positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.


receptor antagonist activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to decrease the ability of the receptor agonist to bind and activate the receptor.


receptor transactivation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.


Ketoacidosis

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Acidosis resulting from accumulation of ketone bodies.


secondary heart field specification

The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).


nuclear receptor corepressor 2

A protein that is a translation product of the human NCOR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


nuclear receptor corepressor 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human NCOR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

A protein that is a translation product of the human PPARA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


regulation of double-strand break repair

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.


negative regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


regulation of oogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


response to X-ray

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


cellular senescence

A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.


apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.


positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.


retrotransposon silencing

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of retrotransposition. Retrotransposons are a subset of transposable elements that use an RNA intermediate and reverse transcribe themselves into the genome.


negative regulation of cell division

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.


response to methylmercury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylmercury stimulus.


armadillo repeat domain binding

Binding to an armadillo repeat domain, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal regulation.


muscle cell migration

The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


convergent extension involved in organogenesis

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contribution to the shaping of an organ.


SMAD binding

Binding to a SMAD signaling protein.


Spemann organizer formation at the embryonic shield

Formation of the specialized region of the embryonic shield of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the teleost body plan.


axial mesoderm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized.


notochord formation

The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.


axial mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


kinesin complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.


neuromast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory organ of the lateral line and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromasts are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.


nose development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).


Kupffer's vesicle

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995. Kupffer's vesicle has been compared to the mouse embryonic node. Drummond et al, 2005.


SMO_HUMAN Protein smoothened (sprot)

A smoothened that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTHB1_HUMAN Protein PTHB1 (sprot)

A protein PTHB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS4_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBIP1_HUMAN BBSome-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A BBSome-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS7_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


BBS1_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein (sprot)

A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


TTC8_HUMAN Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 8 (sprot)

A tetratricopeptide repeat protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SSR3_HUMAN Somatostatin receptor type 3 (sprot)

A somatostatin receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PKD1_HUMAN Polycystin-1 (sprot)

A polycystin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PKD2_HUMAN Polycystin-2 (sprot)

A polycystin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CYS1_HUMAN Cystin-1 (sprot)

A cystin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NPHP3_HUMAN Nephrocystin-3 (sprot)

A nephrocystin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


adult feeding behavior

Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


Axin-1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An Axin-1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


phosphoamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-phosphocreatine + H2O = creatine + phosphate.


heme B transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of heme B from one side of a membrane to the other.


BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 cleaved 1 (mouse)

A BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 cleaved 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P70444-1, 61-195.


feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor-related protein 1 isoform m2 (mouse)

A feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor-related protein 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:B2RXV4-2.


retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.


negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


Inosinic Acid

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.


A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.


lipoteichoic acid

A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.


oxidised phospholipid

The oxidised form of phospholipids, and a possible biomarker of atherogenesis.


L-Fucose

The pyranose form of L-fucose.


dextran sulfate

A polymer composed of repeating (1->6)-alpha-linked anhydroglucose sulfate units.


CID 71597331

A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae Chondrus crispus, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss).


scavenger receptor class B member 1 isoform 1 (human)

A scavenger receptor class B member 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SRCRL_HUMAN Soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D (sprot)

A soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D that is encoded in the genome of human.


SREC_HUMAN Scavenger receptor class F member 1 (sprot)

A scavenger receptor class F member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAB2_HUMAN Stabilin-2 (sprot)

A stabilin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAB1_HUMAN Stabilin-1 (sprot)

A stabilin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HYOU1_HUMAN Hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 (sprot)

A hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


OMPB1_NEIGO Major outer membrane protein P.IB (sprot)


SG3A2_HUMAN Secretoglobin family 3A member 2 (sprot)

A secretoglobin family 3A member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hematite nanoparticle

An iron oxide nanoparticle composed of hematite (Fe2O3).


silicon dioxide nanoparticle

A nanoparticle consisting of silicon dioxide.


titanium dioxide nanoparticle

A nanoparticle consisting of titanium dioxide.


SUH_HUMAN Recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless (sprot)

A recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAMD1_HUMAN Mastermind-like domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A mastermind-like domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAML2_HUMAN Mastermind-like protein 2 (sprot)

A mastermind-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAML1_HUMAN Mastermind-like protein 1 (sprot)

A mastermind-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAML3_HUMAN Mastermind-like protein 3 (sprot)

A mastermind-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein PML isoform m1 (mouse)

A protein PML (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q60953-1.


histone H3-K27 demethylation

The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 27 of the histone.


WNT11_MOUSE Protein Wnt-11 (sprot)

A protein Wnt-11 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sentrin-specific protease 2 isoform 2 (mouse)

A sentrin-specific protease 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZX6-2.


VDTA1_BYSSP Non-reducing polyketide synthase VdtA (sprot)


DNA translocase activity

Generation of movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


RSC-type complex

A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains a bromodomain containing-protein, such as yeast Rsc1 or Rsc4 or mammalian PB1/BAF180. The RSC complex is generally recruited to RNA polymerase III promoters and is specifically recruited to RNA polymerase II promoters by transcriptional activators and repressors; it is also involved in non-homologous end joining.


SWI/SNF complex

A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the yeast SNF2 or mammalian SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, or an ortholog thereof.


Ino80 complex

A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity.


H31T_HUMAN Histone H3.1t (sprot)

A histone H3.1t that is encoded in the genome of human.


H33_HUMAN Histone H3.3 (sprot)

A histone H3.3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of adipose tissue development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.


NMNA1_HUMAN Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription factor Ovo-like 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

A transcription factor Ovo-like 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8CIV7-1.


SC61B_HUMAN Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit beta (sprot)

A protein transport protein Sec61 subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


C-8 sterol isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction which results in unsaturation at C-7 in the B ring of sterols.


squalene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: presqualene diphosphate + NADPH = squalene + NADP+ + diphosphate.


C-22 sterol desaturase activity

Catalysis of the formation of the C-22(23) double bond in the sterol side chain. An example reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.


peptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other.


3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol

A hydroxybenzyl alcohol that is phenol substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxymethyl group.


regulated endocrine-specific protein 18 isoform 1 (mouse)

A regulated endocrine-specific protein 18 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


serine/threonine-protein kinase LMTK1 isoform 3 (mouse)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase LMTK1 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase isoform m3 (mouse)

An ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9CZ42-3.


ceramide synthase isoform 3 (mouse)

A ceramide synthase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7TNV1-3.


ceramide synthase isoform 2 (mouse)

A ceramide synthase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CR3L4_MOUSE Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 (sprot)

A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 isoform 1 (mouse)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A2AJ88-1.


patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 isoform 2 (mouse)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A2AJ88-2.


patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 isoform 3 (mouse)

A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A2AJ88-3.


PATI_PENEN Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase patI (sprot)


PATH_PENEN Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase patH (sprot)


MPAB2_PENBR ER-bound oxygenase mpaB' (sprot)


MPDE2_PENBR Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mpaDE' (sprot)


TAP2_HUMAN Antigen peptide transporter 2 (sprot)

An antigen peptide transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A protein that is a translation product of the human PORCN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


paired box protein Pax-6 isoform 3 sumoylated 1 (mouse)

A paired box protein Pax-6 isoform 3 sumoylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P63015-3, Lys-91, MOD:01149.


epigenetic programming in the zygotic pronuclei

The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the zygote following fertilization. The paternal genome undergoes active DNA demethylation before the first cell division, while the adjacent maternal genome is protected from this process.


negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


CCND2_HUMAN G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 (sprot)

A G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCND3_HUMAN G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 (sprot)

A G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


female organism

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.


vacuole-mitochondrion membrane contact site

A zone of apposition between the vacuolar membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane, important for transfer of lipids between the two organelles.


endoplasmic reticulum-vacuole membrane contact site

A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and lytic vacuole membranes, structured by bridging complexes.


protein transport to vacuole involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.


viral DNA genome replication

The replication of a viral DNA genome.


positive regulation of mitophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.


negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


SPHK2_HUMAN Sphingosine kinase 2 (sprot)

A sphingosine kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


photoreceptor cell development

Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.


post-embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the post-embryonic life stage.


ZRAN1_HUMAN Ubiquitin thioesterase ZRANB1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin thioesterase ZRANB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


leukocyte activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


regulation of axonogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.


noradrenergic cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.


motor neuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


axon arborization

The process in which the terminal anatomical structures of an axon are generated and organized into branches of specialised projections, or boutons. An axon is the long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminal branches.


synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

The assembly of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction.


regulation of neuromuscular junction development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.


regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.


positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation.


peripheral nervous system neuron

A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.


basket cell

Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the brain. In general, dendrites of basket cells are free branching and contain smooth spines. Axons are highly branched. The branched axonal arborizations give rise to basket-like structures that surround the soma of the target cell. Basket cells form axo-somatic synapses, meaning their synapses target somas of other cells.


roundabout homolog 3 isoform ROBO3.2 (mouse)

A roundabout homolog 3 (mouse) that has a unique C-terminal sequence due to retention of the intron between exons 26 and 27.


roundabout homolog 3 isoform ROBO3.1 (mouse)

A roundabout homolog 3 (mouse) that has a C-terminal sequence that includes the region encoded by exons 26, 27 and 28. The resulting 78 amino acid peptide is highly enriched in arginine/serine dipeptide repeats.


reticulon-4 isoform A (mouse)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99P72-2.


yolk

Nutrient store for embryonic development in the form of semicrystalline phospholipoprotein and contained within yolk granules. Kimmel et al, 1995.


cortical microtubule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.


invagination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The infolding of the epithelial sheet into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.


negative regulation of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.


regulation of germ cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.


yolk syncytial layer development

The progression of the yolk syncytial layer over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The yolk syncytial layer is the peripheral layer of the yolk cell including nuclei and non-yolky cytoplasm.


epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.


connexin complex

An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.


spinal cord ependyma

The ependymal cell layer that lines the spinal cord.


voltage-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


gap junction hemi-channel activity

A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.


caudal fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. A caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish, and is the main fin used for propulsion.


embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.


cell communication

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


medial fin development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a medial fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.


regulation of protein processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, a protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


negative regulation of protein processing

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.


ADAM3_MOUSE A disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 3 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the Adam3 gene in mouse.


regulation of protein secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


negative regulation of protein secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


serine protease inhibitor complex

A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a serine protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits serine protease activity.


positive regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.


Q8K3G7_MOUSE Reticulon (trembl)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K3G7.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1

A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human FLT1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular element of right lung

A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung.


vascular element of left lung

A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung.


cranial ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


hatching behavior

The specific behavior of an organism during the emergence from an egg shell. In Drosophila for example, the larva swings its head reiteratively through a semicircular arc, using its mouth hooks to tear apart the chorion in front of it and thus free itself from within the egg shell.


dendrite self-avoidance

The process in which dendrites recognize and avoid contact with sister dendrites from the same cell.


inferior olivary complex

Largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is closely associated with the cerebellum, but its specific function is voluntary body movements.


autonomic neuron

A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.


primary sensory neuron (sensu Teleostei)

A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a sensory function.


muscle cell apoptotic process

A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.


positive regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


Cyperquat

A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.


A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.


Histamine

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group.


Estrone sulfate

A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfate of estrone.


A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.


A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.


Phenylephrine

A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


Coumestrol

A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.


An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.


An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.


Ascorbic Acid

The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.


Hymecromone

A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


Glyburide

An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.


oxalate

A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid.


ovulation cycle

The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


Resveratrol

A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.


Zearalenone

A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.


Glycitein

A  methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.


Menadione

A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.


Diethylstilbestrol

An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.


Geldanamycin

An ansamycin consisting of a 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It shows antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.


Benzo[a]pyrene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.


Bisphenol A

A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.


Mercuric Chloride

A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.


Chlorpyrifos

An  organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.


Bezafibrate

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid. Benafibrate is used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.


Arsorite

An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of all three protons from the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.


Deltamethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide tralomethrin.


Cadmium Chloride

A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.


Chlordecone

An  organochlorine compound with insecticidal activity.


Vinclozolin

A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.


Endosulfan

A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.


Clofenotane

A chlorophenylethane that is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane substituted by additional chloro substituents at positions 4 of the phenyl substituents. It is a commonly used organochlorine insecticide.


A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.


Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.


Atrazine

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group.


A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.


Permethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.


Cobalt chloride

A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.


Coppertrace

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of copper(II) chloride. It occurs naturally as the mineral eriochalcite.


Ethinyl estradiol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a  xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.


phytoestrogen

Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


Genistein

A 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties.


Triclosan

An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.


Dieldrin

An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.


Raloxifene hydrochloride

A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.


Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


BETA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE

The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.


Luteolin

A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3', 4', 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers.


T-2 Toxin

A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.


Geraniol

A monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end.


Nickel Chloride

A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.


Pentachlorophenol

A  chlorophenol that is phenol substituted by 5 chloro groups.


Bisphenol AF

An organofluorine compound that is  bisphenol A with its methyl hydrogens replaced by fluorines.


Apigenin

A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4', 5 and 7.  It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells.


Kaempferol

A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress, it is currently under consideration as a possible cancer treatment.


Mestranol

A terminal acetylenic compound that is (17alpha)-17-ethynylestra-1(10),2,4-triene substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a hydroxy group at position 17.


Daidzein

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 4'.


Estriol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer).


An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.


Oxido(dioxo)vanadium

A vanadium oxoanion in which a central vanadium is divalently bound to two oxygens and monovalently bound to a hydroxide.


Bromochlorodifluoromethane

A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by two fluorines, a bromine, and a chlorine. Widely used in 'vapourising liquid'-type fire extinguishers, its use is now generally banned under the Montreal Protocol (ozone-depleting substances), although it is still used in certain applications (e.g. aviation).


Alachlor

An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.


Warfarin

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.


alpha-Naphthoflavone

An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).


Phthalic acid

A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.


Afimoxifene

A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.


Methyltestosterone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.


A chromone substituted with a phenyl group at position 8 and a morpholine group at position 2.


Guaiacol

A  monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.


Eugenol

A phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis.


p,p'-DDE

A chlorophenylethylene that is ethylene substituted by two 4-chlorophenyl groups at position 1 and two chlorine atoms at position 2.


Naphthalene

An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.


An aryl sulfide that is (2Z,3Z)-bis[amino(sulfanyl)methylidene]butanedinitrile in which the sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by 2-aminophenyl groups. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that also exhibits anti-cancer properties.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.


Aldrite

An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.


Metformin

A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.


A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.


Biochanin A

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 4'. A phytoestrogen, it has putative benefits in dietary cancer prophylaxis.


A bisphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups.


Toxaphene

A highly complex mixture of several hundred polychlorinated compounds obtained by chlorination of camphene to an overall chlorine content of 67-69% by weight and having an overall empirical formula of C10H10Cl8 (including optical isomers, it could theoretically contain over 32,000 congeners). Toxaphene was used from the mid-1940s as an agricultural insecticide (mostly in the USA, particularly on corn and soybeans). Use increased with the phasing out of DDT in the 1970s (it became the most heavily manufactured pesticide in the US) but it is now banned due to concerns about toxicity and carcinogenicity. Total production since its first use is estimated at around 500,000 tons. In the environment, most of the components of toxaphene get metabolised, but from 10 to >100 resist biodegradation, depending on the medium and the specialisation of the enzyme system. Breathing, drinking or eating high levels of toxaphene can damage the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system.


A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.


Hexachlorobenzene

A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.


Heptachlor

A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.


Cyanazine

A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.


Carbaryl

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of  1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.


Dicofol

A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


A member of the class of benzamides that is 4-(imidazol-2-yl)benzamide carrying additional 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl and pyridin-2-yl substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively on the imidazole ring.


Hexachlorophene

An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.


Naringenin

The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.


Quinoline

The simplest member of the quinoline class of compounds, comprising a benzene ring ortho fused to C-2 and C-3 of a pyridine ring.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.


A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.


Anethole

The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.


Sodium Hypochlorite

An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.


Dibromoacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.


Benomyl

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is the methyl ester of  [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid. A foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops.


A phenanthrol that is phenanthrene in which a hydrogen attached to a carbon in the central ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


benzenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


A methylquinoline carrying a methyl substituent at position 8.


A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.


Fusidic Acid

A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.


Benzyl Benzoate

A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.


A organochlorine compound that is  4,4'-dichlorodiphenylmethane in which one of the methylene hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


A monohydroxyquinoline carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.


A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.


5-hydroxybisphenol A

A bisphenol (methylenediphenol) having hydroxy functions at C-3, C-4 and C-4', and gem-dimethyl groups on the methylene bridge.


Adefovir

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


Perfluorooctanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.


A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-ketoconazole.


Calcipotriol

A seco-cholestane that is 26,27-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10,22-tetraene carrying additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 3 and 24. It is used (as its hydrate) in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


response to hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.


positive regulation of sarcomere organization

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.


estradiol binding

Binding to estradiol.


steroid hormone binding

Binding to a steroid hormone.


response to estradiol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


vitamin D response element binding

Binding to a vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


inner ear receptor cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


Triphenyltin hydroxide

An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.


Flurbiprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.


Triphenyltin chloride

An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group.  A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.


sex determination

Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


calcitriol binding

Binding to calcitriol. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the hormonally active form of vitamin D3.


lithocholic acid binding

Binding to lithocholic acid.


vitamin D binding

Binding to vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


retinal cone cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.


retinal cone cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


nuclear steroid receptor activity

Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.


androgen binding

Binding to an androgen, a male sex hormone.


male courtship behavior

The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


protein neddylation

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.


negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.


anatomical entity

Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.


late distal convoluted tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the late distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The late distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive.


axial mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.


camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.


epithalamus development

The progression of the epithalamus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle.


proximal convoluted tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule.


pineal gland development

The progression of the pineal gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms.


photoreceptor cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a photoreceptor cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


retinal cone cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal cone cell. A retinal cone cell is one of the two photoreceptor subtypes in a camera-type eye.


cellular response to BMP stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.


perichondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial connective tissue surrounding cartilage into bone.


descending aorta development

The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.


artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.


SAMD1_HUMAN Sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZFY16_HUMAN Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 16 (sprot)

A zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


negative regulation of hepatocyte differentiation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.


mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression.


regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.


gamma-tubulin complex binding

Binding to a gamma-tubulin complex.


determination of dorsal/ventral asymmetry

Determination of asymmetry from the dorsal to the ventral side; as, the dorsoventral axis.


retinal pigment epithelium development

The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.


regulation of organ growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.


ventriculo bulbo valve development

The progression of the ventriculo bulbo valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


chorion micropyle formation

Establishment of the micropyle, a single cone-shaped specialization of the chorion that allows sperm entry into the egg prior to fertilization.


epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an epithelial cell.


ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.


anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


trabecular layer of ventricle

A myocardium trabecular layer that is part of a cardiac ventricle.


cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.


angiogenesis involved in wound healing

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


regenerating anatomical structure

An anatomical structure that is undergoing regeneration.


muscle organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.


negative regulation of growth rate

Any process that reduces the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.


regulation of muscle hyperplasia

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.


regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


neural crest-derived cardiac glial cell differentiation

The process in which a neural crest cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart.


phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis from sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that involves the two-step acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to a phosphatidylcholine.


ether hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an ether bond, -O-.


fatty aldehyde

An aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxylic acid group of its corresponding fatty acid, having a carbonyl group at one end of the carbon chain.


glycerophosphocholine

The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.


TM86B_HUMAN Lysoplasmalogenase TMEM86B (sprot)

A lysoplasmalogenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


A glycero-3-phosphocholine compound having an alk-1-enyl substituent at the 1-position and an acyl substituent at the 2-position.


A glycerophosphoethanolamine compound having an alk-1-enyl substituent at the 1-position and an acyl substituent at the 2-position.


Catalysis of the reaction:acyl-CoA + glycerophosphocholine = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


GATA6_HUMAN Transcription factor GATA-6 (sprot)

A transcription factor GATA-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EOMES_HUMAN Eomesodermin homolog (sprot)

An eomesodermin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TBXT_HUMAN T-box transcription factor T (sprot)

A T-box transcription factor T that is encoded in the genome of human.


MIXL1_HUMAN Homeobox protein MIXL1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein MIXL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSC_HUMAN Homeobox protein goosecoid (sprot)

A homeobox protein goosecoid that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXA2_HUMAN Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta (sprot)

A hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


SOX17_HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-17 (sprot)

A transcription factor SOX-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of proton transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial respirasome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of respiratory enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane (including, for example, complex II, complex III, complex IV) to form a large supercomplex.


mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit

The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).


female sex determination

The specification of female sex of an individual organism.


3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.


mitochondrial mRNA processing

Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the mitochondrial genome into mature mRNAs.


3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization

An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.


cellular response to cell wall damage

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of cell wall damage. The process begins with detection of the damage and ends with a change in state or activity of the cell.


RNA sequestering activity

Binding to a specific RNA molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion from intracellular stores by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


peripheral nervous system neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


cerebellum vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.


abducens nucleus

Nucleus located beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle in the pontine tegmentum, containing motor neurons innervating the lateral rectus muscle of the eye (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 533).


optic tract

Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF].


brainstem nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem.


sensory perception of touch

The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach).


negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.


anterior/posterior axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


cranial nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.


regulation of collateral sprouting in absence of injury

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting in the absence of injury.


cartilage morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.


skeletal muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.


pole plasm

Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo.


positive regulation of mRNA catabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


regulation of motor neuron axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron axon guidance.


eye morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.


otic placode development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an otic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of developmental growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.


embryonic morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.


BMP receptor complex

A protein complex that acts as a receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs); a homo- or heterodimer of type I and/or type II BMP receptor subunits.


central nervous system formation

The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


lateral mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


mesoderm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.


cardiac atrium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


embryonic caudal fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion.


negative regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.


diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H+ + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


THOC4_HUMAN THO complex subunit 4 (sprot)

A THO complex subunit 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZC11A_HUMAN Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11A (sprot)

A zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11A that is encoded in the genome of human.


SARNP_HUMAN SAP domain-containing ribonucleoprotein (sprot)

A nuclear protein Hcc-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CHTOP_HUMAN Chromatin target of PRMT1 protein (sprot)

A chromatin target of PRMT1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PDIP3_HUMAN Polymerase delta-interacting protein 3 (sprot)

A polymerase delta-interacting protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UIF_HUMAN UAP56-interacting factor (sprot)

A UAP56-interacting factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


LUZP4_HUMAN Leucine zipper protein 4 (sprot)

A leucine zipper protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribonuclease inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ribonuclease.


poly(A) binding

Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.


regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.


lysosomal lumen pH elevation

Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


ion channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.


TM175_HUMAN Endosomal/lysosomal proton channel TMEM175 (sprot)

An endosomal/lysosomal proton channel TMEM175 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LAMP2_HUMAN Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (sprot)

A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism

Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.


VATA_HUMAN V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A (sprot)

A V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A that is encoded in the genome of human.


lymphatic endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a venous blood vessel endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a lymphatic endothelial cell.


venous endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to a venous endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an venous endothelial cell.


response to retinoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.


otic vesicle formation

The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


neural crest cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.


positive regulation of ribosome biogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.


mesenchymal cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.


xanthophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a xanthophore cell. Xanthophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This makes them yellow to orange in appearance.


myelination in peripheral nervous system

The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


semicircular canal morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized.


Schwann cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


otic vesicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.


facial nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives off nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


rhombomere 4 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere 4 morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 4 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


hindbrain maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


nucleus of cerebellar nuclear complex

Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.


hindbrain venous system

A venous system that is part of a hindbrain.


fourth ventricle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.


hindbrain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


neural keel formation

The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.


rhombomere 4 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 4. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.


Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus


deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m2 (mouse)

A deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q60710-2.


deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at Thr-634. UniProtKB:Q60710-1, Thr-634, MOD:00047.


deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 isoform m1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at Thr-634. UniProtKB:Q60710-1, Thr-634, PR:000026291.


dATP trianion

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, arising from deprotonation of three of the four triphosphate OH groups.


intramembranous ossification

Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.


swim bladder morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the swim bladder is generated and organized. The swim bladder is used by some fishes to maintain buoyancy and may function in addition as a sound producing organ, a sound receptor, and a respiratory organ.


optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development

The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


cornea development in camera-type eye

The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.


reticulocyte

An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.


cranial blood vasculature

A blood vasculature that is part of a head.


deSUMOylase activity

An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves SUMO from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


transcription elongation factor activity

A molecular function that stimulates the elongation properties of the RNA polymerase during the elongation phase of transcription. A subclass of transcription elongation factors enable the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, while another class rescue stalled RNA polymerases.


protein desumoylation

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.


plasmid maintenance

The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.


response to decreased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.


cardiac atrium morphogenesis

The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


glycogen binding

Binding to glycogen.


regulation of glycogen metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.


glycogen phosphorylase, liver form isoform 1 (mouse)

A glycogen phosphorylase, liver form isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


starch binding

Binding to starch.


polysaccharide binding

Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


habituation

A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.


L-glutamate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane.


positive regulation of macroautophagy

Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.


regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.


macromolecule metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.


regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.


regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.


regulation of protein ubiquitination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


blood circulation

The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.


otolith formation

The process that gives rise to an otolith. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.


uridylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an uridylyl group to an acceptor.


RNA 3' uridylation

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.


RNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation.


angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting

The directional migration of angioblast cells as part of selective angioblast sprouting, which results in angioblast segregation into arterial and venous populations.


ear development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


ear morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


pharyngeal muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx.


sweat gland development

The progression of the sweat gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Sweat glands secrete an aqueous solution that is used in thermoregulation.


keratinocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


establishment of skin barrier

Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.


response to food

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.


transforming growth factor beta1 production

The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


elastic fiber assembly

Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.


barbel

Surface structure which is a tactile structure found in the branchial region. Barbels are covered with epidermis rich in taste buds, and are innervated by branches of the cranial nerves.


helper T cell

A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.


regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.


regulation of cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


angioblast cell migration from lateral mesoderm to midline

The directed movement of angioblasts from the lateral mesoderm to the midline which occurs as part of the formation of the early midline vasculature.


regulation of vasculature development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


endocardial progenitor cell migration to the midline involved in heart field formation

The orderly movement of an endocardial progenitor cell toward the midline to form the heart field. Cardiac muscle progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into endocardial cells of the heart.


cardioblast migration to the midline involved in heart rudiment formation

The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline that contributes to the initial appearance of the heart rudiment.


regulation of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting.


blood vessel lumenization

The process in which a developing blood vessel forms an endothelial lumen through which blood will flow.


cell migration involved in vasculogenesis

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.


adenohypophysis development

The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


negative regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.


positive regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.


regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.


sensory epithelium regeneration

The regrowth of a sensory epithelium following its loss or destruction.


sympathetic ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Hedgehog signaling complex

A multiprotein complex that binds microtubules in a Hedgehog-dependent manner, and is required for signal transduction by members of the Hedgehog family of proteins. The core components of the complex are the serine/threonine protein kinase Fused, the kinesin motor protein Costal2 (Cos2), and a zinc finger transcription factor (Gli family members in humans, and Cubitus interruptus (Ci) in Drosophila).


pituitary gland development

The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.