mitochondrial unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix; results in transcriptional upregulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial stress proteins.


BMP signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.


skeletal muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.


skeletal muscle tissue regeneration

The regrowth of skeletal muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.


cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis

The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.


lysosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.


mRNA transcription

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.


positive regulation of myoblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 4.


receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT begins with activation of a receptor and proceeeds through STAT protein activation by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. STAT proteins dimerize and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. The pathway ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-6 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 17 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.


energy homeostasis

Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.


regulation of cellular response to stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


maltose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).


negative regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.


cellular response to sulfur dioxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulus.


positive regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-2 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of cellular senescence

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-4 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-3 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-5 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


eosinophil differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil.


cellular response to nutrient levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.


The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-11 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


T-helper 1 cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-10 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-15 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by type I interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-9 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.


release from viral latency

The process by which a virus begins to replicate following a latency replication decision (switch).


signal transduction by p53 class mediator

An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.


integrated stress response signaling

The series of molecular signals generated in response to diverse stress stimuli required to restore cellular homeostasis. The core event in this pathway is the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha by one of four members of the eIF2a kinase family (EIF2AK1/HRI, EIF2AK2/PKR, EIF2AK3/PERK and EIF2AK4/GCN2), which leads to a decrease in global protein synthesis and the induction of selected genes, including the transcription factor ATF4, that together promote cellular recovery.


cellular response to phosphate starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of phosphate.


cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

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Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.


MAP kinase kinase activity

Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate.


MAP kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.


phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


protein kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase.


beta-catenin binding

Binding to a catenin beta subunit.


proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


sequence-specific mRNA binding

Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) of a specific nucleotide composition or a specific sequence motif.


transmembrane signaling receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.


ISG15-specific peptidase activity

A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ISG15 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.


cytokine receptor activity

Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase.


growth factor activity

The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.


protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.


GDP binding

Binding to GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.


interleukin-2 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-2 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-4 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-4 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-3 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-3 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-5 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-5 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein.


interleukin-11 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-11 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-10 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-10 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-15 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-15 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


phosphoserine residue binding

Binding to a phosphorylated serine residue within a protein.


interleukin-9 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-9 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


calmodulin binding

Binding to calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.


type II interferon receptor activity

Combining with interferon-gamma (a type II interferon) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


deubiquitinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a deubiquitinase.


calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.


ligand-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ions by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I

Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.


transforming growth factor beta receptor activity

Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


AMP-activated protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.


acetylation-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon acetylation of the target protein.


protein-lysine 6-oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


apoptotic process

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


innate vocalization behavior

A vocalisation behavior that is innate, i.e. that does not need to be learned in order to occur.


regulation of action potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


hormone activity

The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.


calcium ion transport

The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


thymus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.


parathyroid gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.


bone mineralization

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.


translation

The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.


integrin binding

Binding to an integrin.


retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.


ERAD pathway

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).


protein-containing complex binding

Binding to a macromolecular complex.


translation repressor activity

Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


alkaline phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.


structural constituent of bone

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of bone.


retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the conversion of retinoic acid to 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


oxygen carrier activity

Binding to oxygen and delivering it to an acceptor molecule or a specific location.


glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

Combining with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


inner cell mass derived epiblast

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An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers.


erythroid lineage cell

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A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.


eosinophil

Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive.


CCL2_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 2 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SOCS3_HUMAN Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (sprot)

A suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CHD4_HUMAN Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I10R1_HUMAN Interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNB_HUMAN Interferon beta (sprot)

An interferon beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CXL10_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (sprot)

A C-X-C motif chemokine 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR3_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 3 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BZLF1_EBVB9 Lytic switch protein BZLF1 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the BZLF1 gene in Human herpesvirus 4 strain B95-8.


GDF15_HUMAN Growth/differentiation factor 15 (sprot)

A growth/differentiation factor 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


anatomical structure morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.


endoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.


digestive tract development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


dorsal/ventral axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


ectoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.


male meiosis I

A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.


ZN410_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 410 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 410 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JUN_HUMAN Transcription factor Jun (sprot)

A transcription factor Jun that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXM1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein M1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein M1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRAK4_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYD88_HUMAN Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (sprot)

A myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRAK2_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 (sprot)

An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCAP_SARS2 Nucleoprotein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the N gene in SARS-CoV-2.


VME1_SARS2 Membrane protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the M gene in SARS-CoV-2.


mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform h1 (human)

A mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7Z434-1.


IMA1_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I isoform h2 (human)

An antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O95786-2.


ORF9B_SARS2 ORF9b protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF9b gene in SARS-CoV-2.


TOM70_HUMAN Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 (sprot)

A mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform h2 (human)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q13114-2.


NS6_SARS2 ORF6 protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF6 gene in SARS-CoV-2.


TCAM2_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 (sprot)

A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKBA_HUMAN NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (sprot)

An NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


TIRAP_HUMAN Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein (sprot)

A Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ECSIT_HUMAN Evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial (sprot)

An evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR4_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TCAM1_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (sprot)

A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform h2 (human)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P40189-2.


interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 2 (human)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL6RB_HUMAN Interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL6_HUMAN Interleukin-6 (sprot)

An interleukin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RA_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


JAK3_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 (sprot)

A tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2_HUMAN Interleukin-2 (sprot)

An interleukin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RB_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

An interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2RG_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit gamma (sprot)

A cytokine receptor common subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL4RA_HUMAN Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL4_HUMAN Interleukin-4 (sprot)

An interleukin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3RA_HUMAN Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3_HUMAN Interleukin-3 (sprot)

An interleukin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3RB_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit beta (sprot)

A cytokine receptor common subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL5_HUMAN Interleukin-5 (sprot)

An interleukin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL5RA_HUMAN Interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


I11RA_HUMAN Interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL11_HUMAN Interleukin-11 (sprot)

An interleukin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I12R2_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 (sprot)

An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I12R1_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 (sprot)

An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL10_HUMAN Interleukin-10 (sprot)

An interleukin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL15_HUMAN Interleukin-15 (sprot)

An interleukin-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


I15RA_HUMAN Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


MTOR_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR that is encoded in the genome of human.


1433Z_HUMAN 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta (sprot)

A 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IKKE_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (sprot)

An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL9R_HUMAN Interleukin-9 receptor (sprot)

An interleukin-9 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL9_HUMAN Interleukin-9 (sprot)

An interleukin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INGR1_HUMAN Interferon gamma receptor 1 (sprot)

An interferon gamma receptor alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNG_HUMAN Interferon gamma (sprot)

An interferon gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


DUSP_VACCW Dual specificity protein phosphatase OPG106 (sprot)


TANK_HUMAN TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator (sprot)

A TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDAC4_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 4 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of coreceptor activity

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity, combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.


PG003_VAR67 Ankyrin repeat protein OPG003 (sprot)


KBTB1_VACCW Kelch repeat and BTB domain-containing protein A55 (sprot)


US03_HHV11 Serine/threonine-protein kinase US3 (sprot)


IPO5_HUMAN Importin-5 (sprot)

An importin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TGFB1_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (sprot)

A TGF-beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MDM2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IRGM_HUMAN Immunity-related GTPase family M protein (sprot)

An immunity-related GTPase family M protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAB3_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 that is a translation product of the TAB3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP2BB_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAB2_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARK2N_HUMAN Protein ARK2N (sprot)

A protein C18orf25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSK2B_HUMAN Casein kinase II subunit beta (sprot)

A casein kinase II subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEMO_HUMAN NF-kappa-B essential modulator (sprot)

An NF-kappa-B essential modulator that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBW1B_HUMAN F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 (sprot)

An F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RRAGC_HUMAN Ras-related GTP-binding protein C (sprot)

A Ras-related GTP-binding protein C that is encoded in the genome of human.


MORN3_HUMAN MORN repeat-containing protein 3 (sprot)

A MORN repeat-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAD6_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 (sprot)

A smad6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP4_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WDR48_HUMAN WD repeat-containing protein 48 (sprot)

A WD repeat-containing protein 48 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BMP2_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (sprot)

A bone morphogenetic protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FLCN_HUMAN Folliculin (sprot)

A folliculin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FNIP1_HUMAN Folliculin-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A folliculin-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BRD2_HUMAN Bromodomain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A bromodomain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LOXL3_HUMAN Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 (sprot)

A lysyl oxidase homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ETAA1_HUMAN Ewing's tumor-associated antigen 1 (sprot)

An Ewing's tumor-associated antigen 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP25_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 25 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pattern specification process

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


mitral valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.


metanephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


convergent extension involved in gastrulation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


metanephric tubule development

The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.


embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


filopodium assembly

The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


lamellipodium assembly

Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


lamellipodium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


positive regulation of cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


negative regulation of cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


regulation of cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


mitral valve leaflet

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A valve leafleft that is part of a mitral valve.


cardiovascular system

Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.


lymphangioblast

Lymphatic progenitor cells.


endothelial tip cell

A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.


blood vessel endothelial cell

An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.


kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell

An epithelial cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.


oligodendrocyte

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.


pericyte

An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.


RAC1_HUMAN Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (sprot)

A Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


melanoblast

A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.


brain microvascular endothelial cell

Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.


migratory trunk neural crest cell

Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.


mononuclear cell

A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.


multi-potent skeletal muscle stem cell

A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.


progenitor cell of endocrine pancreas

A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.


myofibroblast cell

An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.


protein localization to plasma membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


memory T cell differentiation

The process in which a newly activated T cell acquires specialized features of a memory T cell.


wound healing

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


Wnt-protein binding

Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.


fibronectin binding

Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.


frizzled binding

Binding to a frizzled (fz) receptor.


transcriptional regulator ERG isoform containing exon 3 (mouse)

A transcriptional regulator ERG (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA containing the sequence in exon 3 for the ERG gene.


integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A (mouse)

An integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ependymal cell

A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen.


basolateral plasma membrane

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


adherens junction

A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.


lamellipodium

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


intercalated disc

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.


apicolateral plasma membrane

The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.


fascia adherens

A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


embryonic fibroblast

Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.


cerebral cortex development

The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.


cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.


negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


striated muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.


homeostasis of number of cells

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.


brain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


telencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.


blood vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


neuroepithelial cell differentiation

The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.


mesenchymal cell migration

The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


protein localization to adherens junction

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.


otic pit

The pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles.


neural tube lateral wall

Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube.


apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


kidney development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


post-anal tail morphogenesis

The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.


neural tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.


ossification involved in bone maturation

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


cochlea development

The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.


branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


condensed mesenchymal cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a condensed mesenchymal cell population. A condensed mesenchymal cell population is a population of adherent mesenchymal cells.


nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


basement membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.


tight junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


cell adhesion mediator activity

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


capillary plexus

A network of capillaries.


steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.


progesterone receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by progesterone binding to its receptor in the cytoplasm.


androgen receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by androgen binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to increased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.


palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (systematic name, hexadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].


protein-membrane adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.


negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


ZDHC7_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC7 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDHC5_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CD36_HUMAN Platelet glycoprotein 4 (sprot)

A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ESR1_HUMAN Estrogen receptor (sprot)

An estrogen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


estrogen receptor isoform h4 (human)

An estrogen receptor (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P03372-4.


PRGR_HUMAN Progesterone receptor (sprot)

A progesterone receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANDR_HUMAN Androgen receptor (sprot)

An androgen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARF6_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZDHC4_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC4 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RPGP2_HUMAN Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 2 (sprot)

A Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCKX4_MOUSE Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 (sprot)

A sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


WDR24_HUMAN GATOR complex protein WDR24 (sprot)

A GATOR complex protein WDR24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


visual learning

Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.


presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


triglyceride catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


triglyceride lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.


long-term synaptic potentiation

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.


synapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


exploration behavior

The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.


short-term synaptic potentiation

The process by which synaptic transmission, induced by the arrival of a spike (action potential) at a synapse, acts to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to the arrival of subsequent spikes. This effect is seen when a train of closely space spikes arrives at a synapse with a low initial release probability. It occurs in a timeframe of tens to hundreds of milliseconds.


regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.


retinyl-palmitate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: retinyl palmitate + H2O = retinol + palmitate + H+.


acylglycerol lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.


lipase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


locomotory behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.


brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].


Cholesterol

A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.


PP1A_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP4_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte that is encoded in the genome of human.


A monoglyceride in which the acyl substituent is located at position 2.


Triglyceride

Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.


long-chain fatty acid anion

A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 to C22.


Glycerin

A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.


Retinol

Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.


Hexadecanoate

A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid); major species at pH 7.3.


cholesteryl ester

A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of cholesterol.


Vitamin A palmitate

An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.


FABP6_HUMAN Gastrotropin (sprot)

A gastrotropin that is encoded in the genome of human.


LIPS_HUMAN Hormone-sensitive lipase (sprot)

A hormone-sensitive lipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLIN1_HUMAN Perilipin-1 (sprot)

A perilipin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL4_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ABHD5_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 (sprot)

A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL5_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 (sprot)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MGLL_HUMAN Monoglyceride lipase (sprot)

A monoglyceride lipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPL_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, liver that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP5_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP7_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, brain (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, brain that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBP12_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 12 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPH_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, heart that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABPI_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP1G_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


PP1B_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


FABP9_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 9 (sprot)

A fatty acid-binding protein 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial fission

The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


positive regulation of mitochondrial fission

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


cellular lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


acylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling

Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol.


lipoprotein lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.


acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.


ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.


extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


Diacylglycerol

A glyceride that is glycerol in which any two of the hydroxy groups have been acylated. In the structure shown, two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


PLPL2_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLPL3_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 (sprot)

A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DGAT2_HUMAN Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

A diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AWAT2_HUMAN Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

An acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to morphine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.


response to amphetamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.


positive regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


negative regulation of neuronal action potential

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


dopamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


neuromuscular process

Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


motor behavior

The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.


vocalization behavior

The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.


social behavior

Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.


multicellular organism growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.


learning

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


neuromuscular process controlling posture

Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.


grooming behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.


dopamine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


excitatory chemical synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.


response to odorant

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.


walking behavior

The behavior of an organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 (mouse)

A D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


cranial nerve II

Cranial nerve fiber tract which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA].


corpus callosum

White matter structure containing massive numbers of commissural fibers connecting cortical areas in the two cerebral hemispheres.it is subdivided into a genu, a rostrum, a body, and a splenium. (MM).


cortical intermediate zone

The region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone.


pontine nuclear group

Nuclei in the basal pons, intermingled among the descending axons from the cortex, that receive neocrotcial input and give rise to many axons that cross the midline to enter the contralateral cerebellum (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 135).


paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP).


supraoptic nucleus

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. [WP,unvetted].


trigeminal nerve

Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).


caudate-putamen

Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure.


cranial ganglion

The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves.


cranial nerve

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.


rhombic lip

The posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system.


medial habenular nucleus

The habenular nuclei comprise a small group of nuclei that are part of the epithalamus of the diencephalon, situated at the posterior end of the thalamus, on its upper surface. The habenular nuclei are typically divided into: lateral habenular nucleus medial habenular nucleus The pineal gland is attached to the brain in this region. Nerve impulses from the habenular nuclei are transmitted to the septal nuclei via the stria medullaris, which is found on the medial surface of the thalamus.


olfactory nerve

Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos].


internal capsule of telencephalon

White matter regional part of brain which is flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem and spinal cord. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. (Adapted from MSH by Maryann Martone).


nerve fiber layer of retina

Layer of the retina formed by expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve.


lateral geniculate body

The group of neurons that serve as the primary processor of visual information received from the retina via the optic tract and send processed information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.


septum of telencephalon

Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum (in some species) and the septal nuclei (Heimer, 1996).


medial vestibular nucleus

The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus 'Deiters')- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted].


anterior commissure

A bundle of myelinated nerve fibers passing transversely through the lamina terminalis and connecting symmetrical parts of the two cerebral hemispheres; it consists of a smaller anterior part (pars anterior commissurae anterioris) and a larger posterior part (pars posterior commissurae anterioris).


olfactory bulb glomerular layer

The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA].


substantia nigra

Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM).


hippocampus fimbria

Regional part of fornix consisting of a prominent white matter structure adjacent to the hippocampus on the ventricular side continuous with the alveus. Near the splenium the fimbria separates from the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix. [adapted from Wikipedia] (MM: 2006-10-26).


nucleus accumbens

A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. (caudoputamen in rodent) and continuous with these structures. There is no distinct boundary between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate/putamen, but in rodents, it can be identified by its lack of traversing fiber bundles in comparison to the dorsal striatum. Its principle neuron is the medium spiny neuron. Together with the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the nucleus accumbens forms the striatum.


accessory olfactory bulb mitral cell layer


medial geniculate body

Nuclear complex of the thalamus situated on the caudal, subpial aspect of the thalamus (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 622).


anterior nuclear group

Mostly gray regional part of anterior thalamic region, consisting of the anterior medial, anterior dorsal and anterior lateral thalamic nuclei in primates. In rodents, it consists of anterior medial and anterior ventral divisions, with several subdivisions of each, according to Paxinos (MM: 2006-10-26).


accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer


ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted].


spiral sulcus

A concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct, formed by either the overhanging vestibular lip (inner spiral sulcus) or the spiral prominence and the spiral organ (outer spiral sulcus).


parietal cortex

Gray matter of the parietal region of the neocortex, located in the parietal lobe of gyrencephalic animals. It is continuous anteriorly with the frontal cortex, posteriorly with the occipital cortex and medially with the insular cortex and with the temporal cortex on the posterior/inferior border.


neuronal cell body

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


presynaptic active zone

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.


axon

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.


neuron projection

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


excitatory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.


cytoplasmic stress granule

A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.


perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.


postsynaptic density

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


neuronal ribonucleoprotein granule

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli.


perikaryon

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.


cell leading edge

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.


juxtaparanode region of axon

A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.


dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.


synaptic vesicle

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.


dendritic shaft

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.


cis-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


trans-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


clathrin-coated vesicle

A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


nuclear speck

A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.


growth cone

The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.


filopodium

Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.


microtubule cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.


axolemma

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.


presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


inhibitory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


growth cone membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a growth cone.


axon hillock

Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates.


mitochondrion organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.


protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


establishment of cell polarity

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.


axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


axon extension

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.


neuron apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.


negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


neuron projection development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


intracellular calcium ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of calcium ions within a cell.


endoplasmic reticulum organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


regulation of membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


lipid storage

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.


excitatory postsynaptic potential

A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


neuron projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.


response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


dendrite morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.


inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


endosomal transport

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.


axon extension involved in axon guidance

The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


dorsal/ventral pattern formation

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.


establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


central nervous system neuron axonogenesis

Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


calcium-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.


intracellular copper ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of copper ions within a cell.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


neurofilament cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.


calcium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


neuron remodeling

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.


dendritic spine development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the juxtaparanode region of an axon.


intracellular transport

The directed movement of substances within a cell.


cellular metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


palmitoyl-(protein) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein.


oligosaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


phospholipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


L-glutamate import

The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.


synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).


action potential

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


adenylate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.


collateral sprouting

The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.


response to ischemia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.


protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


Golgi localization

Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.


axon midline choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.


ephrin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


glutamate secretion

The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.


receptor clustering

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.


neurotransmitter secretion

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity

Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


axon target recognition

The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.