4-nitrophenyl ester of sulfuric acid.


A steroid sulfate obtained by the formal condensation of sulfuric acid with the 3-hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.


5'-Adenylyl sulfate(2-)

An organic dianion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and sufate groups of 5'-adenylyl sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.


A steroid sulfate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group of cholesterol sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.


Adenylylselenate

The 5'-selenonooxyphosphate ester of adenosine.


negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.


positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.


sulfate assimilation

The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.


5'-adenylyl sulfate transmembrane transport

The process in which 5'-adenylyl sulfate is transported across a membrane.


sulfate adenylyltransferase complex (ATP)

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation adenylylsulfate from sulfate and ATP.


regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.


positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.


mitochondrial tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification

The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in mitochondrial tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).


The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).


EKC/KEOPS complex

A protein complex involved in t6A tRNA modification. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Bud32p, Kae1p, Gon7p, Cgi121p, and Pcc1p.


sulfuric ester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R' + H2O = RSOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a sulfuric ester bond, an ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.


heparin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


negative regulation of secretion of lysosomal enzymes

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of secretion of lysosomal enzymes, the controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.


positive regulation of collagen catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.


cysteine-type carboxypeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


ganglioside GM1(1-)

A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of GM1 ganglioside.


HPSE2_HUMAN Inactive heparanase-2 (sprot)

A heparanase-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


perivascular macrophage

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A central nervous system macrophage found in small blood vessels in the brain. Markers include CD14+CD16+CD163+.


inflammatory cell

Any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance, e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.


vesicle tethering

The initial, indirect interaction between a vesicle membrane and a membrane to which it is targeted for fusion. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior to interaction between factors involved in fusion.


sequestering of iron ion

The process of binding or confining iron ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


receptor signaling pathway via STAT

An intracellular signal transduction process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The STAT cascade begins with receptor activation followed by activation of STAT proteins by kinases. It proceeds through STA dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


response to disaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.


Acyclovir

An oxopurine that is  guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.


porphyrins

Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.


Vorinostat

A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and  hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).


Acetamide

A member of the class of acetamides that results from the formal condensation of acetic acid with ammonia.


Inulobiose

An inulobiose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.


Topotecan

A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.


Perfluoroheptanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated heptanoic acid.


Enalapril

A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).


microcystin RR

A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-arginyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl, L-arginyl, (2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle.


Mannitol

The D-enantiomer of mannitol.


Ampicillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.


Levetiracetam

A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.


Sodium Chloride

An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.


Allopurinol

A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.


Pravastatin

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.


Riboflavin

D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.


Pitavastatin

A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.


Nortriptyline

An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of  amitriptyline.


Pantothenic Acid

A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.


A 2-deoxy-D-glucose that is D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been replaced by a hydrogen.


Puromycin

An aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome.


Salicylic Acid

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.


Thallium

A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).


anticonvulsant

A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.


Notoginsenoside R1

A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


Glycocholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.


Glycochenodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.


Cyazofamid

A member of the class of imidazoles carrying dimethylsulfamyl, cyano, chloro and 4-tolyl substituents at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5 respectively. A fungicide used mainly for controlling Oomycete and Plasmodiophora diseases on potatoes and tomatoes. It is a skin and eye irritant and is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.


EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor

An EC 3.4.15.* (peptidyl-dipeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of peptidyl-dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1).


Chlorpheniramine

A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.


Dantrolenum; Dantrium; Dantrolenum

The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.


Digoxigenin

A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.


Fluvastatin

A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which the stereocentres beta- and delta- to the carboxy group have R and S configuration, respectively. The drug fluvastatin is an equimolar mixture of this compound and its enantiomer.


Ginsenoside Rg1

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


Tolfenamic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.


Spiraeoside

A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 4'.


Glycylsarcosine

A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.


6-Methylmercaptopurine riboside

A thiopurine that is inosine in which the aromatic hydroxy group is replaced by a methylsulfanediyl group.


Gluconic Acid

A gluconic acid having D-configuration.


Nbd-ceramide

An N-acylsphingosine that is sphingosine with the amino nitrogen converted into a 6-{[N-(7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]}hexananamido group.


Penicillin G

Any member of the group of substituted penams containing two methyl substituents at position 2, a carboxylate substituent at position 3 and a carboxamido group at position 6.


Vadimezan

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.


Oxfendazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is fenbendazole in which the sulfur has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.


Sulfapyridine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


Digitoxin

A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.


Triamterene

Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.


Dehydroascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.


metal atom

An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.


A 2-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of HER2/ErbB2 (IC50 = 10 nM) and exhibits anti-cancer activity.


Piperacillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.


Bumetanide

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 4-phenoxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogens ortho to the phenoxy group are substituted by butylamino and sulfamoyl groups. Bumetanide is a diuretic, and is used for treatment of oedema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic and renal disease.


2-(Methylamino)isobutyric acid

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.


Fortaz

A hydrate that is the pentahydrate of ceftazidime, a cephalosporin having 7beta-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino and 3-pyridinium-1-ylmethyl side-groups.


Epinastine

A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.


Microcystin LF

A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl, L-phenylalanyl, (2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle.


Carbohydrazide

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.


D-hexose

A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.


Methoxyfenozide

A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl,  and tert-butyl groups respectively.


Octopamine

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.


Cefmetazole

A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.


Tetramethylrosamine chloride

The chloride salt of tetramethylrosamine. Used as a red-orange fluorescent dye.


formimidic acid

A carboximidic acid that is  formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.


Glycoursodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.


Cephalexin monohydrate

A hydrate of cephalexin consisting of equimolar amounts of hydrate and cephalexin.


Methylurea

A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a methyl group at one of the nitrogen atoms.


Ethirimol

An aminopyrimidine that is 2-ethylaminopyrimidin-4-one carrying butyl and methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 respectively. A fungicide first marketed in 1970 and used as a seed treatment for diseaases such as damping-off, it is not licensed for use within the European Union.


Carbamic acid

A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.


dipeptide

Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


Pipemidic acid

A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.


A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by a methylnitrilo group, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl group, methyl group, hydroxy group and methyl group at position 2,4,5,6 and 7, respectively. It is a dual inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase and thromboxane A2 synthetase and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. The drug was being developed by Eisai (Tokyo, Japan) for the treatment of bowel disease.


Enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-melphalan methyl ester-


Flupyradifurone

A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.


fluorescein isothiocyanate bovine serum albumin


cephalosporin C

A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.


Dermatan, 4-(hydrogen sulfate)

Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.


hexosaminidase D isoform 1 (mouse)

A hexosaminidase D isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


hexosaminidase D isoform m2 (mouse)

A hexosaminidase D (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q3U4H6-2.


Mycophenolic acid acyl glucuronide

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid with the anomeric hydroxy group of beta-D-glucuronic acid.


An amino trisaccharide comprising of three 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.


A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.


D-Glucosamine

A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.


arylsulfatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenol sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate.


tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tyrosine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


Rotenone

A member of the class of rotenones that consists of 1,2,12,12a-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]furo[2,3-h]chromen-6(6aH)-one substituted at position 2 by a prop-1-en-2-yl group and at positions 8 and 9 by methoxy groups (the 2R,6aS,12aS-isomer). A non-systemic insecticide, it is the principal insecticidal constituent of derris (the dried rhizome and root of Derris elliptica).


A  quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.


Thiazolyl blue

The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.


positive regulation of protein deubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination.


ESCRT III complex

A complex with membrane scission activity that plays a major role in many processes where membranes are remodelled - including endosomal transport (vesicle budding), nuclear envelope organisation (membrane closure, mitotic bridge cleavage), and cytokinesis (abscission).


DSIF complex

A heterodimeric protein complex formed of Spt4 and Spt5 proteins which is expressed in eukaryotes from yeast to man. DSIF is an inhibitory elongation factor that promotes RNA polymerase II transcriptional pausing, but can also stimulate transcriptional elongation under certain conditions, and may play a role in RNA processing via its physical association with mRNA capping enzymes.


rRNA binding

Binding to a ribosomal RNA.


RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase I transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase I.


RNA polymerase I core binding

Binding to a RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.


snRNP binding

Binding to a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle.


spliceosomal complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.


regulation of transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation mediated by RNA polymerase I.


regulation of mRNA catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


cellular defense response

A defense response that is mediated by cells.


regulation of chemokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a gram-negative bacterium, the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.


branched-chain amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


ribonucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


SF3B3_MOUSE Splicing factor 3B subunit 3 (sprot)

A splicing factor 3B subunit 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


glycoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


dosage compensation

Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.


regulation of growth rate

Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.


mitochondrial DNA repair

The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.


DNA metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.


negative regulation of interleukin-17 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.


regulation of single strand break repair

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single strand break repair.


cellular response to superoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.


ATAC complex

A chromatin remodeling complex that regulates transcription via acetylation primarily of nucleosomal histones H3 and possibly H4. Shares the histone acetylation (HAT) module of GCN5/PCAF-ADA2-ADA3-SGF29 (or orthologs) with the related SAGA complex (GO:0000124). Contains HAT subunits GCN5 or PCAF in a mutually exclusive manner. In addition to the HAT module contains DR1/NC2B, KAT14, MBIP, WDR5, YEATS2 and ZZZ3 or orthologs. Also regulates the activity of non-histone targets and orchestrates mitotic progression by regulating Cyclin A degradation through acetylation.


protein demethylation

The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


regulation of T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


nucleolar preribosome

Any complex of pre-rRNAs, ribosomal proteins, and associated proteins formed in the nucleolus during ribosome biogenesis.


positive regulation of antisense RNA transcription

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.


fermentation

The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.


mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum membrane tethering

The attachment of a mitochondrion and an endoplasmic reticulum via molecular tethers that physically bridge their respective membranes and attach them to each other. The tethering may facilitate exchange of metabolites between the organelles.


aminophospholipid transport

The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.


SAM complex

A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates sorting of some imported proteins to the outer membrane and their assembly in the membrane; functions after import of incoming proteins by the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.


NAD biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.


positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.


regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.


phosphatidylethanolamine

A class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of ethanolamine.


lipoate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.


cis-Golgi network membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the cis-Golgi network.


positive regulation of fertilization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.


antioxidant activity

Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.


positive regulation of macrophage migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.


aspartate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


negative regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


positive regulation of vasculature development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


cell-cell junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.


RNA polymerase III complex

RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


RNA polymerase I complex

RNA polymerase I, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces rRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase III and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases II and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


regulation of lysine biosynthetic process via aminoadipic acid

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysine biosynthetic process via aminoadipic acid.


A multienzyme, heterooligomeric complex involved in dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. In yeast the complex is composed of Alg7p, which catalyzes the first step (GlcNAc1-PP-Dol from dolichol-phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc), and Alg13p plus Alg14p, the catalytic and anchoring subunits respectively, which together catalyze the second step (GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol from GlcNAc1-PP-Dol and UDP-GlcNAc) of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis.


response to misfolded protein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: phenylacetyl-CoA + isopenicillin N + H2O = CoA + penicillin G + L-2-aminohexanedioate.


L-pipecolate oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-pipecolate + O2 = 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate + H2O2 + H+. Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate is also known as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate.


fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex

A multienzyme complex possessing three kinds of enzymes that catalyze the chain reactions in the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle, enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HACD), and acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (KACT).


MPAH2_PENBR Type I acyl-CoA thioesterase mpaH' (sprot)


AC891_PENBR Acyl-CoA ligase 891, peroxisomal (sprot)


AATA_PENCH Isopenicillin-N N-acyltransferase (sprot)


NUD12_HUMAN NAD-capped RNA hydrolase NUDT12 (sprot)

An NAD-capped RNA hydrolase NUDT12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


malonyl-CoA decarboxylase, mitochondrial isoform Cytoplasmic+peroxisomal (human)

A malonyl-CoA decarboxylase, mitochondrial (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O95822-2.


ACOT6_HUMAN Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 6 (sprot)

An acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACOT4_HUMAN Peroxisomal succinyl-coenzyme A thioesterase (sprot)

A peroxisomal succinyl-coenzyme A thioesterase that is encoded in the genome of human.


saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H+ + NADH.


lysine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


tRNA-intron endonuclease complex

A protein complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.


tRNA-intron endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.


tRNA-type intron splice site recognition and cleavage

RNA processing that begins when the tertiary structure of a tRNA type intron is recognized, and ends when the endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA at both the 5' and 3' splice sites occurs.


glycine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


Glutamate

An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group


glycine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


glycine biosynthetic process, by transamination of glyoxylate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate.


UBP6_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 6 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OFF-bipolar cell

A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light to dark transition.


medulla oblongata

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO].


BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor isoform 2 (mouse)

A BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This form has no catalytic activity.


GPER1_MACMU G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (sprot)


A0A2K5WLA0_MACFA Amino acid transporter (trembl)


CNTN2_HUMAN Contactin-2 (sprot)

A contactin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADPH + H+.


rRNA 2'-O-methylation

The addition of a methyl group to the 2'-oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis.


Dihydrosterigmatocystin

A sterigmatocystin whose skeleton comprises a xanthone ring system ortho-fused to a dihydrofuranofuran moiety.


This is compound 4 in pmid:31045362


A hydroxycoumarin that is 2H-chromen-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 4 and 7, and a methyl group at position 5.


Kotanin

A member of the class of 8,8'-bicoumarins resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (the S-(+) enantiomer). A fungal metabolite, its isolation from Aspergillus clavatus was first reported in 1971.


VDTC1_BYSSP O-methyltransferase VdtC (sprot)


KTNB_ASPNC O-methyltransferase kntB (sprot)


An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid.


An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any 2,3-trans-enoic acid.


3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA

An oxo fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any 3-oxo-fatty acid..


enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH + H+.


O-[S-(dihydromonacolin L carboxy)pantetheine-4'-phosphoryl]-L-serine(1-) residue

An O-(S-3-oxoacylpantetheine-4'-phosphoryl)serine(1-) residue in which the S-acyl group is specified as dihydromonacolin L carboxy.


A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


LOVB_ASPTE Lovastatin nonaketide synthase, polyketide synthase component (sprot)


LOVF_ASPTE Lovastatin diketide synthase lovF (sprot)


NVFA_ASPN1 Non-reducing polyketide synthase nvfA (sprot)


ICCB_TALVA Trans-enoyl reductase iccB (sprot)


LOVC_ASPTE Lovastatin nonaketide synthase, enoyl reductase component lovC (sprot)


An acyl-CoA(4-) that is the tetraanion of benzoyl-CoA, arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.


A hydroxybenzoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.


polyamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


Trianion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the three acidic OH groups of the diphosphate.


medium-chain fatty acid

Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane biogenesis

The process in which an endoplasmic reticulum membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.


positive regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.


histone H4 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4.


positive regulation of mitochondrial translational initiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.


regulation of vitellogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitellogenesis.


mitochondrial depolarization

The process in which the potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane is reduced from its steady state level.


positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.


perforin production

The appearance of a perforin protein due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


peptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process

Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the apoptotic process.


ganoderol B

A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 27. It has been isolated from several Ganoderma species.


Podocarpic acid

An abietane diterpenoid lacking the isopropyl substituent with an aromatic C-ring and a hydroxy group at the 12-position.


negative regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome.


mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly

Any actomyosin contractile ring assembly that is involved in mitotic cytokinesis.


negative regulation of actin filament binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.


myotube cell migration

The orderly movement of a myotube cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate, and fuse.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.


myoblast differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


programmed cell death involved in cell development

The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.


negative regulation of myotube differentiation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase unphosphorylated 3 (mouse)

A RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase unphosphorylated 3 in mouse. UniProtKB:P31750, Ser-473, PR:000026291.


penicillin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.


acid-ammonia (or amide) ligase activity

Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


Phenylalanine

The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.


norsolorinate anthrone synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7 malonyl-CoA + 5 H+ + a hexanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] = norsolorinate anthrone + 7 coenzyme A + 7 carbon dioxide + 2 H2O + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein].


ochratoxin A catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ochratoxin A.


alpha-Ochratoxin

A member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid carrying additional methyl, chloro and hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 5 and 8 respectively. A non-toxic metabolite of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A.


Tyrosine

An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


KCNQ2_MOUSE Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 (sprot)

A voltage-gated potassium channel subunit KCNQ2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


KCNQ3_MOUSE Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 (sprot)

A voltage-gated potassium channel subunit KCNQ3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


short transient receptor potential channel 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


procathepsin L isoform 1 (mouse)

A murine-type cathepsin L isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


A hydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone bearing a 1-hydroxy-5-oxohexyl substituent at position 2 (the S-enantiomer).


Ilicicolin H

An aromatic ketone in which the ketone carbonyl group is attached to a (1R,2R,4aS,7S,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl group and a 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl group. Isolated from the from the "imperfect" fungus Cylindrocladium iliciola strain MFC-870.


ILID_NEOS2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent Diels-Alderase iliD (sprot)


ICCD_TALVA S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent Diels-Alderase iccD (sprot)


racemase and epimerase activity

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a molecule.


ICCE_TALVA NADH-dependent flavin oxidoreductase iccE (sprot)


ketoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reduction of a ketone group to form the corresponding alcohol.


NVFD_ASPN1 Alpha/beta hydrolase nvfD (sprot)


Psilocybine

A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").


psilocybin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of psilocybin, a psychotropic tryptamine-derived natural product.


4-hydroxytryptamine 4-phosphate methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) + 4-hydroxytryptamine 4-phosphate (norbaeocystin) <=> 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + psilocybin.


A member of the class of tryptamines that is tryptamine in which the the indole ring has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.


4-hydroxytryptamine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxytryptamine + ATP = 4-hydoxytryptamine 4-phosphate + ADP + H+.


tryptamine 4-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tryptamine + reduced acceptor + O2 <=> 4-hydroxytryptamine + acceptor + H2O.


Tryptophan

The L-enantiomer of tryptophan.


PSIK_PSICU 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase (sprot)


PSIH_PSICU Tryptamine 4-monooxygenase (sprot)


4-Hydoxytryptamine 4-phosphate

An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and protonation of the amino group of norbaeocystin; major species at pH 7.3.


PSID_PSICU L-tryptophan decarboxylase (sprot)


Tryptamine

An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position.


regulation of neural retina development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


regulation of melanosome transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.


negative regulation of filamentous growth

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.


positive regulation of filamentous growth

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.


fucosylation

The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.


N-glycan fucosylation

The process of transferring a fucosyl group to an N-glycan. An N-glycan is the carbohydrate portion of an N-glycoprotein when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.


An alpha-D-galactosyl group derived from alpha-D-GalNAc-(1->3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1->2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-alpha-D-Gal. Blood group A antigen.


A galactosyl group derived from alpha-L-Fuc-(1->2)-[alpha-D-Gal-(1->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-alpha-D-Gal. B Antigen formed in 'secretor' individuals.


A galactosyl group derived from alpha-D-GalNAc-(1->3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1->2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-alpha-D-Gal. Antigen A formed in 'secretor' individuals


A galactosyl group derived from alpha-D-Gal-(1->3)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1->2)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-alpha-D-Gal-yl group. Blood group B antigen.


A galactosyl group derived from alpha-D-Gal-(1->3)-alpha-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-Gal. The precursor oligosaccharide group for the ABO blood group system.


An alpha-D-galactosyl group derived from beta-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-alpha-D-Gal The minimum precursor oligosaccharide sequence required by the ABO blood group system to form antigens. This sequence is for Type 1 chains found in secretions.


Type 1 monosialylgalactosylgloboside

An intermediate in the formation of Lewis blood groups


Lewis A antigen

One of the blood groups of the Lewis antigen system


Type 1 disialyl-paragloboside

Formed by the addition of sialic acid (Neu5Ac) to Type 1 MSGG and is the precursor for disialyl-Lewis A antigen


blood group Type 1 oligosaccharide chain precursor


regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.


regulation of cardiac muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.


AFLO_ASPPU Demethylsterigmatocystin 6-O-methyltransferase (sprot)


versicolorin B desaturase activity

Catalyzes the reaction: versicolorin B + NADPH + O2 <=> versicolorin A + NADP+ + 2 H2O. Uses heme-thiolate as a co-factor. Involved in the synthesis of aflatoxins in the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus.


AFLJ_ASPPU Versiconal hemiacetal acetate esterase (sprot)


versiconal hemiacetal acetate esterase activity

Catalyzes the reactions: versiconal hemiacetal acetate + H2O <=> versiconal + acetate, as well as versiconol acetate + H2O <=> versiconol + acetate.


A phenolate anion obtained by deprotonation of the 2-hydroxy group of (S)-averantin. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


averantin hydroxylase activity

Catalyzes the reaction: (1'S)-averantin + [reduced NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 <=> (1'S,5'S)-5'-hydroxyaverantin + [oxidized NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O. Involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis.


norsolorinic acid ketoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (1'S)-averantin + NADP+ <=> norsolorinic acid + NADPH.


AFLD_ASPPU Norsolorinic acid ketoreductase (sprot)


AFLC_ASPPU Norsolorinic acid synthase (sprot)


versiconal

A secondary metabolite that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of afflatoxin. Can exist as both a tricyclic anthraquinone-hydroxyaldehyde form or as a tetracyclic anthrafuran form.


Norsolorinic acid anthrone(1-)

A phenolate anion obtained by deprotonation of the 2-hydroxy group of norsolorinic acid anthrone. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


A hydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone bearing a 1,5-dihydroxyhexyl substituent at position 2 (the 1'S,5'R-diastereomer).


AFLG_ASPPU Averantin hydroxylase (sprot)


Versicolorin A

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 3a,12a-dihydroanthra[2,3-b]furo[3,2-d]furan-5,10-dione carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 6 and 8.


Methoxsalen

A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.


aflatoxin

Any of a group of related and highly toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) whose main structural feature is a fused coumarin-bis(dihydrofuran) ring system and which are produced by strains of the moulds Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus, together with further metabolites of these mycotoxins


biolink:MacromolecularComplex biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:MacromolecularMachineMixin biolink:ThingWithTaxon


thiolester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.


LOVD_ASPTE Monacolin J acid methylbutanoyltransferase (sprot)


LOVG_ASPTE Dihydromonacolin L-[lovastatin nonaketide synthase] thioesterase (sprot)


TDID_EMENI Aminotransferase tdiD (sprot)


terpene synthase activity

Catalysis of the formation of cyclic terpenes through the cyclization of linear terpenes (e.g. isopentenyl-PP, geranyl-PP, farnesyl-PP and geranylgeranyl-PP) containing varying numbers of isoprene units.


An organophosphate oxoanion that is the trianion obtained by removal of the three protons from the diphosphate group of 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate.


NVFL_ASPN1 Asnovolin H synthase nvfL (sprot)


NVFB_ASPN1 DMOA farnesyltransferase nvfB (sprot)


Pyrophosphoric acid

An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.


regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the binding and fusion of a sperm to the oocyte plasma membrane.


bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligase phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligase (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on a Ser residue in the noncatalytic linker connecting the synthetase cores in an IFN-gamma-dependent manner. UniProtKB:Q8CGC7, Ser-999, MOD:00046.


A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family and associated proteins. Many are involved in a step of processing of rRNA molecules: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation, but other RNA types can be targets as well. The majority fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type, which are conserved across eukaryotes and archaea. Other members include the telomerase RNA and the ribonuclease MRP RNA.


positive regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.


regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


snRNA import into nucleus

The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid into the nucleus.


RNA import into nucleus

The import of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


tRNA transport

The directed movement of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation

The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.


HMGB2_HUMAN High mobility group protein B2 (sprot)

A high mobility group protein B2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose

An ADP-glycero-D-manno-heptose having L-glycero-configuration at the 6-position of the heptose portion.


IKIP_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase-interacting protein (sprot)

An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase-interacting protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRC14_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 14 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


glomerular endothelial cell

An endothelial cell found in the glomerulus of the kidney. This cell is flattened, highly fenestrated, and plays a vital role in the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate.


regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


phosphatidylcholine binding

Binding to a phosphatidylcholine, a glycophospholipid in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


T cell receptor complex

A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains.


leukotriene biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


interleukin-3 production

The appearance of interleukin-3 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


serotonin secretion

The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.


positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.


positive regulation of interleukin-3 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.


beta selection

The process in which successful recombination of a T cell receptor beta chain into a translatable protein coding sequence leads to rescue from apoptosis and subsequent proliferation of an immature T cell.


negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


auditory receptor cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


endocrine system development

Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.


regulation of cellular respiration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.


negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3', 4' and 5' positions.


regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.


cellular response to UV-C

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.


T cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.


negative regulation of miRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.


regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.


positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.


hyperosmotic salinity response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


cyanamide hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: urea = cyanamide + H2O.


oxaloacetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.


glutamate catabolic process to aspartate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including aspartate.


glutamate catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


muscle tendon junction

A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons.


response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.


box H/ACA snoRNA binding

Binding to a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA.


box H/ACA snoRNP assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box H/ACA snoRNA to form a box H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.


snRNA pseudouridine synthesis

The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an snRNA molecule.


EMC complex

A transmembrane protein complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involved in the insertion of newly synthesized proteins in the membrane of the ER. In S. cerevisiae, it has six members: EMC1, EMC2, AIM27, EMC4, KRE27, and EMC6.


EARP complex

A quatrefoil tethering complex required for endocytic recycling.


ectodermal cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


embryonic ectodermal digestive tract development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of oocyte maturation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.


neuronal dense core vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by a neuronal dense core vesicle membrane.


regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.


regulation of protein metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.


prostate epithelial cord arborization involved in prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis

The branching morphogenesis process in which the prostate epithelial cords branch freely to create the structure of the prostate acini.


prostate gland stromal morphogenesis

The process in which the prostate gland stroma is generated and organized. The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland.


cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus.


insulin-like growth factor binding

Binding to an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it.


regulation of lysosomal lumen pH

Any process that modulates the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


Trichlorfon

A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.


A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is ellipticine in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


regulation of motor neuron migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration.


regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.


response to tumor necrosis factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.


neuron projection arborization

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.


glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glucocorticoid binding to its receptor.


regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.


ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the compact cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.


endocardial cushion cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endocardial cushion cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate(1-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate.


4-Pyridoxic acid

A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.


An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of pyridoxamine arising from selective protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


Nrd1 complex

A complex that functions in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II transcribed non-coding RNAs. This complex interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of PolII and the terminator sequences in the nascent RNA transcript. In yeast this complex consists of Nrd1p, Nab3p, and Sen1p.


sno(s)RNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA family molecule, also referred to as an sRNA in Archaea.


snRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. The primary function of snRNAs is processing pre-messenger RNA in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.


fertilization envelope

A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg. The fertilization envelope forms from the vitelline membrane after fertilization as a result of cortical granule release.


regulation of lymphangiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.


meiotic sister chromatid cohesion

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis.


optic chiasma development

The developmental process pertaining to the progression of the optic chiasm from its initial formation to the mature structure. The process begins when the pathfinding of the axons of the developing optic nerve cause some axons to cross at the midline of the brain and ends when the axons are mature.


axonal defasciculation

Separation of axons away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle.


regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


microtubule bundle

An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.


tubulin N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (alpha-tubulin) L-lysine = CoA + (alpha-tubulin) N6-acetyl-L-lysine.


regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.


integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1D (mouse)

An integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1D that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform contains a unique alternatively spliced cytoplasmic domain of 50 amino acids, with the last 24 amino acids encoded by an additional exon, 11 of these are in common with the isoform beta-1A.


regulation of neural crest cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.


nitrite reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = product(s) of nitrate reduction + reduced acceptor.


regulation of centrosome cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation.


reflex

An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.


response to cyclophosphamide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclophosphamide stimulus.


response to prostaglandin E

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.


behavioral response to acetic acid induced pain

Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of an acetic acid pain stimulus.


chronic inflammatory response

Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.


chemosensory behavior

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.


sensory perception of itch

A sensory perception which causes the desire or reflex to scratch.


small intestine smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry in the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine.


calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) combining with a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor on the surface of the target cell. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers.


response to high light intensity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.


sodium-dependent organic cation transport

The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


A secondary ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of ciprofloxacin resulting from the protonation of the NH group; major species at acidic pH.


An organic iodide salt consisting of pyridinium iodide having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 4-dimethylaminostyryl substituent at the 4-position.


autonomic nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.


actin filament debranching

An actin filament severing process that results in the removal of actin filament branches specifically at the branch points.


thiamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.


negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.


phytoene dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the dehydrogenation of phytoene to produce a carotenoid intermediate such as phytofluene.


lycopene beta cyclase activity

Catalysis of the cyclization of beta rings at one or both ends of the lycopene molecule (psi, psi-carotene) to form gamma-carotene or the bicyclic beta-carotene (beta, beta-carotene), respectively.


15-cis-phytoene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate -> 15-cis-phytoene + 2 diphosphate.


LCPS_NEUCR Bifunctional lycopene cyclase/phytoene synthase (sprot)


Lycopene

An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits.


Phytofluene

The all-trans-isomer of  phytofluene.


gamma-Carotene

A cyclic carotene obtained by the cyclisation of lycopene.


An acyclic carotene having the structure of lycopene with two hydrogen atoms abstracted from the C(3)-C(4) bond to form an extra trans double bond.


Alpha-Tocopherol

An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.


regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.


serine/threonine-protein kinase LMTK1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase LMTK1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.


regulation of xanthophore differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation.


osteoclast maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an osteoclast cell to attain its fully functional state. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, and which typically differentiates from monocytes.


regulation of osteoclast development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.


immune response in brain or nervous system

An immune response taking place in the brain or nervous system.


positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


positive regulation of neural retina development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


Tacrolimus

A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.


lysobisphosphatidic acid

A lysophosphatidic acid having the unusual property of a phosphodiester moiety linked to positions sn-1 and sn1' of glycerol; and two additional fatty acids esterified to the glycerol head group.


response to alcohol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.


cerebellar Golgi cell to granule cell synapse

A synapse formed by a cerebellar Golgi cell synapsing on to a cerebellar granule cell.


GBRA2_HUMAN Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 (sprot)

A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACHA_HUMAN Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACHE_HUMAN Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon (sprot)

An acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACHB_HUMAN Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta (sprot)

An acetylcholine receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACHE_BOVIN Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon (sprot)


ACHD_HUMAN Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta (sprot)

An acetylcholine receptor subunit delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACHG_BOVIN Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma (sprot)


base-excision repair, AP site formation via deaminated base removal

A base-excision repair, AP site formation process occurring via excision of a deaminated base.


carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 sequence variant CEACAM1b (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (mouse) that is the protein product of allele b of the CEACAM1 gene in mouse. The sequence has, minimally, a Thr instead of Ile at position 75, and His instead of Arg at position 81 in comparison to allele CEACAM1a (using the sequence numbering of UniProtKB:P31809-1 for the latter).


synaptic vesicle lumen acidification

The acidification of the synaptic vesicle lumen via transport of protons into the vesicle. The resulting electrochemical gradient powers neurotransmitter loading.


proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and mediates proton transport across a membrane. The V0 complex consists of at least four different subunits (a,c,d and e); six or more c subunits form a proton-binding rotor ring.


STAT family protein binding

Binding to a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family. STATs are, as the name indicates, both signal transducers and transcription factors. STATs are activated by cytokines and some growth factors and thus control important biological processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses.


P-type proton-exporting transporter activity

Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out). These transporters use a phosphorylative mechanism, which have a phosphorylated intermediate state during the ion transport cycle.


CLCN4_HUMAN H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 4 (sprot)

An H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLCN5_HUMAN H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5 (sprot)

An H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLCN6_HUMAN H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 6 (sprot)

A chloride channel protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of stress granule assembly

Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of stress-granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.


mitotic interphase

The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when mitotic prophase begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs.


amyloid-beta clearance

The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by mechanisms involving cell surface receptors.


positive regulation of amyloid-beta clearance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.


negative regulation of action potential

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.