fungal-type vacuole

A vacuole that has both lytic and storage functions. The fungal vacuole is a large, membrane-bounded organelle that functions as a reservoir for the storage of small molecules (including polyphosphate, amino acids, several divalent cations (e.g. calcium), other ions, and other small molecules) as well as being the primary compartment for degradation. It is an acidic compartment, containing an ensemble of acid hydrolases. At least in S. cerevisiae, there are indications that the morphology of the vacuole is variable and correlated with the cell cycle, with logarithmically growing cells having a multilobed, reticulated vacuole, while stationary phase cells contain a single large structure.


PML body

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.


phagophore assembly site

Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.


cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


postsynaptic specialization membrane

The membrane component of the postsynaptic specialization. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.


AIM2 inflammasome complex

An inflammasome complex that consists of AIM2, ASC, and caspase-1. AIM2 is a member of the HN-200 protein family that appears to be the sensor of cytosolic double-stranded DNA.


endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.


early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.


X chromosome

The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males.


mitotic telophase

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


IPO9_HUMAN Importin-9 (sprot)

An importin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 isoform h4 (human)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8IUZ0-4.


TPGS2_HUMAN Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 2 (sprot)

A tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LRC49_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 49 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPGS1_HUMAN Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1 (sprot)

A tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PML_HUMAN Protein PML (sprot)

A transcription factor PML that is encoded in the genome of human.


serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform h2 (human)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P16298-2.


cytoplasmic exosome (RNase complex)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.


autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform h4 (human)

An autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q2TAZ0-5.


ATG2B_HUMAN Autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B (sprot)

An autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B that is encoded in the genome of human.


The trianion of a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


UFM1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS2_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS5_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


DC1L1_HUMAN Cytoplasmic dynein 1 light intermediate chain 1 (sprot)

A cytoplasmic dynein 1 light intermediate chain 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


dynein complex

Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity.


RAB14_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-14 (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rab-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RAB4B_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-4B (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rab-4B that is encoded in the genome of human.


proteasome regulatory particle

A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.


Arp2/3 protein complex

A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.


CYH1_MOUSE Cytohesin-1 (sprot)

A cytohesin-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


M3K14_MOUSE Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (sprot)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CIA complex

The cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur clusters into apoproteins involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity.


Ski complex

A protein complex that regulates RNA degradation by the exosome complex. In Saccharomyces the complex has a heterotetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy each of Ski2p and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8p.


CSTP1_HUMAN Centriolar satellite-associated tubulin polyglutamylase complex regulator 1 (sprot)

A centriolar satellite-associated tubulin polyglutamylase complex regulator 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WIPI1_HUMAN WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BILF1_EBVB9 G-protein coupled receptor BILF1 (sprot)


IQCB1_HUMAN IQ calmodulin-binding motif-containing protein 1 (sprot)

An IQ calmodulin-binding motif-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNR6A_HUMAN Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A protein (sprot)

A trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


RUFY1_HUMAN RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PCM1_HUMAN Pericentriolar material 1 protein (sprot)

A pericentriolar material 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PEX26_HUMAN Peroxisome assembly protein 26 (sprot)

A peroxisome assembly protein 26 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MARH7_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCHF7 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCHF7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICP27_HHV8P mRNA export factor ICP27 homolog (sprot)


ZDH19_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC19 (sprot)

A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin ligase complex

A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.


AN_HHV8P Shutoff alkaline exonuclease (sprot)


axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.


negative regulation of receptor internalization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.


afferent neuron

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.


central nervous system myelination

The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


axon regeneration

The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage.


stem cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


myoblast fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


cellular response to virus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.


ATP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


bronchiole development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.


L-glutamate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


transmission of nerve impulse

The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.


specification of segmental identity, mandibular segment

The specification of the characteristic structures of the mandibular segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


regulation of cell cycle checkpoint

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.


spinal cord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.


cementum mineralization

The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited into the initial acellular cementum.


collagen-activated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


oligodendrocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons.


sympathetic neuron axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of a sympathetic neuron axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


specification of segmental identity, maxillary segment

The specification of the characteristic structures of the maxillary segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.


diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diphosphate, the anion or salt of diphosphoric acid.


regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.


protein nitrosylation

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.


synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.


mitochondrial transport

Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


testosterone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.


protein glucuronidation

The modification of a protein by amino acid glucuronidation.


presumptive endoderm

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm.


striated muscle cell

Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres.


melanocyte of skin

A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body.


calvarial osteoblast

Any osteoblast that is part of a skull.


cementoblast

Skeletogenic cell that produces cementum (a bony substance that covers the root of a tooth), is part of the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a precementoblast cell.


aortic smooth muscle cell

A smooth muscle cell of the aorta.


stromal cell of bone marrow

A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow.


gray matter

A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons.


inflammatory macrophage

An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity.


mammotroph

An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.


ventral tegmental nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a ventral tegmental area.


Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis niloticus


Hydrogen Peroxide

An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.


Dinoprostone

Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.


heart contraction

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


abducens nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the abducens nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.


microglia differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.


regulation of blood pressure

Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


lymphocyte migration

The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


podocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.


bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized.


endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.


hematopoietic stem cell migration to bone marrow

The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell into the bone marrow, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments in that microenvironment. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.


growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth

The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.


sensory perception of temperature stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


motor neuron apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.


eosinophil mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.


skeletal myofibril assembly

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.


rhythmic behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.


sarcomere organization

The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


facial nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


hypoglossal nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


response to Gram-positive bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a Gram-positive bacterium.


B-1 B cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.


response to platelet-derived growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.


microglial cell migration

The orderly movement of a microglial cell from one site to another.


immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


sensory perception of mechanical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


axonogenesis involved in innervation

The neurite development process that generates a long process of a neuron, as it invades a target tissue.


sinoatrial node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.


ductus arteriosus closure

The morphogenesis process in which the ductus arteriosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth. The ductus arteriosus is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood to bypass the fetus' lungs.


fibroblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.


response to pain

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.


response to mechanical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.


CCN3_HUMAN CCN family member 3 (sprot)

A protein NOV that is encoded in the genome of human.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor

A neurotrophin that is a translation product of the human BDNF gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


CP1A5_CHICK Cytochrome P450 1A5 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the CYP1A5 gene in chicken.


cytochrome P450 1A2

A protein that is a translation product of the human CYP1A2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular endothelial growth factor A

A protein that is a translation product of the human VEGFA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial

A protein that is a translation product of the human STAR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


translocator protein

A protein that is a translation product of the human TSPO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


HESX1_HUMAN Homeobox expressed in ES cells 1 (sprot)

A homeobox expressed in ES cells 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIX3_HUMAN Homeobox protein SIX3 (sprot)

A homeobox protein SIX3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes.


HES1_HUMAN Transcription factor HES-1 (sprot)

A transcription factor HES-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF6_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF1B_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


ONEC3_HUMAN One cut domain family member 3 (sprot)

An one cut domain family member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NGN3_HUMAN Neurogenin-3 (sprot)

A neurogenin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDX1_HUMAN Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (sprot)

A pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTF1A_HUMAN Pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha (sprot)

A pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 isoform h2 (human)

A nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O00482-1.


NKX61_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAX4_HUMAN Paired box protein Pax-4 (sprot)

A paired box protein Pax-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX22_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDF1_HUMAN Neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (sprot)

A neurogenic differentiation factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSM1_HUMAN Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (sprot)

An insulinoma-associated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTR2_HUMAN Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 (sprot)

A solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IAPP_HUMAN Islet amyloid polypeptide (sprot)

An islet amyloid polypeptide that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNF4G_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform L-type (human)

A pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform L-type that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXA3_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-7 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-5.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-8 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-6.


hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform hHNF4-Alpha-9 (human)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P41235-7.


neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.


somite development

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.


retina development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


notochord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.


germ cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.


pronephric glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


adrenal gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.


induction of positive chemotaxis

Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


floor plate development

The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.


lens placode formation involved in camera-type eye formation

Establishment and formation of the optic placode, paired ectodermal placodes that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.


floor plate formation

The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.


cardioblast migration to the midline involved in heart field formation

The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


prechordal plate formation

The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.


convergent extension involved in nephron morphogenesis

The morphogenetic process in which the renal epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis that contributes to the shaping of a nephron.


hypoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hypoblast is a tissue formed from the inner cell mass that lies beneath the epiblast.


all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, all-trans-retinol forming activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinyl palmitate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + H+ + palmitate.


EEA1_HUMAN Early endosome antigen 1 (sprot)

An early endosome antigen 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of receptor binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


brain white matter

The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites.


GABA-A receptor complex

A protein complex which is capable of GABA-A receptor activity. In human, it is usually composed of either two alpha, two beta and one gamma chain of the GABA-A receptor subunits or 5 chains of the GABA-A receptor subunits rho1-3 (formally known as GABA-C receptor).


AVR2A_MOUSE Activin receptor type-2A (sprot)

An activin receptor type-2A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PLXB2_MOUSE Plexin-B2 (sprot)

A plexin-B2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PLXB1_MOUSE Plexin-B1 (sprot)

A plexin-B1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TNR9_MOUSE Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


LEPR_MOUSE Leptin receptor (sprot)

A leptin receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


NEO1_MOUSE Neogenin (sprot)

A neogenin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


P2RX7_MOUSE P2X purinoceptor 7 (sprot)

A P2X purinoceptor 7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TLR4_MOUSE Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PRTG_MOUSE Protogenin (sprot)

A protogenin that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


SSR3_MOUSE Somatostatin receptor type 3 (sprot)

A somatostatin receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ACV1B_MOUSE Activin receptor type-1B (sprot)

An activin receptor type-1B that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


MCHR1_MOUSE Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (sprot)

A melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


SKIT2_MOUSE Selection and upkeep of intraepithelial T-cells protein 2 (sprot)

A selection and upkeep of intraepithelial T-cells protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein localization to mitotic actomyosin contractile ring

Any protein localization to actomyosin contractile ring that is involved in mitotic cytokinesis.


protein localization to actin cortical patch

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, an actin cortical patch.


muscle structure development

The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.


hepatocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.


foregut-midgut junction

An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut.


chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 isoform m1 (mouse)

A chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q09XV5-1.


maintenance of translational fidelity

Suppression of the occurrence of translational errors, such as codon-anticodon mis-paring, during the process of translation of a protein using an mRNA template.


calcium-ion regulated exocytosis

The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.


type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.


glucose transmembrane transport

The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane.


NADP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


positive regulation of exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.


dense core granule maturation

Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.


tRNA methylthiolation

The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.


Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A).


type B pancreatic cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


immature T cell

A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.


NK T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.


natural killer cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.


T cell mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


T cell differentiation in thymus

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.


apoptotic cell clearance

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


T cell proliferation

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.


leukocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.


lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.


T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.


T cell receptor V(D)J recombination

The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


B cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.


thymocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.


alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.


positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


negative regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


negative regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


dGTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


immature T cell proliferation in thymus

The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus.


gamma-delta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.


Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule, such as GDP-galactose or UDP-galactose, to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


nuclear glucocorticoid receptor activity

Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal within the cell trigger a change in cell activity or function.


immunoglobulin complex, circulating

An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.


type I interferon production

The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


aldosterone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.


hormone secretion

The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.


multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


interleukin-2 production

The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


androgen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


growth hormone secretion

The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.


progesterone secretion

The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.


carnitine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


antigen binding

Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.


macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha production

The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


ionotropic glutamate receptor activity

Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


negative regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


smooth muscle myoblast

A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.


TRPC7_MOUSE Short transient receptor potential channel 7 (sprot)

A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ionotropic glutamate receptor complex

A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.


skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).


lung alveolus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.


surfactant homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.


negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


osteoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.


negative regulation of chondrocyte development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


mammary gland bud elongation

The process in which the mammary gland bud grows along its axis.


nipple sheath formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the nipple sheath from the unspecified epidermis. This process begins with a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout. It ends before the region begins to elevate.


organic phosphonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonates, any organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Metabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.


vibrissa follicle

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

One of the tubular invaginations of the epidermis enclosing the hair roots and from which grow the vibrissae located on the muzzle and face of many species.


osteocyte

A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.


bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


biomineral tissue development

Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.


post-embryonic forelimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an organism.


bone trabecula formation

The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.


fat pad development

The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue.


sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha (mouse) that is phosphorylated on a Ser residue within the DI-DII linker, equivalent to Ser-571 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1. Example: UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1, Ser-571, MOD:00046.


positive regulation of signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.


negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.


macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


animal organ formation

The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.


glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.


specification of animal organ position

The regionalization process in which information that determines the correct position at which animal organ primordia are formed is generated and perceived resulting in correct positioning of the new animal organ.


response to vitamin B6

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


negative regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


cellular response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


kinetochore binding

Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.


mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


mitotic prometaphase

The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.


kinetochore

A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


meiotic prometaphase I

The meiotic cell cycle phase in eukaryotes between meiotic prophase I and meiotic metaphase I. During meiotic prometaphase I, the nuclear envelope breaks down and one kinetochore forms per chromosome. Chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules and begin to move towards the metaphase plate.


female meiosis chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.


protein localization to meiotic spindle midzone

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a meiotic spindle midzone.


meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


protein localization to chromosome

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.


protein localization to kinetochore

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.


spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


TTK_MOUSE Dual specificity protein kinase TTK (sprot)

A dual specificity protein kinase TTK that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


heme catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


heme metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


heme export from vacuole to cytoplasm

The directed movement of heme from inside the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane and into the cytosol.


negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


chloride ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.


potassium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.


gastric acid secretion

The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


membrane repolarization

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


pigmentation

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.


hematopoietic stem cell migration

The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.


lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.


developmental pigmentation

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.


negative regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


germ cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


response to radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


ectopic germ cell programmed cell death

Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.


myeloid leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.


myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.


glycosphingolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


long term hematopoietic stem cell

A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative.


transcription cis-regulatory region binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


E-box binding

Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


myeloid cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


definitive hemopoiesis

A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.


angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


erythrocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.


embryonic hemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.


generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.


platelet formation

The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.


hemangioblast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemangioblast. Hemangioblasts are the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages.


spinal cord association neuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


mast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


megakaryocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.


astrocyte fate commitment

The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte.


regulation of stem cell population maintenance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.


megakaryocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.


regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


regulation of mast cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


Peyer's patch development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


rDNA chromatin condensation

The process in which the chromatin structure of the rDNA repeats is compacted. In S. cerevisiae, condensation and resolution of the rDNA occurs during anaphase.


histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion

A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.


RAD21_HUMAN Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog (sprot)

A double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog that is encoded in the genome of human.


Nicotinamide

A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.


Zwitterionic form of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine arising from migration of a proton from the carboxy group to the alpha-amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


Acetic Acid

A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.


A nucleotide-sugar having ADP as the nucleotide fragment and 2-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranos-5-yl as the sugar component.


PDS5A_HUMAN Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A (sprot)

A sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDAC8_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 8 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HDA10_HUMAN Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 (sprot)

A polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAT6A_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT6A (sprot)

A histone acetyltransferase KAT6A that is encoded in the genome of human.


inner cell mass cell proliferation

The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.


regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


NAD-dependent histone H3K9 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


NAD-dependent histone H3K56 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.


NAD-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA damage sensor activity

A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, for example, double-strand breaks or collapsed replication forks, and initiates a signaling response.


FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.


protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity

An enzyme-substrate adaptor that bings together a protein ADP-ribosyl transferase and its substrate.


NAD+-histone H2BE35 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ADP-ribose groups to the glutamate-35 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2B (or an equivalent residue).


histone H2BS36 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2B-serine (position 36) + ATP = histone H2B-phosphoserine (position 36) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 36 of histone H2B.


histone H3K18 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18).


histone H3K4 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


progesterone receptor isoform A (mouse)

A progesterone receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00175-2.


lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 isoform h4 (human)

A lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8NB78-4.


GLYR1_HUMAN Cytokine-like nuclear factor N-PAC (sprot)

A nuclear protein NP60 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTNB1_HUMAN Catenin beta-1 (sprot)

A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DDB2_HUMAN DNA damage-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A DNA damage-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XPC_HUMAN DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells (sprot)

A DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPRTN_HUMAN DNA-dependent metalloprotease SPRTN (sprot)

A DNA-dependent metalloprotease SPRTN that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of neutrophil differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.


eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.


gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).


immature B cell

An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.


positive regulation by symbiont of host transcription

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


myelin proteolipid protein isoform DM-20 (mouse)

A myelin proteolipid protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P60202-2.


mitotic sister chromatid segregation

The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


mitotic spindle pole

Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


nuclear body

Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.


spindle midzone

The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


Ras protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


exit from mitosis

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


cell projection organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


G1 to G0 transition involved in cell differentiation

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


microvillus assembly

Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.


dynein light chain binding

Binding to a light chain of the dynein complex.


regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


establishment of spindle orientation

Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.


apical junction assembly

The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.


lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ventricular zone neuroblast division

The proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The neuronal progenitors of these cells will migrate radially.


cellular component organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


chromocenter

A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions from more than one chromosomes form a compact structure.


island of Calleja

One of the seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band.


chromosome

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


female meiotic nuclear division

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.


meiotic chromosome segregation

The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.


chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


single strand break repair

The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.


kinetochore organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.


condensed chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.


mitotic sister chromatid separation

The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.


germinal vesicle

The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.


meiotic chromosome separation

The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


axon development

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


lysosomal transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.


positive regulation of dendrite development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.


dendritic spine morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.


regulation of cellular component organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


negative regulation of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


positive regulation of cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


histone H4K20 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


RB_HUMAN Retinoblastoma-associated protein (sprot)

A retinoblastoma-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


alpha-Ketoglutarate

An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxoglutaric acid.


Formaldehyde

An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.


MCPH1_HUMAN Microcephalin (sprot)

A microcephalin that is encoded in the genome of human.


SET_HUMAN Protein SET (sprot)

A protein SET that is encoded in the genome of human.


condensed chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


neurofilament cytoskeleton

Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.


varicosity

Non-terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.


apical pole of neuron

Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the apical dendrite emerges.


neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


heterochromatin formation

An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.


centrosome duplication

The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.


GMP salvage

Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


centrosome cycle

The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.


glycine binding

Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


forebrain radial glial cell differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


plasma membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


negative chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.


astrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration

The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.


alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha1-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gq alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


forebrain neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.


neurotransmitter metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


somatic stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.


formation of radial glial scaffolds

The formation of scaffolds from a radial glial cell. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.


asymmetric cell division

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.


mRNA splice site recognition

Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


protein deglutamylation

The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.


microtubule organizing center organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migration

The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.


purine ribonucleoside salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


glial cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


subpallium neuron fate commitment

The process in which in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


hypoxanthine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


oligodendrocyte cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an oligodendrocyte.


cerebellar cortex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


pronucleus

The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.


TCR signalosome

A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology.


serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Tyr-36/Tyr-261/Tyr-365, MOD:00048.


TCR signalosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TCR signalosome.


T cell receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.


chromatin silencing complex

Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.


pericentric heterochromatin

Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylated H3 histone at lysine 9 (H3K9me2/H3K9me3).


ribonucleoprotein complex binding

Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.


primary miRNA binding

Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.


negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.


cellular response to hydrogen peroxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.


G1 to G0 transition

A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.


regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.


protein localization to chromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.


hepatocyte homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.


response to tetrachloromethane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrachloromethane stimulus.


regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.


epidermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.


DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.


negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


cellular response to trichostatin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.


response to purine-containing compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.


response to inorganic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.


cellular response to forskolin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.


brown adipose tissue

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified].


progenitor cell

A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.


cAMP-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


nucleosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.